A

Report on

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF STEEL THREAD ON

FIBRE STRENGTHENED CONCRETE
For completing the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
11N01A0140 VIKRAM REDDY NOMULA
11N01A0146 RAKAM ABHINAY
11N01A0116 DURGAM SAI CHARAN
Supervised By:
K.Raju
Subject: Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Department of Civil Engineering
Sree Chaitanya College of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, India
Nov 2013

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to convey our thanks to Mr. M.Sri Rama Chand, the head of our civil engineering
department at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University for granting us the opportunity to
learn, develop and showcase our potential and talent as part of the study.
Firstly, we would like to thank our supervisor Mr. K.Raju for assisting, guiding, and enhancing
our work by providing the necessary help and support. We want to thank our teachers, our friends,
junior and senior members of the department, and the whole department for providing us technical
and emotional support in completing the project. Also, we want to thank the staff of the college
for assisting us in different ways during the project. We cannot forget the efforts every team
member put together in completing the project.

11N011N01A0140 VIKRAM REDDY NOMULA

11N01A0146 RAKAM ABHINAY
11N01A0116 DURGAM SAI CHARAN

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 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that our project “EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF STEEL
THREAD ON FIBRE STRENGTHENED CONCRETE” is completed under the examination
as well as the guidance of Mr. K.Raju for the subject Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures as
required by the civil engineering department of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, the
project is completed.
The project presents the systematic and comprehensible steps in performing experimental analysis
of the concrete reinforced by the steel fiber to determine the compressive strength and flexural
strength. We understand that copying other ideas and steps without giving proper referencing is
unethical and declare that the project is unique. The inclusion of ideas of other authors are
referenced property and the project is completed residing inside the rules and conducts of the
university. We strictly prohibit the misuse of the project ideas and results without our approval
and in case of such activity, anybody misusing the information would be punished by the
administration.
11N01A0140 VIKRAM REDDY NOMULA
11N01A0146 RAKAM ABHINAY
11N01A0116 DURGAM SAI CHARAN

Supervision By:
Mr. K.Raju:
Sign:

HOD:
M.Sri Rama Chand
Sign:

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 ABSTRACT
Concrete is an important structural element. The brittle nature of concrete is one of the undesirable
properties related to concrete. To enhance the ductility of the concrete, it is strengthened with the
help of fibers. Steel is one of the most popular fiber elements to enhance the property of concrete.
Reinforcing the concrete with steel fibers provides better compressive strength, flexural strength,
and better ductility.
The goal of the study is to conduct an experimental examination of concrete with various types of
steel fibers to see how they influence compressive and flexural strength. In the early stages of the
project, the previous effort is focused on concrete reinforced with concrete. Along with the
experimental technique, the materials required for the experiment and analysis, as well as the IS
code for parameter determination, are all investigated. The experimental method is then carried
out, and the results for concrete strengthen with four different types of fibers of the steel are
analyzed. It is seen from the results that the compaction and the flexible strength of concrete
reinforced with steel improves as the proportion of steel fiber components increases. For the
concrete reinforced by the small fiber, the average compressive strength obtained is 25.77 MPa,
30.90 MPa, 32.11 MPa, and 33.48 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6% and 3% fiber content and the average
flexural strength obtained for the concrete reinforced by the small fiber is 5.93 MPa, 12.22 MPa,
13 MPa and 14.90 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6 % and 3% fiber content respectively. Similarly, the
highest compressive strength of 36.52 MPa, 33.19 MPa, 36.06 MPa, and flexural strength of 14.77
MPa, 14.41 MPa, and 17.58 MPa are obtained for the hooked end, straight and crimped steel fibers
respectively when the percentage of steel content is 2 percent. The adding of steel fiber to concrete
improves the fiber's characteristics. The inclusion of fiber content reduced the spacing and size of
cracks, while increasing the ductility of the concrete, according to the testing results. The micro-
fractures are linked by the creased strand, which increased the pre-breaking flexural capacity. It is
also discovered that adding hooked end steel as a steel fiber enhances the compressive strength of
the concrete by around 17 percent, which is roughly 8% greater than concrete reinforced with short
fiber.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................1
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................5
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................7
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................9
1.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................9
1.2 Historical background ........................................................................................................9
1.3 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Problem statement ........................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Scope of the project ......................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION....................................................................... 15
3.1 Concrete .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Coarse Aggregate ............................................................................................................ 15
3.3 Fine Aggregate ................................................................................................................ 15
3.4 Steel Fibers ...................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Flexural Strength ............................................................................................................. 15
3.6 Compressive Strength ...................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Reinforced Concrete ........................................................................................................ 16
3.8 Grade of concrete............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ................................................. 17
4.1 Design ............................................................................................................................. 17
4.1.1 Design of M25 mix.................................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 Material’s Test data ................................................................................................... 17
4.1.3 Sieve analysis ............................................................................................................ 17
4.1.4 Calculation of Mix .................................................................................................... 18
4.1.5 Mix design for testing compressive strength .............................................................. 18
4.1.6 Mix design for flexural strength................................................................................. 18

