Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VII – CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
MANDAUE CITY COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Prepared by: CARIL BRIDGETTE CAMASO

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Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners

should be able to:

1. Differentiate null from alternative

hypothesis;
2. Describe how these hypotheses
are tested.

Learning Competencies:

1. Utilize the standards (criteria or

checklist) in evaluating a research
paper (peer/group/expert
evaluation)

*Revisit and refine the research

proposal
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Similar to research questions, hypotheses narrow the purpose statement in quantitative

research, but hypotheses advance a prediction about what the researcher expects to
find. The researcher can make these predictions because of past studies in the
literature that suggest certain outcomes. Also, hypotheses are not used to describe a
single variable as found in the case of research questions. They also are not used as
frequently as research questions because they represent a formal statement of
relationships and the prediction of the relationship may not be known.

A hypothesis is a claim (assumption) about one or more population parameters. It is a

speculation or theory based on insufficient evidence that lends itself to further testing
and experimentation. With further testing, a hypothesis can usually be proven true or
false.

Hypotheses need to include specific components. Guidelines for writing them

are:

◆ State the variables in this order: independent (first position), dependent (second
position), and control (third position).

◆ If you compare groups in your hypothesis, explicitly state the groups; if variables
are related, specify the relationship among the variables.

◆ Make a prediction about changes you expect in your groups, such as less or more
favorable or no changes (e.g., no difference). You will then test this prediction using
statistical procedures.
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The null hypothesis is the most traditional form of writing a

hypothesis. Null hypotheses make predictions that of all
possible people whom researchers might study (i.e., called the
general population), there is no relationship between
independent and dependent variables or no difference
between groups of an independent variable or a dependent
variable.

To study this hypothesis, you would select a sample of all

possible people and draw conclusions from the statistical
analysis of this sample for the population. A null hypothesis
might begin with the phrase “There is no difference between”
groups or “There is no relationship between (or among)”
variables.
To write a hypothesis, you can complete the following script,
which employs the language “no difference”:

There is no difference between ( independent variable, group

1 ) and ( independent variable, group 2 ) in terms of (
dependent variable ) for ( participants) at ( research site).

EXAMPLE:

Little Susie speculates, or hypothesizes, that the flowers she

waters with club soda will grow faster than flowers she
waters with plain water. She waters each plant daily for a
month (experiment) and proves her hypothesis true.

NULL HYOTHESIS: (There is no statistically significant

relationship between the type of water I feed the flowers
and growth of the flowers.)

If one plant is fed club soda for one month and another
plant is fed plain water, there will be no difference in
growth between the two plants.

ALTERNATE HYPTHESIS:( There is indeed a statistically-

significant relationship between what type of water the
flower plant is fed and growth)

If one plant is fed club soda for one month and another
plant is fed plain water, the plant that is fed club soda will
grow better than the plant that is fed plain water.
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A. Direction: Evaluate each hypotheses based on whether it can
be tested, and place an X in the appropriate column.

More on Hypotheses

Hypotheses help explain puzzling situations or events. Hypotheses answer

“how,” “what,” and “why” questions. Explain each of the following
situations with a hypothesis:
1.You hang a bird feeder, fill it with food, but no birds come to it.
Hypothesis: ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. In your new house, you see fewer stars from your bedroom window.
You’re looking at the same place in the sky.
Hypothesis:___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. After you put a plastic food container in the dishwasher, its lid no
longer fits correctly.
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

B. Direction: Read the situation given below and write the null and
alternate hypothesis .
1. The average life of a car battery of a certain brand is five years. This
information is gathered using data obtained from people who have
purchased and used this brand of battery over a period of several years.
A researcher at the battery company develops a new type of car
battery and claims that the average life of this battery is more than five
years. To determine whether this claim is true, one would need to do
some hypothesis testing. What would be the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis for this hypothesis test?
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Ho: __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
H1: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Past research data from a period of over several years states that the
average life expectancy of whales is 100 years. A researcher at a
laboratory wishes to test this hypothesis. To that end they procure a
sample of life spans of several whales. What is the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis that this researcher will establish?
Ho: ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
H1: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Distinguishing among various forms of

direction in research

Purpose Research Research

Hypothesis
Statement Questions Objectives

Overall Raise questions

Intent Direction
Make predictions
to be answered about expectations State Goals

Form One or more One or more One or more One or More

sentences questions questions Objectives
Quantitative Quantitative
Use and Quantitative Typically
and Research Quantitative
Qualitative Qualitative
Research Research
Use Research

End of End of the introduction, after the literature

Placement review, or in a separate section of the
Introduction
study
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 Organizing and constructing of

Chapter I

PAPERWORKS GUIDELINES:
Paper size: Short Bond paper
Margin: 1 inch (all sides)
Font style: Times New Romans
Font size: 12
Spacing: Single-spaced (with in a paragraph, double-spaced (next
paragraph)
Indention : Beginning of every paragraph

Group work GUIDELINES & SCORING

Division of Labor: The members of the group shall divide the
work equally. For groups with 3 members, EACH member shall
have 2 parts (of chapter 1), For groups with 2 members,
EACH member shall have 3 parts and Individual work shall
accomplish chapter 1 on her/his own
Scoring: Individual work and ratings

Chapter One- INTRODUCTION (Science Investigatory Project)

a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the problem
c. Significance of the Study
d. Scope and Limitations
e. Theoretical Consideration
f. Review and Related Literature
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Chapter One- INTRODUCTION (Science Investigatory Project)

a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the problem
c. Significance of the Study
d. Scope and Limitations
e. Theoretical Consideration
f. Review and Related Literature

Criteria 4—Excellent 3—Good 2—Fair 1—Needs

Improvement
Presentation Research paper Research paper is Readability of the Readability is
(X 3)= 12 is neat, typed, neat, typed, and paper may be severely impeded
and thoroughly thoroughly proofread slowed due to due to many errors.
proofread The The paper is well several errors in The research paper is
paper is well written with few writing or disorganized and
written with errors; readability is organization, but messy
excellent not impeded the reader can still
transitions, understand the
grammar, project
punctuation,
and spelling
throughout
Contents Research paper Research paper Research paper Research paper is
( X 3)= 12 contains all contains all required contains most missing some or most
required parts. All parts. Though there essential parts, but of its essential parts.
parts are are parts not other parts are The reader is left
thoroughly thoroughly explained missing or confused about the
explained and and creatively inadequate. The project’s purpose
creatively and presented. The reader understood and its results.
exceptionally reader comes away the project’s
presented. The with a thorough purpose and its
reader comes understanding of the results, although
away with a topic there may be
thorough need for additional
understanding of explanation.
the topic
Format/ Layout Perfectly Closely followed all Followed , for the Followed poorly the
( X 2)= 8 followed all the the requirements most part, all the requirements related
requirements related to format requirements to format and layout
related to format and layout related to format
and layout and layout. Some
parts are not
followed.
Completeness Components of Components of Most components Almost all
and chapter2 were chapter2 were of chapter2 were components of
appropriateness complete and in complete but not in missing and not in chapter2 were
(X 2)= 8 order order order. missing and not in
order.