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for Analyzing Jobs
The Revised Handbook
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Employment and Training Administration 1991

Originally published by U.S. Department of Labor
 r

~ Campus
2 Hazleton
pen n State
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Hazleton Campus Library

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The Revised Handbook

for Analyzing Jobs

U.S. Department of Labor

Lynn Martin, Secretary

Employment and Training Administration

Roberts T. Jones

Assistant Secretary for Employment Training

1991

This book is a complete reprint of The Handbook for Analyzing Jobs as produced by the

U.S. Department of Labor. It includes all the content of the original book and is published

by JIST Works, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46202.

from ^m»
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PUBLISHER'S NOTE

This edition of The Handbook for Analyzing Jobs is the

first widely available revision of this importnt book since

1972. This version is an exact duplicate of the book produced

by the U.S. Department of Labor, plus 36 pages (9-1 through

9-36) in chapter 9 that were accidentally omitted in the

version released by the government. These pages include

information on definitions, interpretive data, and examples

of the "Aptitudes" provided as an important component of

the "Worker Characteristics" which is widely used by the

U.S. Employment Service for job analysis.

Please observe that, while pages 9-1 through 9-36 are quite

readable, they are based on copies of pages missing from

the government's edition rather than more legible typeset

page proofs. For this reason, the printing quality of these

36 pages is compromised. Still, we think that the inclusion

of these pages is quite important and thank the staff of the

U.S. Department of Labor for providing them to us.

This edition distributed by JIST Works, Inc. is an unabridged reprint of The Handbook for Analyzing Jobs,

1991 compiled by the United States Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Manufactured in the United States of America

Contact your distributor or the publisher for quanitity discounts.

See list of other JIST titles on order form at the end of this book.

JIST Works, Inc.

720 North Park Avenue

Indianapolis, IN 46202-3431

Phone: 1-800-648-5478 (most areas) or 1-317-264-3720

Fax: 1-800-JIST-FAX or 1-317-264-3709

ISBN: 1-56370-051-4
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INTRODUCTION

The Handbook for Analyzing Jobs (HAJ) contains the methodology

and benchmarks used by the cooperative Federal-State Occupational

Analysis Program in gathering and recording information about jobs.

Major Occupational Analysis products include the Dictionary of Occu-

pational Titles which contains occupational definitions of some 13,000

occupations, Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, and the Guide for Occupational

Exploration. All of these publications are available from the U.S.

Government Printing Office.

Since the first edition of the Handbook was published in 1944,

changes and improvement in occupational analysis methodology have

resulted in periodic revisions. This, the fourth revision, has been used

by staff of State Occupational Analysis Field Centers since 1984. Dur-

ing this time, analysts have continued to refine the Handbook in order

to reduce ambiguities and further refine procedures to facilitate accu-

rate and consistent gathering, synthesis, interpretation, and reporting

of occupational information. The methodology documented here was

used in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 4th Edition (Revised)

published in 1991.

Although many individuals made invaluable contributions, the lead

Occupational Analysis Field Center in North Carolina is primarily re-

sponsible for formulating and refining this edition of the Handbook

for Analyzing Jobs.

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CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Introduction i

1. Job Analysis: What It Is and Its Uses 1-1

2. Concepts and Principles of Job Analysis 2-1

Determining Job Limits 2-1

Dimensions of a Job: The Job Analysis Components 2-2

Sentence Analysis 2-3

Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids 2-3

3. Worker Functions 3-1

Structure of Worker Functions 3-1

Procedure for Rating Worker Functions 3-2

Definitions and Examples of Worker Functions 3-2

4. Work Fields 4-1

Combination Work Fields 4-1

Procedure for Assigning Work Fields 4-1

Alphabetical Listing of Work Fields 4-3

Work Fields Organization 4-4

List of Combination Work Fields 4-7

Work Fields Descriptions 4-8

5. Materials, Products, Subject Matter, and Services 5-1

Organization of MPSMS 5-1

Procedure for Assigning MPSMS 5-2

MPSMS Groups 5-3

Classifications, Definitions, and Examples of MPSMS 5-5

Alphabetical Listing of MPSMS 5-25

6. Sentence Analysis Technique 6-1

7. General Educational Development 7-1

Divisions of GED Scale 7-1

Rationale for GED Scale Definitions 7-1

Scale of General Educational Development 7-2

Definitions and Examples of GED Levels 7-4

Procedure for Evaluating and Recording GED Requirements 7-13

8. Specific Vocational Preparation 8-1

Scale of Specific Vocational Preparation 8-1

Definitions and Examples of SVP Levels 8-2

Procedure for Evaluating and Recording SVP Requirements 8-10

9. Aptitudes 9-1
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Levels of Aptitudes 9-2

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Procedure for Rating Aptitudes 9-2

Definitions, Interpretive Information, and Examples of Aptitudes 9-3

10. Temperaments 10-1

Definitions and Examples of the Temperament Factors 10-1

Procedure for Rating Temperaments 10-5

11. Guide for Occupational Exploration 11-1

Procedure for Assigning GOE Code and Title 11-1

Definitions and Work Groups of GOE Interest Areas 11-1

in
12. Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions 12-1

Physical Demands Factors, Definitions, and Examples 12-1

Environmental Conditions Factors, Definitions, and Examples 12-1

Procedure for Preparing the Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions Section

of the JAR .-. 12-14

Physical Demand and Environmental Condition Symbols 12-14

Limits of Weights Lifted/Carried or Force Exerted 12-15

Sample Physical Demands Form 12-17

Sample Environmental Conditions Form 12-18

13. Writing Job Summaries and Descriptions of Tasks 13-1

Preparing Job Summaries 13-1

Preparing Descriptions of Tasks 13-3

Writing Descriptions of Tasks 13-4

Style Conventions for Recording Descriptions of Tasks 13-10

Determining Detail Needed in Job and Task Descriptions 13-12

List of Frequently Used and Misspelled Words 13-13

14. The Job Analysis Report 14-1

Procedure for Preparing the JAR 14-1

Procedure for Recording Establishment Job Titles and DOT Titles 14-6

Sample Job Analysis Report Form 14-7

15. Procedure for Preparing for and Conducting a Job Analysis Study 15-1

Industry Study Planning Report 15-1

Sample ISPR Face Sheet 15-4

Sample ISPR Segment Analysis Sheet 15-7

Procedure for Conducting a Job Analysis Study 15-9

16. Plant Control Card and Staffing Table 16-1

Plant Control Card 16-1

Procedure for Preparing A Plant Control Card 16-1

Sample Plant Control Card 16-3

Staffing Table 16-4

Procedure for Preparing The Staffing Table 16-4

Sample Staffing Table Form 16-7

Alphabetical List of DOT Industries and Codes 16-9

17. Organization and Workflow Charts 17-1

Organization Charts 17-1

Sample Organization Chart 17-3

Workflow Charts 17-4

Sample Workflow Chart, Manufacturing Establishment 17-5

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Sample Workflow Chart, Service Organization 17-6

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18. The Narrative Report 18-1

Compiling Data 18-1

Organizing Materials 18-1

Writing the Report 18-2

Sample Narrative Report 18-5

Appendix A: Breaking A Job Down Into Tasks A-1

Appendix B: Determining Detail Needed In Job And Task Descriptions B-1

Appendix C: Machines, Tools, Equipment, And Work Aids C-1

Appendix D: Bibliography D-1

Appendix E: Agency Identification Numbers For Occupational Analysis E-1

IV
CHAPTER 1

JOB ANALYSIS: WHAT IT IS AND ITS USES

Job information is the basic data used by industry, governmental and private agencies, and employee

organizations for many human resource programs. The nature of the required job information varies in

type and approach according to program needs. Regardless of the ultimate use for which it is intended,

however, the data must be accurate; inclusive, omitting nothing pertinent to the program; and presented

in a form suitable for study and use. The techniques for obtaining and presenting this information are

known as "job analysis".

In the United States Employment Service, job analysis involves a systematic study of a specific

job in terms of:

The worker's relationship to data, people, and things (Worker Functions);

The methodologies and techniques employed (Work Fields);

The machines, tools, equipment, and work aids used (MTEWA);

The materials, products, subject matter, or services which result (MPSMS); and

The worker attributes that contribute to successful job performance (Worker Characteristics).

This Handbook for Analyzing Jobs (HAJ) is devoted to an explanation of the procedures and tech-

niques used in the public employment service to analyze jobs and record the analyses. These procedures

were developed to meet the occupational information needs of various human resource programs, and

are applicable to any job analysis program, regardless of the intended utilization of the data.

Job analyses are basic for supplying occupational information needed for human resource develop-

ment and utilization programs in the public employment service, industry, and other non-government es-

tablishments. Some of the major areas of use are:

Recruitment and Placement - Providing meaningful and correct job data for the recruitment and

selection of workers.

Better Utilization of Workers - Determining job relationships useful in the transfer and promotion

of workers to facilitate the opening of job opportunities at the entry level. Determining actual phys-

ical demands of the job and suggesting job adjustments to facilitate improved utilization of workers

with a disability.

Job Restructuring - Restructuring jobs to make better use of the available work force; and to assist

in opening job opportunities for people who are less than fully qualified, in facilitating the place-

ment of workers in hard-to-fill jobs, and in providing trainee jobs.

Vocational Counseling - Furnishing the Vocational Counselor with an assessment of the tasks and

requirements of jobs and of the avocations, training, and experiences that lead to them, as a basis

for vocational counseling.

Training - Determining training needs and developing training programs. The content of the train-

ing curriculum, the amount of time required for training, and the basis for the selection of trainees

are dependent, in part, upon knowledge of the jobs.

Performance Evaluation - Providing an objective basis for developing performance standards.

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Occupational Safety - Improving safety through the identification of job hazards.

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CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF JOB ANALYSIS

In modern usage, the word "job" has different meanings depending on how, when, or by whom

it is used. Moreover, "job" is often used interchangeably with the words "occupation", "position",

and "task". To eliminate this confusion and to clarify terms, the United States Employment Service

(USES) developed definitions for the following terms for use in job analysis:

1. An Element is the smallest step into which it is practical to subdivide any work activity with-

out analyzing separate motions, movements, and mental processes involved.

2. A Task is one or more elements and is one of the distinct activities that constitute logical

and necessary steps in the performance of work by the worker. A task is created whenever

human effort, physical or mental, is exerted to accomplish a specific purpose.

A Position is a collection of tasks constituting the total work assignment of a single worker.

There are as many positions as there are workers in the country.

A Job is a group of positions within an establishment' which are identical with respect to

their major or significant tasks and sufficiently alike to justify their being covered by a single

analysis. There may be one or many persons employed in the same job.

5. An Occupation is a group of jobs, found at more than one establishment, in which a common

set of tasks are performed or are related in terms of similar objectives, methodologies, materi-

als, products, worker actions, or worker characteristics.

Element, task, and job are relative concepts; an activity that is an element in one job could be a

task in another job, and could be a job in and of itself for a third worker. The following example illus-

trates this point. "Slices cold meats and cheese" is an element in the job of a Short Order Cook, a

task in the job of a Sandwich Maker, and the total job of a Deli Cutter-Slicer.

3.

4.

Job, Task, and Element as Relative Concepts

JOB TITLE

SHORT ORDER COOK

SANDWICH MAKER

DELICUTTER-SLICER

JOB

Prepares and cooks, to order, food

requiring short preparation time

Prepares sandwiches

Slices cold meats and cheese by

hand or machine

TASK

Prepares sandwiches
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Slices cold meats and cheese

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by hand or machine

ELEMENT

Slices cold meats and cheese by

hand or machine

DETERMINING JOB LIMITS

In the analysis of jobs it is necessary to determine where jobs begin and where they end. The ana-

lyst must be able to analyze a group of positions, determine the number of jobs existing among the posi-

tions, and then determine the exact nature of these jobs.

Jobs must be analyzed as they exist; therefore, each completed Job Analysis Report (JAR) must

report the job as it exists at the time of the analysis, not as it should exist, not as it has existed in

the past, and not as it exists in similar establishments.

'Establishment: A public or private employing unit that produces, provides, and/or sells goods or services at a single, physical

location. An establishment may range in size from a single, self-employed worker to thousands of workers.

2-1
Basically, every job analysis should represent a description of one job; no more and no less. Tasks

temporarily assigned to a given worker in addition to regular duties should not be considered part of

the basic job. The following examples are the kinds of situations which the analyst may encounter in

job analysis studies:

A. The worker performs a specific cycle or sequence of operations. The analyst should begin

with the first task the worker is called upon to do and consider the work steps successively.

For example, tasks for some machine operating jobs may be arranged in the following order:

(1) sets up machine; (2) operates machine; (3) removes workpieces; (4) maintains tools; and

(5) maintains machine.

B. The worker has no regular cycle of operations. This situation is usually more difficult to

analyze since it frequently involves a considerable variety of tasks. Therefore, the analyst

should organize the information according to function.

For example, a chemist could (1) test and analyze raw materials or manufactured products for

conformance to plant standards; (2) conduct controlled experiments for purposes of devising

new methods for improving production or testing and analyzing raw materials and products,

of adapting substances to new uses, and of recovering and utilizing by-products; and (3) super-

vise workers engaged in manufacturing processes and operations, including the measuring and

mixing of ingredients and the control of chemical reactions during processing.

C. The worker frequently changes from one set of duties to another. For example, four work-

ers are found performing a set of duties which include (1) weighing out specified amounts

of loose tobacco; (2) packing the weighed tobacco into shape boxes in which the tobacco is

compressed into cakes in a mashing machine; (3) taking shape boxes from mashing machine

and removing the cakes of pressed tobacco from the shape boxes; and (4) cutting the tobacco

cakes into large squares. Since the workers frequently rotate to relieve monotony, the duties

involved actually constitute one job, all phases of which are performed by all the workers.

D. The worker performs a given set of duties although in emergencies the worker performs

duties involved in other jobs. For example, in an aircraft factory a group of workers are

known as fuselage frame builders, rib frame builders, and spar builders. The workers are en-

gaged in framework assembly. Each assembles various members of a unit fuselage, wing, rib,

or wing spar in a jig, and then temporarily secures the assembly with screws, bolts, or tack

welds prior to final riveting or welding operations. Although the jobs are interchangeable to

the extent that any one of the workers performs the duties of any one of the others in emergen-

cies, the workers perform their respective jobs in regular production work. Situations such as

these should be considered separate jobs.

DIMENSIONS OF A JOB: THE JOB ANALYSIS COMPONENTS

All job analysis methods require that certain categories of information about jobs be collected, ana-

lyzed, and recorded in a systematic way. The method used by the USES recognizes two major areas

of job information: Work Performed and Worker Characteristics. The specific categories of information
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under each are the job analysis components. Each job analysis component has a specific number of fac-
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tors, which are defined subcomponents. Factors are assigned to a given job based on an evaluation of

the activities and requirements of the job.

Work Performed Components

Work Performed includes those job analysis components that relate to the actual work activities

of a job and constitute information that should be reflected in the job summary and the body of a well-

written job description. The Work Performed components consist of:

Worker Functions: The ways in which a job requires the worker to function in relation to

Data, People, and Things, as expressed by mental, interpersonal, and physical worker actions.

Every job is assigned the three Worker Functions that best characterize the worker's primary

involvement with Data, People, and Things, and the predominance of each function is indicat-

ed. These estimates provide useful information about the Work Performed. This job analysis

component contains 24 identifying functions and is defined and discussed in Chapter 3.

2-2
Work Fields: These are groupings of technologies and socioeconomic objectives that reflect

how work gets done and what gets done as the result of the work activities of a job, or in

other words, the purpose of the job. They summarize and classify the overall objectives of

work, such as processing of materials, fabricating products, utilizing data, and providing serv-

ices. The 96 Work Fields are defined and discussed in Chapter 4.

Materials, Products, Subject Matter, and Services (MPSMS): MPSMS include (a) basic

materials being processed, such as fabric, metal, or wood; (b) final products being made, such

as automobiles or baskets; (c) data, when being dealt with or applied, such as in dramatics

or physics; and (d) services being rendered, such as barbering or dentistry. Chapter 5 contains

information about this component.

Worker Characteristics Components

The Worker Characteristics component includes job analysis components which reflect worker at-

tributes that contribute to successful job performance. The Worker Characteristics components consist of:

General Educational Development (GED): Education of a general nature which contributes

to reasoning development and to the acquisition of mathematical and language skills that are

required of the worker to achieve average satisfactory job performance. GED is estimated on

the basis of discrete scales for reasoning, mathematical, and language development and is dis-

cussed in Chapter 7.

Specific Vocational Preparation (SVP): Vocational preparation that involves acquiring infor-

mation, learning the techniques, and developing the facility for acceptable performance in a

specific job. The application of SVP in job analysis is discussed in Chapter 8.

Aptitudes: Capacities or abilities required of an individual in order to facilitate the learning

of some task or job duty. The 11 Aptitudes included in this component are defined and dis-

cussed in Chapter 9.

Temperaments: Adaptability requirements made on the worker by the job-worker situation.

This component consists of 11 factors, which are defined and discussed in Chapter 10.

GOE (Interest Areas): A liking or preference for an activity. The 12 Interest factors used

by the USES in job analysis are explained in Chapter 11.

Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions: Physical Demands are defined as the

physical requirements made on the worker by the specific job-worker situation. Environmental

Conditions are the surroundings in which a job is performed. This component is defined and

discussed in Chapter 12.

SENTENCE ANALYSIS

The technique of sentence analysis has been devised to help the analyst express a job-worker situa-

tion in standard, concise form. Use of this technique makes it easier for an analyst to collect complete

job information, to assign correct ratings for the ratable Work Performed components (Worker Functions,

Work Fields, and MPSMS), and to write the job summary section of the job description. Application

of the sentence analysis technique in job analysis is discussed in Chapter 6.

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MACHINES, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND WORK AIDS

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Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids (MTEWA) are instruments and devices used to carry

out work activities and are defined as follows:

1. Machines: Devices which are a combination of mechanical parts with the framework and fas-

tenings to support and connect them, and are designed to apply a force to do work on or move

materials or to process data. A machine may be activated by hand or foot power applied

through levers or treadles, or outside power sources, such as electricity, steam, or compressed

air. Included are printing presses, drill presses, casting machines, forging machines, conveyors,

hoists, locomotives, and automobiles.

2-3
Tools: Devices or implements which are manipulated by hand to do work on or move materi-

als. Included are common handtools, plus those manipulated by the worker and activated by

outside power sources, such as electricity or compressed air. Examples are pneumatic ham-

mers, cutting torches, paint-spray guns, electric-powered screwdrivers, and electric cutters.

Equipment: Devices which generate power, communicate signals, or have an effect upon ma-

terials through application of light, heat, electricity, steam, chemicals, or atmospheric pressure.

Examples are ovens, stills, forges, cameras, and power-generating devices. Also included in

this category are nonprocessing devices, such as PBX switchboards, radio transmitters, amme-

ters, and signal-light systems.

Work Aids: Miscellaneous items which cannot be considered as machines, tools, or equip-

ment, and yet are necessary for carrying out the work. Included are (1) supportive devices,

such as jigs, fixtures, clamps, vises, or anvils; (2) special measuring, hand-manipulated devices,

such as micrometers, calipers, gauges, rules, squares, and tapes; (3) graphic instructions, such

as blueprints, sketches, maps, charts, wiring diagrams, manuals, and formalized job instruc-

tions; (4) substances used in the processing or fabrication of materials and products, such as

glue and paint; and (5) musical instruments.

2-A
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CHAPTER 3

WORKER FUNCTIONS

Worker Functions, one of the three components of Work Performed, are activities which identify

worker, relationships to data, people, and things. The following 24 Worker Functions are used in job

analysis to express these relationships.

WORKER FUNCTIONS

Data

People

Things

0 Synthesizing

0 Mentoring

0 Setting Up

1 Coordinating

1 Negotiating

1 Precision Working

2 Analyzing

2 Instructing

2 Operating-Controlling

3 Compiling

3 Supervising

3 Driving-Operating

4 Computing

4 Diverting

4 Manipulating

5 Copying

5 Persuading

5 Tending

6 Comparing

6 Speaking-Signaling

6 Feeding-Off Bearing

7 Serving

7 Handling

8 Taking Instructions-Helping

NOTE:

1. The hyphenated functions Speaking-Signaling, Taking Instructions-Helping, Operating-

Controlling, Driving-Operating, and Feeding-Off Bearing are single functions.

2. The functions Setting Up, Operating-Controlling, Tending, and Feeding-Off Bearing include

the situation in which the worker is part of the setup of the machine, as the holder and guider
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of the material or the tool.

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3. Feeding-Off Bearing and Tending, Operating-Controlling and Driving-Controlling, and Setting

Up are special cases involving machines and equipment of Handling, Manipulating, and

Precision Working, respectively.

4. When a worker becomes part of the machine function by reason of holding and guiding the

material or the tool, the Worker Function should be interpreted as machine-related. In these

cases the worker is Setting Up, Operating-Controlling, Tending, or Feeding-Off Bearing.

5. When a worker is involved primarily with non-machine activities, but also has a minor

relationship to a machine, the appropriate non-machine Things Worker Function should be

assigned.

Each Worker Function depicts a broad action which summarizes what the worker does in relation

to Data, People, and Things. The selection of three Worker Functions, which represent the most charac-

teristic worker relationships in the job to Data, People, and Things, respectively, provides a device to

structure the analysis of the job. Worker Function code numbers are also reflected in DOT definition

codes, i.e., the middle three digits of a 9-digit code.

STRUCTURE OF WORKER FUNCTIONS

Although the arrangement within each of the three relationships (Data, People, Things) is structured

to suggest an upward progression from the less complex to the more complex, there are instances where

hierarchical relationships are limited.

Data Functions are an arrangement of different kinds of activities involving information, knowledge,

or concepts. Some are broad in scope and others are narrow. There is considerable overlap in complexity

among the Functions. Computing and Copying are more specialized types of functional activities than

the other Data Functions.

People Functions are also activities that have little or no hierarchical arrangement. Beyond the gen-

eralization that Taking Instructions-Helping is usually the least complex People Function, the remaining

Functions have no specific order denoting levels.

3-1
Things Functions can be divided into relationships based upon the worker's involvement with either

machines and equipment (machine-related) or with tools and work aids (non-machine related). [For clari-

fication, Machines, Tools, Equipment and Work Aids (MTEWA) are defined in Chapter 2, Concepts and

Principles of Job Analysis.] As shown in the following chart, Things Functions also represent levels of

complexity based on the worker's decisions or judgments.

LEVELS OF JUDGMENT OF THINGS WORKER FUNCTIONS

Levels of Judgment

Nonmachine-

Related Levels

Machine-Related Levels

Considerable judgment

1 Precision Working

0 Setting Up

Some latitude for judgment

4 Manipulating

2 Operating-Controlling

3 Driving-Operating

Little or no latitude for judgment

7 Handling

5 Tending

6 Feeding-Off Bearing

PROCEDURE FOR RATING WORKER FUNCTIONS

Read the definitions of the Worker Functions and the examples that follow each definition, and

compare them with the activities of the job studied. Select the Data, People, and Things Worker Func-

tions that best characterize the job. The Worker Functions selected should reflect the Data, People, and

Things levels needed to accomplish the overall purpose of the job and the important worker activities

in the job.

The Worker Function assigned that best characterizes the job is not necessarily the Function which

is the "highest" Function present in the job. In some cases, the amount of time spent in an activity

will determine which particular Worker Function is most characteristic. In other cases, the contribution

of an activity to the completion of the overall purpose of the job, rather than the frequency of the activi-

ty, will determine the selection of a Worker Function. In short, the analyst must differentiate the inciden-

tal from the essential work activities.

When selecting the appropriate Things Worker Function, consider the following: (1) determine the

highest appropriate level of complexity of the worker's relationship to Things based on the degree of

judgment involved as depicted in the previous chart; then (2) decide whether the worker relates to several

items, in which machines sometimes are one of the items, or whether the situation is a special case in

which the worker is concerned almost exclusively with one or more machines or pieces of equipment.
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After determining the highest appropriate level of the worker's relationship to Data, People, and
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Things, evaluate which of the Functions is relatively the most important. Enter in Item 8 of the JAR

the appropriate number in each space provided. Circle the "Data", "People", and "Things" caption(s)

to indicate which relationship(s) best exemplify the job.

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF WORKER FUNCTIONS

DATA: Information, knowledge, and conceptions related to data, people, or things obtained by

observation, investigation, interpretation, visualization, and mental creation. Data are intangible and

include numbers, words, symbols, ideas, concepts, and oral verbalization.

0 Synthesizing: Integrating analyses of data to discover facts or develop knowledge concepts or in-

terpretations.

0:1 Creates satirical or humorous cartoons based on personal interpretations of current news events.

0:2 Writes critical reviews of literary, musical, or artistic works and performances for broadcast and

publication.

0:3 Interprets play scripts and conducts rehearsals for stage presentation.

0:4 Formulates hypotheses and experimental designs to investigate problems of growth, intelligence,

learning, personality, and sensory processes.

3-2
0:5 Directs choral group rehearsals and performances to achieve desired effects, such as tonal and har-

monic balance, dynamics, rhythms, tempos, and shadings.

0:6 Conducts research to discover new uses for chemical byproducts, and devises new procedures for

preparing organic compounds.

0:7 Creates musical compositions, using knowledge of harmonic, rhythmic, melodic, and tonal struc-

ture and other elements of music theory.

0:8 Formulates editorial policies of newspaper and originates plans for special features or projects.

0:9 Interprets serious or comic parts by speech or gesture to portray role in theatrical production.

0:10 Creates and teaches original dances for ballet, musical, or revue to be performed for stage, televi-

sion, nightclub, or motion picture production.

1 Coordinating: Determining time, place, or sequence of operations or activities on the basis of

analysis of data; executing determinations or reporting on events.

1:1 Plans, directs, and coordinates activities of designated project to ensure that aims, goals, or objec-

tives are accomplished in accordance with prescribed priorities, time limitations, and funding con-

ditions.

1:2 Plans and arranges for activities of radio or television studio and control room personnel to ensure

technical quality of pictures and sound for programs originating in studio or from remote pickup

points.

1:3 Coordinates movement of air traffic between altitude sectors and control centers to provide maxi-

mum separation and safety for aircraft.

1:4 Directs the routing and controlling of oil through pipelines from wells and storage tanks to deliv-

ery points in accordance with delivery obligations and deadlines.

1:5 Plans advertising campaign to promote sale of merchandise.

1:6 Plans and establishes collection routes and directs assignment of personnel and equipment in the

operation of a municipal sanitation department.

1:7 Authorizes number and frequency of buses traveling over established city routes to meet the trans-

portation needs of patrons.

1:8 Arranges activities of public and private housing projects to relocate residents in accordance with

relocation regulations, facilities, and services.

1:9 Plans and directs milk plant activities, such as pasteurizing, separating, evaporating, drying, cool-

ing, and bottling, in the processing of milk products.

2 Analyzing: Examining and evaluating data. Presenting alternative actions in relation to the evalua-

tion is frequently involved.

2:1 Examines food service records and tastes food and beverage samples to determine sales appeal

and cost of preparing and serving meals and beverages in food establishments.

2:2 Observes and listens to engine to diagnose causes of engine malfunction.

2:3 Evaluates student loan applications and determines eligibility based on need and academic stand-

ing.
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2:4 Examines incoming weather data and plots anticipated weather developments on maps and charts.
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2:5 Reviews and evaluates scouting reports in preparing defensive plans for football team.

3-3
2:6 Assays mineral samples taken from outcrops, floats, and stream channels for preliminary quantita-

tive estimates of mineral content.

2:7 Investigates and evaluates customers' bill complaints for electric or gas-power service.

2:8 Studies blueprints and operation of machinery or equipment in plant and evaluates deviations from

original specifications to resolve problems.

2:9 Analyzes water in purification plant to control chemical processes which soften water or make

it suitable for drinking.

2:10 Examines works of art, such as paintings, sculpture, and antiques, to determine their authenticity

and value.

3 Compiling: Gathering, collating, or classifying information about data, people, or things. Report-

ing or carrying out a prescribed action in relation to the information is frequently involved.

3:1 Operates wire-drawing machine, observing operation of machine as work progresses and making

adjustments to conform to written specifications.

3:2 Classifies aircraft flight data and submits data to Dispatcher for approval and flight authorization.

3:3 Collects, classifies, and records forest data, such as rainfall, stream flow, and soil moisture, to de-

velop information tables.

3:4 Summarizes details of transactions in separate ledgers and transfers data to general ledger to main-

tain records of financial transactions of an establishment.

3:5 Collects and arranges flight arrival and departure times at specified points to construct flight sched-

ule.

3:6 Receives telephone complaints from public concerning crimes or other emergencies, records com-

plaints, and files them for future processing.

3:7 Catalogs library materials, such as books, films, and periodicals, according to subject matter.

3:8 Sells footwear, such as shoes, boots, overshoes, and slippers, in department store.

3:9 Sets up metal-stamping machines for other workers according to product specifications and pre-

scribed procedures.

3:10 Prepares specialty foods, such as tacos and fish and chips, according to recipe using specific meth-

ods applicable to type of cookery.

3:11 Inspects precision optical and ophthalmic lenses at various stages of production to determine lenses

meet company standards, according to work order and prescription specifications, using precision

measuring instruments.

4 Computing: Performing arithmetic operations and reporting on or carrying out a prescribed action

in relation to them. Does not include counting.

4:1 Calculates cost of customers' laundry by pricing each item on customers' lists, using adding ma-

chine or calculating machine.

4:2 Calculates interest and principal payments on mortgage loans, using calculating machine.

4:3 Computes and quotes repair cost estimates for hosiery and gloves.

4:4 Calculates daily wages of miners from production records.

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4:5 Totals payments and proves daily transactions in car-rental establishment.

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4:6 Calculates change due for payment received for food bill, cashes checks, and issues receipts or

tickets to customers.

4:7 Calculates freight or passenger charges payable to participating carriers, using rate table and calcu-

lating machine.

3^1
4.8 Calculates customer telephone charge according to time consumed, type of call, and mileage zone

rate.

4:9 Calculates cost to customer of water conditioner based on frequency of service and size of unit

required.

5 Copying: Transcribing, entering, or posting data.

5:1 Enters information on manifest, such as name of shipper, tonnage, and destination, from bills of

lading and shipper's declaration.

5:2 Records meter readings, such as oil, steam, temperature, and pressure, on company operating chart.

5:3 Enters data from production records into computer system terminal.

5:4 Enters test scores of applicants on permanent office record form.

5:5 Transcribes addresses from mailing list to envelopes, cards, advertising literature, packages, and

similar items.

5:6 Records quantity and length of hides from tag on bundle.

5:7 Types letters, reports, stencils, forms, or other straight copy material from corrected rough draft.

5:8 Records color, quantity, material, and part number from work ticket onto production report.

5:9 Posts totals of checks and drafts to clearing-house settlement sheets.

5:10 Records odometer reading and amount of gas and oil used during refueling in vehicle logbook.

6 Comparing: Judging the readily observable functional, structural, or compositional characteristics

(whether similar to or divergent from obvious standards) of data, people, or things.

6:1 Inspects loaded freight cars to ascertain that materials and goods, such as automobiles, lumber,

or containers of explosives, are securely braced and blocked according to loading specifications.

6:2 Sorts and inspects telephone charge tickets for such billing information as destination of telegraph

message and accuracy of telephone number to which charges are made.

6:3 Compares invoices of incoming articles with actual numbers and weights of articles.

6:4 Grades dressed poultry according to size and physical appearance.

6:5 Sorts burned clay products, such as brick, roofing tile, and sewer pipe, according to form, color,

and surface characteristics.

6:6 Examines wood of designated logs to determine that moisture content of logs is within limits spec-

ified on work ticket.

6:7 Inspects candy in containers or on conveyor to ensure that it is formed, coated, cupped, wrapped,

or packed according to plant standards.

6:8 Examines painted surfaces of automobile to detect scratches, blemishes, and thin spots.

6:9 Sorts and stacks hats according to color, size, and style specified.

6:10 Inspects washed automobiles at end of automatic carwash line to ensure completeness of wash

job.

PEOPLE: Human beings; also animals dealt with on an individual basis as if they were human.

0 Mentoring: Dealing with individuals in terms of their total personality in order to advise, counsel,

or guide them with regard to problems that may be resolved by legal, scientific, clinical, spiritual,
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or other professional principles.

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0:1 Counsels individuals in debt to provide financial information and advice concerning resolution of

financial problems.

3-5
0:2 Confers with and advises parents, teachers, and children in order to develop plans for overcoming

behavioral, personality, or scholastic problems in children.

0:3 Counsels clients in legal matters.

0:4 Counsels and aids individuals and families requiring assistance of social service agency.

0:5 Provides treatment for individuals with mental and emotional disorders.

0:6 Provides individuals with vocational and educational planning services based on appraisal of their

interests, aptitudes, temperaments, and other personality factors.

0:7 Diagnoses or evaluates mental and emotional disorders of individuals, and administers programs

of treatment.

0:8 Assists foreign students in making academic, social, and environmental adjustments to campus and

community life.

0:9 Provides spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to congregation members.

0:10 Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of animals.

1 Negotiating: Exchanging ideas, information, and opinions with others to formulate policies and

programs or arrive jointly at decisions, conclusions, or solutions.

1:1 Negotiates with property owners and public officials to secure purchase or lease of land and right-

of-way for utility lines, pipelines, and other construction projects.

1:2 Contacts landowners and representatives of oil-producing firms in attempt to complete agreements.

such as leases, options, and royalty contracts covering oil exploration, drilling, and production ac-

tivities in specified oil fields.

1:3 Arranges with officials of various organizations in each locality to rent premises for circus, to ar-

range for distribution of publicity and promotional materials, and to hire musicians for circus band.

1:4 Participates in talks to settle labor disputes. Confers with union members and prepares cases for

presentation. Meets with employers to negotiate or arbitrate.

1:5 Confers with foreign shippers to agree upon reciprocal freight-handling contract.

1:6 Contracts with hospitals and other institutional agencies for students to obtain clinical experience

in school of nursing.

1:7 Meets with representatives of entertainment attractions, such as troupes, performers, or motion pic-

ture distributors, to arrange terms of contract and fees to be paid for engagement in establishments,

such as nightclubs, theaters, or dancehalls.

1:8 Contracts with farmers to raise or purchase fruit or vegetable crops.

1:9 Consults with members of welfare board to plan activities and expenditures.

1:10 Confers with editorial committee and heads of production, advertising, and circulation departments

of newspaper to develop editorial and operating procedures and negotiate decisions affecting publi-

cation of newspaper.

2 Instructing: Teaching subject matter to others, or training others (including animals) through ex-

planation, demonstration, and supervised practice; or making recommendations on the basis of

technical disciplines.
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2:1 Trains nursing staff in techniques of industrial nursing. Conducts classes in first aid and home
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nursing for employees.

2:2 Conducts classes in instrumental or vocal music for individuals or groups in public or private

school.

2:3 Provides training for police recruits in police science investigative methods and techniques, govern-

ment, law, community life, proficiency in firearms, self-defense, and care of firearms.

3-6
2:4 Trains wild animals, such as lions, tigers, bears, and elephants, to perform tricks for entertainment

of audience at circus or other exhibitions.

2:5 Teaches one or more subjects in college or university classroom.

2:6 Coaches groups at playgrounds and schools in fundamentals and rules of competitive sports. Dem-

onstrates techniques of game and drills players in fundamentals until they are familiar with all

phases.

2:7 Lectures, demonstrates, and uses audiovisual teaching aids to present subject matter to class.

2:8 Lectures and demonstrates job fundamentals to flight attendants of passenger airline.

2:9 Instructs workers in painting decorations on plates, bowls, saucers, and other dinnerware.