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 4.2 Test for determination of compressive strength ................................................................ 19
4.3 Test for flexural strength. ................................................................................................. 19
4.4 Rapid Curing technique ................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 5: RESULT ANALYSIS......................................................................................... 20
5.1 Results for short steel fiber............................................................................................... 20
5.1.1 Compressive strength result ....................................................................................... 20
5.1.2 Flexural strength result .............................................................................................. 21
5.2 Results for Hooked end steel fiber.................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Compressive strength result ....................................................................................... 21
5.2.2 Flexural strength result .............................................................................................. 22
5.3 Result for Straight fiber.................................................................................................... 23
5.3.1 Compressive strength result ....................................................................................... 23
5.3.2 Flexural strength result .............................................................................................. 24
5.4 Result for Crimped Fiber ................................................................................................. 25
5.4.1 Compressive strength result ....................................................................................... 25
5.4.2 Flexural strength result .............................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 29
7.1 Advantages ...................................................................................................................... 29
7.2 Disadvantages .................................................................................................................. 29
7.3 Future scopes ................................................................................................................... 30
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 31

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Project methodology .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for small steel fiber ............. 20
Figure 3: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for small fiber ............................ 21
Figure 4: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for hooked end steel fiber ... 22
Figure 5: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for hooked end steel ................... 23
Figure 6: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for straight fiber .................. 24
Figure 7: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for straight fiber ......................... 25
Figure 8: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for crimped steel ................. 26
Figure 9: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for crimped steel ........................ 27

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Compressive strength results from Short steel fiber ...................................................... 20
Table 2 Flexural strength result from Short steel fiber ............................................................... 21
Table 3 Compressive strength results from Hooked end steel fiber ............................................ 21
Table 4 Flexural strength result from Hooked end steel fiber ..................................................... 22
Table 5 Compressive strength results from Straight fiber ........................................................... 23
Table 6 Flexural strength result from Straight fiber ................................................................... 24
Table 7 Compressive strength results from Crimped Fiber ........................................................ 25
Table 8 Flexural strength result from Crimped Fiber ................................................................. 26

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Concrete is an important constructional component that is mainly used for the structure’s
foundation. Concrete is used for many applications like building basic foundation, construction of
floor, construction of parking structure, construction of water treatment system and wastewater
treatment. The concrete has lots of superior properties such as high mechanical strength,
Durability, high impact resistance, fire resistance, and thermal properties. One of the undesirable
properties of the concrete is its brittle nature because of its low capacity of strain and low tensile
strength. These property needs to be enhanced using some reinforcing technique. Steel is one of
the most popular reinforcing tools. The use of steel in the concrete inappropriate position helps the
concrete to withstand and support the imposed loading conditions such as tensile strength and shear
stress. Also, small steel fibers can be used to develop a composite called concrete reinforced by
the steel fiber. Using steel fibers, the cracks can be effectively controlled than using the long steel
bars as they are spaced more closely. The purpose of the fiber is different than the use of the bars
in the concrete.
Among different fibers, steel fibers are the most popular fibers used for reinforcing cement
concrete. The use of steel fiber controls the drying shrinkage and the plastic deformation in the
concrete. Also, the development in science and research areas has revealed that the flexural
strength, compressive strength, ductility nature before failure, and energy absorption ability of the
concrete enhance with the mixing of steel fiber. In the project, experimental analysis is performed
to study the effect of different steel fibers on the compaction strength and flexural strength of the
concrete reinforced by steel fibers. The project also aims to study the variation in strength with the
steel percentage. (Katzer, 2006)

1.2 Historical background

The history of reinforced concrete goes back to 1853 when Francois Coignet used concrete
reinforced by iron in the construction of the building structure. He built 4 story buildings using the
technique. In 1854, the roof and the floor of the two-story house were made by William Wilkinson.
In the nineteenth century, Joseph Monier was granted a patent for his contributions in reinforcing
the flowerpots which he did by mixing the mortar shell and the wire mesh. He also got a patent in
1877 for improving the inner cohesion by reinforcing the concrete. There was also the use of
concrete in the Roman Empire. The knowledge of the reinforced concrete was developed in the
19th century by Ernest Ransome. He used the technique of twisting the reinforcing bars of steel
which improved the bond of the concrete. He worked on the two of the bridge constructed with
reinforced concrete. He built one of the first private homes of a concrete building. The home was
fireproof. German engineer GA Wayss got Monier’s patent in 1879 and in 1884 he used the
reinforced concrete for first commercial use. First Skyscraper was constructed in 1904. In 1905,
the reinforced concrete building was constructed in Southern California. In 1906, construction of
other reinforced concrete building other 16 buildings took place. In 1904, the construction of
aesthetic reinforced concrete was made in San Francisco and it survived the earthquake of 1906.

9
In 1908 the code for the building was changed. Reinforced concrete is now also used in a large
number of applications including beams, slabs, columns, frames, etc.

1.3 Objective
The main objective of the project is to perform an experimental analysis of concrete strengthened
with the help of steel fibers and obtain the flexural and compressive ability of the concrete by the
addition of different steel fibers of different percentages. Along with this main objective, other
objectives of the project are:
 To uplift the properties of concrete by addition of suitable type and amount of steel fibers
 To select the most appropriate process for the analysis for the concrete
 To improve the strength of the concrete by addition of different types of fibers in concrete

1.4 Problem statement

Concrete is one of the most popular structural components and has desired properties like high
mechanical strength, Durability, high impact resistance, fire resistance, and thermal properties.
However, concrete is brittle in the property. It has low strain capacity and tensile strength. So the
concrete has drying shrinkage and cracks are also developed. It is necessary to reinforce concrete
with the addition of fiber to achieve high compressive, flexural and ductile nature and enhance the
properties of concrete for different areas of the applications.

1.5 Scope of the project

The project analyses and presents the comparison of the use of steel fibers in the concrete in
enhancing the strength and ductile nature of the concrete. The project provides a systematic
procedure for the experimental analysis of concrete mix for the compressive and flexural analysis.
The project also focuses on the influence of steel fiber’s percentage on the various properties
necessary for the concrete. The project uses different types of steel fibers and makes a comparative
analysis between them. The project helps in making a suitable choice for the concrete reinforced
by steel fiber and a suitable procedure for the analysis.

1.6 Methodology
In the initial stage of the project, a comprehensive study of the journals, papers, article, and books
are done to be familiar with the terminologies and concept of concrete reinforced with the help of
fiber. Along with that, the procedure for conducting, experimental tools and requirements,
dimensional parameters for the mold, and IS code for determining standards are studied. After that,
based on the IS code, parameters that include the water-cement ratio, size of fine and coarse
aggregate, etc. are determined for the experimental analysis. Then the concrete mix of M25 is
made for the experimental analysis. Three samples of the concrete mix are developed having
different types and percentages of steel fiber. The samples are then subjected to compaction test
and flexural test. The results for the test for three samples are obtained and their average is
considered for the analysis and comparison.

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Literature Design Sample Experiment Result and
Conclusion
Review Parameters preparation al analysis Discussion

Figure 1: Project methodology

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
(Zheng & Feldman, 1995) The paper talked about the different papers and research going on in
the field of concrete reinforced by synthetic fiber. The reinforced concrete mentioned in the paper
was based on acrylics, polyethylene, polyamides, polyvinyl chlorides, polyester, etc. In the paper,
it was mentioned that the reinforcement due to carbon is promising in the development of the
composite material which was cementitious. The paper also mentioned that their interest in the
application of concrete reinforced by the use of synthetic fiber is growing in construction
industries. The paper also mentioned that the use and properties of different synthetic fibers and
talked about its behavior shown by concrete reinforced with the help of these fibers. In the paper
the ongoing research about the different fibers and the properties of concrete reinforced with such
fibers.
(Qian & Stroeven, 2000)In the paper, the investigation of fiber content, fiber size optimization,
and fly ash was mentioned in the hybrid concrete having polypropylene steel fiber. The
investigation was done for the concrete having normal mechanical properties and low content of
fiber. In the paper, the result of the research was mentioned that to disperse fibers, some content
of particles that are fine are necessary like the fly ash. Also, it was determined that the steel fibers
of different sizes had different degrees of mechanical properties. In the paper, it was mentioned
that there was an increase in the ability with the addition of materials with smaller sizes. Whereas
with the addition of larger fibers negative effect on the mechanical properties was observed. The
condition of the large fiber addition was left by the aspect ratio optimization. The synergy effect
condition was also mentioned for the system of hybrid fiber system. In the paper, it was also
mentioned that further investigation would be done in the future in investigating the dynamic and
the fiber properties.
(Kodur, 1996) In the paper, the calculation for fire resistance was determined for the concrete
reinforced with the help of steel fiber and its application at high temperature considering its thermal
as well as mechanical properties were determined. The properties considered in the paper were
specific heat, thermal conductivity, mass loss, thermal expansion and deformation, and strength.
These properties were evaluated for the siliceous reinforced with the help of steel fiber and
concrete aggregated with the help of carbonates. In the paper, equations were used to represent the
thermal equations such that the properties were represented as the temperature function. The range
for the temperature was kept between 1000 and 0 degrees Celsius. Strain stress relations were used
to demonstrate the mechanical properties in the paper. The result proved that the concrete’s thermal
properties were influenced by the use of steel fiber. It was also determined that the effect on
thermal properties was lesser than the effect on mechanical properties.
(D. H. Lim, 1999) The paper summarized the investigation done for nine beams to identify the
effect of fiber in reinforcing the beam and its mechanical properties. The paper mentioned the
volume fraction test variable for the fibers of steel and the stirrups ratio for the reinforcement of
shear. In the paper, the result was mentioned that the increment in the content of the fiber showed
an increment in the shear strength of the first crack. Also, there was an enhancement in the ultimate
shear strength. The study mentioned that the shear stirrups requirements could be reduced with the
help of fiber reinforcement. Also, the paper mentioned that the requirement of strength and