3 Supervising: Determining or interpreting work procedures for a group of workers, assigning spe-

cific duties to them, maintaining harmonious relations among them, and promoting efficiency. A

variety of responsibilities is involved in this function. (NOTE: The activities may include training

workers; evaluating workers' performance; assisting workers in solving work problems; initiating

and recommending personnel actions, such as hiring, Firing, promoting, transferring, and disciplin-

ing; enforcing company regulations; and maintaining or directing maintenance of production and

personnel records.)

3:1 Assigns guard force personnel to station or patrols. Interprets security rules and supervises subor-

dinates in carrying out rules. Reports irregularities and hazards to appropriate personnel. Selects

and trains subordinates. Ensures that safety standards are maintained.

3:2 Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in loading ships' cargoes. Studies bills

of lading to determine sequence of loading operations, calculates number of hours and personnel

required, and assigns tasks to workers. Oversees workers to ensure cargo is loaded in proper se-

quence.

3:3 Issues oral and written orders to newspaper workers engaged in gathering, writing, and publishing

one type of news, such as sports, society, music, or drama.

3:4 Directs activities of workers engaged in distributing materials to other workers and keeping records

of parts worked on and completed.

3:5 Inspects engines and other equipment and orders ship's crew to repair or replace defective parts.

3:6 Assigns duties to typists and examines typed material for accuracy, neatness, and conformance to

standards.

3:7 Interviews, hires, and gives instructions to crew of fishing vessel, and assigns crew to watches

and quarters. Directs fishing operations, using knowledge of fishing grounds and work load capac-

ities of vessel and crew.

3:8 Establishes work procedures for workers engaged in loading and unloading kiln to dry green hops.

Examines hops on kiln floor to determine distribution for drying, and gives instructions to workers

concerning depth hops may be piled in kiln bay and kiln temperature and air volume to be main-

tained.

3:9 Directs workers engaged in maintaining grounds and turf on golf course. Determines work priority
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and assigns workers to tasks, such as fertilizing, seeding, mowing, raking, and spraying. Observes
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employees' work and demonstrates more efficient work methods.

3:10 Assigns bricklayers to specific duties. Inspects work in progress to determine conformance to spec-

ifications and trains new workers.

4 Diverting: Amusing others, usually through the medium of stage, screen, television, or radio.

4:1 Portrays role in dramatic production to entertain audience.

4:2 Sings classical, opera, church, or folk music in musical programs.

3-7
4:3 Performs classical, modern, or acrobatic dances alone, with partner, or in groups to entertain audi-

ence.

4:4 Induces hypnotic trance in subjects, occasionally using members of audience as subjects, and com-

mands hypnotized subjects to perform specific activities.

4:5 Speaks in such manner that voice appears to come from source other than own vocal chords, such

as from dummy or hand puppet.

4:6 Pilots airplane to perform stunts and aerial acrobatics at fairs and carnivals.

4:7 Drives racing car over track in competition with other drivers.

4:8 Performs difficult and spectacular feats, such as leaping, tumbling, and balancing, alone or as

member of team.

4:9 Impersonates Santa Claus during Christmas season.

4:10 Performs original and stock tricks of illusion and sleight of hand to mystify audience, using props

such as cards and cigarettes. Frequently uses members of audience in act.

5 Persuading: Influencing others in favor of a product, service, or point of view.

5:1 Sells services of industrial psychology firms to management officials.

5:2 Calls on farmers to solicit repair business and to sell new milking equipment. Demonstrates milk-

ing machines.

5:3 Offers articles at auction, asking for bids, attempting to stimulate buying desire of bidders and

closing sales to highest bidder.

5:4 Sells all types of life insurance by pointing out company programs that meet clients' insurance

needs.

5:5 Solicits membership for club or trade association. Visits or contacts prospective members to ex-

plain benefits and cost of membership and to describe organization and objective of club or asso-

ciation.

5:6 Contacts individuals and firms by telephone and in person to solicit funds for charitable organiza-

tion.

5:7 Sells home appliances to customer after pointing out salable features of merchandise.

5:8 Calls on retail outlets to suggest merchandising advantages of company's trading stamp plan.

5:9 Promotes use of and sells ethical drugs and other pharmaceutical products to doctors, dentists, hos-

pitals, and retail and wholesale drug establishments.

5:10 Purchases merchandise or commodities for resale.

6 Speaking-Signaling: Talking with and signaling people to convey or exchange information. In-

cludes giving assignments and directions to helpers or assistants.

6:1 Manages program to ensure that implementation and prescribed activities are carried out in accord-

ance with specified objectives.

6:2 Directs and coordinates through subordinate supervisory personnel activities of production

department(s) in processing materials or manufacturing products in industrial establishment.

6:3 Directs traffic by motioning with flag when construction work obstructs normal traffic route.
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6:4 Gives property coordinator verbal directions in placing of items on stage or set.
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6:5 Informs public on library activities, facilities, rules, and services.

6:6 Indicates customer bid by word, mannerism, hand, or other characteristic signal.

6:7 Interviews job applicants in employment agency.

6:8 Answers questions from passengers concerning train routes, stations, and timetable information.

3-8
6:9 Informs tourists concerning size, value, and history of establishment; points out features of interest;

and gives other information peculiar to establishment.

6:10 Answers telephone to give information about company's special services to potential customers.

6:11 Signals or relays signals to operators of hoisting equipment engaged in raising or lowering loads

and pumping or conveying materials.

6:12 Explains hunting and fishing laws to sporting groups.

7 Serving: Attending to the needs or requests of people or animals or the expressed or implicit wish-

es of people. Immediate response is involved.

7:1 Accompanies and assists ambulance driver on calls. Assists in lifting patient onto wheeled cart

or stretcher and into and out of ambulance. Renders first aid, such as bandaging, splinting, and

administering oxygen.

7:2 Renders variety of personal services conducive to safety and comfort of airline passengers during

flight.

7:3 Carries golf bags around golf course for players, handing clubs to players as requested.

7:4 Cares for elderly, handicapped, or convalescent people. Acts as aide or friend by attending to

employer's personal, business, or social needs.

7:5 Arranges wearing apparel and checks personal effects for performers and other personnel when

they are on set.

7:6 Feeds and waters animals in zoo.

7:7 Mixes and serves alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks to patrons of bar, following standard recipes.

7:8 Bathes and gives alcohol rubs to hospital patients.

7:9 Cleans and polishes footwear for customers.

7:10 Escorts hotel guests to rooms, assists them with luggage, and offers information pertaining to

available services and facilities of hotel.

8 Taking Instructions-Helping: Attending to the work assignment instructions or orders of supervi-

sor. (No immediate response required unless clarification of instructions or orders is needed.) Help-

ing applies to "non-learning" helpers.

8:1 Drives forklift to move, hoist, and stack cartons of materials in warehouse, following oral instruc-

tions of supervisor and written work orders.

8:2 Tests ballpoint pen cartridges to determine conformity to company specifications, referring to test

procedures.

8:3 Folds garments for bagging or boxing, following guide marks on table or using folding board.

8:4 Records financial transactions in ledgers or accounts books to maintain establishment records.

8:5 Inspects, assembles, and packs mounted or unmounted negatives, color film transparencies, and

photographic prints.

8:6 Weighs and mixes seasonings and other ingredients to prepare spice mixes according to formula.

3-9
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THINGS: Inanimate objects as distinguished from human beings; substances or materials; and machines,

tools, equipment, work aids, and products. A thing is tangible and has shape, form, and other physical

characteristics.

0 Setting Up: Preparing machines (or equipment) for operation by planning order of successive ma-

chine operations, installing and adjusting tools and other machine components, adjusting the posi-

tion of workpiece or material, setting controls, and verifying accuracy of machine functions and

work produced, applying knowledge of machine capabilities, properties of materials, and shop

practices. Uses tools, equipment, and work aids, such as precision gauges and measuring instru-

ments. Workers who set up one or a number of machines for other workers or who set up and

personally operate a variety of machines are included here.

0:1 Selects, positions, and secures cutters in toolhead, in spindle, or on arbor of gear cutting machines,

such as gear shapers, hobbers, and generators. Sets feed rates and rotation speeds of cutters and

workpiece in relation to each other by selecting and mounting gears, cams, or templates or by

moving levers. Moves controls to set cutting speeds and depth of stroke and cut for reciprocating

cutters and to position tools and workpieces.

0:2 Selects and secures tool in spindle, using wrenches. Positions workpiece in fixture or on machine

table, securing it with clamps and wrenches, and verifies positions with instruments, such as sur-

face gauges and dial indicators. Selects feed rate, honing tool rotation speed, and depth of cut

according to knowledge of metal properties and abrasives. Moves controls to position tool in rela-

tion to workpiece and to set feed rate and spindle speed. Positions and tightens stops, using

wrench, to control length of honing tool stroke. Starts machine and rums handwheels to feed tool

to workpiece. Measures first-run workpiece for conformance to specifications, using micrometers

and fixed gauges.

0:3 Selects and positions, aligns, and secures electrodes, jigs, holding fixtures, guides, and stops on

resistance welding and brazing machines.

0:4 Lifts specified die sections into die-casting machines that cast parts, such as automobile trim, car-

buretor housing, and motor parts, from nonferrous metals. Secures die sections in position and ad-

justs stroke of rams. Connects water hoses to cooling system of die. Preheats die sections. Turns

valves and sets dials to regulate flow of water circulating through dies. Starts machine to produce

sample casting and examines casting to verify setup.

0:5 Selects, installs, and adjusts saw blades, cutter heads, boring bits, and sanding belts in variety of

woodworking machines, using handtools and rules. Operates machines to saw, smooth, shape, bore,

and sand lumber and wood parts. Periodically verifies dimensions of parts for adherence to specifi-

cations, using gauges and templates.

0:6 Aligns and bolts specified dies to ram and anvil of presses and hammers. Installs impression and

gripping dies and synchronizing cams on upsetting machines. Sets and bolts roll dies into self-

positioning slots or dogs on roll shafts of forging rolls. Aligns and bolts positioning fixtures and

stops, and turns handles or knobs to synchronize conveyor speed with forging-machining action
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and heating cycle of furnace. Starts machine and inspects work to verify conformance of die setup
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to specifications.

1 Precision Working: Using body members and/or tools or work aids to work, move, guide, or

place objects or materials in situations where ultimate responsibility for the attainment of standards

occurs and selection of appropriate tools, objects, or materials, and the adjustment of the tool to

the task, require considerable judgment.

1:1 Repairs and maintains production machinery in accordance with blueprints, diagrams, operation

manuals, and manufacturer's specifications, using handtools, power tools, and precision-measuring

and testing instruments.

1:2 Lays out position of parts on metal, using scribe and handtools.

1:3 Locates and marks reference lines and marks location of holes to be drilled, using scribe.

3-10
1:4 Sketches original designs for textile cloth patterns on graph paper, using water colors, brushes,

pen, and rulers.

1:5 Carves statues, monuments, and ornaments from stone, concrete, and wood, using chisels, ham-

mers, and knives.

1:6 Fits and assembles machine components according to assembly blueprints, manuals, engineering

specifications, sketches, and knowledge of machine construction procedures, using handtools and

power tools. Shapes parts for precision fit, using metalworking machines.

1:7 Lays out, cuts, shapes, and finishes wood, plastics, plexiglass, and hardboard parts of displays,

using handtools.

1:8 Drafts full- or reduced-scale drawings for use by building contractors and craft workers.

1:9 Diagnoses electrical malfunctions, using test lights, ohmmeter, voltmeters, circuit simulators, and

wiring diagrams.

1:10 Cuts, trims, and tapers hair, using clippers, comb, and scissors.

1:11 Measures, marks, and cuts carpeting and linoleum with knife to get maximum number of usable

pieces from standard size rolls, following floor dimensions and diagrams.

1:12 Forms sand molds for production of metal castings, using handtools, power tools, patterns, and

flasks and applying knowledge of variables, such as metal characteristics, molding sand, contours

of patterns, and pouring procedures.

2 Operating-Controlling: Starting, stopping, controlling, and adjusting the progress of machines or

equipment. Operating machines involves setting up and adjusting the machine or material(s) as

the work progresses. Controlling involves observing gauges, dials, etc. and turning valves and

other devices to regulate factors such as temperature, pressure, flow of liquids, speed of pumps,

and reactions of materials.

2:1 Turns controls on television camera, observes scenes through camera monitor, adjusts lens to main-

tain scenes in focus, and moves levers to alter angle or distance of shot to photograph scenes

for broadcasting.

2:2 Types alphabetic or numeric input data on keyboard of computer terminal from source documents.

Inserts paper into carriage, presses key to obtain printout or video display of data, and backspaces

and strikes over original material, using keyboard, to correct errors. Presses code key to transmit

corrected data via telephone lines to computer.

2:3 Moves lever to regulate speed of turntable of tape recorder machines. Turns knobs on cutting arms

to shift or adjust weight of stylus. Moves switches to open microphone and tune in live or record-

ed programs.

2:4 Places wooden barrel horizontally on barrel rest of barrel-lathe machine. Clamps barrel between

two chucks of lathe. Starts machine and holds barrel plane against surface of revolving barrel

while guiding tool along its length to scrape and smooth it.

2:5 Places glass blanks and tube components in chuck or tailstock of lathes and depresses pedals of

compressed air devices that lock parts in lathes. Starts lathes, lights gas-torch heating elements,
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and turns valves to regulate flames. Turns handwheels or pushes levers to control heating of speci-
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fied areas of glass parts.

2:6 Places spool on spindle of floor-mounted sewing machines. Draws thread through machine guides,

tensions, and needle eye. Inserts bobbins into shuttles and draws thread through slots in shuttle

walls or draws thread through guides and looper eyes. Presses knee levers, depresses pedals, or

moves hand levers to raise presser foot or spread feed cups. Positions parts to be joined and lowers

presser foot. Starts, stops, and controls speed of machines with pedals or knee levers and guides

parts under needles.

3-11
2:7 Moves switches on central control panel of switchboard to regulate converters. Observes demand

meters, gauges, and recording instruments and moves controls to ensure efficient power utilization,

equipment operation, and maintenance of power distribution. Monitors gauges, alarms, and

oscilloscopes to detect and prevent damage to equipment and disruption of power.

2:8 Fires furnace or kiln, observes gauges, and adjusts controls to maintain specified temperature for

drying coal and ore before or after washing, milling, or pelletizing operations.

2:9 Regulates flow and pressure of gas from mains to fuel feed lines of gas-fired boilers, furnaces,

kilns, soaking pits, smelters, and related steam-generating or heating equipment. Opens valve on

feed lines to supply adequate gas for fuel and closes valves to reduce gas pressure. Observes,

records, and reports flow and pressure gauge readings on gas mains and fuel feed lines.

3 Driving-Operating: Starting, stopping, and controlling the actions of machines or equipment for

which a course must be steered or which must be guided to control the movement of things or

people for a variety of purposes. Involves such activities as observing gauges and dials, estimating

distances and determining speed and direction of other objects, turning cranks and wheels, and

pushing or pulling gear lifts or levers. Includes such machines as cranes, conveyor systems, trac-

tors, furnace-charging machines, paving machines, and hoisting machines. Excludes manually

powered machines, such as handtrucks and dollies, and power-assisted machines, such as electric

wheelbarrows and handtrucks.

3:1 Steers vessel over course indicated by electronic equipment, such as radio and land radar, to trans-

port passengers to fishing locations for catching fish and other marine life.

3:2 Pushes pedals and pulls levers to move, control speed, and stop crane boom, and raise or lower

cables attached to load. Adjusts controls to move and position load by sight or at direction of

other worker.

3:3 Pilots airplane or helicopter over agricultural fields at low altitudes to dust or spray fields with

seeds, fertilizers, or pesticides.

3:4 Operates throttle, air brakes, and other controls to transport passengers or freight on electric, die-

sel-electric, steam, or gas-turbine-electric locomotive. Interprets train orders, block or semaphore

signals, and railroad rules and regulations.

3:5 Fastens attachments, such as graders, plows, and rollers, to tractor with hitchpins. Releases brake,

shifts gears, and depresses accelerator or moves throttle to control forward and backward move-

ment of machine. Steers tractor by turning steering wheel and depressing brake pedals.

3:6 Pushes levers and pedals to move machine; to lower and position dipper into material; and to lift,

swing, and dump contents of dipper into truck, car, or onto conveyor or stockpile.

3:7 Moves control levers, cables, or other devices to control movement of elevator. Opens and closes

safety gate and door of elevator of each floor where stop is made.

3:8 Controls movement and stops railroad or mine cars by switching, applying brakes, placing sprags

(rods) between wheel spokes, or placing wooden wedges between wheel and rail. Positions cars

under loading chutes by inserting pinch bar under car wheels, using bar as fulcrum and lever to
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move car. Hooks cable drum brake to ease car down incline.
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3:9 Moves controls to drive armored car to deliver money and valuables to business establishments.

3:10 Controls action of rail-mounted trackmobile to spot railroad cars on ramp above chip storage bins

for unloading, and releases bottom doors of cars allowing chips to fall into bin.

3:11 Drives street sweeper and moves controls to activate rotary brushes and spray so that sweeping

machine picks up dirt and trash from paved street and deposits it in rear of machine.

4 Manipulating: Using body members, tools, or special devices to work, move, guide, or place ob-

jects or materials. Involves some latitude for judgment with regard to precision attained and select-

ing appropriate tools, object, or material although this is readily manifest.

3-12
4:1 Shapes knitted garments after cleaning by shrinking or stretching garments by hand to conform

to original measurements.

4:2 Trims and smooths edges, surfaces, and impressed or raised designs of jewelry articles and jewelry

findings, using files, chisels, and saws.

4:3 Scrapes, files, and sands machine-shaped gunstocks to remove excess wood and impart finished

appearance to surface, using files, sandpaper, and emery cloth.

4:4 Moves rotating disk of powered, portable grinder against surface of stationary workpiece to remove

scratches, excess weld material, and burrs. Changes disks to ones with progressively finer abrasives

to obtain specified finish on workpiece.

4:5 Draws colored strips of material, such as fabric or leather, between slits in shoe upper to weave

decorative design according to specifications.

4:6 Turns sprayer valves and nozzle to regulate width and pressure of spray, pulls trigger, and directs

spray onto work surface to apply prime or finish coat according to knowledge of painting tech-

niques.

4:7 Guides tip of soldering iron along seam of metal plates to heat plates to bonding temperature and

dips bar or wire of soft solder in seam to solder joint.

4:8 Mixes soldering flux in crock or vat according to formula, using paddle, and tests consistency of

flux with hydrometer.

4:9 Repacks parachutes that have been opened in use, or unopened ones that are to be repacked in

interest of safety.

4:10 Attaches cables to buildings, installs supports, and cuts or drills holes in walls and partitions

through which cables are extended, using wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, saws, and drills.

5 Tending: Starting, stopping, and observing the functioning of machines and equipment. Involves

adjusting materials or controls of the machine, such as changing guides, adjusting timers and tem-

perature gauges, turning valves to allow flow of materials, and flipping switches in response to

lights. Little judgment is involved in making these adjustments.

5:1 Positions and secures scoring disks on machine shaft, turns handwheel to adjust pressure on disks,

and feeds cardboard blanks into machine hopper.

5:2 Turns controls to regulate amount of coal, pushes air-blower controls that blow coal into furnaces,

and observes air gauges and feed of coal.

5:3 Presses pedal or button and moves lever on packaging machine. Observes operation to detect mal-

functions. Opens valves, changes cutting dies, sets guides, and clears away damaged products or

containers.

5:4 Holds and turns wood shoe last against revolving sanding wheel to remove specified amount of

material and to smooth surface of last while retaining original contours. Verifies contours of sand-

ed last, using template.

5:5 Lights fire and opens valves to regulate fuel supply to asphalt-heater. Screws hose connections

to heater to connect circulating system and uses pump to circulate asphalt through heating unit.
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Observes temperature gauge and adjusts blower and damper controls to regulate heat and maintain
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required temperature.

5:6 Adjusts control that regulates stroke of paper pusher on machine that assembles pages of printed

material in numerical sequence. Places pages to be assembled in holding tray. Turns controls

manually to start machine and removes assembled pages from machine.

5:7 Depresses pedal to start, stop, and control speed of yam winding machine. Observes yam to detect

slubs and broken or tangled ends, cuts out slubs, using scissors, and ties broken yam ends.

5:8 Positions spring on bed of machine, turns hand gauges to regulate travel of flattening ram, and

pulls lever to lower ram that compresses spring under specified pressure.

3-13
5:9 Places tack in holder on machine bed. Positions premarked article over tack on bed and positions

button on garment over tack and under machine ram. Depresses pedal that lowers ram to join but-

ton to article.

5:10 Shovels coal or coke into firebox of boiler, turns valves to regulate flow of gas, oil, or pulverized

coal into firebox, or moves controls to regulate feeding speed of automatic stoker. Reads gauges

and moves controls to maintain specified steam pressure, temperature, and water level in boiler.

6 Feeding-Off Bearing: Inserting, throwing, dumping, or placing materials in or removing them

from machines or equipment which are automatic or tended or operated by other workers.

6:1 Inserts milled rubber stock into rolls of calendering machine to maintain continuous supply.

6:2 Places molded lens blanks into automatic burr-grinding machines. Catches ejected blanks and

stacks them in trays prior to polishing.

6:3 Removes cartons of bottles from conveyor and stacks them on pallet.

6:4 Picks up and dumps specified dry materials into feeder hopper of crutcher equipment which forms

slurry for processing into soap.

6:5 Hangs toy parts in specified positions on hooks of overhead conveyor that passes through painting

operations and lifts painted parts from hooks.

6:6 Places eggs in holder that carries them into machine that removes earth, straw, and other residue

from egg surface prior to shipment. Removes cleaned eggs and packs them in cases.

6:7 Places plate glass onto conveyor of glass silvering machine or automatic washing and drying ma-

chines and removes silvered or cleaned mirror from conveyor.

6:8 Shovels scrap tobacco onto screens of cleaning machine, picks out stems and dirt from tobacco,

and shovels tobacco dust from receptacle under screen into containers.

6:9 Picks up handfuls of glass pipettes from conveyor and packs them into boxes.

6:10 Dumps dyed cotton fiber into hopper of extractor that removes liquid by forcing cotton through

rollers.

6:11 Places soiled garments into washing machine, extractor, and tumbler, and removes garments at

completion of cleaning cycle.

6:12 Removes stacks of paper cups accumulating at collection rack at end of pneumatic tube leading

from automatic cup-forming machine and packs cups into cardboard tubes.

7 Handling: Using body members, handtools, or special devices to work, move, or carry objects

or materials. Involves little or no latitude for judgment with regard to attainment of standards

or in selecting appropriate tool, object, or materials.

7:1 Loads and pushes handtruck to move metal molds of pipemaking concrete from forming area to

steam-cooking area.

7:2 Hammers steel pins into holes in ends of logs preparatory to skidding.

7:3 Drives herd of goats to fresh pastures during day and back to corral at night.

7:4 Files documents in alphabetical or numerical order or according to subject matter and removes

documents from files upon request.

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7:5 Clears stumps, trees, brush, cactus, mesquite, or other growth from land so land can be used as
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pasture, for cultivation, or for proposed construction project.

7:6 Weighs materials in chemical plant and writes or stencils identifying information on containers.

Fastens caps or covers on containers, or screws bungs in place. Cleans stills and other equipment,

using detergents. Loads railroad cars or trucks.

7:7 Distributes work cards containing instructions to workers.

3-14
7:8 Mops, sweeps, and dusts halls and corridors.

7:9 Digs ditches that drain excess moisture from land, using pick and shovel.

7:10 Transfers fingerprints from persons onto cards for purposes of identification.

7:11 Cuts candy into squares, using knife.

7:12 Folds and stacks cuffs preparatory to sewing cuffs to sleeves of garments.

7:13 Scrapes or knocks mortar from bricks, using hammer.

7:14 Copies production data, using pen.

3-15
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Generated on 2012-11-20 20:38 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832
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CHAPTER 4

WORK FIELDS

Work Fields, a component of Work Performed, are categories of technologies that reflect how work

gets done and what gets done as a result of the work activities of a job: the purpose of the job. There

are 96 Work Fields identified for use by the USES for classification of all jobs in the economy in terms

of what gets done on the job.

Work Fields range from the specific to the general and are organized into homogeneous groups,

based on related technologies or objectives, such as the movement of materials, the fabrication of prod-

ucts, the use of data, and the provision of services. Each Work Field is identified by a three-digit code,

a brief descriptive title, and a definition. In many cases, a comment is included which enlarges upon

the definition and limits or extends the application of the Work Field. Also, cross-references are frequent-

ly included which distinguish one Work Field from other related Work Fields.

Following the definition is a list of methods verbs which illustrate the application of the Work Field.

This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but merely representative, of the ways in*which the objective

of the Work Field can be accomplished. Note that the methods verbs listed as examples do not include

those appearing in the title or definition for that Work Field, inasmuch as they are implicit in the Work

Field. Some methods verbs are used as illustrative examples in more than one Work Field; however,

their meanings may differ in the various listings.

It is important to understand that the concept of Work Fields involves consideration not only of

the overall objective or purpose of a job, but also how the objective is attained; that is, the means by

which the objective of the job is met. MTEWA are instruments and devices used by the worker to

achieve the objective of the job. MTEWA are directly related to, and help describe, specific methods

verbs.

The job of a worker who performs in a first-line supervisory or helper capacity is assigned the

same Work Field(s) as that of the jobs of the workers supervised or helped, because the technological

objectives are the same as those of the workers supervised or helped. It is incorrect to assign Work Field

295-Administering to such supervisory jobs; or Oil-Material Moving to helper jobs. For Things jobs that

are machine-related, the Work Field is based upon what the machine does. For example, the job of a

worker who tends a machine that smooths and polishes bores of shotgun barrels is assigned Work Field

051-Abrading. Prefixes, such as un or re, are implicit in the definition of a Work Field. For example,

Material Moving includes unloading and removing; Filling-Packing-Wrapping includes unpacking,

unwrapping, etc.

COMBINATION WORK FIELDS

Combination Work Fields are general categories of Work Fields that contain combinations of Work

Fields to cover jobs involving various technologies. For example, Structural Fabricating-Installing-Repair-

ing includes combinations of such specific Work Fields as Abrading, Nailing, Riveting, and Welding.

However, in some situations, the analyst may elect to assign the specific Work Fields, rather than a com-

bination Work Field, to express the overall objective of a job.

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PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING WORK FIELDS

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The core of the procedure for assigning Work Fields is the sentence analysis technique. The object

of such assignment is to formulate sentences containing words illustrative of the Work Field(s). The re-

sulting sentence must provide an integrated picture that answers the "how" and "why" sufficiently for

classification purposes. The sentence analysis technique is outlined in Chapter 6.

4-1
Experienced analysts have found the following steps to be helpful in assigning Work Fields.

Step 1. Study the job-worker situation to determine the method(s) specific to the accomplishment of

the overall job objective. As has been pointed out in this section, many verbs are used to signi-

fy specific methods which relate to quite different objectives. Thus it is essential to check the

particular use of the verb against the definition of the Work Field which is supposed to include

it. The listing of methods verbs accompanying each Work Field definition is by no means ex-

haustive, and it is entirely possible that the analyst will use others. However, make certain that

they have methodological value in a particular context and are not simply explanatory or reflec-

tive of the end results of the job. The analyst must always keep in mind that Work Fields

are broader in scope than the intermediate objectives reflected in individual work element state-

ments in a description of a job. The total of all the intermediate objectives contained in the

Description of Tasks should lead to an understanding of the assigned Work Field(s).

Step 2. Select the Work Field that most adequately encompasses the specific methodology of the job-

worker situation. Although it is possible to select more than one Work Field for almost any

job-worker situation (e.g., nearly all job-worker situations involving Things require Material

Moving in addition to whatever else is done), this will not be necessary if the primary Work

Field is adequately comprehensive. However, there will be instances where it is necessary to

assign more than one Work Field. When a combination Work Field best reflects the overall

objective of the job, specific Work Fields encompassed by the Combination Work Field are

not assigned.

Step 3. Record in Item 8 of the JAR the code number(s) and title(s) of the Work Field(s) selected

that reflect(s) the analysis of the data.

4-2
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ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF WORK FIELDS

051 Abrading

291 Accommodating

295 Administering

298 Advising-Counseling

002 Animal Propagating

211 Appraising

262 Artistic Painting-Drawing

141 Baking-Drying

071 Bolting-Screwing

053 Boring

153 Brushing-Spraying

034 Butchering-Meat Cutting

094 Caulking

132 Casting

052 Chipping

031 Cleaning

161 Combing-Napping

263 Composing-Choreographing

146 Cooking-Food Preparing

142 Crushing-Grinding

233 Data Processing

135 Die Sizing

202 Developing-Printing

144 Distilling

242 Drafting

111 Electrical-Electronic Fabricating-Installing

Repairing*

154 Electroplating

244 Engineering

183 Engraving

297 Entertaining

182 Etching

007 Excavating-Clearing-Foundation Building

062 Fastening

041 Filling-Packing-Wrapping

061 Fitting-Folding

082 Flame Cutting-Arc Cutting-Beam Cutting

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063 Gluing-Laminating
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294 Health Caring-Medical

133 Heat Conditioning

001 Hunting-Fishing

151 Immersing-Coating

192 Imprinting

282 Information Giving

212 Inspecting-Measuring-Testing

271 Investigating

165 Knitting

092 Laying-Covering

241 Laying Out

272 Litigating

004 Logging

057 Lubricating

033 Machining*

091 Masoning

011 Material Moving

121 Mechanical Fabricating-Installing-Repairing*

131 Melting

292 Merchandising-Sales

055 Milling-Turning-Planing

005 Mining-Quarrying-Earth Boring

143 Mixing

136 Molding

072 Nailing

232 Numerical Recording-Recordkeeping

095 Paving

201 Photographing

003 Plant Cultivating

134 Pressing-Forging

191 Printing
WORK FIELDS ORGANIZATION

The Work Fields have been organized into the following groups on the basis of similar technologies.

This arrangement may be helpful in ensuring the applicability of the Work Field(s) selected for the job

being analyzed.

ORGANIZATION

DESCRIPTION

001

002

003

004

005

007

011

013

014

021

041

051

052

053

054

055

056

057

061

062

063

071

072

073

081

082

083

Hunting-Fishing

Animal Propagating

Plant Cultivating

Logging

Mining-Quarrying-Earth Boring
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Excavating-Clearing-Foundation
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Building

Material Moving

Transporting

Pumping

Stationary Engineering

031

Cleaning

032

Surface Finishing

033

Lubricating

034

Butchering-Meat Cutting

Filling-Packing-Wrapping

Abrading

Chipping

Boring

Shearing-Shaving

Milling-Turning-Planing

Sawing

Machining

Fitting-Folding

Fastening

Gluing-Laminating

Bolting-Screwing

Nailing

Riveting

Welding

Flame Cutting-Arc Cutting-Beam

Cutting

Soldering-Brazing
ORGANIZATION

091

092

094

095

Masoning

Laying-Covering

Caulking

Paving

101

102

Upholstering

Structural Fabricating-lnstalling-

Repairing

111

Electrical-Electronic Fabricating-ln-

stalling-Repairing

121

Mechanical Fabricating-lnstalling

Repairing

131

132

133

134

135

136

Melting

Casting

Heat Conditioning

Pressing-Forging

Die Sizing

Molding

141

142

143

144

145

146
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147
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Baking-Drying

Crushing-Grinding

Mixing

Distilling

Separating

Cooking-Food Preparing

Processing-Compounding

151

152

153

154

Immersing-Coating

Saturating

Brushing-Spraying

Electroplating

161

162

163

164

165

166

Combing-Napping

Spinning

Winding

Weaving

Knitting

Tufting

171

Sewing-Tailoring

182

183
221

231

232

233

ORGANIZATION

Stock Checking

Verbal Recording-Record Keeping

Numerical Recording-Record Kee-

ping

Data Processing

241

Laying Out

242

Drafting

243

Surveying

244

Engineering

251

Researching

261

Writing

262

Artistic Painting-Drawing

263

Composing-Choreographing

264

Styling

271

Investigating

272

Litigating

281

System Communicating

282

Information Giving

291

Accommodating
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292
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Merchandising-Sales

293

Protecting

294

Health Caring-Medical

295

Administering

296

Teaching

297

Entertaining

298

Advising-Counseling

DESCRIPTION

Receiving, storing, issuing, shipping, requisitioning,

and accounting for stores of materials.

Preparing and maintaining verbal and numerical

records.

Planning, developing, testing, evaluating, and execut-

ing a systematic sequence of activities or operations

to process alphabetic, numeric, and symbolic data or

to solve problems by means of computer systems.

Plotting, tracing, and drawing diagrams and other di-

rective graphic information for use in design and pro-

duction; designing and constructing machinery, struc-

tures, and systems.

Controlled exploration of fundamental areas of knowl-

edge, by means of critical and exhaustive investigation

and experimentation.

Creating, expressing, or depicting one's own ideas in

various media.
LIST OF COMBINATION WORK FIELDS

The following is a list of combination Work Fields and the corresponding component Work Fields

of which they are comprised.

057

101

102

COMBINATION WORK FIELDS

Machining

Upholstering

Structural Fabricating-lnstalling-

Repairing

111

121

Electrical-Electronic Fabricating-ln-

stallingRepairing

Mechanical Fabricating-lnstalling-

Repairing

147

Processing-Compounding

COMPONENT WORK FIELDS

Abrading (051), Boring (053), Chipping (052), Milling-

Turning-Planing (055), Sawing (056), and Shearing-

Shaving (054).

Bolting-Screwing (071), Gluing-Laminating (063), Nail-

ing (072), Sewing-Tailoring (171), and Shearing-Shav-

ing (054).

Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071), Boring (053),

Brushing-Spraying (153), Caulking (094), Chipping

(052), Fastening (062), Fitting-Folding (061), Flame

Cutting-Arc Cutting-Beam Cutting (082), Gluing-Lami-

nating (063), Immersing-Coating (151), Laying-Cover-

ing (092), Masoning (091), Milling-Turning-Planing

(055), Molding (136), Nailing (072), Paving (095),

Sawing (056), Sewing-Tailoring (171), Shearing-Shav-

ing (054), Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081).

Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071), Boring (053),

Fitting-Folding (061), Nailing (072), Riveting (073), Sol-

dering-Brazing (083), Welding (081), and Winding

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(163).
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Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071), Boring (053),

Brushing-Spraying (153), Chipping (052), Fastening

(062), Fitting-Folding (061), Flame Cutting-Arc Cutting-

Beam Cutting (082), Gluing-Laminating (063), Immers-

ing-Coating (151), Milling-Turning-Planing (055), Nail-

ing (072), Pressing-Forging (134), Riveting (073),

Sawing (056), Sewing-Tailoring (171), Shearing-Shav-

ing (054), Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081).

Baking-Drying (141), Distilling (144), Heat Conditioning

(133), Melting (131), Mixing (143), Saturating (152),

and Separating (145).

4-7
WORK FIELDS DESCRIPTIONS

001 HUNTING-FISHING

Capturing and killing wild land and marine animals for such purposes as bounty, conservation, research,

and for their value as meat or skin.

Baiting

Dredging

Seining

Tonging

Dipping

Hooking

Shooting

Trapping

Dragging

Raking

Spearing

Trawling

Typical Occupations: Fisher; Trapper; Dredger; Fishing-Boat Captain; Deckhand.

002 ANIMAL PROPAGATING

Raising and caring for livestock, poultry, fish, and other animal life and collecting eggs, milk, wool,

honey, and other animal products by methods which may include those specific to other work fields.