12
ductility could be matched with the combination of stirrups and fibers. In the paper, the proposal
of predicting the strength of the concrete beam reinforced with fiber was made and a comparison
of the data was made.
(Jean-Louis, 2005) The paper summarized the study that was concentrated on two areas of fiber
corrosion. In the paper, it was also mentioned that the three had been researched on the topic of
steel fiber corrosion under the cracked surface for 15 years. It was also mentioned about the
inactivity of corrosion in the case of cement with the help of steel fibers. In the paper, it was also
mentioned that the material’s durability was dependent upon the fiber’s bridging capacity in the
case of the concrete where the fiber was embedded. The paper talked about the fiber spalling of
the fiber due to corrosion and the sectional area reduction of the fiber. This could pose risk to the
structure’s durability. In the paper, the study was focused on the two areas of giber corrosion. In
the paper, the description about the test done on the sample of the crack was mentioned having the
opening mouth of the crack 0.5 mm and was exposed to the environment similar to the marine for
about one year. From the result, the minor sensitivity of concrete to corrosion was determined.
Also, the flexural strength increment after the corrosion was obtained.
(J. A. O. Barros, 2004) In the paper, parameters for the equivalent and residual flexural strength
were proposed to simulate and characterized the post-cracking nature of concrete reinforced by the
steel fiber. The paper presented the test of more than two hundred samples for flexural strength.
From the recommendation of RILEM TC 162-TDF, the values for the tensile strength parameters
were evaluated. In the paper, the fiber-reinforced concrete having the unique ratio of length to
diameter and similar results for the equivalent tensile strength and strength was obtained. In the
paper, it was mentioned that the strong relationship between the residual and equivalent flexural
strength was obtained but the scatter value was obtained for the residual strength. From the values,
the equivalent flexural strength was determined as the suitable parameter for the design. In the
paper, the numerical model was developed for evaluating the stress-strain diagram for post
cracking and the diagram of stress crack for the SFRC.
(R.Khaloo & MajidAfshari, 2005) In the paper, the study of the influence of the parameters such
as the length and the fiber percentage of the steel fiber in the concrete slab energy absorption
having different concrete strength was done by the testing of 28 concrete reinforced by steel fibers.
These slabs were considered under flexure. The result from the test indicated that higher absorption
could be obtained from the fibers which were long and which had a higher content of the fiber. In
the paper, the results were compared with the predicted value which was based on the fiber’s
random distribution. From the analysis, it was observed that the absorption of energy was higher
in the case of the theoretical method as compared to the other. In the paper, the design method was
proposed for the concrete slab reinforced with the help of steel fiber based upon the proposed
allowable deflection. The paper mentioned that it was able to predict the curve of moment
deflection.
(Stroeven, 1977) In the paper, different factors of spacing and efficiency factors were used to
characterize the steel fiber’s distribution in the case of the cementitious materials reinforced with
the help of fiber. In the paper, the complete framework was presented is based on the theory of
geometrical probability which provided the information to get the 3D information from the 2D

13
image that was produced with the help of X-ray radiography. Deposition of fiber was assumed to
be on a structure oriented in a partially planar plane. The fiber was also considered to have a linear
feature due to the high aspect ratio. In the paper, two methods were elaborated and the theory’s
application was illustrated. Data was used for the illustration of the theory. In the paper, it was also
mentioned that the data for the design could be substituted in the formula and the spatial properties
could be characterized by the framework in the mixture of design.

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 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 Concrete
Composite material which is made up of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, etc bonded
together which becomes hard over time is called concrete. Concrete poses large compressive
strength and poses low tensile strength. To enhance the tensile property, it is generally
strengthened with the help of materials which has high tensile strength like steel. Concrete is
largely used in construction activities as it is one of the durable building materials. The resistance
offered by concrete is superior as compared to that of other building materials like wood and
concrete gains strength with time also. They provide high service life to the structures. (Zheng &
Feldman, 1995)

3.2 Coarse Aggregate

If the size of aggregate is larger then, it is called coarse aggregate. It can be of the size above 4.75
mm but all the particles between the sizes 9.5 to 37.5 mm are termed as the coarse aggregate. The
source can be the primary source, secondary source, or the recycled source. The virgin or the
principal totals can be marine won or the land won. The total from marine won is called shake and
the won shake that combines both beat shake and shake is called marine won shake. The shake
utilized the bond bit with the squashed stone which makes up most of the wide marine. (G. West,
P. G. Fookes, 2001)

3.3 Fine Aggregate

The total amount of sand that is won from the marine condition or the sand is called the fine
aggregate. The general sand and the squashed stone having the particles’ size that encounters 9.5
mm strainer is included in the fine total. The source can be the primary source, secondary source,
or the recycled source as per the coarse aggregate. (G. West, P. G. Fookes, 2001)

3.4 Steel Fibers

Steel fibers are short-length, discrete steels that can be extended in length and width from 20 to
100 having any cross-section as well as scattered aimlessly in a mixture of concrete. The length to
width ratio could be from 20 up to 10. Adding steel fibers adds tensile strength to the concrete.
The composite can have both tensile and compressive strength. The crack forming property and
the brittle nature of the concrete can be changed to ductile and less crack forming conditions. There
are different kinds of fibers. The percentage of mixing of steel also has an influence on the mixture
property. (R.Khaloo & MajidAfshari, 2005)

3.5 Flexural Strength

The strength posed by the material or the stress withstand by the material before yielding while
performing the flexural test is called flexural strength. It is also called the modulus of split or the
transverse quality of the break for the wind quality. In the case of the transverse test of curving,
the rectangular or the oblique cross-section is subjected to the bent until it gives the yield pr the
break. It is done using the 3 point flexural test and this test o used from time to time. (R.Khaloo &
MajidAfshari, 2005)

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3.6 Compressive Strength
When strength of the material corresponding to the strength which the material cannot resist under
the loading conditions is called compressive strength of the material. When the material is
subjected to the compressive test, at a certain point it cannot resist the load and breaks. The reduced
quality of the material or the load is caused by the loading condition. Compressive quality
represents the maximum amount of the load the material can withstand without breaking. In the
case of the weight test, the extreme condition of the load is divided by the zone of the principal
cross-sectional case to determine the compressive quality. (Katzer, 2006)

3.7 Reinforced Concrete

In reinforced concrete, steel is added in the concrete such that the two materials act together against
the revisiting force. The steel used for the reinforcing absorbs the shear, tensile and compressive
stresses acting on the concrete structure. In the case of plain concrete, it cannot easily bear the
shear stresses and tensile stresses which are caused by earthquakes, wind, vibration, and other
different forces. In the case of the concrete reinforced by other elements, the strength in
compression and the steel’s strength work jointly in allowing the stress over the spans. Concrete
can be modeled easily into the desired shape and is a frequently used construction material.
Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture of coarse aggregate, cement, water, and sand. Because of the
hydration reaction of the cement, the concrete gets hardened quickly. Apart from the used
elements, other additives are added to the concrete to improve the workability, setting time, and
durability of the concrete. Using steel bars, the tensile strength is added to the concrete. Concrete
is used in the construction of beams, walls, structures, etc. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) can
be modeled into the desired shape. The properties of the concrete, as well as steel, are utilized in
RCC. The other advantages of RCC are it has better weather resistance and fire resistance property
and is easily available. However, some of the challenging parts of the RCC is that the time for
curing is long, it is labor-intensive and the volume gets changed because of the shrinkage that
might result in cracking. (D. H. Lim, 1999)

3.8 Grade of concrete

The grade of concrete can be determined by the contents and strength of the concrete. The
concrete’s strength is measured in MPa, where M stands for mix and MPa stands for total strength.
Depending on the cement sand and aggregate mix ratio, several classes of concrete are available.
The cement: sand: aggregates ratio in M5 concrete grades is 1:5. M5 has a compressive strength
of 5 MPa. Similarly, the cement: sand: aggregates ratio in M10 concrete grades is 1:3:6. Other
cement grades include M25, M30, M35, M40, and M45, which are common concrete grades.
Depending on the building task, several concrete grades are chosen. When a steel component is
linked to a concrete component, there is a transfer of momentum and force between the steel and
concrete components, and this sort of created structure is referred to as structure. (Kodur, 1996;
Lee & B.I.G.Barr, 2004)

16
 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
To perform experimental analysis to observe the properties of concrete reinforced by cement, the
references form (Katzer, 2006) are acquired and materials with their respective properties are taken
as per the IS 10262 guidelines.
Cement = OPC
Steel fiber = short steel fiber of length having 30 mm. The aspect ratio for steel used is 4 and the
aspect ratio for steel fiber with hook end is 80
Coarse aggregate: The rough aggregate has a largest size of 20 mm and specific gravity of 2.74

4.1 Design
4.1.1 Design of M25 mix
For the M25 mix following parameters are taken.
Cement Type: OPC
Designation of grade: M25
Fine aggregate’s maximum nominal size: 4.5 mm
Coarse aggregate’s maximum nominal size: 20 mm
4.1.2 Material’s Test data
The cement used for the test has a specific gravity of 3.15, coarse aggregate has a specific gravity
of 2.65, and fine aggregate has a specific gravity of 2.71. The coarse aggregate’s water absorption
is 1.2 percentage and the fine aggregate’s water absorption percentage is 1 percentage.
4.1.3 Sieve analysis
For the sieve analysis, Zone II is taken for the fine aggregate. For the mix, the target strength is
given by
fck = fck+ 1.65s
For the M25 mix, the value of s = 4
The strength of the concrete that is targeted = 25 + (1.65 * 4) N/mm2.
= 31.6 N/mm2.
The ratio of water to cement taken= 0.5
Quantity of water as per the IS code= 186 Liter
Adopted water quantity = 190L
Cement content determination
The approximate content of the cement is given by
Content of cement = 190 / 0.5