Bailing

Feeding

Branding

Fumigating

Candling

Grooming

Caponizing

Hatching

Castrating

Herding

Debeaking

Incubating

Dehorning

Inseminating

Disinfecting

Milking

Dredging (shellfish)

Milting
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Typical Occupations:
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Animal Bn

Netting

Pelting (mink)

Rounding Up

Separating

Sexing (poultry)

Shearing (sheep)

Shoeing (horses)

Skinning

Sowing

Spawning

Sterilizing

Training

Vaccinating

Washing (eggs)

Watering

Animal Breeder; Dairy Farmer; Poultry-Farm Worker; Beekeeper; Artificial

Inseminator; Milker; Animal Herder.

003 PLANT CULTIVATING

Planting, nurturing, harvesting, and otherwise caring for plant life by methods which may include those

specific to other work fields.

Bailing

Budding

Conditioning (soil)

Culling

Curing (tobacco)

Cutting

Detasseling

Digging

Disking

Drying
005 MINING-QUARRYING-EARTH BORING

Extracting minerals, oil, gas, water, and stone from the earth. Includes drilling earth formations to obtain

core samples.

Blasting

Breaking

Chipping

Crushing

Digging

Panning

Perforating

Miner; Driller; Blaster; Quarry Supervisor; Mine Supervisor; Well Driller;

Quarry Worker; Prospector.

Typical Occupations:

007 EXCAVATING-CLEARING-FOUNDATION BUILDING

Removing and distributing earth materials, such as dirt, gravel, rock, and sand; grading surfaces; dredging

ditches, canals, and marine channels; drilling holes in earth and through rock formations for purposes

other than blasting and mineral extractions; and driving pilings and shafts into earth for structural

footings. Includes clearing away obstacles preparatory to construction and logging, and controlling growth

of weeds, trees, bushes, etc., to facilitate maintenance of utility lines and rights-of-way.

Backfilling Cutting

Burning Digging

Typical Occupations:

Raking

Trimming

Tree Trimmer; Pile-Driver Operator; Dredge Operator; Dredging Inspector;

Brush Clearer; Grade Operator; Levee Superintendent; Pile-Driving Supervi-

sor; Motor Grader Operator; Bulldozer Operator.

Oil MATERIAL MOVING

Conveying materials manually and by use of machines and equipment, such as cranes, hoists, conveyors,

industrial trucks, elevators, winches, and handtrucks. Distinguish from Transporting (013), which involves

conveyance of passengers and materials by common carrier.

Carrying

Forking

Relaying

Unloading

Dragging

Hanging

Shackling
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Wheeling
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Drawing

Hoisting

Shoveling

Dumping

Lifting

Skidding

Floating

Loading

Throwing

Typical Occupations:

013 TRANSPORTING

Fork-Lift Operator; Crane Operator; Stevedore; Freight-Elevator Operator;

Hoist Operator; Conveyor Worker.

Conveying passengers and materials by truck, bus, airplane, train, ship, automobile, and other vehicles.

Distinguish from Material Moving (011), which involves moving materials by conveyances other than

common carriers.

Driving

Flying

Typical Occupations:

014 PUMPING

Landing

Piloting

Steering

Stoking

Taking Off

Vehicle Driver; Airplane Pilot; Marine-Vessel Captain; Locomotive Engi-

neer.

Raising, lowering, and moving gases, liquids, and solids by suction, pressure, and vacuum within a piping

system.

Draining Expelling

Drawing (off or out) Propelling

021 STATIONARY ENGINEERING

Producing and distributing heat, power, and conditioned air.

Compressing (air)

Cooling

Typical Occupations:

031 CLEANING

Firing

Generating

Humidifying

Purifying

Refrigerating

Ventilating

Boiler Operator; Stationary Engineer; Compressor Operator; Powerhouse At-

tendant; Power Dispatcher.

Cleaning objects and premises by methods such as washing with water, steam, and cleaning agents;

brushing, wiping, sweeping, raking, and scraping; using suction, compressed air, and ultrasonic

equipment.

Agitating

Fluffing

Scrubbing

Spotting

Beating

Flushing

Shaking

Steaming

Blowing

Hosing

Shoveling

Straining

Chipping

Immersing

Soaking

Tumbling

Dusting

Mopping

Sopping

Filtering

Scalding
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Sponging
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Typical Occupations:

Laundry Worker; Dishwasher; Equipment Cleaner; Janitor; Housekeeper;

Cleaning Supervisor.

032 SURFACE FINISHING

Removing wrinkles from, restoring shape to, and giving finish to articles made of fabric, fur, leather,

straw, paper, and similar materials by application of tension or pressure (usually accompanied by heat

or steam). Includes burning excess materials from surfaces of articles.

Blocking (hats)

Gassing

Rubbing

Stretching

Brushing

Ironing

Singeing

Texturing

Calendering

Pressing

Steaming

Typical Occupations:

Ironer; Presser (Hand and Machine); Hat Blocker; Tenter-Frame Operator;

Singeing-Machine Operator; Calender-Machine Operator.

033 LUBRICATING

Coating objects with lubricants to reduce friction of moving parts and to prevent sticking.

Waxing

Dusting

Graphiting

Greasing

Oiling

Spraying

Swabbing

Typical Occupations: Oiler; Greaser; Automobile Lubricator.

041 FILLING-PACKING-WRAPPING

Pouring dry and liquid materials and products into containers; enveloping and enclosing materials and

products in paper, cellophane, burlap, and other materials; putting materials and products into containers;

or closing and sealing containers. Includes unpacking, unwrapping, and refilling.

Banding

Boxing

Bunching

Channeling

Covering

Draping

Typical Occupations:

051 ABRADING

Dropping

Dumping

Folding

Funneling

Injecting

Inserting

Moistening

Padding

Peeling Off

Securing

Spooning

Stacking

Strapping

Stripping

Twisting

Tying

Packager; Filling-Machine Operator; Baling-Machine Operator; Wrapping-

Machine Operator; Packaging Supervisor; Bagger.

Smoothing, polishing, sharpening, or cutting materials by use of abrasives; and cutting letters and designs

into objects and structures by the wearing-away action of abrasives. Distinguish from Cleaning (031),

in which abrasives may be used to remove foreign substances.

Blowing

Buffing

Filing

Finishing

Typical Occupations:
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052 CHIPPING
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Frosting

Grinding

Honing

Lapping

Pouncing

Rubbing

Sandblasting

Sanding

Sandpapering

Scraping

Sandblaster; Grinder; Polisher; Honer; Glass Beveler; Tumbling-Machine

Operator; Bit Sharpener; Sander.

Cutting away flakes and fragments with hatchets and chisels struck with hammers or similarly activated

by a power source, such as compressed air. Distinguish from Milling-Tuming-Planing (055), in which

rotary or chisel-like cutters are used but without percussion.

Breaking Up

Broaching

Typical Occupations:

053 BORING

Chiseling

Chopping

Gouging

Hewing

Striking

Wedging

Chiseler; Chipper; Air-Hammer Operator.

Making, enlarging, and threading holes in material (other than earth) by means of rotary cutting tools

advanced into the material. Distinguish from piercing by Pressing-Forging (134), in which tools do not

rotate.

Countersinking Piercing

Drilling Reaming
055 MILLING-TURNING-PLANING

Shaping materials by the paring and smoothing action of rigid cutting tools (usually fed into rotating

materials) and rotating cutting tools (usually fed into stationary materials). Distinguish from Chipping

(052), in which the cutting away of flakes and fragments is accomplished by chisel-like tools actuated

by a percussive power source.

Broaching

Dadoing

Gaining

Typical Occupations:

056 SAWING

Grooving

Mortising

Profiling

Rabbeting

Routing

Scarfing

Shaving

Tonguing

Undercutting

Lathe Operator; Milling-Machine Operator; Machine Setter; Wood-Carving-

Machine Operator; Tooth Cutter; Gear Cutter; Screw-Machine Operator.

Severing and shaping materials by the reciprocal or rotary cutting action of a blade which wears out

a kerf. The blade may be serrated or be made of, or coated with, abrasives. Excluded from this work

field is the felling of trees, which is covered by Logging (004). Distinguish from Shearing-Shaving (054),

which includes a severing function but without wearing a kerf.

Crosscutting

Dadoing

Typical Occupations:

057 MACHINING

Gaining

Grooving

Mitering

Ripsawing

Tenoning

Cut-Off-Saw Operator; Band-Saw Operator; Gang Sawyer; Kerf-Machine

Operator; Last Trimmer.

Shaping parts by any combination of the following work fields: Abrading (051), Boring (053), Chipping

(052), Milling-Turning-Planing (055), Sawing (056), and Shearing-Shaving (054).

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Forming
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Typical Occupations:

061 FITTING-FOLDING

Shop Machinist; Tool-and-Die Maker; Shop Supervisor; Job Setter.

Folding, joining, and fitting parts without the use of bolts, screws, nails, rivets, solder, welding

equipment, and glue. This work field includes such job activities as interlacing and joining parts, such

as boards and precut and fabricated wood or metal units; fitting together parts of shoes; putting coils

and insulation into frames to form staters; assembling parts of mechanical pencils; pressing bushings into

bearing housings; and putting together pins and buttons to form campaign badges. Distinguish from

Fastening (062), which involves joining materials by fastening with staples, eyelets, grommets, and snaps.

Bending

Hanging

Packing

Springing

Bracing

Inlaying

Pulling

Squeezing

Clamping

Inserting

Pushing

Tapping

Clinching

Interweaving

Shoving

Threading

Creasing

Inverting

Sliding

Tightening

Crimping

Jamming
062 FASTENING

Joining lightweight material (such as paper, cardboard, and fabrics) with fasteners, such as staples,

eyelets, grommets, and snaps. Assignment is not made when the joining of materials involves methods

applicable to other work fields, such as Bolting-Screwing (071), Fitting-Folding (061), Gluing-Laminating

(063), Nailing (072), Riveting (073), Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081).

Clinching

Inserting

Shoving

Threading

Compressing

Inverting

Sliding

Tightening

Creasing

Jamming

Slipping

Twisting

Crimping

Looping

Splicing

Wedging

Hammering

Pressing

Springing

Hanging

Pulling

Squeezing

Inlaying

Pushing

Tapping

Typical Occupations:

Stitching-Machine Operator; Stapler; Eyelet-Machine Operator; Wreath

Maker.

063 GLUING-LAMINATING

Fastening together parts with sticky substances, such as cement, glue, paste, gum, and other adhesive

media. Includes bonding of parts by application of heat and pressure.

Brushing

Daubing
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Pressing
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Stretching

Clamping

Fusing

Rolling

Wetting

Compressing

Moistening

Spreading

Typical Occupations:

Cementer; Glue-Machine Operator; Combining-Machine Operator; Bonding-

Machine Operator; Cloth Laminator; Hot-Press Worker; Heat-Sealing-Ma-

chine Operator.

071 BOLTING-SCREWING

Fastening together parts with threaded bolts and screws fitted through adjoining holes previously bored

and threaded, or by forcing threaded screws through parts. In some instances, holes may be partially

bored but not prethreaded to accommodate screws, or bolts may be secured in place by inserting them

in threaded nuts. Distinguish from Riveting (073), which involves the use of nonthreaded bolts to fasten

parts.

Tapping

Typical Occupations:

072 NAILING

Threading

Tightening

Twisting

Clock-and-Watch-Parts Assembler; Power-Tool Operator; Vehicle-Light As-

sembler; Screw Remover; Wooden-Heel Attacher; Spring Assembler.

Fastening together parts with devices, such as nails, tacks, spikes, brads, and staples. Distinguish from

Riveting (073), in which a nonthreaded fastening device is secured by hammering and pressing to spread

protruding shank ends. Distinguish from Fastening (062), where light materials are joined.

Driving (nails)

Hammering
081 WELDING

Joining metal, glass, and plastic parts by heating surfaces to induce fusion with or without the application

of filler materials and pressure. Forge-welding, which involves applying sharp blows, is covered by

Pressing-Forging (134). Distinguish from Flame Cutting-Arc Cutting-Beam Cutting (082), in which

similar equipment is used to sever parts, and from Soldering-Brazing (083), which involves joining parts

by the adhesion of solder.

Burning Melting Stirring

Fusing Puddling

Typical Occupations: Welder; Welding Supervisor; Welding Inspector; Lead Burner.

082 FLAME CUTTING-ARC CUTTING-BEAM CUTTING

Severing materials by subjecting materials to intense heat, using equipment, such as oxyacetylene torches,

electric-arc cutting equipment, and laser beams. Distinguish from Welding (081), which may use the

same equipment but for the purpose of joining materials. Cutting by use of hot-wire is included in

Shearing-Shaving (054).

Burning Scarfing Scraping

Typical Occupations: Flame Cutter; Scrap Burner; Scarfing Operator; Laser-Beam Cutter.

083 SOLDERING-BRAZING

Joining metal parts or filling depressions in metal with molten solder or brazing alloy. Distinguish from

Welding (081), in which parts are joined by fusion under heat.

Dipping Melting Smoothing Sweating

Heating Rubbing Spreading

Typical Occupations: Brazer; Solderer; Furnace Operator; Brazing Assembler.

091 MASONING

Constructing structures of brick, stone, marble, and similar building materials, usually set in beds of

mortar; and spreading and smoothing plaster, mortar, stucco, and similar materials to form and cover

structural elements. Distinguish from Laying-Covering (092), in which materials are fastened to surfaces

as finish and insulating coverings.

Bricking

Imbedding

Rubbing

Tamping

Brushing

Patching

Scraping

Tapping

Finishing

Pointing

Setting
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Tearing Out
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Floating

Pressing

Spattering

Wetting

Typical Occupations: Mason; Plasterer; Plastering Supervisor; Concrete Finisher.

092 LAYING-COVERING

Covering the surface of structural units, such as roofs, floors, pipes, duct work, tanks, boilers, and

refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, or objects with materials in the form of sheets, blocks, tile,

and rolled goods (including insulation bats). Distinguish from Masoning (091), which involves

constructing as well as covering structural units; from Gluing-Laminating (063), which involves fastening

parts together to assemble rather than cover; and from Caulking (094), which includes filling spaces with

loose insulating materials.

Tamping

Tapping

Tying

Wrapping

Typical Occupations: Floor Layer; Carpet Layer; Roofer; Insulation Worker; Pipe Coverer; Siding

Installer.

Cementing

Pasting

Rolling

Gluing

Patching

Smoothing

Inlaying

Pointing

Spreading

Matching

Pressing

Stapling

4-14
094 CAULKING

Sealing and filling holes, crevices, cracks, joints, seams, depressions, and other spaces with a material

(other than solder) for such purposes as making object or structure airtight, waterproof, and weatherproof.

Includes the blowing of loose insulation materials into open spaces, but not the laying of insulation

material as a cover, which is included in Laying-Covering (092).

Blowing (loose insulat- Hammering Ramming Smoothing

ing materials) Puttying Scraping

Typical Occupations: Putty Spreader; Caulker; Hole Filler; Insulation Blower; Plywood-Panel Seal-

er; Barrel Liner.

095 PAVING

Covering surfaces with materials, such as asphalt, concrete, tar, oil, and gravel.

Compacting Oiling Scraping Tamping

Filling Patching Smoothing

Leveling Rolling Spreading

Typical Occupations: Paving-Machine Operator; Spreader Operator; Curbing-Machine Operator;

Paving Supervisor; Sprayer Operator.

101 UPHOLSTERING

Covering, padding, trimming, or renovating upholstered furniture, mattresses, car seats, automobile, train,

or aircraft interiors, and the like by any combination of Bolting-Screwing, Gluing, Nailing, Sewing, and

Shearing-Shaving. Jobs involved with only one of these work fields are listed thereunder.

Draping

Packing

Spreading

Tacking

Measuring

Padding

Stretching

Tufting

Molding

Smoothing

Stuffing

Tying

Typical Occupations: Automobile Upholsterer; Furniture Upholsterer; Upholstery Repairer; Uphol-

sterer, Assembly Line.

102 STRUCTURAL FABRICATING-INSTALLING-REPAIRING

Fabricating, installing, and repairing structures and objects whose components are static and may require

shaping to fit by any combination of the following work fields: Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071),

Boring (053), Brushing-Spraying (153), Caulking (094), Chipping (052), Fastening (062), Fitting-Folding
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(061), Flame Cutting-Arc Cutting-Beam Cutting (082), Gluing-Laminating (063), Immersing-Coating

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

(151), Laying-Covering (092), Masoning (091), Milling-Tuming-Planing (055), Molding (136), Nailing

(072), Paving (095), Pressing-Forging (134), Riveting (073), Sawing (056), Sewing-Tailoring (171),

Shearing-Shaving (054), Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081).

Sinking

Splicing

Staying

Truing

Typical Occupations: Construction Inspector; Carpenter; Boat Builder and Repairer; Boilermaker;

Musical-Instrument Maker; Cabinetmaker; Cooper; Aircraft Assembler;

Structural-Steel Erector; Pipefitter; Plumber; Propmaker.

Aligning

Clinching

Measuring

Anchoring

Coupling

Padding

Blocking Up

Glazing

Plumbing

Bracing

Knocking Down

Positioning

Cementing

Leveling

Prying

Clamping

Lining Up

Rigging

4-15
Ill ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONIC FABRICATING-INSTALLING-REPAIRING

Fabricating, installing, and repairing objects that have electrical and electronic functioning elements by

any combination of the following work fields: Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071), Boring (053),

Fitting-Folding (061), Nailing (072), Riveting (073), Soldering-Brazing (083), Welding (081), and

Winding (163). Distinguish from Structural Fabricating-Installing-Repairing (102) and Mechanical

Fabricating-Installing-Repairing (121).

Calibrating

Plugging In

Testing

Twisting

Connecting

Stringing

Threading

Wiring

Hooking Up

Switching

Turning

Typical Occupations: Electrician; Instrument Mechanic; Appliance Assembler; Electronics Tester;

Electrical-Equipment Installer; Electrical-Systems Installer and Repairer;

Telephone-and-Telegraph Equipment Installer and Repairer.

121 MECHANICAL FABRICATING-INSTALLING-REPAIRING

Fabricating, installing, and repairing objects that have moving parts of mechanically functioning elements

by any combination of the following work fields: Abrading (051), Bolting-Screwing (071), Boring (053),

Brushing-Spraying (153), Chipping (052), Fastening (062), Fitting-Folding (061), Flame Cutting-Arc

Cutting-Beam Cutting (082), Gluing-Laminating (063), Immersing-Coating (151), Milling-Turning-

Planing (055), Nailing (072), Pressing-Forging (134), Riveting (073), Sawing (056), Sewing-Tailoring

(171), Shearing-Shaving (054), Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081).

Aligning Calibrating

Typical Occupations: Machinist; Tool-and-Die Maker; Automobile Mechanic; Air-Conditioning

Mechanic; Gunsmith; Maintenance Mechanic; Watch Repairer.

131 MELTING

Changing materials from solid to liquid state (usually by heat) for such purposes as compounding with

other materials, refining by separation (through accompanying chemical change), and making materials

amenable to shaping and casting. Distinguish from Soldering-Brazing (083), and Welding (081), in which

melting occurs incidental to joining parts together.

Agitating Firing Loading Tapping

Charting Fluxing Pouring Throwing

Drawing Fueling Shoveling

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Dumping Heating Skimming

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Filling Kindling Stirring

Typical Occupations: Foundry Supervisor; Open-Hearth-Furnace Operator; Blast-Furnace Supervi-

sor.

132 CASTING

Shaping materials by pouring, injecting, and pressing into a mold and permitting or causing to solidify.

Distinguish from Die Sizing (135), in which shaping is effected by dies and rollers; Molding (136), in

which shaping is dependent on worker; and Pressing-Forging (134), which involves application of force

or sharp blows to accomplish shaping.

Blowing

Flooding

Placing (in mold)

Brushing

Inflating

Stretching

Filling

Kneading

Throwing (in mold)

Typical Occupations: Die-Casting-Machine Operator; Coremaker; Bowling-Ball Molder; Injection-

Molding-Machine Tender.

4-16
133 HEAT CONDITIONING

Hardening, softening, and toughening materials by heating and cooling with or without accompanying

chemical change. Materials may be subjected to heat alone to alter molecular structure of materials and

induce special qualities, such as hardness, flexibility, and ductility; or material may be treated with heat

aided by carbonizing materials and chemical baths to impart a hard "skin" to the material. Included

also is the activity in which materials are heated to treat them for further processing (e.g., bringing metal

bars to prescribed red-hot temperature).

Annealing

Freezing

Plunging

Bluing

Immersing

Quenching

Drawing

Packing

Refrigerating

Typical Occupations:

Heat-Treat Supervisor; Annealer; Glass Bender; Rivet Heater.

134 PRESSING-FORGING

Shaping, severing, piercing, and forge-welding materials by a force pushed against or through materials,

or by applying sharp blows (as in hammering). Distinguish from Casting (132), in which molds are used

to shape material; Die Sizing (135), which utilizes dies and rollers in shaping; Surface Finishing (032),

which is predominately fabric oriented; and Molding (136), which involves the cumulative addition of

material to original mass (by worker) in accomplishing shaping of material.

Beating

Braking

Clipping

Coiling

Compressing

Crimping

Typical Occupations:

135 DIE SIZING

Dimpling

Dishing

Drawing

Flaring

Hitting

Kneading
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Molding
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Pounding

Rolling

Shearing

Spinning

Stamping

Striking

Swaging

Twisting

Blacksmith; Forge-Shop Supervisor; Punch-Press Operator; Hammersmith.

Shaping material by forcing it through dies, drawing it through dies, and reducing it between rollers.

Distinguish from Casting (132), in which shaping is achieved by use of molds; Surface Finishing (032),

which is fabric oriented; Molding (136), which involves a cumulative buildup (by worker) in shaping

materials; and Pressing-Forging (134), in which force or sharp blows are applied.

Compressing

Extruding

Measuring

Typical Occupations:

136 MOLDING

Pouring

Pressing

Pulling

Ramming

Rollforging

Rolling

Squeezing

Stamping

Straining

Chalk-Extruding-Machine Operator; Cold-Rolling Supervisor; Extrusion Su-

pervisor.

Shaping material by cumulative addition of material (by worker) to build up original mass and pressing

material into shape. Includes removing excess material to obtain finished product. Distinguish from
141 BAKING-DRYING

Drying, solidifying, tenderizing, and otherwise subjecting materials to heat. Distinguish from Distilling

(144), in which heating results in the refinement, concentration, and condensation of substances, gases,

and vapors; and from Heat Conditioning (133), in which treatment of materials with heat induces special

qualities, such as hardness, flexibility, and ductility.

Burning

Firing

Seasoning Cumber)

Curing

Fluffing

Smoking

Dehydrating

Roasting

Tumbling

Typical Occupations:

Fish Smoker; Cocoa-Bean Roaster; Tobacco Curer; Veneer-Drier Supervisor;

Kiln Firer.

142 CRUSHING-GRINDING

Reducing and separating materials into smaller particles, such as granules, grits, crumbs, chips, powder,

paste, and pulp, by means of compressing, cutting, and smashing.

Beating

Dispersing

Milling (grain)

Rolling

Blowing

Kneading

Pulpifying

Tapping

Chopping

Mashing

Pulverizing

Tumbling

Typical Occupations:

Miller Supervisor; Powdered-Sugar-Pulverizer Operator; Concrete-Patch-

Plant Operator; Wood-Grinder Operator; Pulper.

143 MIXING

Combining and mingling liquid and solid materials to produce a single mass or compound.

Stirring
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Agitating
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Blending

Typical Occupations:

144 DISTILLING

Dissolving

Homogenizing

Scooping

Scraping

Feed Blender; Paint Mixer; Fertilizer Mixer; Tobacco Blender; Clay-Prepara-

tion Supervisor.

Refining and concentrating substances (following expulsion of gases and vapors) and recapturing and

condensing gases and vapors driven off by heating liquids and solids in retorts, stills, and similar

equipment.

Boiling Off

Breaking Down

Burning

Charging

Typical Occupations:

145 SEPARATING

Compressing

Cooling

Cracking

Dehydrogenating

Drawing Off

Evaporating

Firing

Liquefying

Melting

Percolating

Refluxing

Sweating (wax)

Fermentation Operator; Still Operator; Tomato-Paste Maker; Sugar Boiler.

146 COOKING-FOOD PREPARING

Preparing food for human and animal consumption, by methods which may include those specific to

other defined work fields. Distinguish from Butchering-Meat Cutting (034), which involves slaughtering

domestic animals, poultry, and fish, and dressing and processing meats for marketing.

Basting

Flavoring

Pasteurizing

Seasoning

Boiling

Frying

Pickling

Spreading

Brewing

Heating

Rendering

Squeezing

Churning

Kneading

Roasting

Curing

Measuring

Rolling

Typical Occupations: Brewer; Chef; Cottage-Cheese Maker; Baker; Cook.

147 PROCESSING-COMPOUNDING

Processing materials other than food and photographs to attain desired results by any combination of

the following work fields: Baking-Drying (141), Distilling (144), Heat Conditioning (133), Melting

(131), Mixing (143), Saturating (152), and Separating (145). Distinguish from Cooking-Food Preparing

(146), which involves food processing and from Developing-Printing (202), which involves reproducing

records of data and designs by chemical means.

Amalgamating

Compounding

Oxidizing

Roasting

Boiling

Cooking

Percolating

Stirring

Carbonating
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Heating
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Polymerizing

Titrating

Charging

Neutralizing

Precipitating

Typical Occupations: Chemical-Laboratory Technician; Pharmacist; Refinery Operator.

151 IMMERSING-COATING

Covering the surface of objects with a protective and decorative coating of liquid materials which dry

and set by plunging, dipping, and otherwise submerging objects in the material. Distinguish from

Brushing-Spraying (153), which does not involve the immersing method of coating; from Electroplating

(154), in which immersing is a step in the electrolytic treatment of objects; and from Saturating (152),

which involves impregnating materials rather than covering and coating objects.

Draining Rolling Suspending

Dumping Squeezing Wiping

Typical Occupations: Coating-Machine Operator; Dipper; Impregnating-Tank Operator; Roofing-

Machine Operator; Wire-Coating Supervisor.

152 SATURATING

Impregnating materials with other substances (generally in solution) by dyeing, starching, shrinking,

preserving, and softening to impart particular qualities. Distinguish from Brushing-Spraying (153), which

involves coating without immersion; Electroplating (154), which involves electrolytic treatment of

objects; and Immersing-Coating (151), which involves covering and coating materials.

Bleaching

Liming

Spraying

Stirring

Boiling

Moistening

Spreading

Submerging

Immersing

Rinsing
153 BRUSHING-SPRAYING

Covering the surfaces of objects with protective and decorative coating, such as waxes, paints, lacquers,

and other compounds that dry and set. Equipment and tools used generally include brushes, rollers, and

spray guns. Distinguish from Immersing-Coating (151), which involves submerging objects in solutions,

and from Artistic Painting-Drawing (262), which involves producing designs or lettering.

Burning Off

Matching

Rubbing

Staining

Filling

Mixing

Scraping

Varnishing

Masking

Rolling

Spreading

Whitewashing

Typical Occupations: Jewelry Coater; Electrostatic Painter; House Painter; Spray Painter; Water-

proofing Supervisor.

154 ELECTROPLATING

Covering the surface of objects with a coating of material by electrolysis. Distinguish from Immersing-

Coating (151), in which coating is not accomplished by electrical action, although immersing the objects

is a step in the process.

Brushing Dusting Immersing

Dipping Electrodepositing Rolling

Typical Occupations: Electrogalvanizing-Machine Operator; Production Plater; Optical-Glass

Silverer; Zinc-Plating-Machine Operator.

161 COMBING-NAPPING

Cleaning, disentangling, and straightening material by forcing it through prongs of a comb and raising

and producing a nap on materials. Includes such mechanical action as directing jets of air against yarn

to change its physical structure and increase its bulk.

Fluffing Shredding Texturing

Pulling Splitting

Typical Occupations: Carding Supervisor; Comber Tender; Card Tender; Napper Tender; Manne-

quin-Wig Maker.

162 SPINNING

Combining, drawing out, and twisting material into strand-like form. Distinguish from Die-Sizing (135),

in which material (usually metal and plastic) may be extruded and drawn into strand-like form, but
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without twisting.
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Splicing Threading Tying

Typical Occupations: Drawing-Frame Tender; Winding-and-Twisting-Department Supervisor;

Bow-String Maker; Frame Spinner.

163 WINDING

Coiling material about an object to form a spool or ball of the material or to cover the object.

Bunching Lacing Splitting Threading

Coning Reeling Spooling Tying

Typical Occupations: Yarn Winder; Cloth-Winding Supervisor; Wire-Winding-Machine Tender;

Coil Winder; Mainspring Winder and Oiler.

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164 WEAVING

Interlacing strands of yarns, wires, and other strand-like materials with other yarns, wires, and other

strand-like materials to form textiles, wire, and similar products. Distinguish from Knitting (165), in

which single strands are looped, and Tufting (166), in which interlacing is not present.

Braiding

Doffing

Typical Occupations:

165 KNITTING

Drawing

Knotting

Picking

Tying

Endless-Belt-Weaving Supervisor; Carpet Weaver; Weaving Supervisor.

Interlacing strands of material in a series of connected loops to form textiles, wire, and similar products.

Distinguish from Weaving (164), in which multiple strands are interlaced, and Tufting (166), in which

no interlacing occurs.

Creeling

Crocheting

Typical Occupations:

166 TUFTING

Hooking

Knotting

Looping

Stringing

Threading

Tying

Knitting-Machine Operator; Seamless-Hosiery Knitter; Knitting Supervisor;

Trawl-Net Maker.

Inserting tufts and loops of yarn through material, by hand and machine, without interlacing or

interlocking yarn. Distinguish from Weaving (164), which involves interlacing of strands; from Knitting

(165), in which strands are looped; and from Sewing-Tailoring (171), which involves fastening materials

principally with needle and thread.

Clustering Drawing Through Hooking

Typical Occupations:

Tufting Supervisor; Rug-Frame Mounter; Tuft-Machine Operator; Rug Hook-

er; Burler.

171 SEWING-TAILORING

Joining, mending, and fastening materials with needle and thread by hand and machine. Includes
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simulated sewing by ultrasonic machines.

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Basting

Gathering

Padding

Serging

Binding

Hemming

Patching

Stretching

Darning

Hemstitching

Puckering

Stuffing

Embroidering

Measuring

Ripping

Tucking

Typical Occupations:

Luggage Repairer; Book-Sewing-Machine Operator; Quilting-Machine Oper-

ator; Upholstery Sewer; Ultrasonic-Seaming-Machine Operator; Sewing-Ma-

chine Operator.

182 ETCHING

Wearing away the surface of materials by the corrosive action of chemicals on exposed parts of material.

Corroding

Desensitizing

Typical Occupations:

Dusting

Photoengraving

Scoring

Scratching

Scribing

Etcher; Silk-Screen Etcher; Glass Etcher.

183 ENGRAVING

Inscribing the surface of material by incising.

Abrading

Carving

Typical Occupations:

191 PRINTING

Chasing

Graving

Impressing

Intensifying

Shading

Engraving Supervisor; Engraver; Pantographer.

Reproducing records of data and designs by transfer of ink and dye to surface of materials by use of

type, plates, dies, silkscreens, and stencils. Includes typesetting, compositing, and reproducing printed

matter by use of computerized typesetting and related printing equipment.

Stenciling

Coating

Embossing

Moistening

Composing

(raised Immersing

Registering

printing)

Inking

Setting (type)

Dampening

Measuring

Stamping

Typical Occupations:

192 IMPRINTING

Addressing-Machine Operator; Typesetting Supervisor; Silk-Screen Printer;

Compositor; Web-Press Operator; Letter-Press Operator; Offset-Press Opera-

tor.

Indenting and perforating the surfaces of products to reproduce records of data by mechanical means.

Distinguish from Pressing-Forging (134), which involves change of shape and form of products rather

than indentation of surfaces.

Brushing

Embossing
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Heating
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Leveling

Pressing

Spreading

Stamping

Typical Occupations: Embosser; Name-Plate Stamper; Leather Stamper.

201 PHOTOGRAPHING

Producing records (images) of things, people, places, and data by chemical changes on a sensitized

surface (as a film) and by electronic means induced by light and similar waves.

Exposing

Focusing

Typical Occupations:

Framing

Lighting

Posing

Zooming

Motion-Picture Photographer; Radiographer; Photocopying-Machine Opera-

tor; Audiovisual-Production Specialist; Lithographic-Plate Maker.

202 DEVELOPING-PRINTING

Reproducing records of data and designs by chemical means.

Coating

Enlarging

Opaquing

Soaking

Cropping

Immersing

Projecting

Spotting

Drying

Masking

Rubbing

Whirling
211 APPRAISING

Evaluating and estimating the quality and value of data and things based on knowledge and judgment

acquired through experience and training and by conducting performance tests. Includes interpretation of

findings that may influence variations in machinery setups, formula modifications, and product

processing. Whenever the techniques of Appraising require a technical background in another work field,

assign that work field also. Distinguish from Inspecting-Measuring-Testing (212), which primarily

involves comparison with predetermined standards.

Timing

Trying Out

Turning

Twisting

Typing (blood)

Validating

Weighing

Metallurgical-and-Quality-Control-Testing Supervisor; Medical-Laboratory

Technician; Real-Estate Appraiser; Fire Inspector.

Aligning

Feeling

Meshing

Breaking

Gauging

Sieving

Calibrating

Investigating

Smelling

Classifying

Magnetizing

Stretching

Diluting

Magnifying

Tasting

Dissolving

Marking

Tearing

Driving

Measuring

Testing

Typical Occupations:
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212 INSPECTING-MEASURING-TESTING
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Examining materials and products to verify conformance to predetermined standards and characteristics,

such as size, weight, composition, and color. Distinguish from Appraising (211), which involves

evaluating things and data based primarily on judgment and knowledge rather than on comparison with

readily verifiable standards.

Bending

Feeling

Picking

Twisting

Breaking

Gauging

Shaking

Verifying

Comparing

Grading

Stretching

Weighing

Culling

Marking

Tearing

Detecting

Matching

Turning

Typical Occupations:

221 STOCK CHECKING

Shipping-and-Receiving Weigher; Spring Tester; Bowling Ball Weigher and

Packer; Production Weigher; Quality Control Inspector.

Receiving, storing, issuing, requisitioning, and accounting for stores of materials and materials in use;

involves the physical handling of the materials. Representative job activities covered by this work field

include processing records and keeping materials on hand in balance with operational needs; assigning

locations and space to items according to size, quantity, and type; verifying quantity, identification,

condition, and value of items and the physical handling of items, such as binning, picking, stacking, and
231 VERBAL RECORDING-RECORD KEEPING

Preparing, keeping, sorting, and distributing records and communications, primarily verbal in character

but including symbol devices, to communicate and systematize information and data by methods not

specifically defined elsewhere, as in Developing-Printing (202), Imprinting (192), Photographing (201),

Printing (191), and Stock Checking (221). Distinguish from Numerical Recording-Record Keeping (232),

where records are also involved but the primary activity is computation.

Addressing

Listing

Reading

Taking Dictation

Checking

Locating

Routing

Taking Minutes

Collating

Mailing

Searching

Typing

Counting

Marking

Segregating

Verifying

Editing

Posting

Selecting

Writing

Filing

Punching

Stamping

Typical Occupations:

Secretary; Stenographer; File Clerk; Typist.

232 NUMERICAL RECORDING-RECORD KEEPING

Systematizing information on transactions and activities into accounts and numerical records through the

application of arithmetic, bookkeeping, statistics, and other quantitative procedures (including paying and

receiving money). Distinguish from Verbal Recording-Record Keeping (231), in which the primary

activity is the keeping of records without computation.