17
= 380 Kg/m3
4.1.4 Calculation of Mix
Concrete’s Volume = 1 m3
Water’s Volume = 190 / (1*1000)
= 0.19 m3
Cement’s Volume = 380 / (3.15 * 1000)
= 0.121 m3
Aggregate’s Volume = 1 – (0.121+ 0.190)
= 0.689 m3
The ratio used for the coarse and fine aggregate is 62 percent to 38 percent
Amount of fine aggregate = 0.38* 0.689 * 1000* 2.71
= 709.53 Kg/m3
Amount of coarse aggregate = 0.62* 0.689 * 2.65 *1000
=1132.02 kg/m3
4.1.5 Mix design for testing compressive strength
To check the compressive strength of the mix design, three cube specimen is used which has the
total volume of 0.01 cubic meter
Amount of cement = 4 kg
Amount of coarse aggregate = 11.43 kg
Amount of water = 2 L
Amount of fine aggregate = 7.5 kg
Content of the fiber
Value for 1.8% fiber content = 250 g
Value for 2.6 % fiber content = 370 g
Value for 3% fiber content = 530 g
4.1.6 Mix design for flexural strength
Three beam samples are taken for checking the flexural strength.
Amount of cement = 6 kg
Amount of water = 3L
Amount of fine aggregate = 12kg

18
Amount of coarse aggregate = 15 kg
Content of the fiber
Value for 1.8 % fiber content = 380 g
Value for 2.6 % fiber content = 590 g
Value for 3% fiber content = 730 g

4.2 Test for determination of compressive strength

To perform the compressive test, a sample of dimension 155 * 155 * 155 mm is taken of M25
concrete. The mold created is then loaded with snared filaments and small steel fibers with 0%,
1.8%, 2.6 %, and 3%. After adding the fibers and filaments, the vibrator is used to give a vibration
to the mold. Then the example’s best surface is leveled and is wrapped. After 24 hours, the sample
is taken out. Then, the sample is cured for three days in the water curing tank. After three days of
curing, the sample is subjected to the pressure machine based on IS 516-1959. For the sample,
disappointment load is observed and the normal esteem of the 3D square is accounted for. Then,
computation of compressive strength is done.

4.3 Test for flexural strength.

To perform experimental analysis for the pillar’s flexural strength test, sample pillars of 105 *105
* 505 mm are taken. The sample is molded after 24 hours of preparation and cured using quickened
heated curing water tank. Then, the samples are subjected to one-point loads along a suitable
transverse of 405 mm on the machine for testing flexural strength. For the condition, the diversion
and load are noted. For each classification testing of three pillars is done and accounted for normal
esteem. The flexural strength is determined with the help of the following equation
Flexural strength = 1.5 (P * L) / (b * d^2) in MPa
Where failure load is P, L is the support distance which is 405 mm here, the specimen’s width is
b which is 105 mm and D is the specimen’s depth which is 105 mm here.

4.4 Rapid Curing technique

With the help of this technique, increased early age property is achieved. In the case of a simple
curing cycle, there is a preheating stage called the postpone period which lasts from two to five
hours. In this technique, the warming rate can vary from 22 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius
until the highest temperature of around 51 to 83 degrees Celsius is achieved.

19
 CHAPTER 5: RESULT ANALYSIS
From the experiment, the result is obtained for the flexural and compressive strength for the
concrete of M-25 grade having steel fiber 0 %, 1.8%, 2.6%, and 3% for different aspect ratios.

5.1 Results for short steel fiber

The result for the concrete reinforced by short fibers of the aspect ratio of 30 and length of 6 mm
is given in the table for three samples
5.1.1 Compressive strength result

Table 1 Compressive strength results from Short steel fiber

Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

compaction compaction compaction compaction
Average Average Average Average
strength in strength in strength in strength in
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 25.4 31.1 31.7 32.37

2 26.2 25.76667 30.59 30.89667 32.72 32.10667 34.4 33.48

3 25.7 31 31.9 33.66

From the result, it is obtained that the average compaction strength obtained for the concrete
reinforced by the small fiber is 25.76 MPa, 30.89 MPa, 32.106 MPa, and 33.48 MPa for 0 %, 1.8
%, 2.6 %, and 3 % fiber content.

Figure 2: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for small steel fiber

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 5.1.2 Flexural strength result

Table 2 Flexural strength result from Short steel fiber

Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

Flexural Average Flexural Average Flexural Average Flexural Average
strength in Value strength in Value strength in Value strength in Value
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 5.5 12 12.64 14.21

2 5.88 5.93 12.35 12.22333 13.285 13 14.915 14.895

3 6.41 12.32 13.075 15.56

From the result, it is obtained that the average flexural strength obtained for the concrete reinforced
by the small fiber is 5.93 MPa, 12.22 MPa, 13 MPa, and 14.90 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6 %, and 3
% fiber content.