Adding

Disbursing
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Making Change
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Stamping

Auditing

Dividing

Matching

Subtracting

Balancing

Endorsing

Multiplying

Tabulating

Cashiering

Entering

Posting

Totaling

Checking

Grouping

Prorating

Typing

Coding

Itemizing

Recapitulating

Verifying

Counting

Listing

Sorting

Writing

Typical Occupations: Actuary; Accountant; Bookkeeper; Teller; Cashier; Posting Clerk.

233 DATA PROCESSING

Planning, developing, testing, evaluating, and executing a systematic sequence of activities or operations

to process alphabetic, numeric, and symbolic data or to solve problems by means of computer systems.

This work field applies only to jobs in which processing data and solving related problems are the

purpose of the job, rather than the means by which the worker accomplishes a task. Distinguish from
241 LAYING OUT

Plotting reference points or tracing working diagrams onto surfaces of materials as guides in the working

and processing of the materials. Distinguish from Styling (264), which includes spacing and positioning

of objects and parts, printed material, and artwork that is sometimes termed "layout" work.

Blocking

Draping

Pinning

Stamping

Chalking

Inscribing

Scoring

Tapping

Coating

Outlining

Scratching

Transferring

Dotting

Perforating

Scribing

Typical Occupations: Tool-and-Die Maker; Patternmaker; Model Maker; Template Maker.

242 DRAFTING

Drawing plans, diagrams, graphs, tables, charts, and maps of things, places, and data to be used by

others. Drawings are usually to scale and reflect aspects of the subject delineated, such as dimensions

and weight.

Detailing Lettering Plotting Tracing

Diagramming Measuring Sketching

Typical Occupations: Drafter; Technical Illustrator; Map Editor.

243 SURVEYING

Taking linear and angular measurements to ascertain the contour, dimensions, and position of the earth's

surface. Included are such survey specialties as cartography, construction, property, geodesy,

hydrography, topography, mining, photogrammetry, land development, and mapping.

Calculating Marking Pacing Staking

Locating Measuring Plotting Taping

Typical Occupations: Surveyor; Geodesist; Navigator.

244 ENGINEERING

Planning and designing machinery, structures, and systems to develop and utilize the properties of matter,

work capacities of people, and sources of power, on the basis of known facts, principles, and theories.

Included are such engineering disciplines as ceramic, electrical, electronic, civil, mechanical, industrial,
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and chemical.
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Calculating Investigating Testing

Formulating Scheduling Writing

Typical Occupations: Architect; Aerodynamicist; Mechanical Engineer; Chemical Engineer; Metal-

lurgist; Industrial Engineer.

251 RESEARCHING

Inquiring into fundamental knowledge areas, such as social, physical, and allied sciences, industry, and

commerce, for the purpose of discovering facts and making interpretations, and revising and verifying

recognized conclusions, theories, laws, and procedures in the light of newly discovered facts.

Additionally, this work field includes formulating and testing hypotheses on the basis of information

obtained by using specialized apparatus and techniques, by making expeditions, and by reading or

observing. When expertise in another work field is required, assign that work field also.

Analyzing Dissecting Inoculating Reporting

Classifying Documenting Isolating Synthesizing

Collecting Examining Locating Writing

Defining Experimenting Measuring

Typical Occupations: Research Engineer; Operations-Research Analyst; Physicist; Geologist; Bota-

nist; Curator; Consultant.

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261 WRITING

Reporting, editing, promoting, translating, creating, and interpreting ideas in written form. Excludes

translation of spoken foreign passages and sign language of the deaf which is included in Information

Giving (282).

Verifying

Adapting

Depicting

Proofreading

Analyzing

Describing

Reading

Criticizing

Outlining

Summarizing

Typical Occupations: Copywriter; Critic; Playwright; Newscaster; Reporter; Editor; Proofreader.

262 ARTISTIC PAINTING-DRAWING

Creating and reproducing designs of lettering and depicting ideas pictorially to achieve functional and

aesthetic effects, using color media (oil paints, tempera, water colors, etc.) and devices, such as pencils,

crayons, brushes, and spray guns. Distinguish from Brushing-Spraying (153) and Immersing-Coating

(151), which involve covering objects but without producing designs or lettering.

Blanking Out

Inking

Spotting Out

Tracing

Blocking Out

Rubbing

Spraying

Wiping

Coloring

Shading

Tinting

Copying

Sketching

Touching Up

Typical Occupations: Painting Restorer; Cartoonist; Illustrator; Painter; Music Copyist.

263 COMPOSING-CHOREOGRAPHING

Originating and interpreting ideas in musical form. Includes creating dynamic body movements to express

rhythmically various music forms.

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Arranging Orchestrating Translating Writing

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Harmonizing Scoring Transposing

Tyypical Occupations: Choreographer; Composer; Orchestrator; Arranger.

264 STYLING

Designing and arranging objects, products, and materials for functional and aesthetic purposes. Frequently

involves preparing work sketches and drawings, making models and prototypes, and producing sample

items.

Tracing

Adapting

Displaying

Molding

Cutting

Laying Out

Placing

Decorating

Modifying

Sketching

Typical Occupations: Landscape Architect; Art Director; Display Designer; Hair Stylist.

271 INVESTIGATING

Obtaining and evaluating data about persons, places, and incidents for purposes such as solving criminal

cases; settling claims; estimating credit risks; determining the qualifications, integrity, and loyalty of

people; assessing eligibility for social-service-assistance programs; and ensuring compliance with laws

and regulations. Distinguish from Researching (251), which involves inquiry and examination into areas

of fundamental knowledge.

Advising

Inspecting

Questioning

Enforcing

Interrogating

Scanning

Inquiring

Interviewing
272 LITIGATING

Carrying out legal procedures, such as prosecuting and defending by pleading case, presenting evidence,

debating in court, drawing up legal papers, and interpreting statutes.

Adjudicating

Advising (clients)

Arbitrating

Cross-Examining

Probating

Questioning

Trying (cases)

Typical Occupations: Lawyer; Judge; Patent Agent.

281 SYSTEM COMMUNICATING

Effecting the transmission of information through electrical and electronic systems. Distinguish from

Information Giving (282), which involves direct contact with the public in receiving and obtaining

information to be transmitted, and from Data Processing (233), which involves the establishment and

testing of the means of the transmission of information rather than the continuous transmission of

information.

Announcing

Entering

Retrieving

Transmitting

Calling

Receiving

Ringing

Tuning

Dispatching

Relaying

Sending

Typical Occupations:

Air-Traffic Coordinator; Recording Engineer; Telephone Operator; Dispatch-

er; Telegrapher; Motion-Picture Projectionist.

282 INFORMATION GIVING

Providing information to people regarding places, events, programs, and procedures. Distinguish from the

giving of information, which is involved in accomplishing such objectives as those of Accommodating

(291), Merchandising-Sales (292), Teaching (296), and System Communicating (281). Includes giving

information over the phone in response to an inquiry.

Advising

Answering
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Explaining
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Informing

Lecturing

Reading

Receiving

Speaking

Typical Occupations: Guide; Home Economist; Announcer; Information Clerk; Receptionist.

291 ACCOMMODATING

Providing specialized personal convenience and physical services to people and animals. Distinguish from

services provided in Health Caring-Medical (294).

Tinting

Ushering

Waiting (on)

Watering (animals)

Waving (hair)

Making Arrangements Shampooing

Typical Occupations: Undertaker; Waitress; Cosmetologist; Barber; Attendant; Animal Caretaker.

292 MERCHANDISING-SALES

Buying, selling, renting, and demonstrating materials, products, and services, usually in retail and

wholesale establishments. Includes soliciting contributions of money and time for charitable and other

causes. Distinguish from Information Giving (282).

Attending

Exercising

Manicuring

Bathing

Feeding

Massaging

Currying

Greeting

Paging

Cutting (hair)

Grooming
293 PROTECTING

Protecting human, animal, and plant life and property against loss from fire, pests, and other natural

hazards, and from negligence, criminal acts, and unlawful practices. Includes work situations, such as

maintaining peace and order, directing traffic, patrolling establishments and areas, and apprehending

lawbreakers; extinguishing fires; and exterminating pests.

Burning

Demolishing

Firefighting

Policing

Cautioning

Draining

Fumigating

Spraying

Conserving

Dusting

Guarding

Typical Occupations:

Park Ranger; Security Guard; Firefighter; Police Officer; Exterminator; Dog

Catcher; Ski Patroller.

294 HEALTH CARING-MEDICAL

Treating people and animals with physical and mental problems. Distinguish from Accommodating (291)

and Advising-Counseling (298).

Bandaging

Bathing

Diagnosing

Disinfecting

Examining

Typical Occupations:

295 ADMINISTERING

Exercising

Injecting

Inoculating

Interviewing

Investigating

Massaging

Monitoring

Prescribing

Quarantining
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Rubbing
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Taking Pulse

Treating

Anesthesiologist; General Practitioner; Psychiatrist; Dentist; Oral Surgeon;

Nurse; Physical Therapist; Podiatrist; Veterinarian.

Managing and directing people, organizations, programs, and activities above the first-line supervision

level.

Analyzing

Authorizing

Contracting

Coordinating

Formulating

Hiring

Negotiating

Planning

Scheduling

Principal; Dean; Director; Manager; Superintendent.

Typical Occupations:

296 TEACHING

Instructing and training people and animals. Distinguish from Information Giving (282).

Testing

Demonstrating

Grading

Planning

Directing

Lecturing

Reviewing

Examining

Observing

Supervising

Typical Occupations: Faculty Member; Instructor; Teacher; Dramatic Coach; Animal Trainer.

297 ENTERTAINING
298 ADVISING-COUNSELING

Effecting the adjustment of people with financial, vocational, spiritual, educational, and other problems

according to established procedures. Distinguish from Accommodating (291), Health Caring-Medical

(294), and Litigating (272).

Arbitrating

Explaining

Planning

Scheduling

Authorizing

Interviewing

Reporting

Suggesting

Consulting

Investigating

Researching

Testing

Evaluating

Monitoring

Reviewing

Visiting

Typical Occupations: Counselor; Clergy Member; Financial Planner; Caseworker.

4-29
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CHAPTER 5

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, SUBJECT MATTER, AND SERVICES

The Work Performed component of MPSMS includes:

Basic Materials processed, such as fabric, metal, or wood.

Final Products made, such as automobiles; cultivated, such as field crops; harvested, such as

sponges; or captured, such as wild animals.

Subject Matter or data dealt with or applied, such as astronomy or journalism.

Services rendered, such as barbering or janitorial.

MPSMS is the final link in a chain describing (1) what the worker does (Worker Functions); (2)

what gets done (Work Fields); (3) to what (MPSMS).

The determination and assignment of an appropriate MPSMS code and title for a specific job is

essential (1) to place the job in its occupational group of the DOT and (2) to contribute to an understand-

ing of the basic knowledge required of the worker. The assigned Work Field(s) and MPSMS together

answer the question, "What does the worker need to know?"

MPSMS categories are closely related in organization and content to categories in the Standard In-

dustrial Classification Manual (SIC) and to educational classifications of subject matter. Some categories

of MPSMS are tangible and some are intangible. Categories of tangibles cover materials and products,

such as Grains and Alcoholic Beverages. Categories of intangibles involve specialized knowledge or serv-

ices, such as Dramatics and Air Transportation, and cannot be expressed by listing a material or product.

ORGANIZATION OF MPSMS

The MPSMS component contains 48 groups subdivided into 336 categories. The groups and catego-

ries have three-digit identification code numbers. The code numbers for groups end in "0". The code

numbers for categories have the same first two digits as the group in which they are contained with

two exceptions. The groups of 560 Machinery and Equipment, except Electrical and 700 Architecture

and Engineering contain more than nine categories and require two sets of code numbers. Each group

has a residual category with a code number ending in "9".

Assign the most appropriate MPSMS classification. If needed, as many as three separate classifica-

tions may be assigned. When a job's MPSMS corresponds to categories in different groups, assign the

individual categories and their corresponding codes. When the job's MPSMS corresponds to three or

more categories within the same group, assign the group code. When the job's MPSMS corresponds in

general to the group but not to a specific category within it, assign the residual "not elsewhere classi-

fied" code.

Information contained in MPSMS groups and categories may be accessed through three indexes:

1. MPSMS Groups: This index provides an overview of the classification structure and lists the

MPSMS Groups in numerical order according to Materials and Products, Subject Matter, and

Services.

2. Classifications, Definitions, and Examples of MPSMS: This index provides a complete classi-

fication of the MPSMS groups and their categories. Following each group code and title is
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a brief explanatory statement defining the group's limits and broadly indicating the general
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occupations and industries included in that group. This is followed by a cross-reference state-

ment that alerts the reader to related MPSMS found in other groups and indicates the distinc-

tion between the related MPSMS.

5-1
The codes and titles of the categories comprising the group are listed under each group defini-

tion. Additionally, many categories are illustrated by specific items in parentheses immediately

following the category titles. These examples are not intended to be a complete representation

of the individual categories but can be used as a guideline to determine whether a specific

MPSMS is included in an individual category.

3. Alphabetical Listing of MPSMS: This listing of MPSMS and their corresponding codes is

helpful in locating the appropriate group and category titles for MPSMS specifically named

in the group or category titles, the group definitions, or the illustrative examples. Since the

Alphabetical Listing does not always use the exact MPSMS title, the analyst must always use

the code to locate the correct title as listed in the Classification Index.

PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING MPSMS

Select one or more categories that, together with the Work Field(s), best reflect the specific

technology(ies) with which the worker is involved. If an appropriate category of MPSMS cannot be iden-

tified, locate the most appropriate major group and assign the "n.e.c." code that ends with "9". The

codes ending with "0" should be used only to designate a generalized MPSMS or a combination of

three or more categories in the group when the assigning of specific, i.e., not general, MPSMS is not

appropriate.

Enter, in Item 8 of the JAR, the code(s) and tiUe(s) of the MPSMS classification(s) selected.

When assigning MPSMS, apply the Sentence Analysis Technique (see Chapter 6) to avoid confus-

ing MTEWA with MPSMS and to facilitate the assignment of a subject matter or service category.

The MPSMS classification for a given job is generally based on the overall purpose of the job,

usually reflected by the primary knowledge required of the worker. In production jobs, the MPSMS clas-

sification can be a material or a final product; it is based on the end-product of the job and not the

end-product of the establishment. For example, a fabric cutter in a furniture plant is assigned an MPSMS

category in Group 420 Fabrics and Related, not in Group 460 Furniture and Fixtures. When the primary

knowledge is in terms of a product being made, the product is rated. When the primary knowledge is

in terms of a specific material being processed, the material is rated.

First-line supervisory jobs are usually assigned the basic MPSMS classification of the workers su-

pervised. Repairer jobs are assigned only the Products classifications of the items repaired. Machine

cleaning and lubricating jobs are assigned the Products classifications of the machines cleaned and lubri-

cated. Teaching jobs that involve specific subject areas are assigned both the Subject Matter classifica-

tions of the specific subjects taught as well as 931-Educational Services; teachers who teach a range

of subjects, such as elementary school teachers, are assigned only 931. When a Service classification

is assigned, either a Subject Matter, a Material, or a Product classification should also be assigned, when

possible, since it is the primary knowledge required of the worker that is depicted by MPSMS and not

the environmental setting. Commodity-sales jobs are assigned the appropriate category under 880-Mer-

chandising Services, as well as the Material or Product classification for the item sold; if a variety of

commodities are sold, only 880 is assigned.

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MPSMS GROUPS

MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

300 PLANT FARM CROPS

310 HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTIES, FOREST TREES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS

320 ANIMALS

330 MARINE LIFE

340 RAW FUELS AND NONMETALLIC MINERALS

350 RAW METALLIC MINERALS

360 STRUCTURES

370 ORDNANCE

380 FOOD STAPLES AND RELATED

390 FOOD SPECIALTIES

400 TOBACCO PRODUCTS

410 TEXTILE FIBERS AND RELATED

420 FABRICS AND RELATED

430 TEXTILE PRODUCTS

440 APPAREL

450 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS

460 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

470 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

480 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED PRODUCTS

490 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

500 PETROLEUM AND RELATED PRODUCTS

510 RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS

520 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

530 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS

540 METAL, FERROUS AND NONFERROUS

550 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT ORDNANCE, MACHINERY, AND TRANS-

PORTATION EQUIPMENT

560 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL

580 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES

590 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

600 MEASURING, ANALYZING, AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS: PHOTOGRAPHIC,

MEDICAL, AND OPTICAL GOODS; AND WATCHES AND CLOCKS

610 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED PRODUCTS

SUBJECT MATTER

700 ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING

720 MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

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730 LIFE SCIENCES

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740 SOCIAL SCIENCES

750 ARTS AND LITERATURE

SERVICES

850 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

860 COMMUNICATION SERVICES

870 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES

880 MERCHANDISING SERVICES

890 GENERAL BUSINESS, FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES

900 DOMESTIC, BUILDING, AND PERSONAL SERVICES

910 AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES

920 MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES

930 EDUCATIONAL, LEGAL, MUSEUM, LIBRARY, AND ARCHIVAL SERVICES

940 SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT, AND SPIRITUAL SERVICES

950 REGULATION, PROTECTION, AND RELATED GOVERNMENT SERVICES

960 MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES

5^
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CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS, AND EXAMPLES OF MPSMS

MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

300 PLANT FARM CROPS

This group includes field crops, vegetables, melons, fruits, and tree nuts in a nonprocessed

state produced by farmers, harvesters, sorters, graders, packers, and related workers. Plant farm

crop produce or products in a manufactured, preserved, or otherwise processed state are classi-

fied in Groups 380 or 390 or with those products or materials to which they are most closely

related (confectionery products, cider, wines, yarn, etc.).

301 Grains

302 Field Crops, except Grain (cotton, tobacco, sugar crops, peanuts, hay, etc.)

303 Vegetables and Melons

304 Citrus Fruits

305 Fruits, except Citrus (including berries, grapes, olives, dates, etc.)

306 Tree Nuts

309 Plant Farm Crops, n.e.c.

310 HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTIES, FOREST TREES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS

This group includes nursery and forest products in a nonprocessed state produced by nursery

and greenhouse workers, forest-product gatherers, and related workers. Logs, cut timber, and

forest products in a processed state are classified in Group 450 or with those products or mate-

rials to which they are most closely related (furniture, musical instruments, caskets, etc.).

311 Floricultural and Related Nursery Products (bulbs, florists' greens, flowers, shrubbery, flower and

vegetable seeds and plants, sod, etc.)

312 Ornamental Trees

313 Standing Timber (including Christmas trees)

314 Forest Nursery Products (reforestation, including tree seeds)

319 Horticultural Specialties, Forest Trees, and Forest Products, n.e.c. (balsam needles, barks, crude

rubber, ginseng, gums, maple sap, mushrooms, Spanish moss, natural resins, teaberries, etc.)

320 ANIMALS

This group includes animals raised, bred, cared for, hunted, and trapped by farmers, ranchers,

breeders, shearers, product gatherers, hunters, trappers, operators of game preserves, animal

caretakers, and related workers. Animal products in a manufactured, preserved, or otherwise

processed state are classified in Groups 380 and 520 or with those products to which they

are most closely related (feathers, sporting goods, woolen fabrics, yarn, etc.). Animal trainers

are classified in Group 910.

321 Cattle (including raw milk)

322 Hogs

323 Sheep and Goats

324 Poultry and Other Fowl (including eggs)

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325 Captive Fur-Bearing Animals

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326 Game and Wildlife

327 Horses and Other Equines

329 Animals, n.e.c. (bees, cats, dogs, laboratory animals, zoo animals, etc.)

5-5
330 MARINE LIFE

This group includes finfish, shellfish, and other marine life caught, gathered, or cultivated and

harvested by fishers, farmers, growers, and related workers. Seafoods in a canned, cured, or

preserved state are classified in Group 380.

331 Finfish

332 Shellfish

339 Marine Life, n.e.c. (sea urchins, terrapins, turtles, whales, frogs, sponges, seaweeds, etc.)

340 RAW FUELS AND NONMETALLIC MINERALS

This group includes fuel and nonmetallic minerals occurring in a natural state, extracted by

miners, drillers, blasters, loaders, and related workers. Also included is the milling (crushing,

grinding, screening, washing, etc.) of nonmetallic minerals at the mine site or elsewhere by

millers, splitters, grinders, and related workers. Fuel or nonmetallic mineral products in a re-

fined, manufactured, or otherwise processed state are classified in Groups 490, 500, and 530

or with those products or materials to which they are most closely related (paints, asphalt,

gasoline, glassware, asbestos products, clay products, stone products, etc.).

341 Coal and Lignite

342 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas

343 Stone, Dimension

344 Stone, Crushed and Broken

345 Sand and Gravel

346 Clay (bentonite, fire clay, fuller's earth, kaolin, etc.)

347 Chemical and Fertilizer Minerals (barite, fluorspar, potash, soda, borate, phosphate rock, rock salt,

sulfur, etc.)

349 Raw Fuels and Nonmetallic Minerals, n.e.c. (gypsum, mica, native asphalt, pumice, asbestos, talc,

graphite, etc.)

350 RAW METALLIC MINERALS

This group includes metallic minerals occurring in a natural state, extracted by miners, drillers,

blasters, loaders, and related workers. Also included is dressing (crushing, grinding, washing,

drying, sintering, leaching, and separating) of metal ores by crushers, grinders, leachers, and

related workers. Metallic mineral products in a refined, smelted, manufactured, or otherwise

processed state are classified in Groups 540 and 550 or with those products or materials to

which they are most closely related (ingots, metal castings, tinware, metal stampings, wire

products, silverware, etc.).

351 Iron Ores

352 Copper Ores

353 Lead and Zinc Ores

354 Gold and Silver Ores

355 Bauxite and Other Aluminum Ores

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356 Ferroalloy Ores, except Vanadium (including chromium, cobalt, etc.)

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357 Mercury Ores

358 Uranium, Radium, and Vanadium Ores

359 Raw Metallic Minerals, n.e.c. (including ores such as antimony, beryllium, platinum, tin, titanium,

etc.)

5-6
360 STRUCTURES

This group includes buildings and heavy construction (1) constructed, erected, installed, or

razed by carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, riggers, pavers, structural-steel workers, track lay-

ers, wreckers, and other construction industry workers; and (2) maintained or repaired by vari-

ous maintenance and repair workers. This group includes special trade contractors engaged in

specialized construction activities, such as plumbing, painting, carpentering, etc. (see SIC

Major Group 17). Prefabricated wooden buildings and mobile homes are classified in Group

450 while prefabricated metal buildings are classified in Group 550. The utilization of struc-

tures to render a transportation, public utility, or other service is classified under Groups 850

and 870 while the extraction of raw materials from excavations or mines is classified in

Groups 340 and 350.

361 Buildings, except Prefabricated (residential, farm, industrial, commercial, public, etc.)

362 Highways and Streets (including athletic fields, airports, bridle paths, parking areas, parkways, etc.)

363 Bridges, Tunnels, Viaducts, and Elevated Highways

364 Water, Gas, and Sewer Mains; Pipelines; and Communication Lines and Power Lines (cable lines,

radio and television transmitting towers, sewage collection and disposal lines, pumping stations,

telegraph and telephone lines, etc.)

365 Marine Construction (harbor and waterway construction, such as breakwaters, canals, channels,

cofferdams, dams, dikes, harbors, levees, locks, piers, wharves, etc.)

366 Power Plant Projects (hydroelectric, nuclear, etc.)

367 Railroads and Subways

368 Oil Refineries

369 Structures, n.e.c. (drainage systems; industrial furnaces, incinerators, kilns, and ovens; irrigation

systems; ski tows; water-treatment plants; etc.)

370 ORDNANCE

This group includes weapons, parts, and ammunition manufactured or repaired by gunsmiths,

machine operators, assemblers, repairers, and related workers. Military tanks and space vehi-

cles are classified in Group 590. Electronic sighting and fire control equipment is classified

in Group 580, while optical sighting and fire control equipment is classified in Group 600.

371 Guns, Howitzers, Mortars, and Related Equipment (naval, aircraft, anti-aircraft, tank, coast, and

field artillery having a bore over 30 mm. or 1.18 inch and components)

372 Ammunition, except Small Arms (ammunition over 30 mm. or 1.18 inch, including bombs, chemi-

cal warfare projectiles, depth charges, grenades, mines, missile warheads, torpedoes, etc.)

373 Small Arms (firearms having a bore of 30 mm. or 1.18 inch and below and parts)

374 Small Arms Ammunition (ammunition for small arms having a bore of 30 mm. or 1.18 inch and

below)

375 Guided Missiles

379 Ordnance and Accessories, n.e.c. (bazookas, flamethrowers, smoke generators, etc.)
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380 FOOD STAPLES AND RELATED

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This group includes food staples and animal feeds cured, pickled, smoked, canned, frozen,

milled, or otherwise processed by workers. Foods in a natural or unprocessed state are classi-

fied in Groups 300, 320, and 330. Food specialties, such as sugar, candy, beverages, and cof-

fee, are classified in Group 390.

381 Grain Mill Products (including animal and fowl feeds)

382 Meat Products, Processed (including eggs)

383 Dairy Products

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384 Bakery Products

385 Oils and Fats, Edible

386 Seafoods, Processed (canned, cured, and fresh or frozen packaged seafoods)

387 Fruits and Vegetables, Processed (canned, dried, dehydrated, frozen, and pickled fruits and vegeta-

bles, including preserves, jams, jellies, juices, sauces, seasonings, and salad dressings; and canned

specialties, such as baby foods, health foods, and soups)

389 Food Staples and Related, n.e.c.

390 FOOD SPECIALTIES

This group includes coffee, sugar, confectionery products, beverages, flavoring extracts, and

other food specialties. Food-staple products, such as meat, dairy, bakery, and grain-mill prod-

ucts and processed fruits, vegetables, and seafoods, are classified in Group 380.

391 Coffee, Tea, and Spices

392 Sugar and Syrup (cane and beet sugar, syrup, and molasses)

393 Confectionery and Related Products (candy, stuffed dates, salted nuts, chocolate, cocoa, chewing

gum, etc.)

394 Flavoring Extracts and Flavoring Syrups

395 Beverages, Alcoholic (wines; malt beverages; and distilled, rectified, and blended liquors)

396 Soft Drinks and Carbonated Waters

397 Macaroni, Spaghetti, Vermicelli, Noodles

398 Vinegar and Cider

399 Food specialties, n.e.c. (baking powder, ice, yeast, peanut butter, potato chips, etc.)

400 TOBACCO PRODUCTS

This group includes cigarettes, cigars, smoking and chewing tobacco, snuff, and stemmed and

redried tobacco processed by workers. Tobacco in a natural or unprocessed state is classified

in Group 300.

401 Cigarettes

402 Cigars

403 Tobacco, Chewing, Smoking, and Snuff

404 Tobacco, Stemmed and Redried

409 Tobacco Products, n.e.c.

410 TEXTILE FIBERS AND RELATED

This group includes the preparation or finishing of natural, synthetic, glass, and silk fibers and

the subsequent manufacture and finishing of yarn, thread, twine, and cordage by carders, clean-

ers, combers, drawers, dyers, mercerizers, pickers, spinners, sorters, texturers, twisters, winders,

and related workers. The basic manufacture of synthetic and glass fibers is classified in Group

490 and 530, respectively. Fabrics are classified in Group 420.

411 Yarn

412 Thread
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413 Cordage and Twine

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414 Fiber Stock (including natural, synthetic, glass, and silk fibers)

419 Textile Fibers and Related, n.e.c. (waste and recovered fibers, etc.)

5-8
420 FABRICS AND RELATED

This group includes the manufacture of woven, nonwoven, and knit fabrics produced by wea-

vers, knitters, needle-loom operators, dyers, and related workers. Rubberized fabrics are classi-

fied in Group 510 and coated fabrics in Group 430. Knitted garments, hosiery, blankets, bed-

sheets, pillowcases, and other textile products are classified in Groups 430 and 440, regardless

of where manufactured.

421 Fabrics, Broad Woven Cotton, Synthetic Fiber, Glass Fiber, and Silk

422 Fabrics, Broad Woven Wool (including wool felt and haircloth)

423 Narrow Fabrics and Related Smallwares (ribbons, shoelaces, tapes, etc.)

424 Fabrics, Knitted

425 Fabrics, Nonwoven (except knitted)

429 Fabrics and Related, n.e.c. (linen, jute, hemp, ramie, etc.)

430 TEXTILE PRODUCTS

This group includes textile products, such as carpets and rugs, fancy textiles, paddings and

upholstery filling, coated fabrics, house furnishings, and canvas products. Textile and rubber-

ized fabrics are classified in Groups 420 and 510, respectively. Apparel is classified in Group

440.

431 Carpets and Rugs (woven, tufted, braided, etc.)

432 Textiles, Fancy (trimmings, hatters' fur, stamped art goods, art needlework, embroideries, lace

goods, etc.)

433 Paddings and Upholstery Filling (batting, padding, wadding, and filling)

434 Impregnated and Coated Fabrics (artificial leather, oilcloth, etc. [except rubberized fabric])

435 Housefumishings (blankets, bedspreads, comforters, curtains, dishcloths, draperies, mopheads, nap-

kins, pillows, pillowcases, quilts, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, towels, washcloths, etc.)

436 Canvas and Related Products (textile bags, awnings, tents, tarpaulins, etc.)

439 Textile Products, n.e.c. (felt goods, fishing nets, flags, hammocks, handwoven and crocheted prod-

ucts, parachutes, sleeping bags, etc.)

440 APPAREL

This group includes apparel, except rubber or rubberized, produced by workers, such as cutters,

sewers, tailors, pressers, and blockers. Rubber clothing and rubberized fabrics are classified

in Group 510. Footwear is classified in Groups 510 and 520. Leather gloves and mittens and

fur pelts are classified in Group 520.

441 Men's and Boys' Suits, Coats, and Overcoats (including vests, uniforms, and tuxedos)

442 Men's and Boys' Furnishings, Work Clothing, and Allied Products (shirts, nightwear, underwear,

neckwear, trousers, athletic apparel, bathing suits, etc.)

443 Women's, Girls', and Infants' Outerwear (blouses, rompers, shirts, dresses, skirts, suits, coats,

neckwear, athletic apparel, bathing suits, etc.)

444 Women's, Girls', and Infants' Undergarments (underwear, nightwear, brassieres, girdles, etc.)
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445 Hats (except fur)

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446 Hosiery

447 Fur Goods (coats, jackets, hats, neckpieces, and trimmings, etc.)

449 Apparel, n.e.c. (dress and work gloves [except rubber and all leather]; robes and dressing gowns;

raincoats and other waterproof outer garments [except rubber or rubberized]; leather and sheepskin-

lined clothing; apparel belts; and costumes, diapers, garters, handkerchiefs, suspenders, etc.)

5-9
450 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS

This group includes logs, veneer and plywood, prefabricated wood buildings, mobile homes,

particleboard, and wood containers and other articles produced by fallers, loggers, splitters,

sawyers, planers, shapers, sanders, jointers, gluers, assemblers, and related workers. Furniture

is classified in Group 460. Prefabricated metal buildings are classified in Group 550. Struc-

tures fabricated at the construction site are classified in Group 360.

451 Logs and Hewn Timber Products, Untreated (wood bolts, pilings, poles, posts, fence rails, etc.)

452 Sawmill, Planing Mill, and Treated Wood Products (lumber, fuelwood, cooperage stock, hardwood

dimension stock, flooring, shingles, etc.; and doors, moldings, shutters, stairways, window frames,

and other millwork products)

453 Veneer and Plywood

454 Wood Containers (including pallets and skids)

455 Prefabricated Wood Buildings, Mobile Homes, and Structural Wood Members

456 Particleboard

457 Wood Articles (clothespins, dowels, gavels, ladders, mallets, marquetry, mirror and picture frames,

oars, toilet seats, toothpicks, yardsticks, etc.)

459 Lumber and Wood Products, n.e.c. (cork, rattan, reed, straw, wicker, and willow products)

460 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

This group includes furniture and fixtures produced by sawyers, shapers, planers, jointers, glu-

ers, welders, riveters, assemblers, and related workers. Concrete and stone furniture are classi-

fied in Group 530.

461 Wood Household Furniture, except Upholstered (including television, radio, phonograph, and sew-

ing machine cabinets)

462 Wood Household Furniture, Upholstered

463 Metal Household Furniture

464 Mattress, Bedsprings, and Sofa Beds (chair beds, spring cushions, etc.)

465 Wood Office, Public Building, and Related Furniture (chalkboards, bookcases, pews, desks, etc.)

466 Metal Office, Public Building, and Related Furniture (filing cabinets, bookcases, chairs, etc., in-

cluding seats for aircraft, automobile, railroad, and other public conveyances)

467 Wood and Metal fixtures (partitions, shelving, lockers, display cabinets, kitchen cabinets, costum-

ers, display cases, racks, stands, telephone booths, etc.)

468 Plastic, Glass, and Fiberglass Furniture and Fixtures

469 Furniture and Fixtures, n.e.c. (beauty and barber shop equipment; reed, rattan, wicker, and willow

furniture and fixtures; and drapery hardware and window blinds and shades)

470 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

This group includes pulp, paper, paperboard, building paper, building board, and converted

paper products, such as paper bags, boxes, envelopes, and stationery. Books, business forms,

greeting cards, newspapers, periodicals, and other printed materials produced in printing and
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publishing establishments are classified in Group 480.

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471 Pulp

472 Nonconverted Paper and Paperboard, except Building (paper stock, newsprint, parchment paper,

cardboard, etc.)

473 Nonconverted Building Paper and Building Board (asbestos, asphalt, construction, and insulating

paper; asphalt board, fiberboard, roofing board, wallboard, etc.)

5-10
474 Converted Paper and Paperboard Products, except Containers and Boxes (coated, glazed, or var-

nished paper; envelopes; paper bags; die-cut paper, paperboard, and cardboard; pressed and molded

pulp goods; sanitary paper products; stationery and tablets; corrugated and laminated paper, paper

novelties, wallpaper, etc.)

475 Paperboard Containers and Boxes

479 Paper and Allied Products, n.e.c.

480 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED PRODUCTS

This group includes books, newspapers, magazines, trade journals, periodicals, greeting cards,

business forms, directories, and related printed materials prepared by printing-press operators,

bookbinders, and related workers. Printing types, plates, and rollers prepared (for use by print-

ing-press operators) by lithographic-plate makers, photoengravers, compositors, stenotypists,

pantographers, and related workers are classified in Group 560.

481 Newspapers

482 Periodicals (comics, magazines, trade journals, etc.)

483 Books and Pamphlets

484 Manifold Business Forms (office and business forms, fanfold forms, salesbooks, etc.)

485 Greeting Cards (except hand painted)

486 Blankbooks, Looseleaf Binders, and Related Products (account books, albums, checkbooks, ledgers

and ledger sheets, receipt books, record albums, sample books, etc.)

489 Published and Printed Products, n.e.c. (atlases, catalogs, directories, maps, paper patterns, racetrack

programs, sheet music, shopping news, technical papers, etc.)

490 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

This group includes the production of basic chemicals, chemical products to be used in further

manufacture, and finished chemical products for ultimate consumption or as materials and sup-

plies in other industries. The extraction of raw chemical materials from excavations and mines

is classified in Groups 340 and 350. Synthetic fiber products, petroleum and related products,

and synthetic rubber products are classified in Groups 410 and 420, 500, and 510, respectively.

Glass fibers are classified in Group 530.

491 Chemicals, Inorganic (alkalies and chlorine; industrial gases; and inorganic pigments, salts, and

compounds, etc.)

492 Plastics Materials and Synthetic Resins; Synthetic Rubber; and Synthetic Fibers, except Glass

493 Drugs (biological products, such as bacterial and virus vaccines, toxoids and analogous products,

serums, plasmas, and other blood derivatives; medicinal chemicals and botanical products; and

pharmaceutical preparations in form intended for final consumption, such as ampules, tablets, cap-

sules, vials, ointments, medicinal powders, solutions, and suspensions)

494 Soap, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations and Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toilet Prepara-

tions

495 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied Products (paint and varnish removers, putties,
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wood fillers and sealers, paintbrush cleaners, etc.)

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496 Chemicals, Organic (gum and wood chemicals; cyclic [coal tar] crudes and intermediates and syn-

thetic organic dyes and pigments; and noncyclic organic chemicals, organic solvents, polyhydric

alcohols, synthetic perfume and flavoring materials, rubber-processing chemicals, plasticizers, syn-

thetic tanning agents, chemical warfare gases, and acid and polyhydric alcohol esters, amines, etc.)

497 Agricultural Chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides)

499 Chemical and Allied Products, n.e.c. (adhesives and sealants, explosives, printing ink, carbon

black, etc.)

5-11
500 PETROLEUM AND RELATED PRODUCTS

This group includes petroleum, paving and roofing materials, fuel briquettes, and coke refined,

manufactured, and compounded by workers. Petroleum, coal, and asphalt occurring in a natural

state are classified in Group 340. Petrochemical products are classified in Group 490 or with

those products or materials to which they are most closely related.

501 Petroleum Products (fuel oils, gasoline, illuminating oils, jet fuels, lubricants, paraffin waxes, etc.)

502 Paving Materials (asphalt and tar-paving mixtures and blocks)

503 Roofing Materials (asphalt and other saturated roofing felts, and roofing cements and coatings)

504 Fuel Briquettes, Packaged Fuel, and Powdered Fuel

505 Coke (regardless of where produced)

509 Petroleum and Related Products, n.e.c.

510 RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS

This group includes tires and tubes, rubber and plastic footwear, rubber and plastic hose and

belting, fabricated rubber products, and miscellaneous plastic products as produced by blend-

ers, casters, compounders, curers, driers, extruders, laminators, molders, press operators, and

related workers. Rubber products made from synthetic rubber and reclaimed rubber are also

included in this classification. Manufacture of plastic materials is classified in Group 490. Plas-

tic furniture, fiberglass boats, and other similar products are classified in Groups 460 and 590

or with the products or materials to which they are most closely related. Leather footwear is

classified in Group 520.

511 Tires and Tubes

512 Rubber and Plastic Footwear

513 Reclaimed Rubber

514 Rubber and Plastic Hose and Belting (air line hose, conveyor belts, plastic or rubber garden hose,

heater hose, V-belts, etc.)

519 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products, n.e.c. (rubberized fabrics; rubber clothing, specialties,

and sundries, such as aprons, bathing caps and suits, cloaks, gloves, wet suits, balloons, combs,

erasers, life rafts and life jackets, teething rings, toys, and water bottles; and molded plastics and

miscellaneous plastic products, such as awnings, bottles, clothespins, downspouts and gutters, ice

chests and coolers, hardware, kitchenware, novelties, pipe and pipe fittings, shower stalls, and ta-

bleware)

520 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

This group includes hides, skins, and fur pelts, and leather footwear, gloves and mittens, lug-

gage, personal goods, and other products produced by tanners, dyers, buffers, cutters, trimmers,

cementers, assemblers, stitchers, and related workers. Fur goods and leather garments are clas-

sified in Group 440. Rubber footwear is classified in Group 510.

521 Hides, Skins, and Leather (includes fur pelts)

522 Footwear, except Rubber (boot and shoe cut stock and findings, slippers, sandals, moccasins, ath-
Generated on 2012-11-20 21:57 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

letic shoes, canvas boots, etc.)

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

523 Leather Gloves and Mittens

524 Luggage of any Material (including attache, camera, musical instrument cases, etc.)

525 Handbags and Related Accessories of any Material (billfolds, jewelry cases, key cases, purses, to-

bacco pouches, etc.)

529 Leather and Leather Products, n.e.c. (belting, dog collars and leashes, desk sets, razor strops, sad-

dlery, harness, whips, etc.)

5-12
530 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS

This group includes stone, clay, and glass products machined, processed, fabricated, and re-

paired by machine operators, processors, fabricators, and related workers. Crushing, grinding,

screening, washing, etc., of nonmetallic minerals are classified in Group 340. Asbestos paper,

electric light bulbs, and optical and ophthalmic lenses are classified in Groups 470, 580, and

600, respectively.

531 Flat, Pressed, or Blown Glass and Glassware (float or plate glass, window glass, pressed glass

tableware, glass bottles, glass fibers, etc., produced from raw materials)

532 Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass (cut-glass tableware; leaded, stained, and art glass; mosa-

ic glass; ground glass; mirrors; watch crystals; glass novelties; etc.)

533 Cement, Hydraulic (natural, Portland, masonry, etc.)

534 Structural Clay Products (brick and structural clay tile; ceramic wall and floor tile; clay firebrick

and other heat resisting clay products; clay drain, roofing, and sewer tile, etc.)

535 Pottery and Related Products (china and earthenware plumbing fixtures and fittings; porcelain elec-

trical supplies; and chinaware, earthenware, porcelain ware, and stoneware)

536 Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (concrete block, brick, pipe, furniture, etc.; ready-mixed

concrete; quicklime and hydrated lime; and gypsum products, such as plaster and plasterboard)

537 Cut Stone and Stone Products (building and monumental stone, cut stone furniture, etc.)

538 Abrasive, Asbestos, and Related Products (abrasive products, such as grinding and buffing wheels,

sandpaper, and steel wool; asbestos products, such as building and insulating materials and brake

linings; and gaskets, packing, and sealing devices)

539 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products, n.e.c. (mineral wool, nonclay refractories and crucibles, plaster

of paris and papier mache statuary and art goods, etc.)

540 METAL, FERROUS AND NONFERROUS

This group includes pigs and ingots; basic metal shapes, such as plates, sheets, strips, rods,

bars, pipes, and tubing; and basic metal products, such as castings, wire, cable, nails, and

spikes, smelted, refined, rolled, drawn, extruded, or similarly processed by furnace operators,

hot and cold mill operators, casters, mold makers, drawers, extruders, and related workers.

Fabricated metal products are classified according to the type of products to which they are

most closely related.

541 Blast Furnace, Steelworks, and Rolling and Finishing Mill Products (pig iron; steel ingots; basic

iron and steel shapes, such as plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, pipes, and tubing; and steel wire,

cable, nails, spikes, staples, etc.)

542 Metal Castings (ferrous and nonferrous)

543 Nonferrous Metals, Smelted and Refined (copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, and other nonferrous metal

pigs, ingots, slabs, etc.)

544 Nonferrous Metals, Rolled, Drawn, and Extruded (basic nonferrous metal shapes, such as plates,

sheets, strips, rods, bars, pipes, and tubing; and nonferrous wire and cable)
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549 Metal, Ferrous and Nonferrous, n.e.c. (steel balls; powdered iron; nonferrous nails, spikes, and sta-
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

ples, etc.)

550 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT ORDNANCE, MACHINERY, AND

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

This group includes fabricated metal products, such as metal cans and containers; cutlery,

handtools, and general hardware; nonelectric heating apparatus; fabricated structural metal

products; forgings and stampings; and fabricated wire products. Ordnance is classified in

Group 370. Machinery is classified in Groups 560 and 580. Transportation equipment is classi-

fied in Group 590. Other fabricated metal products are classified with those materials or prod-

5-13
ucts to which they are most closely related (professional, scientific, and controlling instru-

ments; watches and clocks; jewelry and silverware; etc.)

551 Metal Cans and Containers (cans, barrels, drums, kegs, pails, etc.)

552 Cutlery, Handtools, and General Hardware (cutlery, such as cleavers, clippers, knives, razors, scis-

sors, and shears; handtools, such as axes, bits, chisels, mechanics' and carpenters' handtools, gar-

den tools, and handsaws and saw blades; and hardware, such as builders' hardware, furniture hard-

ware, and motor-vehicle hardware)

553 Nonelectric Heating Equipment and Plumbing Fixtures (enameled iron and metal sanitary ware;

plumbing-fixture fittings and trim [brass goods]; and nonelectric heating equipment [except warm-

air furnaces], such as gas, oil, or wood burning heaters, steam or hot water domestic furnaces,

radiators, and solar heaters)

554 Fabricated Structural Metal Products (fabricated structural metal; metal doors, sash, frames, mold-

ing, and trim; fabricated plate work [boiler-shops]; sheet metal work; architectural and ornamental

metalwork, such as fire escapes, flagpoles, and lampposts; and prefabricated metal buildings and

components)

555 Screw-Machine Products (including bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and washers)

556 Metal Forgings and Stampings (ferrous and nonferrous forgings and metal stampings, such as auto-

motive stampings, bottle and jar caps and tops, ashtrays, garbage cans, helmets, license tags, and

radio and television chassis)

557 Fabricated Wire Products (barbed wire; paper clips; and wire springs, fencing, screening, garment

hangers, etc.)

559 Fabricated Metal Products, except Ordnance, Machinery, and Transportation Equipment, n.e.c.

(steel springs; valves and pipe fittings [except plumbers' brass goods]; metal foil and leaf; fabricat-

ed pipe; safes and vaults; etc.)

560 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL

This group includes machinery, equipment, parts, attachments, and accessories, except electric,

and portable electric- and pneumatic-powered tools manufactured or repaired by machine as-

semblers, installers, repairers, and related workers. It encompasses printing type, plate, and

rollers prepared (for use by printing-press operators) by lithographic platemakers,

photoengravers, compositors, stenotypists, and related workers. Refer to corresponding SIC

Groups in SIC Major Group 35 Machinery, Except Electrical for a complete listing of machin-

ery and equipment encompassed in the MPSMS categories listed below. Refer to SIC Group

355 Special Industry Machinery, Except Metalworking Machinery for a complete listing of ma-

chinery and equipment encompassed in MPSMS category 567 Special Industrial Machinery.

Electrical machinery, household appliances, and electric warm-air furnaces are classified in

Group 580. Laboratory scales and balances are classified in Group 600. Transportation equip-

ment is classified in Group 590.

561 Engines and Turbines (steam, hydraulic, and gas [except aircraft] turbines, steam engines [except
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locomotive], and turbine-generator and other internal-combustion engines and parts [except aircraft
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

and nondiesel automotive])

562 Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment (including farm and garden wheel tractors and snow

blowers and throwers)

563 Construction Machinery and Equipment (bulldozers, concrete mixers, nonindustrial plant cranes,

dredging machinery, pavers, power shovels, etc.)

564 Mining and Oil Field Machinery and Equipment (coal breakers; mine cars; core drills; coal cutters;

portable rock drills; mineral cleaning, concentration, and rock-crushing machinery; and gas, oil,

and water-well machinery and equipment; etc.)

5-14
565 Materials-Handling Machinery and Equipment (elevators and moving stairways; conveyors and

conveying equipment; hoists, industrial cranes, and monorail systems; industrial trucks, tractors,

trailers, and stackers; etc.)

566 Metalworking Machinery and Equipment (metal cutting and forming machine tools; special dies

and tools, die sets, jigs and fixtures, industrial molds and patterns; machine-tools accessories and

measuring devices; power-driven handtools; rolling mill machinery and equipment; welding equip-

ment; automotive maintenance equipment; etc.)

567 Special Industrial Machinery (food products, textile, woodworking, paper industries, and printing

trades machinery and other special industry machinery, equipment, parts, attachments, and accesso-

ries not elsewhere classified)

568 General Industrial Machinery and Equipment (pumps and pumping equipment; ball and roller bear-

ings; air and gas compressors; blowers and exhaust and ventilating fans; speed changers, industrial

high-speed drives, and gears; industrial process furnaces and ovens; mechanical power transmission

equipment; etc.)

571 Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines (typewriters; electronic computing equipment; calcu-

lating and accounting machines; scales and balances [except laboratory]; and dictating, duplicating,

and shorthand machines; etc.)

572 Service-Industry Machinery (automatic merchandising machines; commercial laundry, dry cleaning,

and pressing machines; measuring and dispensing pumps; and car-washing machinery, commercial

food-warming equipment, floor sanding, washing, and polishing machines, industrial vacuum

cleaners, etc.)

573 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Equipment (commercial and industrial refrigeration equipment

and systems; air-conditioning units; warm-air furnaces [except electric]; soda fountain and beer-

dispensing units; humidifiers and dehumidifiers [except room]; evaporative condensers [heat-trans-

fer equipment]; etc.)

579 Machinery and Equipment, except Electrical, n.e.c. (carnival machines and equipment, sand riddles,

catapults, etc.)

580 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLffiS

This group includes machinery, apparatus, and supplies for the generation, storage, transmis-

sion, transformation, and utilization of electrical energy and household appliances and lighting

fixtures, as produced or repaired by workers. Electric measuring instruments and graphic-re-

cording instruments are classified in Group 600.

581 Electric Transmission and Distribution Equipment (power, distribution, and specialty transformers,

such as doorbell and rectifier transformers; lighting fixture ballasts; line-voltage regulators; and

switchgear and switchboard apparatus, such as power switches, circuit breakers, power switching

equipment, switchboards and cubicles, control and metering panels, and power fuse mountings)

582 Electrical Industrial Apparatus (motors, generators, and parts [except starting motors], such as

motor generator sets and railway motors and control equipment; industrial controls, such as motor
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starters, rheostats, and solenoid switches; electric welding apparatus; carbon and graphite products,
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

such as brush blocks and electrodes; and battery chargers, blasting machines, fixed and variable

capacitors, condensers, and rectifiers, etc.)

583 Household Appliances (household electric and nonelectric cooking equipment, such as stoves,

ovens, and ranges; household refrigerators and home and farm freezers; household laundry equip-

ment, including coin-operated washers and driers; electric housewares and fans, such as electric

blankets, space heaters, blenders, broilers, toasters, knives, razors, toothbrushes, and household fans

[except attic]; household vacuum cleaners; domestic and industrial sewing machines; and house-

hold dishwashers, floor waxers and polishers, garbage-disposal units, trash compactors, and water

heaters)

5-15
584 Electric Lighting and Wiring Equipment (electric lamps, such as incandescent filament, vapor and

fluorescent, and photoflash and photoflood; current-carrying wiring devices, such as attachment

plugs and caps, convenience outlets, fluorescent starters, lamp sockets and receptacles, lightning

arrestors and coils, and overhead trolley-line material; noncurrent-carrying wiring devices, such as

conduits and fittings, electrical insulators and insulation material [except glass and porcelain], and

boxes for junctions, outlets, switches, and fuses; residential, commercial, industrial, and institution-

al electric lighting fixtures; vehicular-lighting equipment; and other lighting equipment, such as

flashlights, searchlights, lanterns, and lamp fixtures, including ultraviolet and infrared lamp fix-

tures)

585 Home-Entertainment Electric Equipment (radio- and television-receiving sets [except communica-

tion types], auto radios and tape players, public address systems, phonographs, home recorders,

phonograph records, prerecorded magnetic tape, etc.)

586 Communication and Related Equipment (telephone and telegraph apparatus and parts; radio- and

television-transmitting and signaling equipment, such as broadcasting and communication equip-

ment and parts; detection equipment and apparatus, such as electronic field detection apparatus,

light- and heat-emission operating apparatus, object-detection apparatus [radar], navigational elec-

tronic equipment, electronic sighting and fire control equipment, and aircraft- and missile-control

systems; and related equipment, such as laser systems and equipment, and railway, highway, and

traffic signals)

587 Electronic Components and Accessories (radio- and television-receiving type electron tubes, in-

cluding cathode-ray picture tubes; transmitting, industrial, and special-purpose electron tubes; semi-

conductors and related devices; electronic capacitors; resistors for electric applications; electronic

coils, transformers, and other inductors; connectors for electronic applications; and other electronic

components, such as receiving antennas, printed circuits, switches, and wave guides)

589 Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies, n.e.c. (storage batteries; primary

batteries, dry and wet; x-ray apparatus and tubes, and electromedical and electrotherapeutic appara-

tus; electrical equipment for internal combustion engines, including armatures, starting motors, al-

ternators, and generators for automobile and aircraft, spark plugs, magnetos, coils, distributors, and

high-frequency ignition systems; electron-beam metal-cutting, forming, and welding machines, ul-

trasonic cleaning and welding machines; and appliance and extension cords, Christmas-tree-lighting

sets, electric bells and chimes, electric-fireplace logs, and electric warm-air furnaces)

590 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

This group includes motor vehicles, aircraft, space vehicles, ships, boats, railroad equipment,

motorcycles, bicycles, and other transportation equipment as produced, maintained, and re-

paired by workers. Wheel tractors, tracklaying and off-highway contractors' tractors, and in-

dustrial materials handling machinery and equipment are classified in Group 560. Mobile

homes are classified in Group 450. Tires and tubes and rubber boats are classified in Group

510. Diesel and semidiesel engines and electrical systems for internal-combustion engines are
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classified in Groups 560 and 580, respectively.

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

591 Motor Vehicles and Motor-Vehicle Equipment (motor vehicles; passenger car bodies; truck and

bus bodies; motor-vehicle parts and accessories including engines and parts [except diesel]; truck

trailers; and motor homes)

592 Aircraft and Parts (aircraft; aircraft engines and parts; and other aircraft parts and accessories, such

as aircraft bodies, deicing equipment, landing gear, propellers, etc.)

593 Ships and Boats (barges, cargo vessels, combat vessels, hydrofoil vessels, lighters, tankers, tug-

boats, etc. and boat kits and boats [except rubber])

594 Railroad Equipment (locomotives and locomotive frames, engines, and parts; railroad, street, and

rapid-transit cars and car equipment; and trackless trolleys)

595 Motorcycles, Bicycles, and Parts

596 Space Vehicles and Parts (including propulsion units)

5-16
597 Travel Trailers and Campers

598 Military Tanks and Tank Components

599 Transportation Equipment, n.e.c. (all terrain vehicles [ATV], golfcarts, pushcarts, snowmobiles,

wheelbarrows, etc.)

600 MEASURING, ANALYZING, AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAPHIC,

MEDICAL, AND OPTICAL GOODS; AND WATCHES AND CLOCKS

This group includes measuring, testing, analyzing, and controlling instruments and associated

sensors and accessories; optical instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting instruments;

surgical, medical, and dental instruments, equipment, and supplies; ophthalmic goods; photo-

graphic equipment and supplies; and watches and clocks as manufactured and repaired by

workers. Balances and scales, other than laboratory, and machinists' precision-measuring tools

are classified in Group 560.

601 Engineering, Laboratory, Scientific, and Research Instruments and Equipment (nautical, navigation-

al, aeronautical, surveying, and drafting instruments and instruments for laboratory work and scien-

tific research [except optical instruments])

602 Measuring and Controlling Instruments (residential- and commercial-environment-regulating con-

trols; household-appliance-regulating controls; measurement, display, and control instruments for

industrial-process variables; totalizing-fluid-meters and counting devices, such as gas meters, water

meters, speedometers, and taximeters; electricity and electrical-signal measuring and testing instru-

ments, such as ammeters, voltmeters, and diode and transistor testers; and physical-property-test-

ing-apparatus, nuclear instruments, aircraft-engine instruments, etc.)

603 Optical Instruments and Lenses (lenses, prisms, microscopes, telescopes, field and opera glasses,

and optical sighting and fire control, measuring, and testing instruments and equipment, such as

telescopic sights, wind and percentage correctors, refractometers, spectrometers, spectroscopes,

colorimeters, polariscopes, etc.)

604 Surgical, Medical, and Dental Instruments and Supplies (medical, surgical, ophthalmic, and veteri-

nary instruments and apparatus; orthopedic, prosthetic, and surgical appliances, arch supports, and

other foot appliances; fracture appliances, elastic hosiery, and abdominal supporters, braces, and

trusses; bandages; surgical gauze and dressings; sutures; adhesive tapes and medicated plasters;

personal safety appliances and equipment; and dental equipment, supplies, and instruments, such

as artificial teeth, dental metals, alloys and amalgams, and dental drills, forceps, pliers, etc.)

605 Ophthalmic Goods (ophthalmic frames, lenses, sunglass lenses, contact lenses, etc.)

606 Photographic Equipment and Supplies (still and motion picture cameras and projection apparatus;

photocopy and microfilm equipment; blueprinting and diazotype [white printing] apparatus and

equipment; sensitized film, paper, cloth, and plates; and prepared photographic chemicals)

607 Watches, Clocks, Clockwork-Operated Devices, and Parts (mechanical and electric clocks, watch-

es, mechanisms for clockwork-operated devices, clock and watch parts, watchcases, appliance tim-

ers, etc.)
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609 Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments; Photographic, Medical and Optical Goods; and
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

Watches and Clocks, n.e.c.

610 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED PRODUCTS

This group includes jewelry; silverware, plated wire, and stainless steel ware; musical instru-

ments; games and toys; sporting and athletic goods; pens, pencils, and other office and artists'

materials; costume jewelry and novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions; brooms and

brushes; caskets; and other miscellaneous products. Bicycles are classified in Group 590. Ath-

letic apparel are classified in Group 440. Firearms are classified in Group 370. Drafting instru-

ments are classified in Group 600. Glass novelties are classified in Group 530. Rubber floor

coverings and cork floor and wall tile are classified in Group 510 and 450, respectively.

5-17
611 Jewelry, Precious Metal (precious metal jewelry [with or without stones], umbrella and cane trim-

mings, and jewel settings and mountings)

612 Silverware, Plated Ware, and Stainless Steel Ware (flatware, hollowware, ecclesiastical ware, tro-

phies, etc.)

613 Jewelers' Findings and Materials and Lapidary Work (jewelers' findings and materials and cut and

polished real and synthetic jewels for settings, bearings, phonograph-needle points, etc.)

614 Musical Instruments and Parts (pianos, violins, musical-instrument keys and strings, etc.)

615 Games and Toys (dolls; chess sets; toy air rifles; children's vehicles [except bicycles], including

baby carriages and strollers; etc.)

616 Sporting and Athletic Goods, except Firearms and Apparel (fishing tackle; golf and tennis goods;

baseball, football, basketball, and boxing equipment; billiard and pool tables and equipment; roller

skates and ice skates; gymnasium and playground equipment; bowling-alley equipment and acces-

sories; etc.)

617 Pens, Pencils, and Other Office and Artists' Materials (pens, soft-tipped markers, mechanical pen-

cils, and parts; lead pencils, crayons, and artists' materials [except drafting instruments]; marking

devices, such as inking pads, steel letters and figures, stencils, and hand stamps, dies, and seals;

and carbon paper and inked ribbons)

618 Costume Jewelry and Novelties, Buttons, and Notions (costume jewelry, novelties, and ornaments;

feathers, plumes, and artificial trees, flowers, fruits, and foliage [except glass]; buttons and button

parts, blanks, and molds; and needles, pins, hooks and eyes, buckles, slide and snap fasteners, etc.)

619 Miscellaneous Fabricated Products, n.e.c. (brooms, brushes, and paint rollers; signs and advertising

displays, including neon signs and advertising novelties; burial caskets, casket linings, and burial

vaults [except concrete]; hard-surface floor covering [except rubber and cork]; and candles, ciga-

rette holders and smoking pipes, coin-operated amusement machines, embroidery kits, fire extin-

guishers, globes, mannequins, matches, canes, umbrellas, etc.)

SUBJECT MATTER

700 ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING

This group includes subject matter dealing with the practical application of physical laws and

principles of engineering and architecture for the development and utilization of machines, ma-

terials, instruments, structures, processes, and services. It encompasses those professional and

kindred occupations dealing with or applying engineering or architectural principles and tech-

niques in specialized areas, such as research, design, construction, testing, procurement, pro-

duction, operations, and sales.

701 Architectural Engineering (including floating structures)

702 Aeronautical Engineering

703 Electrical, Electronic Engineering

704 Civil Engineering (including sanitary and environmental health)

705 Ceramic Engineering

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706 Mechanical Engineering (including heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, refrigerating, and automo-
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

tive engineering)

707 Chemical Engineering

708 Mining and Petroleum Engineering

711 Metallurgical Engineering

712 Industrial Engineering (methods, production, and safety engineering; cost and quality control; time,

motion, and incentive studies; plant layout; etc.)

5-18
713 Agricultural Engineering (machine and structure design and development; soil and water conserva-

tion; pest control; etc.)

714 Marine Engineering (design, development, and installation of ship machinery and related equip-

ment)

715 Nuclear Engineering

716 Surveying, Cartographic Engineering (photogrammetry, topography, mapping, etc.)

719 Architecture and Engineering, n.e.c. (pollution control, ordnance, optical, biomedical, photographic,

logistics, laser, and packaging engineering, etc.)

720 MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

This group includes subject matter dealing with research pertaining to the physical universe,

and the application of established mathematical and scientific laws and principles to specific

problems and situations. It encompasses mathematicians, computer programmers, astronomers,

chemists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists, geodesists, and related professional and kindred

occupations.

721 Mathematics (actuarial, operations research, computer applications, etc.)

722 Astronomy

723 Chemistry (organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, etc. [excluding biochemistry])

724 Physics (excluding biophysics)

725 Geology and Geophysics (mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, meteorology, seismology, hydrolo-

gy, oceanography, etc.)

729 Mathematics and Physical Sciences, n.e.c. (geography, pollution control, environmental research,

etc.)

730 LIFE SCIENCES

This group includes subject matter dealing with research to increase basic knowledge of living

organisms, including humans, and the practical application of biological and behavioral theo-

ries. It includes agronomists, horticulturists, anatomists, biologists, biochemists, biophysicists,

botanists, psychologists, and related professional and kindred workers.

731 Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry (animal husbandry, agronomy, soil science, forestry and

conservation, etc.)

732 Biological Sciences (anatomy, biology, genetics, pharmacology, physiology, bacteriology, patholo-

gy, biochemistry, biophysics, etc.)

733 Psychology (includes counseling)

739 Life Sciences, n.e.c.

740 SOCIAL SCIENCES

This group includes subject matter dealing with human society and its characteristic elements,

such as origin, race, or state; and with economic and social relations and institutions involved

in a human being's existence as a member of an organized community. It includes econo-

mists, political scientists, biographers, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, archcologists,

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

philologists, linguists, and related professional and kindred workers. Social work is classified
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

in Group 940.

741 Economics

742 Political Science

743 History

744 Sociology (includes criminology)

745 Anthropology (archeology, ethnology, and ethnography)

5-19
749 Social Sciences, n.e.c. (philology, linguistics, etc.)

750 ARTS AND LITERATURE

This group includes subject matter dealing with the integration of personal expression and ar-

tistic or literary concepts, techniques, or processes to create, perform, conduct, or edit artistic

or literary works or activities which elicit an emotional or aesthetic response. It includes land-

scape painters, sculptors, illustrators, cartoonists, furniture designers, interior designers, motion-

picture photographers, actors/actresses, dancers, musicians, composers, writers, editors, and re-

lated professional and kindred occupations. Commercial decorating, window trimming, and

modeling services are classified in Group 880. Photofinishing services are classified in Group

890.

751 Fine Arts (creative art, such as designing, drawing, and illustrating)

752 Graphic Arts (commercial art, such as designing, drawing, and illustrating)

753 Photography (still and motion-picture photography)

754 Dramatics

755 Rhythmics (dancing)

756 Music

757 Literature and Journalism

759 Arts and Literature, n.e.c.

SERVICES

850 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

This group includes railroad, motor-vehicle, water, air, and pipeline transportation services pro-

vided by locomotive engineers, conductors, bus and truck drivers, ship and airline pilots, steve-

dores, deckhands, transportation agents, pumpstation operators, pipeline laborers, and related

workers. Maintenance and repair services are classified in Group 590. Automobile services

other than maintenance and repair are classified in Group 960. Natural, liquefied-petroleum,

manufactured, and mixed gas production and distribution services are classified in Group 870.

Ambulance services are classified in Group 920.

851 Interurban Railroad Transportation (railroad line-haul, switching, and terminal, etc.)

852 Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban Highway Passenger Transportation (subway, trolley

coach, street railway, and aerial tramway; bus line, charter, and terminal; taxicab; school bus; etc.)

853 Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing (local and long-distance trucking; trucking termi-

nal; public warehousing and storage)

854 Water Transportation (deep sea and inland waterway transportation; lighterage, towing, and tug-

boat; taxi, excursion, and sightseeing boat; marine-cargo handling; canal; etc.)

855 Air Transportation (air cargo and passenger transportation; airport terminal; etc.)

856 Pipeline Transportation (except natural gas)

859 Transportation Services, n.e.c. (freight forwarding; freight, travel, and tourist agency; highway

bridge, toll bridge, toll road, and tunnel; stockyard; etc.)

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

860 COMMUNICATION SERVICES

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

This group includes aural or visual communication and broadcasting services provided by tele-

phone and telegraph operators, radio and television broadcasters, radar-station operators, tele-

photo operators, and related workers. Newspapers, magazines, and related printed and pub-

lished products are classified in Group 480. Telephone message services are classified in

Group 890. Lecturing and public-speaking services are classified in Group 930. Installation,

maintenance, and repair of communication structures and equipment are classified in Group

360 and 580, respectively.

5-20
861 Telephone Communication (wire or radio)

862 Telegraph Communication (wire or radio)

863 Radio Broadcasting

864 Television Broadcasting

869 Communication Services, n.e.c. (cablevision, missile tracking and radar, telephoto, ticker tape, etc.)

870 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES

This group includes electric, gas, and steam generation, transmission, and distribution services,

and water supply, irrigation, and sanitary services, provided by substation operators, power

plant operators, meter readers, gas-pumping station operators, watershed tenders, wastewater-

treatment plant operators, sludge-control operators, and related workers. Installation, mainte-

nance, and repair of electric, gas, and sanitary service structures and equipment are classified

in Groups 360, 560, 580, and 600.

871 Electric Services (includes nuclear-generating)

872 Gas Production and Distribution (natural, manufactured, mixed, and liquefied-petroleum gas)

873 Water-Supply and Irrigation Services

874 Sanitary Services (sewerage, refuse, street cleaning)

875 Steam Supply (includes heated and cooled air)

879 Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services, n.e.c.

880 MERCHANDISING SERVICES

This group includes retail and wholesale trade, route sales and delivery, auctioneering, vending,

rental, sales promotion, merchandise displaying, and related merchandising services rendered

by commodity-sales personnel, vendors, peddlers, newspaper carriers, sales-route drivers, auc-

tioneers, rental clerks, cashiers, demonstrators, models, window dressers, commercial decora-

tors, professional shoppers, buyers, and similar workers. Sales personnel engaged in selling

finance, insurance, real estate, transportation, utilities, advertising, and related services are clas-

sified according to the services being sold.

881 Retail Trade

882 Wholesale Trade

883 Route Sales and Delivery Services (including coin-machine collecting)

884 Auctioneering, Vending, and Rental Services

885 Sales Promotion Services (demonstrating, modeling, etc.)

889 Merchandising Services, n.e.c. (commercial decorating, window trimming, professional shopping,

etc.)

890 GENERAL BUSINESS, FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES

This group includes insurance and real estate services and clerical, accounting, general admin-

istration, financial, advertising, photofinishing, and similar business services of a general nature

rendered by various clerical workers, accountants, auditors, personnel officers, plant managers,

bank officials, insurance and real estate agents, stockbrokers, public relations representatives,
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

photofinishers, divers, sign painters, and related workers. Specialized business services, such
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

as transportation, communication, public utility, merchandising, medical, legal, government,

etc., are classified in their respective service groups.

891 Clerical Services, except Bookkeeping (stenographic, secretarial, typing, filing, duplicating, etc.)

892 Accounting, Auditing, and Bookkeeping Services

893 General Administration and Administrative Specialties (general management, personnel administra-

tion, job evaluation, consulting, computer programming, data processing, etc.)

5-21
894 Financial Services (banking, credit, collection, savings and loan, investment, trust, securities and

commodities, etc.)

895 Insurance and Real Estate

896 Advertising and Public Relations Services

897 Blueprinting, Photocopying, Photofinishing, and Printing Services

898 Production Services (stock chasing, timekeeping, etc.)

899 General Business, Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Services, n.e.c. (telephone message, news

reporting, press clipping, trading stamp, commercial testing laboratory, bail bonding, commercial

diving, messenger, sign painting and lettering, etc.)

900 DOMESTIC, BUILDING, AND PERSONAL SERVICES

This group includes private household, lodging, meal, beauty and barber, janitorial, laundry,

funeral, steam bath, and related services provided by bartenders, cooks, chauffeurs, hair styl-

ists, janitors, bellhops, maids, morticians, spa operators, waitresses, and related workers. Baby-

sitting services in private homes are also included. Apparel and furnishings alteration and re-

pair services are classified according to the product altered or repaired. Non-domestic child

and adult care services without accompanying medical care are classified in Group 940; medi-

cal care services are classified in Group 920.

901 Domestic Services (babysitting, maid, chauffeuring, gardening, etc.)

902 Lodging Services (hotel, rooming house, camp, trailer park, etc.)

903 Meal Services, except Domestic (food, beverage, and catering)

904 Beauty and Barbering Services

905 Janitorial and Portering Services (building cleaning, baggage handling, window cleaning, chimney

cleaning, floor waxing, etc.)

906 Apparel and Furnishings Services (laundry, dry cleaning, pressing, dyeing, linen and diaper supply,

shoeshine, garment storage, etc.)

907 Funeral and Crematory Services

909 Domestic, Building, and Personal Services, n.e.c. (clothing rental, dating and escort, health spa,

massage, steam bath, etc.)

910 AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES

This group includes motion picture, theater, sports, and related entertainment services provided

by movie producers, directors, projectionists, extras, propmakers, high riggers, athletes, athletic

coaches and trainers, animal trainers, caddies, concession attendants, gambling-hall attendants,

ushers, wardrobe attendants, ride operators, and related workers. Dramatics, dancing, and music

instructors and professional performers are classified in Groups 930 and 750, respectively.

911 Motion Picture Services (production and distribution; casting and directing; film editing, develop-

ing, printing, and rental; ushering and ticket taking; etc.)

912 Theater Services (production; casting; booking; costume and scenery design; lighting; ticket agen-

cy; ushering and ticket taking; etc.)

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

913 Sports Services (sports participation and related sport support functions)
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

9f9 Amusement and Recreation Services, n.e.c. (theatrical and amusement performing, amusement ride

and carnival services, game room services, park services, and related support functions)

920 MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES

This group includes medical and other health services provided to others by physicians, den-

tists, osteopaths, optometrists, podiatrists, nurses, therapists, dietitians, medical-laboratory tech-

nicians, dental hygienists, dental assistants, medical assistants, nurse aides, orderlies, and relat-

ed workers. Ambulance and veterinary services are also included.

5-22
921 Physician Services, including Surgical

922 Dental Services, including Surgical

923 Optometric, Chiropractic, and Related Services

924 Nursing, Dietetic, and Therapeutic Services

925 Health Technological Services (clinical laboratory, dental hygiene, radiological, etc.)

926 Medical Assistant, Aide, and Attendant Services

929 Medical and Other Health Services, n.e.c. (ambulance, veterinary, etc.)

930 EDUCATIONAL, LEGAL, MUSEUM, LIBRARY, AND ARCHIVAL SERVICES

This group includes educational, legal, museum, library, and archival services provided by

teachers, professors, instructors, home economists, lecturers, lawyers, judges, librarians, archi-

vists, museum curators, and related workers. Animal trainers and coaches and trainers of pro-

fessional athletes are classified in Group 910.