Figure 3: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for small fiber

5.2 Results for Hooked end steel fiber

The result for the concrete reinforced by hooked ended steel fiber of aspect ratio of 80 and length
of 40 mm is given in the table for three samples
5.2.1 Compressive strength result
Table 3 Compressive strength results from Hooked end steel fiber
Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

21
 Compaction Compaction Compaction Compaction
strength of strength of strength of strength of
Average Average Average Average
concrete in concrete in concrete in concrete in
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 25.4 34.1 35 35.84

2 26.2 25.76667 34.59 34.57 35.77 35.59 36.92 36.52

3 25.7 35.02 35.99 36.81

It is obtained that the average compressive strength obtained for the concrete reinforced by the
hooked-ended steel fiber is 25.7667 MPa, 34.57 MPa, 35.59 MPa, and 36.52 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %,
2.6 %, and 3 % fiber content.

Figure 4: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for hooked end steel fiber
5.2.2 Flexural strength result
Table 4 Flexural strength result from Hooked end steel fiber
Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

Flexural Flexural Flexural Flexural
Average Average Average Average
strength in strength in strength in strength in
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 5.5 11.89 13.24 14.53

2 5.88 5.93 12.52 12.31 13.48 13.79 14.87 14.77

3 6.41 12.51 14.66 14.92

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 From the result, it is obtained that the average flexural strength obtained for the concrete reinforced
by the hooked-ended steel fiber is 5.93 MPa, 12.31 MPa, 13.79 MPa, and 14.77 MPa for 0 %, 1.8
%, 2.6%, and 3% fiber content.

Figure 5: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for hooked end steel

5.3 Result for Straight fiber

The result for the concrete reinforced by straight steel fiber of aspect ratio of 80 and length of 40
mm is given in the table for three samples
5.3.1 Compressive strength result
Table 5 Compressive strength results from Straight fiber
Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Compressive Compaction Compaction Compaction

strength of strength of strength of strength of
Average Average Average Average
concrete in concrete in concrete in concrete in
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 25.4 31.1 33 31.84

2 26.2 25.76667 30.59 30.57 31.77 32.92 33.92 33.19

3 25.7 30.02 33.99 33.81

From the result, it is obtained that the average compressive strength obtained for the concrete
reinforced by the Straight fiber is 25.77 MPa, 30.57 MPa, 32.92 MPa, and 33.19 MPa for 0 %, 1.8
%, 2.6 %, and 3 % fiber content.

23
 Figure 6: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for straight fiber
5.3.2 Flexural strength result
Table 6 Flexural strength result from Straight fiber
Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

Flexural Average Flexural Average Flexural Average Flexural Average
strength in Value strength in Value strength in Value strength in Value
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 5.5 11.28 12.24 14.06

2 5.88 5.93 10.27 10.62 13.48 12.93 14.41 14.41

3 6.41 10.31 13.06 14.76

From the result, it is obtained that the average flexural strength obtained for the concrete reinforced
by the Straight fiber is 5.93 MPa, 10.62 MPa, 12.93 MPa, and 14.41 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6 %,
and 3% fiber content.

24
 Figure 7: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for straight fiber

5.4 Result for Crimped Fiber

The result for the concrete reinforced by Crimped steel fiber of aspect ratio of 80 and length of 40
mm is given in the table for three samples
5.4.1 Compressive strength result

Table 7 Compressive strength results from Crimped Fiber

Sample For 1.8% fiber For 2.6 % fiber
For 3% fiber content
Number content content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

Average
Compaction Compaction Average Compaction Average
Value
strength strength strength

1 36.32 35.84 35.67

2 35.04 35.67 35.12 35.98 35.53 36.06

3 35.65 36.99 36.99

From the obtained result, it is seen that the average compressive strength obtained for the concrete
reinforced by the Crimped steel fiber is 35.67 MPa, 35.98 MPa, and 36.06 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %,
2.6 %, and 3 % fiber content.

25
 Figure 8: Graph for compressive strength against the fiber content for crimped steel
5.4.2 Flexural strength result
Table 8 Flexural strength result from Crimped Fiber
Sample For 2.6 % fiber
For 0 % fiber content For 1.8% fiber content For 3% fiber content
Number content

Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s Concrete’s

Flexural Flexural Flexural Flexural
Average Average Average Average
strength in strength in strength in strength in
MPa MPa MPa MPa

1 5.5 13.8 16.24 17.1

2 5.88 5.93 13.34 13.73 16.48 16.46 18.01 17.58

3 6.41 14.05 16.66 18.01

From the obtained result, it is seen that the average flexural strength obtained for the concrete
reinforced by the Crimped steel fiber is 5.93 MPa, 13.73 MPa, 16.46 MPa, and 17.58 MPa 0 %,
1.8 %, 2.6 %, and 3 % fiber content.