931 Educational Services (includes vocational training, farm and home advising, and lecturing services)

932 Legal Services

933 Museum, Library, and Archival Services

939 Educational, Legal, Museum, Library, and Archival Services, n.e.c.

940 SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT, AND SPIRITUAL SERVICES

This group includes services rendered to individuals and groups with employment, spiritual,

child- or adult-care needs, or social problems, such as poverty, family maladjustment, antiso-

cial behavior, financial mismanagement, or inadequate housing. It encompasses employment

interviewers and clerks, personnel recruiters, clergy members, nursery school attendants, com-

panions, case workers, social workers, parole and probation officers, and related professional

and social service occupations. Psychological and counseling services to provide social, behav-

ioral, educational, or vocational guidance are classified in Group 730. Educational services are

classified in Group 930. Domestic babysitting services are classified in Group 900.

941 Social and Welfare Services (adoption, disaster, family location, homemaking, old-age assistance,

refugee, travelers' aid, etc.)

942 Child and Adult Residential and Day-Care Services (nursery school, foster home, orphanage, rest

home, training school, etc.)

943 Employment Services (recruitment, interviewing, and placement)

944 Spiritual Services (ministerial)

949 Social, Employment, and Spiritual Services, n.e.c. (parole, probation, etc.)

950 REGULATION, PROTECTION, AND RELATED GOVERNMENT SERVICES

This group includes services concerned with regulation, protection, postal, government, and re-

lated activities, such as fire and police/security protection, military services, food and drug in-

spection, customs control, and tax collection, whether provided by the government or by the

private sector. It encompasses police officers, security guards, fire chiefs, jailers, military occu-

pations, customs inspectors, food and drug inspectors, immigration inspectors, postmasters,
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

mail deliverers, and other related occupations.

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

951 Protective Services, except Military (property security, armored car services, crime prevention, fire

and police protection, wildlife protection, etc.)

952 Military Services

953 Regulatory Law Investigation and Control Services (customs, immigration, internal revenue, food

and drug, safety and health, environmental and housing, licensing, etc.)

954 Postal Services

5-23
959 Regulation, Protection, and Related Government Services, n.e.c.

960 MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES

This group includes motor-vehicle, deodorizing, exterminating, decontaminating, elevator, taxi-

dermy, and other miscellaneous services provided by parking-lot attendants, tow-truck opera-

tors, car-wash attendants, exterminators, fumigators, air-purifier servicers, decontaminators, ele-

vator operators, taxidermists, and related workers. Motor-vehicle maintenance and repair serv-

ices are classified in Group 590. Messenger and advertising services are classified in Group

890.

961 Motor-Vehicle Services, except Maintenance and Repair (parking, storage, towing, undercoating,

washing, etc.)

962 Deodorizing, Exterminating, and Decontaminating Services

969 Miscellaneous Services, n.e.c. (elevator, gardening, groundskeeping, and landscaping; taxidermy;

etc.)

5-24
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MPSMS

604 Abdominal Braces, Supporters, and 599

Trusses 589

538 Abrasive Products 355

486 Account Books 543

571 Accounting Machines 604

892 Accounting Services 929

721 Actuarial Mathematics 496

499 Adhesives 602

604 Adhesive Tapes 372

893 Administration and Administrative 374

Specialty Services 493

941 Adoption Services 910

942 Adult Day- and Residential-Care Services 919

619 Advertising Displays and Novelties 619

896 Advertising Services 919

931 Advising Services, Farm and Home 723

852 Aerial Tramway Transportation Services 600

702 Aeronautical Engineering 732

601 Aeronautical Instruments 381

497 Agricultural Chemicals 731

713 Agricultural Engineering 320

731 Agriculture Sciences 325

731 Agronomy 329

855 Air-Cargo-Transportation Services 329

568 Air Compressors 587

706 Air-Conditioning Engineering 745

573 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 371

Equipment 359

573 Air-Conditioning Units 440

592 Aircraft and Parts 906

592 Aircraft Accessories 442

586 Aircraft-Control Systems 443

592 Aircraft-Deicing Equipment 589

602 Aircraft-Engine Instruments 602

592 Aircraft Engines and Parts 604

589 Aircraft Generators 583

371 Aircraft Guns 607

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

602 Aircraft Instruments 519

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

592 Aircraft Propellers 745

466 Aircraft Seats 701

514 Air Line Hose 554

855 Air-Passenger-Transportation Services 700

362 Airports 933

855 Airport-Terminal Services 604

615 Air Rifles, Toy 589

855 Air-Transportation Services 951

486 Albums (Printed) 532

395 Alcoholic Beverages 539

496 Alcohols, Polyhydric 432

491 Alkalies 618

604 Alloys, Dental 618

All-Terrain Vehicles (ATV)

Alternators, Aircraft and Automobile

Aluminum Ores

Aluminum, Smelted and Refined

Amalgams, Dental

Ambulance Services

Amines, Acid and Polyhydric Alcohol

Ammeters

Ammunition, except Small Arms

Ammunition, Small Arms

Ampules

AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES

Amusement-Arcade Services

Amusement Machines, Coin-Operated

Amusement-Park Services

Analytical Chemistry

ANALYZING INSTRUMENTS

Anatomy
434 Artificial Leather

604 Artificial Teeth

618 Artificial Trees

371 Artillery

617 Artist Materials (except Drafting

Instruments)

432 Art Needlework

750 ARTS

751 Arts, Fine

752 Arts, Graphic

473 Asbestos Building Paper

538 Asbestos Products

349 Asbestos (Raw Mineral)

556 Ash Trays, Stamped Metal

473 Asphalt Board and Building Paper

349 Asphalt, Native

502 Asphalt-Paving Mixtures and Blocks

503 Asphalt Roofing Felts

722 Astronomy

913 Athletes

442 Athletic Apparel, Men's and Boys'

443 Athletic Apparel, Women's, Girls', and

Infants'

362 Athletic Fields

616 Athletic Goods (except Firearms and

Apparel)

522 Athletic Shoes

489 Atlases

524 Attache Cases

584 Attachment-Wiring Caps and Plugs

884 Auctioneering Services

892 Auditing Services

572 Automatic Merchandising Machines

589 Automobile Generators

961 Automobile-Parking and Storage Services

466 Automobile Seats

961 Automobile Services, except Maintenance

and Repair
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:03 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

556 Automobile Stampings

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

961 Automobile-Towing Services

961 Automobile-Undercoating Services

961 Automobile-Washing Services

706 Automotive Engineering

566 Automotive-Maintenance Equipment

585 Auto Radios and Tape Players

436 Awnings, Canvas

519 Awnings, Plastic

552 Axes

615 Baby Carriages and Strollers

387 Baby Foods, Canned

901 Babysitting Services

493 Bacterial Vaccines

732 Bacteriology

905 Baggage-Handling Services

474 Bags, Paper

439 Bags, Sleeping

436 Bags, Textile

899 Bail-Bonding Services

384 Bakery Products

399 Baking Powder

571 Balances (except Laboratory)

581 Ballasts, Lighting Fixture

568 Ball Bearings

519 Balloons, Rubber

919 Ballroom Services

549 Balls, Steel

319 Balsam Needles

604 Bandages

894 Banking Services

557 Barbed Wire

395 Beverages, Malt

595 Bicycles and Parts

525 Billfolds

913 Billiard-Parlor Services

616 Billiard Tables and Equipment

486 Binders, Looseleaf

732 Biochemistry

493 Biological Products

732 Biological Sciences

732 Biology

719 Biomedical Engineering

732 Biophysics

552 Bits

486 Blankbooks

583 Blankets, Electric

435 Blankets (except Electric)

541 B last-Furnace Products

582 Blasting Machines

395 Blended Liquors

583 Blenders (Household)

469 Blinds, Window

536 Block, Concrete

493 Blood Derivatives

443 Blouses

568 Blower Fans

562 Blowers, Snow

531 Blown Glass and Glassware

606 Blueprinting Apparatus and Equipment

897 Blueprinting Services

593 Boat Kits

854 Boat Services, Excursion, Sightseeing, and

Taxi

593 Boats, except Rubber

519 Boats, Rubber

592 Bodies, Aircraft

591 Bodies, Truck

555 Bolts, Metal

451 Bolts, Wood

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

372 Bombs
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

466 Bookcases, Metal

465 Bookcases, Wood

912 Booking Services, Theater

892 Bookkeeping Services

483 Books and Pamphlets

486 Books, Account, Receipt, and Sample

522 Boot and Shoe Cut Stock and Findings

467 Booth, Telephone

522 Boots, Canvas

347 Borate

493 Botanical Products

556 Bottle and Jar Caps and Tops

531 Bottles, Glass

519 Bottles, Plastic

616 Bowling-Alley Equipment and Accessories

913 Bowling-Alley Services

475 Boxes and Containers, Paperboard

616 Boxing Equipment

604 Braces, Abdominal

538 Brake Linings (Asbestos)

553 Brass Goods, Plumbing

444 Brassieres

564 Breakers, Coal

365 Breakwaters

534 Brick, Clay

536 Brick, Concrete

363 Bridges

859 Bridge Services, Highway

362 Bridle Paths

504 Briquettes, Fuel

586 Broadcasting Equipment and Parts

571 Calculating Machines

524 Camera Cases

606 Cameras, Motion Picture

606 Cameras, Still

597 Campers

902 Camp Services

365 Canals

854 Canal Services

619 Candles

393 Candy

619 Canes

392 Cane Sugar

611 Cane Trimmings

387 Canned Food Specialties

551 Cans, Metal

556 Cans, Stamped Metal

522 Canvas Boots

436 Canvas Products

582 Capacitors, Electrical (Fixed and Variable)

587 Capacitors, Electronic

584 Caps, Attachment Wiring

556 Caps, Bottle and Jar

519 Caps, Rubber Bathing

493 Capsules (Pharmaceutical Preparations)

591 Car Bodies, Passenger

396 Carbonated Waters

499 Carbon Black

617 Carbon Paper

582 Carbon Products

472 Cardboard (Except Die Cut)

474 Cardboard, Die Cut

485 Cards, Greeting (except Hand Painted)

579 Carnival Machines and Equipment

919 Carnival Services

552 Carpenters' Handtools

431 Carpets

615 Carriages, Baby

594 Cars and Equipment, Railroad

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

594 Cars and Equipment, Rapid Transit

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

564 Cars, Mining

716 Cartographic Engineering

572 Car-Washing Machinery

524 Cases, Attache, Camera, Musical Instru-

ment

467 Cases, Display

525 Cases, Jewelry and Key

619 Casket Linings

619 Caskets, Burial

911 Casting Services, Motion Picture

912 Casting Services, Theater

542 Castings, Ferrous and Nonferrous Metal

542 Castings, Metal

489 Catalogs

579 Catapults

903 Catering Services

587 Cathode-Ray Picture Tubes

329 Cats

321 Cattle

533 Cement, Hydraulic (Natural, Portland, Masonry)

503 Cements, Roofing

705 Ceramic Engineering

534 Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile

464 Chair Beds

466 Chairs, Metal

465 Chalkboards, Wood

365 Channels

852 Charter-Bus-Line Services

556 Chassis, Radio and Television (Metal Stamped)

901 Chauffeuring Services

486 Checkbooks
534 Clay, Firebrick

530 CLAY PRODUCTS

534 Clay Products, Structural and Heat-

Resisting

534 Clay Tile, Drain, Roofing, and Sewer

534 Clay Tile, Structural

564 Cleaning Machinery, Mineral

589 Cleaning Machinery, Ultrasonic

495 Cleaners, Paintbrush

583 Cleaners, Vacuum (Household)

494 Cleaning Preparations

552 Cleavers

891 Clerical Services (except Bookkeeping)

925 Clerical Laboratory Services

552 Clippers

519 Cloaks, Rubber

600 CLOCKS AND WATCHES

607 Clocks and Parts

607 Clocks, Electric and Mechanical

607 Clockwork-Operated Mechanisms

607 Clockwork-Operated Services

583 Clothes Driers, Household and Coin-

Operated

519 Clothespins, Plastic

457 Clothespins, Wood

449 Clothing, Leather and Sheepskin Lined

909 Clothing, Rental Services

519 Clothing, Rubber

442 Clothing, Work

606 Cloth, Sensitized

913 Coaches, Athletic

341 Coal

564 Coal Breakers and Cutters

496 Coal Tar (Cyclic Crudes)

371 Coast Artillery

434 Coated Fabrics (except Rubber)

474 Coated Paper

503 Coatings, Roofing

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

447 Coats, Fur

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

441 Coats, Men's and Boys'

443 Coats, Women's, Girls', and Infants'

356 Cobalt Ore

393 Cocoa

391 Coffee

365 Cofferdams

584 Coils, Electrical

587 Coils, Electronic

584 Coils, Lightning

883 Coin-Machine Collecting Services

619 Coin-Operated Amusement Machines

583 Coin-Operated Clothes Driers

583 Coin-Operated Washing Machines

505 Coke

529 Collars, Dog

894 Collection Services

603 Colorimeters

519 Combs, Rubber

435 Comforters

482 Comics (Periodicals)

752 Commercial Art

361 Commercial Buildings

889 Commercial Decorating Services

899 Commercial Diving Services

602 Commercial Environmental-Regulating Controls

572 Commercial Food-Warming Equipment

572 Commercial Laundry Machinery

573 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment and Systems

899 Commercial Testing-Laboratory Services

364 Communication and Power Lines

586 Communication Equipment and Parts

413 Cordage

589 Cords, Appliance

589 Cords, Extension

564 Core Drills

459 Cork Products

474 Corrugated and Laminated Paper

494 Cosmetics

712 Cost-Control Engineering

912 Costume-Design Services

618 Costume Jewelry

467 Costumers

449 Costumes

302 Cotton Crops

421 Cotton Fabrics

733 Counseling

602 Counting Devices

565 Cranes, Industrial

563 Cranes, Nonindustrial Plant

617 Crayons

751 Creative Arts

894 Credit Services

907 Crematory Services

951 Crime-Correction Services

744 Criminology

439 Crocheted Products

539 Crucibles, Nonclay

342 Crude Petroleum

319 Crude Rubber

344 Crushed and Broken Stone

564 Crushing Machinery, Rock

581 Cubicles and Switchboards

435 Curtains

464 Cushions, Spring

953 Customs Services

532 Cut-Glass Tableware

552 Cutlery

522 Cut Stock and Findings, Boot and Shoe

537 Cut Stone

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

537 Cut Stone Furniture

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

564 Cutters, Coal

496 Cyclic (Coal Tar) Crudes

496 Cyclic Organic Intermediates

383

Dairy Products

365

Dams

919

Dancehall Services

755

Dancing

893

Data Processing Services

305

Dates

393

Dates, Stuffed

909

Dating Services

942

Day-Care Services, Child and Adult

962

Decontaminating Services

889

Decorating Services, Commercial

854 Deep-Sea Transportation Services

573 Dehumidifiers (except Room)

592 Deicing Equipment, Aircraft

883 Delivery Services

885 Demonstrating Services (Sales Promotions)

604 Dental Equipment

615

Dolls

584

900

DOMESTIC, BUILDING, AND

582

PERSONAL SERVICES

584

901

Domestic Services

583

Domestic Sewing Machines

584

554

Door and Window Frames, Metal

580

581

Doorbell Transformers

554

Doors, Metal

584

452

Doors, Wood

602

457

Dowels

535

519

Downspouts and Gutters, Plastic

581

601

Drafting Instruments

584

369

Drainage Systems

581

534

Drain Tile, Clay

Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

589
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

754

Dramatics

583

435

Draperies

607

469

Drapery Hardware

581

563

Dredging Machinery

583

443

Dresses

589

449

Dressing Gowns

807

604

Dressings, Surgical

583

583

Driers (Household Laundry)

602

564

Drills, Core

583

604

Drills, Dental

584

564
587 Electron Tubes, Transmitting

589 Electrotherapeutic Apparatus

363 Elevated Highways

565 Elevators

969 Elevator Services

432 Embroideries

619 Embroidery Kits

943 Employment Services

553 Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware

495 Enamels

700 ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

601 Engineering Instruments and Equipment

592 Engines, Aircraft

561 Engines and Parts, Diesel and Semidiesel

561 Engines and Parts, Internal Combustion

(except Aircraft and Non-Diesel

Automotive)

561 Engines and Turbines (except Aircraft and

Non-Diesel Automotive)

591 Engines, Motor Vehicles (except Diesel)

561 Engines, Steam (except Locomotive)

594 Engines, Steam Locomotive

474 Envelopes

704 Environmental Health Engineering

602 Environmental Regulating Controls,

Commercial and Residential

953 Environmental Regulatory Law

Investigation and Control Services

729 Environmental Research

327 Equines

899 Equipment Rental-and-Leasing Services

519 Erasers, Rubber

909 Escort Services

496 Esters, Acid and Polyhydric Alcohol

745 Ethnography

745 Ethnology

573 Evaporative Condensers (Heat-Transfer

Equipment)
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

854 Excursion-Boat Services

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

568 Exhaust Fans

499 Explosives

589 Extension Cords

962 Exterminating Services

394 Extracts, Flavoring

618 Eyes and Hooks

550 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,

EXCEPT ORDNANCE, MACHINERY

AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

559 Fabricated Pipe, Metal

554 Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops)

554 Fabricated Structural Metal

557 Fabricated Wire Products

420 FABRICS AND RELATED

421 Fabrics, Broad Woven Cotton

422 Fabrics, Broad Woven Wool

434 Fabrics, Coated (except Rubberized)

421 Fabrics, Glass Fiber

434 Fabrics, Impregnated (except Rubberized)

424 Fabrics, Knitted

425 Fabrics, Nonwoven (except Knitted)

519 Fabrics, Rubberized

421 Fabrics, Silk

421 Fabrics, Synthetic Fiber

941 Family Location Services

432 Fancy Textiles

484 Fanfold Forms

568 Fans, Industrial Blower

568 Fans, Industrial Exhaust and Ventilating

583 Fans, Household (except Attic)

931 Farm-Advising Services

613 Findings, Jewelers'

751 Fine Arts

331 Finfish

541 Finishing Mill Products

534 Firebrick, Clay

346 Fire Clay

586 Fire Control Equipment, Electronic

603 Fire Control Equipment, Optical

554 Fire Escapes, Metal

619 Fire Extinguishers

589 Fireplace Logs, Electric

951 Fire Protection Services

331 Fish (Finfish)

439 Fishing Nets

616 Fishing Tackle

332 Fish (Shellfish)

584 Fittings, Electric

559 Fittings, Metal Pipe (except Plumbers')

519 Fittings, Plastic Pipe

553 Fixture Fittings and Trim, Plumbing

(Brass Goods)

535 Fixtures and Fittings, China and

Earthenware Plumbing

460 FIXTURES AND FURNITURE

469 Fixtures and Furniture, Barber and Beauty

Shop

468 Fixtures and Furniture, Plastic, Glass, and

Fiberglass

469 Fixtures and Furniture, Rattan, Reed,

Wicker, and Willow

584 Fixtures, Electric Lighting

467 Fixtures, Wood and Metal

554 Flagpoles, Metal

439 Flags

379 Flame Throwers

584 Flashlights

531 Flat Glass or Glassware

612 Flatware
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

394 Flavoring Extracts

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

496 Flavoring Materials, Synthetic

394 Flavoring Syrups

531 Float Glass

619 Floor Coverings, Hard-Surface (except

Rubber and Cork)

452 Flooring

583 Floor Polishers (Household)

572 Floor-Polishing Machines (Commercial)

572 Floor-Sanding Machines (Commercial)

534 Floor Tile, Ceramic

572 Floor-Washing Machinery (Commercial)

583 Floor Waxers

905 Floor-Waxing Services

311 Floricultural Nursery Products

311 Florists'Greens

311 Flowers

618 Flowers, Artificial (except Glass)

311 Flower Seeds and Plants

602 Fluid Meters, Totalizing

584 Fluorescent Lamps

584 Fluorescent Starters

347 Fluorspar

559 Foil and Leaf, Metal

618 Foliage, Artificial (except Glass)

953 Food Control Services

567 Food Products Machinery and Equipment

903 Food Services

390 FOOD SPECIALTIES

380 FOOD STAPLES AND RELATED

572 Food-Warming Equipment, Commercial

604 Foot Appliances

442 Furnishings, Men's and Boys'

460 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

469 Furniture and Fixtures, Barber and Beauty

Shops

468 Furniture and Fixtures, Plastic, Glass, and

Fiberglass

469 Furniture and Fixtures, Rattan, Reed,

Wicker, and Willow

536 Furniture, Concrete

537 Furniture, Cut Stone

552 Furniture Hardware

463 Furniture, Metal Household

466 Furniture, Metal Office and Public

Building

461 Furniture, Wood Household (except

Upholstered)

462 Furniture, Wood Household (Upholstered)

465 Furniture, Wood Office and Public

Building

521 Fur Pelts

447 Fur Trimmings

584 Fuse Boxes

581 Fuse Devices, Power

581 Fuse Mountings, Power

919 Gambling Services

326 Game and Wildlife

615 Games and Toys

556 Garbage Cans, Stamped Metal

583 Garbage Disposal Units

514 Garden Hose

969 Gardening Services, Commercial

901 Gardening Services, Domestic

562 Garden Machinery and Equipment

552 Garden Tools

562 Garden Wheel Tractors

557 Garment Hangers, Wire

906 Garment-Storage Services

449 Garters
Generated on 2012-11-20 22:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

553 Gas Burning Heaters

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

568 Gas Compressors

496 Gases, Chemical Warfare

491 Gases, Industrial

538 Gaskets (Asbestos)

364 Gas Mains

602 Gas Meters

342 Gas, Natural

501 Gasoline

872 Gas Production and Distribution Services

870 GAS SERVICES

872 Gas Services, Liquefied Petroleum (LP)

872 Gas Services, Manufactured

872 Gas Services, Mixed

872 Gas Services, Natural (Distribution)

561 Gas Turbine (except Aircraft)

564 Gas Well Machinery and Equipment

604 Gauze, Surgical

457 Gavels

568 Gears, Industrial

893 General Administration Services

890 GENERAL BUSINESS, FINANCE, INSURANCE,

AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES

893 General Management Services

589 Generators, Aircraft and Automobile

582 Generators (except Aircraft and Automobile)

582 Generator Sets, Motor

561 Generator Set Units, Turbine

732 Genetics

725 Geology

729 Geography

725 Geophysics
349 Graphite (Raw Mineral)

345 Gravel and Sand

485 Greeting Cards (except Hand Painted)

372 Grenades

538 Grinding Wheels

532 Ground Glass

969 Groundskeeping Services

375 Guided Missiles

919 Guide Services, Tourist

496 Gum and Wood Chemicals

319 Gums (including Pine)

371 Guns, Howitzers, Mortars, and Related

Equipment

519 Gutters and Downspouts, Plastic

616 Gymnasium Equipment

349 Gypsum

536 Gypsum Products

422 Haircloth

439 Hammocks

525 Handbags

617 Hand Dies

449 Handkerchiefs

552 Handsaws

617 Hand Seals

617 Hand Stamps

552 Handtools, Nonpower

566 Handtools, Power

439 Handwoven Products

557 Hangers, Wire Garment

365 Harbor Construction

552 Hardware, Builders'

469 Hardware, Drapery

552 Hardware, Furniture

552 Hardware, General

552 Hardware, Motor Vehicle

519 Hardware, Plastic

452 Hardwood Dimension Stock

529 Harness
Generated on 2012-11-20 23:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

445 Hats (except Fur)

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

447 Hats, Fur

432 Hatters' Fur

302 Hay (Crops)

953 Health-Control Services

387 Health Foods, Canned

920 HEALTH SERVICES

909 Health-Spa Services

925 Health-Technological Services

875 Heated-Air Services

586 Heat-Emission Operating Apparatus

514 Heater Hose

553 Heaters, Nonelectric

583 Heaters, Space and Water (Household)

706 Heating Engineering

553 Heating Equipment, Nonelectric

573 Heat-Transfer Equipment

556 Helmets, Metal

429 Hemp Fabrics

521 Hides

589 High-Frequency Ignition Systems

568 High-Speed Drives, Industrial

859 Highway Bridge Services

852 Highway PassengerTransportation Services,

Interurban

362 Highways and Streets

586 Highway Traffic Signals

743 History

322 Hogs

565 Hoists

612 Hollow ware

931 Home Advising Services

399

Ice

600

519

Ice Chests and Coolers, Plastic

602

616

Ice Skates

601

589

Ignition Systems, High Frequency

601

501

Illuminating Oils

602

953

Immigration Services

603

434

Impregnated Fabrics (except Rubberized)

601

584

Incandescent Filament Lamps

601

712

Incentive-Study Engineering

538

369

Incinerators

473

587

Inductors, Electronic

584

582

Industrial Apparatus, Electrical

582

Industrial Controls

895
Generated on 2012-11-20 23:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

587
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

Industrial Electron Tubes

561

712

Industrial Engineering

369

Industrial Furnaces (Constructed)

589

491

Industrial Gases

852

568

Industrial High-Speed Drives

567

Industrial Machinery and Equipment,

851

Textile

943

567

Industrial Machinery and Equipment,

Woodworking

953

568

Industrial Machinery, General

894

567

Industrial Machinery, Special

541

566

Industrial Molds

566

Industrial Patterns (Foundry Cores, etc.)

346

Kaolin

551

Kegs, Metal

525

Key Cases

369

Kilns

467

Kitchen Cabinets

519

Kitchenware, Plastic

619

Kits, Embroidery

424

Knitted Fabrics

583

Knives, Electric (Household)

552

Knives (Non-Electric Household)

329 Laboratory Animals

601 Laboratory Instruments and Equipment

925 Laboratory Services, Clinical

899 Laboratory Services, Commercial Testing

432 Lace Goods

495 Lacquers

457 Ladders, Wood

474 Laminated and Corrugated Paper

584 Lamp Fixtures

554 Lamp Posts, Metal

584 Lamp Receptacles

584 Lamps, Electric (Bulbs, Tubes, etc.)

584 Lamp Sockets

584 Lamps, Photoflash and Photoflood

592 Landing Gear, Aircraft

969 Landscaping Services

584 Lanterns

613 Lapidary Work

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

719 Laser Engineering

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

586 Laser Systems

906 Laundry Services

583 Laundry Equipment, Household

572 Laundry Machinery, Commercial

353 Lead and Zinc Ores

532 Leaded Glass

543 Lead, Smelted and Refined

559 Leaf and Foil, Metal

529 Leashes and Collars, Dog

521 Leather

520 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

434 Leather, Artificial

529 Leather Belting

449 Leather Clothing

523 Leather Gloves and Mittens

931 Lecturing Services

486 Ledgers

486 Ledger Sheets

932 Legal Services

603 Lenses

605 Lenses, Contact

605 Lenses, Ophthalmic

605 Lenses, Sunglasses

899 Lettering Services

365 Levees

933 Library Services

556 License Tags

953 Licensing Services

519 Life Jackets and Life Rafts, Rubber

730 LIFE SCIENCES

586 Light-Emission Operating Apparatus

457 Mallets

395 Malt Beverages

893 Management Services, General

484 Manifold Business Forms

619 Mannequins

872 Manufactured Gas Services

319 Maple Sap

716 Mapping

489 Maps

854 Marine Cargo-Handling Services

365 Marine Construction

714 Marine Engineering

330 MARINE LIFE

617 Marking Devices

457 Marquetry

909 Massage Services

619 Matches

565 Materials-Handling Machinery and

Equipment

720 MATHEMATICS

721 Mathematics, Actuarial

464 Mattresses

903 Meal Services, except Domestic

602 Measurement Instruments, Industrial

Process Variables

602 Measuring and Controlling Instruments

602 Measuring and Testing Instruments,

Electricity and Electrical Signals

600 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

603 Measuring Instruments, Fire Control

603 Measuring Instruments, Optical

572 Measuring Pumps

382 Meat Products, Processed

706 Mechanical Engineering

552 Mechanics' Handtools

607 Mechanisms, Clockwork-Operated

926 Medical Aid Services

926 Medical Assistant Services

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

926 Medical Attendant Services

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

600 MEDICAL GOODS

604 Medical Instruments and Apparatus

920 MEDICAL SERVICES

604 Medicated Plasters

493 Medicinal Chemicals

493 Medicinal Powders, Solutions, and

Suspensions

303 Melon Crops

880 MERCHANDISING SERVICES

357 Mercury Ores

899 Message Services, Telephone

899 Messenger Services

467 Metal and Wood Fixtures

554 Metal Buildings, Prefabricated

551 Metal Cans and Containers

542 Metal Castings, Ferrous and Nonferrous

589 Metal-Cutting-and-Forming Machines,

Electron Beam

566 Metal-Cutting Machine Tools

540 METAL, FERROUS AND

NONFERROUS

467 Metal Fixtures

559 Metal Foil and Leaf

556 Metal Forgings and Stampings

566 Metal-Forming Machine Tools

463 Metal Household Furniture

350 METALLIC MINERALS, RAW

711 Metallurgical Engineering

466 Metal Office Furniture

466 Metal Public-Building Furniture

604 Metals, Dental

537

Monumental Stone

619

435

Mopheads

481

371

Mortars

472

532

Mosaic Glass

899

319

Moss, Spanish

442

606

Motion-Picture Cameras

444

911

Motion-Picture Casting and Directing

539

Services

473

911

Motion-Picture Developing and Printing

Services

472

911

Motion-Picture Film Editing Services

496

753

Motion-Picture Photography

540

911

Motion-Picture Production and

542

Distribution Services

544
Generated on 2012-11-20 23:24 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

606
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

Motion-Picture Projection Equipment

543

911

Motion-Picture Rental Services

340

712

Motion Study Engineering

425

595

Motorcycles and Parts

397

853

Motor-Freight Transportation Services

618

853

Motor-Freight Warehousing Services

618

582

Motor Generator Sets

619

591

Motor Homes

532

582

Motors, except Starting Motors

519

582

Motors, Railway

871

589

Motors, Starting
721 Operations Research

605 Ophthalmic Frames

605 Ophthalmic Goods

604 Ophthalmic Instruments and Apparatus

719 Optical Engineering

600 OPTICAL GOODS

603 Optical Instruments

603 Optical Measuring-and-Testing

Instruments

603 Optical Sighting Equipment

923 Optometric Services

370 ORDNANCE

719 Ordnance Engineering

496 Organic Chemicals

496 Organic Chemicals, Noncyclic

723 Organic Chemistry

496 Organic Solvents

614 Organs

554 Ornamental Metalwork

312 Ornamental Trees

618 Ornaments

942 Orphanage Services

604 Orthopedic Appliances

449 Outer Garments, Waterproof (except

Rubber or Rubberized)

443 Outerwear, Women's, Girls', and Infants'

584 Outlets, Electrical

369 Ovens (Construction and Maintenance)

583 Ovens, Household

568 Ovens, Industrial Process

441 Overcoats, Men's and Boys'

584 Overhead Trolley-Line Material

504 Packaged Fuel

719 Packaging Engineering

538 Packing, Asbestos

433 Padding

617 Pads, Inking

551 Pails, Metal

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

495 Paintbrush Cleaners

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

751 Painting (Art)

495 Paint Remover

619 Paint Rollers

495 Paints

725 Paleontology

454 Pallets, Wood

483 Pamphlets and Books

581 Panels, Metering

470 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

472 Paper and Paperboard, Nonconverted

(except Building)

474 Paper and Paperboard Products, Converted

(except Containers and Boxes)

474 Paper Bags

474 Paperboard and Paper, Die Cut

475 Paperboard Containers and Boxes

557 Paper Clips

474 Paper, Coated, Glazed, or Varnished

567 Paper Industry Machinery and Equipment

474 Paper Novelties

489 Paper Patterns

606 Paper, Sensitized

472 Paper Stock

539 Papier Mache, Statuary and Art Goods

439 Parachutes

501 Paraffin Wax

472 Parchment Paper

362 Parking Areas

961 Parking Services

362 Parkway

949 Parole Services

606 Photographic Chemicals

719 Photographic Engineering

606 Photographic Equipment and Supplies

600 PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS

753 Photography

753 Photography, Movie and Still

723 Physical Chemistry

602 Physical-Property Testing Apparatus

720 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

921 Physician Services

921 Physician Surgical Services

724 Physics

732 Physiology

614 Pianos

457 Picture and Mirror Frames

365 Piers

541 Pig Iron

491 Pigments, Inorganic

496 Pigments, Synthetic Organic

543 Pigs, Nonferrous Metal

451 Pilings

435 Pillowcases

435 Pillows

319 Pine Gums

618 Pins

519 Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Plastic

536 Pipe, Concrete

559 Pipe, Fabricated

559 Pipe Fittings and Valves, Metal (except

Plumbers')

364 Pipelines (Construction)

856 Pipeline Transportation Services

541 Pipes and Tubing, Iron and Steel

544 Pipes and Tubing, Nonferrous Metal

943 Placement Services

452 Planing-Mill Products

300 PLANT FARM CROPS

712 Plant-Layout Engineering

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

493 Plasmas
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

536 Plaster

536 Plasterboard

539 Plaster of Paris, Statuary and Art Goods

512 Plastic Footwear

468 Plastic Furniture and Fixtures

514 Plastic Hose and Belting

496 Plasticizers

510 PLASTIC PRODUCTS

492 Plastics Materials

612 Plated Ware

531 Plate Glass

541 Plates, Iron and Steel

544 Plates, Nonferrous Metal

606 Plates, Sensitized

554 Plate Work, Fabricated (Boiler Shops)

359 Platinum Ore

616 Playground Equipment

604 Pliers, Dental

584 Plugs, Attachment-Wiring

553 Plumbing-Fixture Fittings and Trim (Brass

Goods)

535 Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings, China and

Earthenware

553 Plumbing Fixtures, Enameled Metal

618 Plumes

453 Plywood

603 Polariscopes

451 Poles, Wood

951 Police Protection Services

583 Polishers, Floor (Household)

572 Polishing Machines, Floor (Commercial)

567 Printing Trade Machinery and Equipment

603 Prisms

949 Probation Services

712 Production Engineering

898 Production Services

872 Production Services, Gas

911 Production Services, Motion Picture

912 Production, Theater Services

889 Professional Shopping Services

489 Programs, Racetrack

606 Projection Apparatus

592 Propellers, Aircraft

951 Property Security Services

596 Propulsion Units, Space Vehicles

604 Prosthetic Appliances

951 Protection Services (except Military)

951 Protection Services, Fire and Police

951 Protection Services, Wildlife

733 Psychology

585 Public Address Systems

466 Public-Building Furniture, Metal

465 Public-Building Furniture, Wood

361 Public Buildings

896 Public Relations Services

853 Public Warehousing and Storage Services

471 Pulp

474 Pulp Goods, Pressed and Molded

349 Pumice

364 Pumping Stations

568 Pumps and Pumping Equipment

572 Pumps, Measuring and Dispensing

525 Purses

599 Pushcarts

495 Putty

712 Quality Control Engineering

536 Quicklime

435 Quilts

489 Racetrack Programs

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

913 Racetrack Services

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

467 Racks

586 Radar (Object Detection Apparatus)

586 Radar (Production and Repair)

869 Radar Services

553 Radiators (Heating)

863 Radio Broadcasting Services

461 Radio Cabinets, Wood

556 Radio Chassis

587 Radio Electron Tubes

925 Radiological Services

585 Radio-Receiving Sets (except Communication

Types)

585 Radios, Auto

862 Radio Services, Telegraph Communication

861 Radio Services, Telephone Communication

586 Radio-Transmitting and Signaling Equipment

364 Radio Transmitting Towers

358 Radium Ore

519 Rafts, Rubber Life

594 Railroad Cars and Equipment

466 Railroad Car Seats

594 Railroad Equipment (including Engines)

851 Railroad Line-Haul Services

367 Railroads

851 Railroad Switching Services

851 Railroad Terminal Services

851 Railroad Transportation Service, Interurban

582 Railway Control Equipment

582 Railway Motors

586 Railway Signals

449 Raincoats (except Rubber or Rubberized)

874 Refuse Services

953 Regulatory Law Control Services

953 Regulatory Law Investigation Services

899 Rental and Leasing Equipment Services

884 Rental Services

911 Rental Services, Motion Picture

913 Rental Services, Sports Equipment

899 Reporting Service, News

361 Residential Buildings

942 Residential-Care Services, Adult and Child

602 Residential Environmental-Regulating

Controls

319 Resins, Natural

492 Resins, Synthetic

587 Resistors, Electronic Applications

942 Rest Home Services

881 Retail Trade Services

953 Revenue Services

582 Rheostats

755 Rhythmics

423 Ribbons

617 Ribbons, Inked

555 Rivets

449 Robes

564 Rock-Crushing Machinery

564 Rock Drills, Portable

347 Rock Salt

541 Rods and Bars, Iron and Steel

544 Rods and Bars, Nonferrous Metal

568 Roller Bearings

616 Roller Skates

566 Rolling-Mill Machinery and Equipment

541 Rolling-Mill Products

443 Rompers

473 Roofing Board

503 Roofing Coatings and Cements

503 Roofing Felts

503 Roofing Materials

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

534 Roofing Tile

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

902 Rooming-House Services

883 Route Sales Services

510 RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS

PLASTIC PRODUCTS

519 Rubber Clothing

319 Rubber, Crude

512 Rubber Footwear

514 Rubber Hose and Belting

519 Rubberized Fabrics

496 Rubber-Processing Chemicals

513 Rubber, Reclaimed

519 Rubber Specialties and Sundries

492 Rubber, Synthetic

431 Rugs

529 Saddlery

559 Safes

604 Safety Appliances and Equipment

953 Safety Control and Investigation Services

712 Safety Engineering

387 Salad Dressings

484 Salesbooks

885 Sales-Promotion Services

883 Sales-Route Services

393 Salted Nuts

347 Salt, Rock

491 Salts, Inorganic

486 Sample Books

522 Sandals

345 Sand and Gravel

572 Sanding Machine, Floor

538 Sandpaper
314 Seeds, Tree

725 Seismology

587 Semiconductors

561 Semidiesel Engines and Parts

606 Sensitized Cloth, Film, Paper, and Plates

493 Serums

572 Service-Industry Machinery

613 Settings, Cut and Polished Jewel

611 Settings, Jewel

364 Sewage-Collection and Disposal Lines

874 Sewerage Services

364 Sewer Mains

534 Sewer Tile

461 Sewing-Machine Cabinets, Wood

583 Sewing Machines, Domestic

583 Sewing Machines, Industrial

469 Shades, Window

552 Shears

323 Sheep

449 Sheepskin-Lined Clothing

554 Sheet Metal Work

489 Sheet Music

435 Sheets

541 Sheets and Strips, Iron and Steel

544 Sheets and Strips, Nonferrous Metal

332 Shellfish

467 Shelving

452 Shingles, Wood

714 Ship-Machinery Design and Development

593 Ships

593 Ships, Cargo Vessel and Tankers

593 Ships, Combat Vessel

593 Ships, Hydrofoil

442 Shirts, Men's and Boys'

443 Shirts, Women's, Girls', and Infants'

423 Shoelaces

522 Shoes, Athletic

906 Shoeshine Services

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

489 Shopping News

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

889 Shopping Services, Professional

571 Shorthand Machines

563 Shovels, Power

519 Shower Stalls, Plastic

311 Shrubbery

452 Shutters, Wood

586 Sighting Equipment, Electronic

603 Sighting Equipment, Optical

854 Sightseeing Boat Service

603 Sights, Telescopic

586 Signals, Railway

586 Signals, Traffic

899 Sign Painting-and-Lettering Services

619 Signs

619 Signs, Neon

421 Silk Fabrics

414 Silk Fibers

354 Silver and Gold Ore

612 Silverware

616 Skates, Roller and Ice

454 Skids, Wood

521 Skins

443 Skirts

369 Ski-Tow Erection

543 Slabs, Nonferrous Metal

439 Sleeping Bags

618 Slide Fasteners

435 Slipcovers

522 Slippers

373 Small Arms

374 Small-Arms Ammunition (30 mm or 1.18 inch

944 Spiritual Services

339 Sponges

616 Sporting Goods (except Firearms and

Apparel)

913 Sports Equipment, Rental Services

913 Sports-Participants Services

913 Sports Services

464 Spring Cushions

559 Springs, Steel

557 Springs, Wire

565 Stackers

532 Stained Glass

612 Stainless-Steel Ware

565 Stairways, Moving

452 Stairways, Wood

432 Stamped Art Goods, Textile

556 Stampings, Automobile

556 Stampings, Metal

617 Stamps, Hand

467 Stands (Wood and Metal)

549 Staples, Nonferrous Metal

541 Staples, Steel

584 Starters, Fluorescent

582 Starters, Motor

589 Starting Motors

474 Stationary

539 Statuary, Plaster of Paris and Papier

Mache

909 Steam-Bath Services

561 Steam Engines (except Locomotive)

553 Steam or Hot-Water Domestic Furnace

875 Steam-Supply Services

561 Steam Turbines

541 Steel and Iron Pipes and Tubing

541 Steel and Iron Plates, Sheets, Strips, Rods,

and Bars

549 Steel Balls

541 Steel Cable

Generated on 2012-11-20 23:25 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832

541 Steel Ingots

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

617 Steel Letters and Figures

541 Steel Nails, Spikes, Staples

541 Steel Wire

538 Steel Wool

541 Steelworks Products

617 Stencils

891 Stenographic Services

606 Still Cameras

753 Still Photography

898 Stock-Chasing Services

859 Stockyard Services

537 Stone, Building and Monumental

530 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS

PRODUCTS

344 Stone, Crushed and Broken

537 Stone, Cut

343 Stone, Dimension

537 Stone Products

535 Stoneware

589 Storage Batteries

961 Storage Services, Automobile

906 Storage Services, Garment

853 Storage Services, Public

583 Stoves, Household

459 Straw Products

594 Street Cars and Equipment

874 Street-Cleaning Services

852 Street-Railway Services

362 Streets and Highways

615 Strollers, Baby

534 Structural Clay Products

492 Synthetic Rubber

496 Synthetic Tanning Agents

392 Syrup, Cane and Beet

394 Syrup, Flavoring

435 Tablecloths

474 Tablets, Paper

493 Tablets, Pharmaceutical

519 Tableware, Plastic

349 Talc

371 Tank Guns

598 Tanks and Tank Components, Military

496 Tanning Agents, Synthetic

585 Tape Players, Auto

604 Tapes, Adhesive

423 Tapes, Fabric

436 Tarpaulins

502 Tar-Paving Mixtures and Blocks

854 Taxi-Boat Services

852 Taxicab Services

969 Taxidermy Services

602 Taximeters

391 Tea

319 Teaberries

489 Technical Papers

604 Teeth, Artificial

519 Teething Rings

586 Telegraph Apparatus and Parts

862 Telegraph Communications, Radio or

Wire Services

364 Telegraph Lines

586 Telephone Apparatus and Parts

467 Telephone Booths

861 Telephone Communications, Radio or

Wire Services

364 Telephone Lines

899 Telephone Message Services

869 Telephoto Services

603 Telescopes
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603 Telescopic Sights

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864 Television Broadcasting Services

461 Television Cabinets, Wood

556 Television Chassis

587 Television-Receiving Electron Tubes

585 Television-Receiving Sets

586 Television-Signaling Equipment

586 Television-Transmitting Equipment

364 Television-Transmitting Towers

616 Tennis Goods

436 Tents

855 Terminal Services, Airport

852 Terminal Services, Bus-Lines

339 Terrapins

602 Testers, Diodes and Transistors

602 Testing Apparatus, Physical Property

602 Testing Instruments, Electricity

603 Testing Instruments, Fire Control

603 Testing Instruments, Optical

899 Testing-Laboratory Services, Commercial

436 Textile Bags

410 TEXTILE FIBERS AND RELATED

567 Textile Industrial Machinery and Equipment

430 TEXTILE PRODUCTS

432 Textiles, Fancy

912 Theater-Booking and Casting Services

912 Theater Services

924 Therapeutic Services

412 Thread

562 Throwers, Snow

869 Ticker-Tape Services

912 Ticket-Agency Services

482 Trade Journals

899 Trading-Stamp Services

586 Traffic Signals

586 Traffic Signals, Highway and Railway

902 Trailer-Park Services

565 Trailers

597 Trailers, Travel

591 Trailers, Truck

913 Trainers, Athletic

942 Training-School Services

931 Training Services, Vocational

587 Transformers

581 Transformers, Distribution

581 Transformers, Doorbell

581 Transformers, Power

581 Transformers, Rectifiers

581 Transformers, Specialty

602 Transistor Testers

581 Transmission Equipment, Electric

587 Transmitting Electron Tubes

590 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

850 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

855 Transportation Services, Air

855 Transportation Services, Air-Cargo and

Passenger

854 Transportation Services, Deep Sea

852 Transportation Services, Local Passenger

853 Transportation Services, Motor Freight

856 Transportation Services, Pipeline

854 Transportation Services, Water

583 Trash Compactors, Household

859 Travel-Agency Services

941 Travelers'-Aid Services

597 Travel Trailers

306 Tree Nuts

618 Trees, Artificial

314 Tree Seeds

312 Trees, Ornamental

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554 Trim and Molding, Metal

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889 Trimming Services, Window

447 Trimmings, Fur

432 Trimmings, Textile

432 Trimmings, Umbrella

852 Trolley-Coach Services

584 Trolley-Line Material, Overhead

594 Trolleys, Trackless

612 Trophies

442 Trousers

591 Truck Bodies

853 Trucking Services, Local and

Long-Distance

853 Trucking-Terminal Services

565 Trucks, Industrial

591 Truck Trailers

604 Trusses, Abdominal

894 Trust Services

511 Tubes and Tires

587 Tubes, Industrial Electron

587 Tubes, Radio and Television Receiving, Electron

587 Tubes, Special-Purpose, Electron

587 Tubes, Transmitting Electron

589 Tubes, X-ray

541 Tubing and Pipes, Iron and Steel

544 Tubing and Pipes, Nonferrous Metal

593 Tugboats

854 Tugboat Services

363 Tunnels

859 Tunnel Services

561 Turbine-Generator-Engines and Parts (except

Aircraft and Non-Diesel Automotive)

303 Vegetable Crops

387 Vegetables and Fruits, Processed

311 Vegetable Seeds and Plants

615 Vehicles, Children's (except Bicycles)

584 Vehicular-Lighting Equipment

884 Vending Services

453 Veneer

706 Ventilation Engineering

568 Ventilator Fans

397 Vermicelli

441 Vests

604 Veterinary Instruments and Apparatus

929 Veterinary Services

363 Viaducts

493 Vials, Pharmaceutical Preparations

398 Vinegar

614 Violins

493 Virus Vaccines

931 Vocational-Training Services

581 Voltage Regulators, Line

602 Voltmeters

433 Wadding

473 Wallboard

474 Wallpaper

534 Wall Tile, Ceramic

853 Warehousing Services, Motor Freight

853 Warehousing Services, Public

589 Warm-Air Furnaces, Electric

573 Warm-Air Furnaces, (except Electric)

435 Washcloths

555 Washers, Metal

572 Washing Machinery, Car

572 Washing Machines, Floor

583 Washing Machines, Household and Coin-

Operated

961 Washing Services, Automobile

419 Waste Fibers

607 Watchcases
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532 Watch Crystals

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600 WATCHES AND CLOCKS

607 Watches and Parts

519 Water Bottles, Rubber

713 Water-Conservation Engineering

583 Water Heaters, Household

364 Water Mains

602 Water Meters

449 Waterproof Outer Garments (except

Rubber or Rubberized)

873 Water-Supply Services

854 Water-Transportation Services

369 Water-Treatment Plants

365 Waterway Construction

854 Waterway-Transportation Services, Inland

564 Water-Well Machinery and Equipment

587 Wave Guides, Electronic

583 Waxers, Floor

941 Welfare Services

905 Waxing Services, Floor

582 Welding Apparatus, Electric

566 Welding Equipment

589 Welding Machines, Ultrasonic or Electron-Beam

941 Welfare Services

564 Well Machinery and Equipment

589 Wet Primary Batteries

519 Wet Suits, Rubber

339 Whales

365 Wharves

599 Wheelbarrows

562 Wheel Tractors, Farm and Garden

529 Whips, Leather

422 Wool Felt

442 Work Clothing, Men's and Boys'

457 Yardsticks, Wood

411 Yam

399 Yeast

589 X-ray Apparatus

589 X-Ray Tubes

353 Zinc and Lead Ores

543 Zinc, Smelted and Refined

329 Zoo Animals

919 Zoological Garden Services

5^9
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CHAPTER 6

SENTENCE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

Sentence Analysis is the technique used by the analyst to determine, in all job-worker situations,

the appropriate components of Work Performed: Worker Functions; Work Fields; and Materials, Prod-

ucts, Subject Matter, and Services. The technique permits even the most complex job-worker situation

to be stated in a simple, brief, declarative sentence. However, the technique should not be confused with

style conventions used to describe tasks in a JAR.

The technique that has been developed uses the answers to three basic questions about the work

setting to build a sentence that has three standard parts and which describes Work Performed.

The three basic questions are as follows:

1. What does the worker do?

2. What gets done? or what is the purpose of the worker's action?

3. What is the final result?

The answers to these questions provide the framework of Sentence Analysis. (The subject of the

basic sentence is the worker and is implied but not stated.) The following list shows how the Work

Performed components are used as parts of a sentence to present the information obtained from the an-

swers to the above questions:

1. The Worker Function is used as the verb (in the third person, singular, present tense).

2. MTEWA, people, or information is used as the direct object of the verb.

3. Work Fields and MPSMS are used in an infinitive phrase. The infinitive reflects the Work

Field(s), and MPSMS is the object of the infinitive.

For jobs in which the worker's significant involvement is with a Data Worker Function, the object

of the verb is information in some form. For jobs in which the worker's significant involvement is with

a People Worker Function, the object of the verb is usually the people to whom a service is being ren-

dered. For jobs in which the worker's significant involvement is with a Things Worker Function, the

object of the verb is a machine, tool, equipment, or work aid through which the action of the verb is

performed.

Several examples of job-worker situations, which have been summarized using the sentence analysis

technique, are presented in the following charts with an accompanying example of the information

reworded for use in a Job Summary statement. The three numbers in parentheses in the analysis sentence

represent the specific Worker Function, Work Field, and MPSMS, respectively. This information is pre-

sented as an additional aid to show the analyst how to create a Job Summary statement that accurately

reflects the information obtained about a job-worker situation.

6-1
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Question:

Work Performed

Component:

Sentence Part:

What Does the Worker Do?

What Gets

Done?

What is the

Final Result?

Worker

Function

MTEWA, People,

or Information

Work Field

MPSMS

Verb

Direct

Object

Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive

Objective of the Infinitive

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH DATA

Sentence Synthesizes (0) ideas and information to research (251) mathematics

Analysis: (721).

Job Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical

Summary techniques to science, management, and other fields, and solves or directs solutions

Statement: to problems in various fields by mathematical methods.

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH PEOPLE

Sentence Serves (7) patrons

Analysis:

to accommodate

(291)

patrons (910).

Job Assists patrons to find seats at entertainment events.

Summary

Statement:

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH THINGS

Sentence Handles (7) handtruck to move (Oil) tobacco (404).

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Analysis:
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Job Distributes tobacco within or near cigarette manufacturing facility, using handtruck.

Summary

Statement:

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH DATA AND PEOPLE

Sentence (data) Analyzes (2) textbooks, test re- to teach (296)

Analysis: suits, and other data

(people) Instructs (2) students

to teach (296)

academic subject

(931).

academic subject

(931).

Job Teaches English in public secondary school.

Summary

Statement:

6-2
Question:

Work Performed

Component:

Sentence Part:

What Does the Worker Do?

What Gets

Done?

What is the

Final Result?

Worker

Function

MTEWA, People,

or Information

Work Field

MPSMS

Verb

Direct

Object

Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive

Objective of the Infinitive

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH DATA AND THINGS

Sentence (data) Analyzes (2) designs and other to machine (057)

Analysis: data

(things) Precision works (1) machines to machine (057)

and handtools

jewelry articles

(611 &613).

jewelry articles

(611 & 613).

Job Fabricates and repairs jewelry articles, such as rings, brooches, pendants, bracelets,

Summary and lockets.

Statement:

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH PEOPLE AND THINGS

Sentence (people) Informs (6) patrons to entertain (297) patrons (919).

Analysis:

(things) Operates (3) mechanical to entertain (297) patrons (919).

riding equipment
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Job Operates or informs patrons how to operate mechanical riding devices at amusement
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Summary park.

Statement:

SIGNIFICANT INVOLVEMENT WITH DATA, PEOPLE, AND THINGS

Sentence (data) Coordinates (1) treatment pro- to treat (294)

Analysis: cedures of patients

(people) Advises (0) dental patients to treat (294)

(things) Precision works (1) dental in- to treat (294)

struments

dental problems

(922).

dental problems

(922).

dental problems

(922).

Job Diagnoses and treats diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums, and

Summary related oral structures.

Statement:

6-3
When using the Work Performed components, do not confuse MTEWA and MPSMS. Machines

and equipment are listed in MPSMS categories when they constitute materials or products for certain

jobs, and should be used for MPSMS only where they apply as materials or products. These same ma-

chines or equipment, when used to complete a function (immediate object of a things verb through which

the action of the verb or Work Function is performed) are not considered materials or products, but as

MTEWA. A job in which the worker builds or repairs a machine is assigned the MPSMS code for that

machine. A job in which the worker operates or sets up a machine is assigned the MPSMS of what

the machine processes or produces. Finally, note that in some instances for a machine-related things job,

the statement derived through the sentence analysis technique may approximate the Job Summary state-

ment.

6-4
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CHAPTER 7

GENERAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

General Educational Development (GED), a component of Worker Characteristics, embraces those

aspects of education (formal and informal) which contribute to the worker's (a) reasoning development

and ability to follow instructions, and (b) acquisition of "tool" knowledge such as language and mathe-

matical skills. This is education of a general nature which does not have a recognized, fairly specific

occupational objective. Ordinarily, such education is obtained in elementary school, high school, or col-

lege. However, it may be obtained from experience and self-study.

DIVISIONS OF GED SCALE

The GED Scale is composed of three divisions: Reasoning Development, Mathematical Develop-

ment, and Language Development. Each should be considered and rated independently of the others

in evaluating the levels required for a job. In theory Mathematics and Language are components of Rea-

soning; therefore, Reasoning should have at least as high a rating as the higher one assigned for Mathe-

matics or Language.

RATIONALE FOR GED SCALE DEFINITIONS

The description of the various levels of language and mathematical development are based on the

curriculum taught in schools throughout the United States. An analysis of mathematics courses in school

curriculums reveals distinct levels of progression in the primary and secondary grades and in college.

These levels of progression facilitated the selection and assignment of six levels of GED for the mathe-

matical development scale.

However, though language courses follow a similar pattern of progression in primary and secondary

school, particularly in learning and applying the principles of grammar, this pattern changes at the college

level. The diversity of language courses offered at the college level precludes the establishment of distinct

levels of language progression for these four years. Consequently, language development is limited to

five defined levels of GED.

A sample of job-worker situations for each GED level has been placed on a scale. These situation

descriptions do not include all work devices that may be used by the worker. However, they have been

written to make the GED level of each as explicit as possible. These situations have been written to

make their level value as explicit as possible. Since the discrimination by level is dependent on a verbal

expression, it is not precise. Familiarity with the total range of illustrative situations should contribute,

however, to the use and application of the scales.

7-1
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Scale of General Education Development (GED)

LEVEL

REASONING DEVELOPMENT

MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Apply principles of logical or scientific

Advanced calculus:

Same as Level 5.

thinking to a wide range of intellec-

Work with limits, continuity, real num-

tual and practical problems. Deal

ber systems, mean value theorems,

with nonverbal symbolism (formulas,

and implicit function theorems.

scientific equations, graphs, musical

Modern Algebra:

notes, etc.) in its most difficult

Apply fundamental concepts of theo-

phases. Deal with a variety of ab-

ries of groups, rings, and fields.

stract and concrete variables. Ap-

Work with differential equations, lin-

prehend the most abstruse classes

ear algebra, infinite series, ad-

of concepts.

vanced operations methods, and

functions of real and complex varia-

bles.

Statistics:

Work with mathematical statistics,

mathematical probability and appli-

cations, experimental design, statis-

tical inference, and econometrics.

Apply principles of logical or scientific

Algebra:

Reading:
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thinking to define problems, collect

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Work with exponents and logarithms,

Read literature, book and play re-

data, establish facts, and draw valid

linear equations, quadratic equa-

views, scientific and technical jour-

conclusions. Interpret an extensive

tions, mathematical induction and bi-

nals, abstracts, financial reports, and

variety of technical instructions in

nomial theorem, and permutations.

legal documents.

mathematical or diagrammatic form.

Calculus:

Writing:

Deal with several abstract and con-

Apply concepts of analytic geometry,

Write novels, plays, editorials, journals,

crete variables.

differentiations, and integration of al-

speeches, manuals, critiques, poet-

gebraic functions with applications.

ry, and songs.

Statistics:

Speaking:

Apply mathematical operations to fre-

Coversant in the theory, principles,

quency distributions, reliability and

and methods of effective and per-

validity of tests, normal curve, analy-

suasive speaking, voice and diction,

sis of variance, correlation tech-

Scale of General Education Development (GED)—Continued

LEVEL

REASONING DEVELOPMENT

MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Apply commonsense understanding to

Compute discount, interest, profit and

Reading:

carry out instructions furnished in

loss; commission, markup, and sell-

Read a variety of novels, magazines,

written, oral, or diagrammatic form.

ing price; ratio and proportion; and

atlases, and encyclopedias.

Deal with problems involving several

percentage. Calculate surfaces, vol-

Read safety rules, instructions in the

concrete variables in or from stand-

umes, weights, and measures.

use and maintenance of shop tools

ardized situations.

Algebra:

and equipment, and methods and

Calculate variables and formulas;

procedures in mechanical drawing

monomials and polynomials; ratio

and layout work.

and proportion variables; and square

Writing:

roots and radicals.

Write reports and essays with proper

Geometry:

format, punctuation, spelling, and

Calculate plane and solid figures, cir-

grammar, using all parts of speech.

cumference, area, and volume. Un-

Speaking:
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derstand kinds of angles and prop-

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Speak before an audience with poise,

erties of pairs of angles.

voice control, and confidence, using

correct English and well-modulated

voice.

Apply commonsense understanding to

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide all

Reading:

carry out detailed but uninvolved

units of measure. Perform the four

Passive vocabulary of 5,000-6,000

written or oral instructions. Deal with

operations with like common and

words. Read at rate of 190-215

problems involving a few concrete

decimal fractions. Compute ratio,

words per minute. Read adventure

variables in or from standardized sit-

rate, and percent. Draw and inter-

stories and comic books, looking up

uations.

pret bar graphs. Perform arithmetic

unfamiliar words in dictionary for

operations involving all American

meaning, spelling, and pronuncia-

monetary units.

tion. Read instructions for assem-

bling model cars and airplanes.

Writing:

Write compound and complex sen-

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF GED LEVELS

REASONING DEVELOPMENT

Level 1

Apply commonsense understanding to carry out simple one- or two-step instructions. Deal with

standardized situations with occasional or no variables in or from these situations encountered

on the job.

R-1:1 Mark size, lot number, contents, or other identifying information or symbols on containers or

directly on articles by placing stencil on object and rubbing ink or paint brush across open

lettering.

R-1:2 Covers drycleaned clothing and household articles with plastic bags, and sorts articles for route

delivery. Hangs drycleaned articles on rail according to route number or color of drycleaning

ticket.

R-1:3 Scans rags for hardware such as buttons and snaps, and holds rags against rotating blade that

cuts hardware from rags and cuts rags into specified size. Sorts rags into bins according to

color and fabric.

R-1:4 Tends bandsaw that cuts wooden stock for toys and games. Stacks number of pieces of stock

on cutting table against preset ripping fence. Pushes cutting table against saw until stock is

severed. Drops cut pieces into tote box.

R-1:5 Feeds eggs into machine that removes earth, straw, and other residue from egg surface prior

to shipment. Places eggs in holder that carries them into machine where rotating brushes or

water sprays remove residue.

R-1:6 Removes cleaned eggs from discharge trough and packs them in cases for shipment.

Level 2

Apply commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instruc-

tions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized situations.

R-2:1 Guards street crossing during school hours when children are going to and from school. Directs

actions of children and traffic at street intersections to ensure safe crossing. Records license

numbers of vehicles disregarding traffic signals and reports them to police.

R-2:2 Delivers messages, documents, packages, and other items to offices or departments within es-

tablishments or to other business concerns by walking, using bicycle or motor cycle, or riding

public conveyances.

R-2:3 Screws watch balance and balance bridge assembly to pillar plate. Places pillar plate in holding

fixture and positions balance and bridge assembly on plate, securing it with screws. Tests bal-

ance for vertical play by gently moving it up and down with tweezers, determining from experi-

ence if shake is within acceptable limits. Touches oil-filled hypodermic needle to jewel to oil

lower balance jewel prior to assembling. Observes minute parts with aid of loupe and handles

parts with tweezers.

R-2:4 Assists customer to launder or dryclean clothes, using self-service equipment. Gives instructions
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to customer in clothes preparations, such as weighing, sorting, fog-spraying spots, and removing
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perishable buttons. Assigns machine and points out posted instructions regarding equipment op-

eration.

7-4
Level 3

Apply commonsense understanding to carry out instructions furnished in written, oral, or dia-

grammatic form. Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in or from standard-

ized situations.

R-3:l Operates cord or cordless switchboard to provide answering service for clients. Greets caller

and announces name or phone number of client. Records and delivers messages, furnishes infor-

mation, accepts orders, and relays calls. Places telephone calls at request of client or to locate

client in emergencies. Files messages.

R-3:2 Requisitions transportation from motor, railroad, and airline companies to ship plant products.

Reads shipping orders to determine quantity and type of transportation needed. Contacts compa-

ny to make arrangements and to issue instructions for loading products. Annotates shipping or-

ders to inform shipping department of loading locations and time of arrival of transportation.

R-3:3 Installs and adjusts television receivers and antennas, using handtools. Selects antenna according

to type of set and location of transmitting station. Secures antenna in place with bracket and

guy wire, observing insurance codes and local ordinances to protect installation from lightning

and other hazards. Tunes receiver on all channels and adjusts screws to obtain desired density,

linearity, focus, and size of picture.

R-3:4 Sets up and adjusts compression, injection, or transfer machines used to mold plastic materials

to specified shape. Adjusts stroke of ram, using handtools. Connects steam, oil, or water lines

to mold or regulates controls to regulate mold temperature. Sets machine controls to regulate

forming pressure of machine and curing time of plastic in mold.

Level 4

Apply principles of rational systems to solve practical problems and deal with a variety of con-

crete variables in situations where only limited standardization exists. Interpret a variety of in-

structions furnished in written, oral, diagrammatic, or schedule form.

R-4:1 Plans layout and installs and repairs wiring, electrical fixtures, apparatus, and control equip-

ment. Plans new or modified installations according to specifications and electrical code. Pre-

pares sketches showing locations of all wiring and equipment or follows diagrams or blueprints

prepared by others. Tests continuity of circuit to ensure electrical compatibility and safety of

all components, using standard instruments such as ohmmeter, battery, and oscilloscope.

R-4:2 Inspects internal combustion engine for conformance to blueprints and specifications, using

measuring instruments and handtools. Reviews test data to locate assemblies and parts not func-

tioning according to specifications. Measures dimensions of disassembled parts and assemblies,

such as pistons, valves, bearings, and injectors, using scale, micrometers, special tools, and

gauging setups. Compares measurements against specifications to locate faulty parts.

R-4:3 Draws and letters charts, schedules, and graphs to illustrate specified data, such as wage trends,

absenteeism, labor turnover, and employment needs, using drafting instruments, such as ruling

and lettering pens, T-squares, and straightedge or using drafting software and computer termi-
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nal.
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R-4:4 Schedules appointments, gives information to callers, takes dictation, and relieves officials of

minor administrative and business details. Reads and routes incoming mail. Composes and types

routine correspondence. Greets visitors, ascertains nature of business, and conducts visitors to

appropriate person.

R-4:5 Cares for patients and children in private homes, hospitals, sanitariums, and similar institutions.

Takes and records temperature, pulse, and respiration rate. Gives standard medications as direct-

ed by physician or nurse. Sterilizes equipment and supplies, using germicides, sterilizer, or

autoclave. Prepares food trays, feeds patients, and records food and liquid intake and output.

7-5
Level 5

Apply principles of logical or scientific thinking to define problems, collect data, establish facts,

and draw valid conclusions. Interpret an extensive variety of technical instructions in mathemat-

ical or diagrammatic form. Deal with several abstract and concrete variables.

R-5:1 Interviews persons with problems, such as personal and family maladjustment, lack of finances,

unemployment, and physical and mental impairment, to determine nature and degree of prob-

lems. Obtains and evaluates patient data, such as physical, psychological, and social factors.

Counsels patients individually or in groups and assists them to plan for solution of problems.

R-5:2 Studies clerical and statistical methods in commercial or industrial establishments to develop

improved and standardized procedures. Consults supervisors and clerical workers to ascertain

functions of offices or sections, methods used, and personnel requirements. Prepares reports on

procedures and tasks of individual workers.

R-5:3 Interviews property holders and adjusts damage claims resulting from activities connected with

prospecting, drilling, and production of oil and gas, and laying of pipelines on private property.

Examines property titles to determine their validity and acts as company agent in transactions

with property owners. Investigates and assesses damage to crops, fences, and other properties

and negotiates claim settlements with property owners. Collects and prepares evidence to sup-

port contested damage in court.

R-5:4 Studies traffic conditions on urban or rural arteries from fixed position, vehicle, or helicopter

to detect unsafe or congested conditions and to observe locations of alternative routes. Evaluates

statistical and physical data supplied by engineering department regarding such considerations

as vehicle count per mile, load capacity of pavement, feasibility of widening pavement, and

projected traffic load in future.

R-5:5 Prepares and conducts inservice training for company personnel. Evaluates training needs in

order to develop educational materials for improving performance standards. Performs research

relating to course preparation and presentation. Compiles data for use in writing manuals,

handbooks, and other training aids. Develops teaching outlines and lesson plans, determines

content and duration of courses, and selects appropriate instructional procedures based on analy-

sis of training requirements for company personnel.

R-5:6 Renders general nursing care to patients in hospital, infirmary, sanitarium, or similar institution.

Administers prescribed medications and treatments in accordance with approved techniques.

Prepares equipment, and aids physician during treatments and examinations of patients. Ob-

serves, records, and reports to supervisor or physician patients' conditions, reactions to drugs,

treatments, and significant incidents.

Level 6

Apply principles of logical or scientific thinking to a wide range of intellectual and practical

problems. Deal with nonverbal symbolism (formulas, scientific equations, graphs, musical notes,

etc.) in its most difficult phases. Deal with a variety of abstract and concrete variables. Compre-
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hend the most abstruse classes of concepts.

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R-6:1 Designs and conducts experiments to study problems in human and animal behavior. Formulates

hypotheses and experimental designs to investigate problems of growth, intelligence, learning,

personality, and sensory processes. Selects, controls, and modifies variables in laboratory ex-

periments with humans and animals. Analyzes data and evaluates its significance in relation

to original hypotheses.

R-6:2 Reconstructs records of extinct cultures, especially preliterate cultures. Studies, classifies, and

interprets artifacts, architectural features, and types of structures to determine their age and cul-

tural identity. Establishes chronological sequence of development of each culture from simpler

to more advanced levels.

7-6
R-6:3 Arbitrates, advises, and administers justice in a court of law. Establishes rules of procedures

on questions for which standard procedures have not been established by law or by a superior

court. Examines evidence in criminal cases to determine if charges are true or to determine

if evidence will support charge. Instructs jury on application of facts to questions of law.

R-6:4 Interprets results of experiments in physics, formulates theories consistent with data obtained,

and predicts results of experiments designed to detect and measure previously unobserved phys-

ical phenomena. Applies mathematical methods to solution of physical problems.

R-6:5 Plans, organizes, and conducts research for use in understanding social problems and for plan-

ning and carrying out social welfare programs. Develops research designs on basis of existing

knowledge and evolving theory. Constructs and tests methods of collecting data. Collects infor-

mation and makes judgments through observation and interviews, and review of documents.

Analyzes and evaluates data. Interprets methods employed and findings to individuals within

agency and community.

MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT

Level 1

Add and subtract two-digit numbers. Multiply and divide 10's and 100's by 2, 3, 4, 5. Perform

the four basic arithmetic operations with coins as part of a dollar. Perform operations with units

such as cup, pint, and quart; inch, foot, and yard; ounce and pound.

M-1:1 Weighs items as a part of the packing process, using balance scales. Places container on scale

and adds to or removes portion of contents from container until scale registers specified weight.

M-1:2 Dips sheets of muslin in shellac, tacks sheets in layers on stretcher frame to dry, and measures

and cuts dried fabric into squares of specified size, using tape measure and shears.

M-l:3 Transfers hog-back skins from vat to grading table and measures size and length of skin on

graduated board. Separates skins according to size.

M-1:4 Counts novelty case parts to verify amount specified on work ticket and stacks and bundles

parts prior to spraying.

M-1:5 Tends battery of automatic machines equipped with circular knives that cut paper tubing into

containers for shotgun shells. Fills hopper with tubes and starts machine. Verifies length of con-

tainers for conformance to standards, using fixed gauge.

Level 2

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide all units of measure. Perform the four operations with like

common and decimal fractions. Compute ratio, rate, and percent. Draw and interpret bar

graphs. Perform arithmetic operations involving all American monetary units.

M-2:1 Measures, marks, and cuts carpeting and linoleum with knife to get maximum number of usable

pieces from standard size rolls, following floor dimensions or diagrams.

M-2:2 Measures width of pleats in women's garments, using yardstick. Counts number of pleats in

garment and multiplies the number by the price per pleat to determine service charge for clean-

ing garment.
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M-2:3 Weighs and measures specified quantities of ingredients of infant formulas, using scales, grad-
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uated measures, and spoons. Computes number of calories per fluid ounce of formula.

M-2:4 Sells cigars, cigarettes, corsages, and novelties to patrons in hotels, nightclubs, and restaurants.

Collects cash for items sold and makes change.

7-7
M-2:5 Drives truck to transport materials to specified destinations such as railroad stations, plants, or

residences. Calculates amount of bill and delivery charge, collects payment for goods deliv-

ered, making change as necessary.

Level 3

Compute discount, interest, profit, and loss; commission, markup, and selling price; ratio and

proportion; and percentage. Calculate surfaces, volume, weights, and measures.

ALGEBRA: Calculate variables and formulas; monomials and polynomials; ratio and propor-

tion variables; and square roots and radicals.

GEOMETRY: Calculate plane and solid figures, circumference, area, and volume. Understand

kinds of angles and properties of pairs of angles.

M-3:1 Computes wages and posts wage data to payroll records. Computes earnings from timesheets

and work tickets, using calculator. Operates posting machine to compute and subtract deduc-

tions, such as income tax withholdings, social security payments, and insurance.

M-3:2 Rents automobiles to customers at hotels and transportation stations. Computes cost of rental,

based on per-day and per-mile rates.

M-3:3 Receives cash from customers in payment for goods or services and records amounts received.

Computes bill, itemized lists, and tickets showing amount due, using adding machine or cash

register. Makes change and cashes checks.

M-3:4 Measures tensile strength, hardness, ductility, or other physical properties of metal specimens

on various types of testing machines. Calculates values, such as unit tensile strength and per-

centage elongation.