26
Figure 9: Graph for flexural strength against the fiber content for crimped steel

27
 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION
In the experimental analysis, three samples are taken so that a more accurate result can be obtained.
Also from the experiment, it is known that the values of strength i.e. flexural strength and
compressive strength are greater for the concrete with 3 percent steel fiber as compared to those
having 1.8 and 2.6 percentage of steel fiber. The increase in the compressive quality is by around
10 percentages with the extension of strands of short steel when compared with that of ordinary
cement. Also, there is an increase in the flexural strength by around sixty percentages when short
steel is added when compared with that of conventional concrete. From the result, it is evident that
the inclusion of small fiber improves the ability concrete. When the steel fiber having a hooked
end is included in the concrete, the compaction strength of the concrete is increased by around 17
percentages when compared to the obtained solution with the conventional concrete. Similarly, the
compaction strength of the concrete with the steel fibers having hooked ends is around 8 percent
higher than the concrete reinforced with short steel fibers. The flexural strength of the concrete
reinforced with fibers of steel having hooked ends is 90 percent and 30 percent higher as compared
to the regular concrete and concrete reinforced with short fibers of steel respectively.
From the result of the experiment, it is noted that the crack size and spacing decreased consistently
with the addition of the steel fibers. Also, the deformation is increased and the capacity to deform
is also increased. From this observation, it can be said that there is a transition from easily cracking
nature to ductile nature with the addition of steel fiber. The pre-breaking flexural property is
enhanced using the creased strands in which the micro-cracks are connected and the two other
filaments of large scale are also utilized. The use of the filament improves the shaft’s flexibility
and the pillar’s pliability with minimum shear fortification.

28
 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION
The project is concerned with the experimental analysis of the concrete reinforced by different
types of steel fiber and its influence on compaction and flexural strength. In the beginning phase
of the project, past works concerned with the concrete are reinforced with the help of concrete.
Along with that experimental procedure, materials needed for the experiment and analysis, IS code
for the determination of parameters, etc. are studied. After that, the experimental process is carried
out and the result for concrete reinforced with the four types of steel fibers is studied. From the
result, it is observed that the compaction strength and the flexibility strength for the concrete
reinforced steel improves with the increase of the percentage of steel content. The average
compaction strength obtained for the concrete reinforced by the small fiber is 25.77 MPa,
30.89MPa, 32.106 MPa, and 33.48 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6 % and 3 % fiber content and the
average flexible strength obtained for the concrete reinforced by the small fiber is 5.93 MPa, 12.22
MPa, 13 MPa and 14.90 MPa for 0 %, 1.8 %, 2.6 % and 3% fiber content respectively. Similarly,
the highest compaction strength of 36.52 MPa, 33.19 MPa, 36.06 MPa, and flexural strength of
14.77 MPa, 14.41 MPa, and 17.58 MPa are obtained for the hooked end, straight fibers, and
crimped steel fibers respectively when the percentage of steel content is 3 percent. The inclusion
of steel fiber in the concrete enhances the properties of the fiber. From the experimental analysis,
it is observed that the spacing and size of the crack reduced with the addition of fiber content, and
the ductility of the concrete increased. The creased strand connected the micro cracks to expand
the pre-breaking flexural ability. It is also noted that the strength of the concrete increased by about
17 percentages by the addition of hooked end steel as the steel fiber which is around 8 percent
greater than that of concrete mix reinforced with short fiber.

7.1 Advantages
The project offers the following advantages

 The project presents the stepwise process of performing experimental analysis of concrete
reinforced by cement concrete.
 The project provides information about the tests to be formed for checking compressive
and flexural strength.
 The project provides information about the types of fiber used for reinforcing the concrete.
 The project provides information about the change in compression and flexural strength
for the concrete with the inclusion of steel fiber percentages.

7.2 Disadvantages
Some of the disadvantages of the project are as follows:

 Knowledge of experimental tools and materials is needed before performing the

experimental analysis.
 Knowledge of IS code and information of the parameters are required before performing
the experimental analysis.
 Different parameters are assumed for the analysis so the result might differ according to
different conditions.

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7.3 Future scopes
In the future, in addition to the current project, several works can be done which could make the
work more informative and broad. Some of such future scopes of the project are:

 In addition to current tests, other tests such as water permeability tests, penetration tests,
water absorption tests, etc. can be done for concrete mix reinforced with steel fiber.
 The tests can be performed for other types of fiber like hybrid fibers.
 More samples can be used in the future to obtain an accurate outcome.

30
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Construction Purposes. s.l.:Geological Society Engineering.
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reinforced concrete. Materials and Structures .
Jean-Louis, G. S. U. B., 2005. Corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete from the cracks. Cement
and Concrete Research.
Katzer, J., 2006. Steel fibers and steel fiber reinforced concrete in civil engineering.
Kodur, T. T. L. V. K. R., 1996. Thermal and mechanical properties of steel-fibre-reinforced
concrete at elevated temperatures.
Lee, M. K. & B.I.G.Barr, 2004. An overview of the fatigue behaviour of plain and fibre reinforced
concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites.
Qian, C. & Stroeven, P., 2000. Development of hybrid polypropylene-steel fibre-reinforced
concrete. Cement and Concrete Research.
R.Khaloo, A. & MajidAfshari, 2005. Flexural behaviour of small steel fibre reinforced concrete
slabs. Cement and Concrete Composites.
Stroeven, P., 1977. The analysis of fibre distributions in fibre reinforced materials. Journal of
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