M-3:5 Controls purification unit to remove impurities such as moisture and oxygen from helium gas

used in balloons. Calculates amount of gas transferred, using slide rule.

Level 4

ALGEBRA: Deal with system of real numbers; linear, quadratic, rational, exponential, loga-

rithmic, angle and circular functions, and inverse functions; related algebraic so-

lution of equations and inequalities; limits and continuity and probability and

statistical inference.

GEOMETRY: Deductive axiomatic geometry, plane and solid, and rectangular coordinates.

SHOP Practical application of fractions, percentages, ratio and proportion, measure-

MATH: ment, logarithms, practical algebra, geometric constructions, and essentials of

trigonometry.

M-4:1 Inspects flat glass and compiles defect data based on samples to determine variances from ac-

ceptable quality limits. Calculates standard control tolerances for flat glass, using algebraic for-

mulas, plotting curves, and drawing graphs.

M-4:2 Keeps records of financial transactions of establishment. Balances books and compiles reports

to show statistics, such as cash receipts and expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, prof-

it and loss, and other items pertinent to operation of business.

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M-4:3 Calculates tonnage and prepares tonnage report of ship's cargo for assessment of port traffic.
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Converts metric measurements of foreign manifests into pounds and cubic feet, using formulas

and calculating machine.

M-4:4 Lays out and cuts plastic patterns used for pantograph engraving according to sketches or blue-

prints, using drafting instruments and engraving tools. Establishes reference points on plastic

sheet and computes layout dimensions, following blueprints.

7-8
M-4:5 Surveys earth's surface, using surveying instruments, and oversees engineering survey party en-

gaged in determining exact location and measurements of points, elevations, lines, areas, and

contours of earth's surface to secure data used for construction, mapmaking, land valuation,

mining, or other purposes. Verifies by calculations accuracy of survey data secured.

Level 5

ALGEBRA: Work with exponents and logarithms, linear equations, quadratic equations,

mathematical induction and binomial theorem, and permutations.

CALCULUS: Apply concepts of analytic geometry, differentiations, and integration of algebra-

ic functions with applications.

STATISTICS: Apply mathematical operations to frequency distributions, reliability and validity

of tests, normal curve, analysis of variance, correlation techniques, chi-square

application and sampling theory, and factor analysis.

M-5:1 Plans survey and collects, organizes, interprets, summarizes, and analyzes numerical data on

sampling or complete enumeration bases. Evaluates reliability of sources of data, adjusts and

weighs raw data, and organizes and summarizes data into tabular forms amenable to analysis

of variance and principles of statistical inference.

M-5:2 Develops, fabricates, assembles, calibrates, and tests electronic systems and components used

in aircraft and missile production and testing operations. Establishes circuit layout dimensions

by mathematical calculations and principles.

M-5:3 Applies knowledge of mathematics, probability, statistics, principles of finance and business to

problems in life and health insurance, annuities, and pensions. Constructs probability tables re-

garding fire, natural disasters, and unemployment, based on analysis of statistical data and other

pertinent information.

N4-5:4 Applies principles of accounting to install and maintain general accounting system. Designs new

system or modifies existing system to provide records of assets, liabilities, and financial transac-

tions of establishment.

M-5:5 Plans, designs, conducts, and analyzes results of experiments to study problems in human and

animal behavior. Analyzes test results, using statistical techniques, and evaluates significance

of data in relation to original hypothesis.

Level 6

ADVANCED Work with limits, continuity, real number systems, mean value theorems, and

CALCULUS: implicit function theorems.

MODERN Apply fundamental concepts of theories of groups, rings, and fields. Work with

ALGEBRA: differential equations, linear algebra, infinite series, advanced operational meth-

ods, and functions of real and complex variables.

STATISTICS: Work with mathematical statistics, mathematical probability and application, ex-

perimental design, statistical inference, and econometrics.

M-6:1 Conducts and oversees analyses of aerodynamic and thermodynamic systems and aerophysics
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problems to determine suitability of design for aircraft and missiles. Establishes computational
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procedures for and methods of analyzing problems.

M-6:2 Analyzes physical systems, formulates mathematical models of systems, and sets up and oper-

ates analog computer to solve scientific and engineering problems. Prepares mathematical model

of problem, applying principles of advanced calculus and differential equations.

M-6:3 Observes and interprets celestial phenomena and relates research to basic scientific knowledge

or to practical problems such as navigation. Determines mathematically sizes, shapes, bright-

ness, spectra, motions, and positions of sun, moon, planets, stars, nebulas, and galaxies.

7-9
M-6:4 Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and solves or directs solutions to problems in

research, development, production, and other activities by mathematical methods. Conceives

and develops ideas for application of mathematics such as algebra, geometry, number theory,

logic, and topology.

M-6:5 Conducts research into phases of physical phenomena, develops theories and laws on basis of

observation and experiments, and devises methods to apply laws and theory of physics to indus-

try, medicine, and other fields. Describes and expresses observations and conclusions in mathe-

matical terms.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Level 1

READING: Recognize meaning of 2,500 (two- or three-syllable) words. Read at rate of 95-

120 words per minute. Compare similarities and differences between words and

between series of numbers.

WRITING: Print simple sentences containing subject, verb, and object, series of numbers,

names, and addresses.

SPEAKING: Speak simple sentences, using normal word order and present and past tenses.

L-1:1 Delivers telephone directories to residence and business establishments, following oral instruc-

tions or address list.

L-1:2 Obtains reels of motion picture film from stock as specified on shipping order. Wraps paper

band bearing film identification around each reel, ties reels with string, and sets them aside

for shipment.

L-1:3 Pastes labels and tax stamps on filled whiskey bottles passing on conveyor. Looks at bottles

to ascertain that labels and stamps have been correctly applied. Packs whiskey bottles in car-

tons. Pastes identification labels onto cartons.

L-1:4 Packs small arms ammunition in bandoleer belt pockets. Compares ammunition identification

data stenciled on belt with work order to ensure packing of correct caliber cartridges. Places

cardboard separator between two filled ammunition clips and slides them into cardboard packet.

Level 2

READING: Passive vocabulary of 5,000-6,000 words. Read at rate of 190-215 words per

minute. Read adventure stories and comic books, looking up unfamiliar words

in dictionary for meaning, spelling, and pronunciation. Read instructions for as-

sembling model cars and airplanes.

WRITING: Write compound and complex sentences, using proper end punctuation and em-

ploying adjectives and adverbs.

SPEAKING: Speak clearly and distinctly with appropriate pauses and emphasis, correct pro-

nunciation, variations in word order, using present, perfect, and future tenses.

L-2:l Announces availability of seats and starting time of show. Answers such questions as length

of performances, coming attractions, and locations of telephones or rest rooms.

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L-2:2 Delivers messages, documents, packages, and other items to offices or departments within es-
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tablishment.

L-2:3 Tends machines and equipment that grind, mix, form, and cook raw fish to make fishcakes.

Places paste in mixing machine and adds specified amounts of flour, water, and spices.

L-2:4 Fills requisitions, work orders, or requests for materials, tools, or other stock items. Prepares

and attaches shipping tags to containers. Keeps records of materials or items received or distrib-

uted.

7-10
L-2:5 Serves food to patrons at counters and tables of coffee shops, lunchrooms, and other dining

establishments. Presents menu, answers questions, and makes suggestions regarding food and

services.

Level 3

READING: Read a variety of novels, magazines, atlases, and encyclopedias. Read safety

rules, instructions in the use and maintenance of shop tools and equipment, and

methods and procedures in mechanical drawing and layout work.

gram-

WRITING: Write reports and essays with proper format, punctuation, spelling, and

mar, using all parts of speech.

SPEAKING: Speak before audience with poise, voice control, and confidence, using correct

English and well-modulated voice.

L-3:1 Types letters, reports, stencils, forms, addresses, or straight-copy materials from rough draft or

corrected copy. Files correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts, and other records in alphabeti-

cal or numerical order or according to subject matter, phonetic spelling, or some other system.

L-3:2 Renders personal service to railroad passengers to make their trip pleasant and comfortable.

Greets passengers and answers questions about train schedules, travel routes, and railway serv-

ices.

L-3:3 Keeps records of products returned to manufacturer to credit customer's account, to replace

damaged merchandise, or to file damage claims. Verifies incoming items against bills of lading.

Prepares routing and shipping forms on outgoing items.

L-3:4 Drives truck over established route to deliver, sell, and display products or render services.

Calls on prospective customers to solicit new business. Writes delivery orders.

L-3:5 Services automobiles, buses, trucks, and other automotive vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and ac-

cessories. Prepares daily report of fuel, oil, and accessories sold. Answers customers' questions

regarding location of streets and highways, points of interest, and recreational areas.

Level 4

READING: Read novels, poems, newspapers, periodicals, journals, manuals, dictionaries,

thesauruses, and encyclopedias.

WRITING: Prepare business letters, expositions, summaries, and reports, using prescribed

format and conforming to all rules of punctuation, grammar, diction, and style.

SPEAKING: Participate in panel discussions, dramatizations, and debates. Speak extempora-

neously on a variety of subjects.

L-4:1 Composes letters in reply to correspondence concerning such items as request for merchandise,

damage claims, credit information, delinquent accounts, or to request information. Reads incom-

ing correspondence, types or dictates reply, or selects and completes form letters.

L-4:2 Interviews applicants to obtain such information as age, marital status, work experience, educa-

tion, training, and occupational interest.

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L-4:3 Compiles lists of prospective customers to provide leads to sell insurance. Contacts prospective
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customers, explains features of policies, and recommends amount and type of coverage based

on analyses of prospects' circumstances.

L-4:4 Inspects and tests storage batteries in process of manufacture to verify conformity with specifi-

cations. Records inspection and test results, compares them with specifications, and writes re-

ports for use in correcting manufacturing defects.

7-11
L-4:5 Repairs and overhauls automobiles, buses, trucks, and other automotive vehicles. Reads techni-

cal manuals and other instructional materials.

Level 5

READING: Read literature, book and play reviews, scientific and technical journals, ab-

stracts, financial reports, and legal documents.

WRITING: Write novels, plays, editorials, journals, speeches, manuals, critiques, poetry, and

songs.

SPEAKING: Conversant in the theory, principles, and methods of effective and persuasive

speaking, voice and diction, phonetics, and discussion and debate.

L-5:1 Introduces various types of radio and television programs, interviews guests, and acts as master

of ceremonies. Describes public events, such as parades and conventions, and reads news

flashes and advertising copies during broadcasts.

L-5:2 Instructs students in techniques of public speaking and oral reading to develop effective speech

and delivery in them. Teaches enunciation of words, intonation, gestures, and other disciplines

of voice and delivery.

L-5:3 Collects and analyzes facts about newsworthy events by interview, investigation, or observation,

and writes newspaper stories that conform to prescribed editorial techniques and format. Inter-

views persons and observes events and writes story, referring to reference books, newspaper

files, or other authoritative sources to secure additional relevant facts.

L-5:4 Writes service manuals and related technical publications concerned with installation, operation,

and maintenance of electronic, electrical, mechanical, and other equipment. Interviews workers

to acquire or verify technical knowledge of subject. Rewrites articles, bulletins, manuals, or

similar publications.

L-5:5 Assists legal representatives in preparation of written contracts covering other than standardized

agreements. Reviews agreement for conformity to company rates, rules, and regulations. Writes

agreement in contractual form and obtains necessary legal department approval.

Level 6

(Same as Level 5)'

L-6:1 Directs editorial activities of newspaper and negotiates with production, advertising, and circula-

tion department heads. Confers with editorial policy committee and negotiates with department

heads to establish policies and reach decisions affecting publications. Writes leading or policy

editorials on specific public issues.

L-6:2 Plans, organizes, and conducts research for use in understanding social problems and for plan-

ning and carrying out social welfare programs. Constructs and tests methods of data collection.

Collects, analyzes, and evaluates data. Writes reports containing descriptive, analytical, and

evaluative content; interprets methods employed; and submits findings to individuals within

agency and community.

L-6:3 Conducts and oversees analyses of aerodynamic and thermodynamic systems and aerophysics
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problems to determine suitability of design for aircraft and missiles. Evaluates test data and
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interprets established data to others. Prepares reports covering such subjects as power plant in-

stallation, thermal ice protection, air-conditioning, pressurization, and heat transfer.

'The diversity of language courses offered at the college level precludes distinguishing the two top levels of language develop-

ment from each other by specific definitions. Instead, the college levels are characterized as a continuum, during which time

language content remains the same but is progressively refined or specialized. Therefore, Levels 5 and 6 of language develop-

ment share the same definition. Level 6 represents more advanced development of the definition content.

7-12
L-6:4 Advises corporations concerning legal rights, obligations, and privileges. Studies Constitution,

statutes, decisions, and ordinances. Examines legal data to determine advisability of defending

or prosecuting lawsuit.

L-6:5 Teaches one or more subjects, such as economics, chemistry, law, or medicine, within a pre-

scribed curriculum. Prepares and delivers lectures to students. Reviews current literature in

field of study. Writes articles for publication in professional journals.

PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING AND RECORDING GED REQUIREMENTS

Determine the level of General Educational Development required for a worker to acquire the back-

ground knowledge and follow the instructions in the specific job-worker situation. Evaluate the job tasks

in terms of the three categories of the GED scale. After determining the level required for Reasoning,

Math, and Language, based on comparison of job duties with definitions and benchmarks in the HAJ,

enter the level number for each category in Item 9 of the JAR.

7-13
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Generated on 2012-11-20 23:38 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033045832
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CHAPTER 8

SPECIFIC VOCATIONAL PREPARATION

Specific Vocational Preparation (SVP), a component of Worker Characteristics, is defined as the

amount of lapsed time required by a typical worker to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and

develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job-worker situation. Lapsed time is

not the same as work time. For example, 30 days is approximately 1 month of lapsed time and not six

5-day work weeks, and 3 months refers to 3 calendar months and not 90 work days.

This training may be acquired in a school, work, military, institutional, or vocational environment.

It does not include the orientation time required of a fully qualified worker to become accustomed to

the special conditions of any new job. Nor does it include that amount of time that a worker spends

to learn the reasoning, language, and mathematical skills which are often learned in school and which

are also necessary for a person to be able to function in society. Within job analysis, a difficulty factor

is assigned to this latter component (General Educational Development); a time factor is not. Specific

vocational training includes:

a. vocational education (high school; commercial or shop training; technical school; art school;

and that part of college training which is organized around a specific vocational objective);

b. apprenticeship training (for apprenticeable jobs only);

c. inplant training (organized classroom study provided by an employer);

d. on-the-job training (serving as learner or trainee on the job under the instruction of a qualified

worker);

e. essential experience in other jobs (serving in less responsible jobs which lead to the higher

grade job or serving in other jobs which qualify).

SCALE OF SPECIFIC VOCATIONAL PREPARATION

Level Time'

1 Short demonstration only

2 Anything beyond short demonstration up to and including 1 month

3 Over 1 month up to and including 3 months

4 Over 3 months up to and including 6 months

5 Over 6 months up to and including 1 year

6 Over 1 year up to and including 2 years

7 Over 2 years up to and including 4 years

8 Over 4 years up to and including 10 years

9 Over 10 years

NOTE: The levels of this scale are mutually exclusive and do not overlap.

'Time that applies to General Educational Development is not considered in estimating Specific Vocational Preparation.

8-1
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A sample of job-worker situations for each SVP level has been placed on a scale. These situations

have been provided to aid the analyst in rating the specific vocational preparation level for each job.

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF SVP LEVELS

Level 1 Short demonstration only

1:1 Inserts corrected, typed word in copy prior to photostating. Cuts out misspelled words, using razor.

Fastens corrected word to tape and inserts in cutout area.

1:2 Feeds eggs into machine that removes earth, straw, and other residue from egg surface prior to

shipment. Places eggs in holder that carries them into machine for washing. Removes cleaned eggs

from discharge trough and packs them in cases.

1:3 Plants seedling in predetermined forest areas. Carries plants wrapped in wet moss and digs holes

of prescribed size, using mattock. Places seedling in hole and tamps dirt around plant with foot.

Paces off specified distance to next site and repeats planting process.

1:4 Feeds cylindrical stock into one or more threading machines. Shovels, dumps, or inserts material

in hopper of machine that automatically threads stock. Carries or wheels filled and empty contain-

ers to and from machine.

1:5 Examines paper winding on reel for defects, such as spots, holes, and wrinkles, and inserts strip

of paper in roll to flag defects for removal at cutting and rewinding machine.

1:6 Assists operator in winding unfinished cloth into skeins by feeding and off bearing reeling ma-

chine. Lifts end of cloth roll and mounts roll in box or bar of reeling machine. Observes cloth

being wound and guides it into even skeins on reel.

1:7 Fills glasses with tap beer and hands them to waiters who serve patrons. Inserts taps in unopened

barrels.

1:8 Sets up pins in bowling alley and returns thrown balls to customer. Spots pins on pegs in floor

or places them in rack which lowers pins into position. Returns balls to players by rolling them

along inclined runway.

1:9 Feeds farm products, such as stripped hop vines, hay, and corn stalks, into machine that chops

them and blows them into storage bin or silo. Pitches material onto feed conveyors. Rakes up

spilled material.

1:10 Weighs and records weight of materials, such as cotton, sugarcane, paper, and tobacco, to keep

production, receiving, or other records. Reads dial to ascertain weight of object and records weight

on ticket or material or inserts ticket into automatic recorder that prints weight on ticket.

Level 2 Anything beyond short demonstration up to and including 30 days

2:1 Obtains credit information, such as status of installment accounts, on individuals from credit de-

partments of business and service establishments, using telephone, facsimile, or written correspond-

ence. Copies information onto form to provide current information for credit record on file.

2:2 Selects talking books for mailing to blind library patrons. Compares borrower's written request

with list of available titles. Selects books, following borrower's request, or selects substitute titles,

following such criteria as age, education, and interest of borrower.

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2:3 Changes bills or coins of large denomination into smaller units for convenience of patrons at
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places of amusement, such as penny arcades, carnivals, and gambling establishments. Cashes

checks that are endorsed and approved by management.

2:4 Lifts green-clay products, such as brick, roofing tile, or quarry floor tile, from press-conveyor belt

and stacks them in specified pattern on kiln car, drier rack, or pallet.

8-2
2:5 Trims fat, skin, tendons, tissues, and ragged edges from meat cuts, such as loins, hams, sirloins,

and chops, using meathook and knife. Trims fatback from hog bellies and cuts bellies into speci-

fied shapes, using knife. Trims meat and fat from bones and places trimmings and bones in sepa-

rate containers.

2:6 Assists patrons at entertainment events in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and locating

such facilities as rest rooms and telephones. Distributes programs to patrons.

2:7 Drives cars between parking lot and entrance to restaurant, department store, or other establishment

rendering parking service to patrons.

2:8 Tests blood of poultry to ascertain presence of pullorum disease. Pricks vein in bird's wing, using

needle. Collects blood on wire loop and drops blood into pullorum reactor. Examines blood for

specks that indicate presence of pullorum disease.

2:9 Dips metal parts into molten solder to bond them together using any combination of following

methods: (1) twists, crimps, or holds parts together and dips them in solder for specified time;

(2) dips parts separately and solders them together, using soldering iron; (3) clamps workpiece

onto fixture and depresses lever to lower workpiece into solder pot.

Level 3 Over 30 days up to and including 3 months

3:1 Attaches tickets to cut garment parts to identify parts cut from same layer of cloth and to identify

parts that match in shade for assembly into one garment. Staples tickets to parts, using hand sta-

pler. Positions ticket and garment part under head of stapling machine and depresses pedal of ma-

chine that staples ticket to part.

3:2 Drives truck over established route to collect coins and refill vending machines. Loads truck with

supplies according to written or verbal instructions. Drives truck to establishment, collects coins,

refills machine, and records amount of money collected. Reports malfunctioning machines to main-

tenance department for repairs.

3:3 Cares for animals under treatment for disease, injury, or for production of serums in animal hospi-

tal. Sterilizes surgical instruments and other equipment, such as rubber gloves and syringes, using

germicides and autoclave. Administers anesthetics and medications under direction of veterinarian.

Bathes and brushes animals and clips their hair and nails.

3:4 Attends to personal needs of handicapped children in school to receive specialized academic and

physical training. Wheels handicapped children to classes, lunchrooms, and treatment rooms. Pre-

pares children for physical therapy treatment, secures them in equipment, and lowers them into

baths or pools, using hoists. Helps children to walk, board buses, put on braces, eat, dress, and

perform other physical activities.

3:5 Receives articles, such as shoes and clothing, to be repaired or cleaned in personal service estab-

lishment. Quotes prices and prepares work ticket. Sends articles to work department. Returns fin-

ished articles to customer and collects amount due.

3:6 Tends variety of machine tools, such as lathes, drill presses, or milling machines, to machine metal

workpieces according to production specifications. Positions workpiece in fixture or loads automat-

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ic feeding device. Starts machine, engages feed, and observes operation. Verifies conformance of
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machined workpieces to specifications, using fixed gauges, calipers, or micrometer.

3:7 Examines hairsprings for flatness and concentricity, using tweezers and loupe. Stretches spring to

be sure it lies in one plane, spacing is uniform between coils, and spring is free from blemishes.

3:8 Plants, cultivates, and harvests trees, shrubs, and ornamental flowering plants in nursery. Mixes

soil with other materials, such as sand and peat moss, to prepare plant beds and plants specified

seeds, seedlings, or bulbs. Fumigates plants to kill insect pests. Grafts buds onto trees of different

varieties as directed.

8-3
3:9 Interviews applicants for employment and processes application forms. Interviews applicants to ob-

tain information, such as age, work experience, education, and occupational interest. Refers quali-

fied applicants to employing official. Writes letters to references indicated on application or tele-

phones agencies, such as credit bureaus and finance companies.

3:10 Types letters, reports, stencils, forms, addresses, or other straight copy materials from rough draft

or corrected copy.

Level 4 Over 3 months up to and including 6 months

4:1 Verifies accuracy of loan applications and prepares file for each loan transaction. Compares origi-

nal application with credit report. Prepares loan worksheet, insurance record, credit report, and ap-

plication copy for each loan.

4:2 Operates machine to reproduce data or ruled forms on paper from type in flat impression bed or

plates on revolving cylinder. Selects type or embossed plate and sets it up on cylinder of flat bed

of machine. Loads paper in feed tray and makes adjustments to parts, such as inking rolls or rib-

bon and feeding mechanism. Starts machine which automatically pushes sheets under revolving

cylinder or against flat impression bed of type where paper is printed.

4:3 Assists in care of hospital patients, under direction of nursing and medical staff. Bathes, dresses,

and undresses patients. Transports patients to treatment units, using wheelchair, or assists them

to walk. Drapes patients for examinations and treatments and performs such duties as holding in-

struments and adjusting lights. Takes and records temperature, pulse and respiration rates, and food

and liquid intake and output as directed.

4:4 Tends one or more machines that wash commercial, industrial, or household articles, such as gar-

ments, blankets, curtains, draperies, fine linens, and rags. Loads or directs workers in loading ma-

chine with articles requiring identical treatment. Starts machine and turns valves to admit specified

amounts of water, soap, detergent, bluing, and bleach.

4:5 Guards inmates in penal institution in accordance with established policies, regulations, and proce-

dures. Observes conduct and behavior of inmates to prevent disturbances and escapes. Inspects

locks, window bars, grilles, doors, and gates for signs of tampering. Guards and directs inmates

during work assignments.

4:6 Controls furnace to relieve internal stresses in metal objects and to soften and refine grain struc-

ture. Charges objects directly onto furnace bed or packs them into boxes or tubes sealed with clay

to prevent oxidation. Reduces heat and allows objects to cool in furnace or removes objects from

furnace and allows them to cool in open air.

4:7 Drives gasoline- or diesel-powered tractor-trailer combination, usually over long distances, to trans-

port and deliver goods, livestock, or materials in liquid, loose, or packaged form. Inspects truck

and prepares report on truck condition before and after trips.

4:8 Installs circuit wiring in automobiles, truck trailers, and mobile homes for lights, ignition, and

other electrical apparatus, following diagrams and color code. Cuts and locates openings in walls

and ceiling for wire, light fixtures, outlet boxes, and fuse holders, using electric drill and router.
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Threads wires or cables through holes and secures them to frame. Installs fixtures and boxes. Con-
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nects terminals to power source to test operation of fixtures.

4:9 Pours liquid candy into chilled molds to form solid candy figures. Dumps or pours candy into

warming pan and turns dial to heat product to pouring temperature. Stirs candy to facilitate melting

and pours it into chilled mold.

4:10 Patrols assigned beat on foot, using motorcycle or patrol car, or on horseback to control traffic,

prevent crime or disturbance of peace, and arrest violators. Disperses unruly crowds at public gath-

erings. Reports to scene of accidents, renders first aid to injured, and investigates causes and re-

sults of accident. Inspects public establishments requiring licenses to ensure compliance with rules

and regulations. Issues tickets to traffic violators. Directs and routes traffic.

8^1
Level 5 Over 6 months up to and including 1 year

5:1 Performs routine tests in medical laboratory for use in treatment and diagnosis of disease. Prepares

tissue samples for pathologist, takes blood samples, and prepares vaccines. Carries out such labora-

tory tests as urinalyses and blood counts, using microscopes, micrometers, and similar instruments.

Makes quantitative and qualitative chemical and biological analyses of body specimens under su-

pervision of medical technologist or pathologist.

5:2 Performs assigned duties in business organization, depending on nature of business, to gain knowl-

edge and experience for promotion to management positions. Participates in work of such depart-

ments of business as credit, sales, engineering, advertising, accounting, traffic, warehousing, or per-

sonnel, performing various duties under close supervision. Observes techniques utilized by experi-

enced workers, learns line and staff functions of each department, and becomes familiar with man-

agement policies and viewpoints as they affect each phase of business operations.

5:3 Takes dictation in shorthand of correspondence, reports, and other matters and transcribes dictated

material, using typewriter. Performs a variety of clerical duties, such as tabulating and posting data

in record books and preparing, issuing, and sending out receipts, bills, invoices, and checks, or

works in a stenographic pool transcribing material from sound recordings.

5:4 Receives, stores, and issues supplies and equipment and compiles records of supply transactions

aboard ship. Verifies that supplies received are listed on requisitions and invoices. Stores, issues,

and inventories supplies and equipment. Compiles report of expenditures.

5:5 Sells men's furnishings, such as neckties, shirts, belts, hats, and accessories. Advises customer on

coordination of accessories.

5:6 Operates barrel plating equipment to coat metal objects electrically with metal to build up, protect,

or decorate surfaces. Places metal objects in mesh container and immerses them in cleaning solu-

tion. Places objects in perforated barrel, turns handle to lower barrel into plating solution and to

close electrical contacts. Starts flow of electric current through plating solution, causing plating

metal at anode to decompose and be deposited on objects in barrel.

5:7 Controls equipment to bleach pulp. Starts pump and adjusts controls to regulate flow of pulp to

absorption towers, bleaching and soaking tanks, and pulp washers according to specified bleaching

sequence. Opens valves to allow metered flow of such chemicals as liquid and gaseous chlorine,

caustic soda, and peroxide into pulp. Starts agitators to mix pulp and chemicals. Adjusts controls

to ensure that pulp bleaching meets specifications, following laboratory test reports.

5:8 Assembles and adjusts typewriters and office machines or subassemblies, using handtools and

holding devices. Screws and bolts parts together, using screwdrivers, wrenches, and other

handtools. Tests operation of machines and typewriters to detect loose and binding parts and to

determine synchronization of related parts. Verifies tensions and clearances of parts, using tension

scales and space and feeler gauges.

5:9 Performs any combination of the following duties on construction projects, usually working in util-

ity capacity, transferring from one task where demands require worker with varied experience and
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ability to work without close supervision: Measures distances from grade stakes and drives stakes,
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stretches tight line, and positions blocks up under forms. Mixes concrete, using portable concrete

mixer. Gives direction to workers engaged in dumping concrete into forms. Erects shoring and

braces. Aids construction equipment operators to align and move equipment, such as cranes, power

shovels, and backhoes, by verifying grades and signaling operators to adjust machines to conform

to grade specifications.

5:10 Coats, decorates, glazes, retouches, or tints articles, such as fishing lures, toys, dolls, pottery, artifi-

cial flowers, greeting cards, and household appliances, using airbrush. Stirs or shakes coating liq-

uid and thinner to mix them to specified consistency. Pours liquid into airbrush container, couples

spray gun to airhose, and starts compressor. Turns adjusting sleeve on nozzle of spray gun to regu-

late spray pattern and presses button on airbrush to spray coating over workpiece or to spray speci-

fied designs and decorations on workpiece.

8-5
Level 6 Over 1 year up to and including 2 years

6:1 Performs dental prophylactic treatments and instructs group and individuals in care of teeth and

mouth. Removes calcareous deposits, accretions, and stains from teeth by scraping accumulation

of tartar from teeth and beneath margins of gums, by using rotating brush, rubber cup, and clean-

ing compounds. Charts conditions of decay and disease for diagnosis and treatment by dentist.

Lectures community organizations and other interested groups regarding oral hygiene, using motion

pictures, charts, and other visual aids.

6:2 Keeps records of financial transactions of establishment. Verifies and enters details of transactions

in account and cash journals from items, such as sales slips, invoices, check stubs, inventory

records, and requisitions. Balances books and compiles reports to show statistics, such as cash

receipts and expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, profit and loss, and other items. Calcu-

lates employee wages from plant records or timecards and makes up checks or withdraws cash

from bank for payment of wages.

6:3 Sells insurance to new and present clients, recommending amount and type of coverage based on

analysis of prospect's circumstances. Compiles lists of prospective clients to provide leads most

likely to produce additional business. Explains features of policies offered. Calculates rates to be

applied to policy for each prospect, using rate books.

6:4 Identifies stains in wool, synthetic, and silk garments and household fabrics and applies chemical

solutions to remove them, determining spotting procedures on basis of type of fabric and nature

of stain. Sprinkles chemical solvents over stain and pats area with brush or sponge until stain is

removed. Sprays steam, water, or air over spot to flush out chemicals and dry garment.

6:5 Controls still, from central control board, to distill brandy, gin, or whiskey. Adjusts valves to con-

trol temperature and rate of flow of distilling materials through still and auxiliary equipment, such

as stripping column, rectifier, condenser, and tribox. Observes gauges, dials, and charts to ensure

that temperature and rate of flow of distillants are maintained according to formula. Determines

proof of distilled liquor by ascertaining temperature and specific gravity of liquor, using thermome-

ter and hydrometer.

6:6 Inspects wool to sort and grade it according to length of fiber, color, and degree of fineness, utiliz-

ing sight, touch, experience, and established specifications. Shakes fleece over screen-topped table

to remove dust. Picks out foreign matter, such as burrs, sticks, strings, and cinders. Breaks fleece

into pieces and inspects and sorts them according to quality.

6:7 Sets up and operates two or more types of machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, boring

machines, and grinders, to machine metal workpieces according to specifications, tooling instruc-

tions, standard charts, applying knowledge of machining methods. Reads blueprint or job order

for product specifications, such as dimensions and tolerances, and tooling instructions, such as fix-

tures, feed rates, cutting speeds, depth of cut, and cutting tools to be used. Positions tool in

toolholder. Moves controls to position tool and workpiece and to set specified feeds, speeds, and

depth of cut. Starts machine. Observes operation and verifies conformance of machined workpiece
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to specifications, using measuring instruments, such as fixed gauges, calipers, and micrometers.
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6:8 Arranges layout of work stations on assembly line, following written specifications and oral in-

structions, to prepare line for production of electronic components, such as printed circuit boards,

transformer assemblies, and wiring harness and cables. Reads specifications including lists of mate-

rials and wiring diagrams to requisition equipment, such as piece parts, tools, test instruments, jigs,

and fixtures for work stations. Positions equipment in specified arrangement at work stations.

6:9 Cuts, shapes, and polishes precious and synthetic gems. Positions rough stone in holder and holds

stone against edge of revolving saw or lapidary slitter impregnated with diamond dust to cut and

slit stone. Selects shaping wheel and applies abrasive compound. Holds lapidary stick against re-

volving shaping wheel and lapidary disk to shape stone and grind facets.

6:10 Alters women's ready-to-wear garments as instructed. Rips stitches from darts and seams of sec-

tion to be altered. Operates sewing machine to sew ripped sections to customer's measurements.

Sews sections of garment, such as hem, sleeve, or lining, using needle and thread.

8-6
Level 7 Over 2 years up to and including 4 years

7:1 Plans artistic, architectural, and structural features of any class of buildings and like structures.

Sketches designs and details, using drawing instruments. Makes engineering computations to deter-

mine the strength of materials, beams, and trusses. Estimates quantities needed for project and

computes cost.

7:2 Applies electronic theory, principles of electrical circuits, electrical testing procedures, engineering

mathematics, physics, and related subjects to lay out, build, test, troubleshoot, repair, and modify

developmental production and production electronic equipment, such as computers, missile-control

instrumentation, and machine tool numerical controls. Assembles experimental circuitry or com-

plete prototype model according to engineering instructions, technical manuals, and knowledge of

electronic systems and components and their function. Writes technical reports and develops

charts, graphs, and schematics for use by engineers in evaluating system.

7:3 Supervises and coordinates activities of clerical staff of an establishment. Prepares work schedules

and expedites workflow. Reviews work performed, prepares employee ratings, and conducts em-

ployee benefit and insurance programs. Computes and compiles data and prepares records and re-

ports. Studies and standardizes procedures to improve efficiency of department. Coordinates work

operations of other departments. Estimates budget needs.

7:4 Commands ship to transport passengers, freight, and other cargo across oceans, bays, lakes, and

in coastal waters. Sets course of ship, using navigational aids, such as charts, area plotting sheets,

compass, and sextant. Determines geographical position of ship by use of loran or azimuths of

celestial bodies. Calculates landfall by use of electronic sounding devices and by following con-

tour lines on chart. Coordinates activities of crewmembers.

7:5 Supervises and coordinates activities of pantry, storeroom, and noncooking kitchen workers, and

purchases or requisitions foodstuffs, kitchen supplies, and equipment. Inspects kitchens and store-

rooms to ensure that premises and equipment are clean and in order and that sufficient foodstuffs

and supplies are on hand to ensure efficient service. Examines incoming purchases for quality.

Coordinates activities of cleaning personnel and storage and supply workers.

7:6 Operates control panel to regulate temperature, pressure, rate of flow, and tank level in petroleum

refining, processing, and treating units and petro-chemical units according to process schedules.

Observes instruments and meters to verify specified conditions and records reading. Moves and

adjusts dials, switches, valves, and levers on control panel to regulate and coordinate process vari-

able, such as flow, temperature, pressures, and chemicals as specified. Records results of laboratory

analysis.

7:7 Installs and repairs gas meters, regulators, ranges, heaters, and refrigerators in customer's establish-

ment, using manometers, voltmeter, handtools, and pipe-threading tools. Measures, cuts, and

threads pipe and connects it to feeder line and equipment or appliance. Tests and examines pipe-

lines and equipment to locate leaks and faulty pipe connections and to determine pressure and

flow of gas. Dismantles meters and regulators, and replaces defective pipes, thermocouples, ther-
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mostats, valves, and indicator spindles, using handtools.

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7:8 Repairs or replaces upholstery in automobiles, buses, and trucks. Removes old upholstery from

seats and door panels of vehicle. Measures new padding and covering materials, and cuts them

to required dimensions. Adjusts or replaces seat springs and ties them in place. Sews covering

material together, using sewing machine. Fits covering to seat frame. Repairs or replaces converti-

ble tops.

7:9 Assembles, plants, and detonates charges of industrial explosives to loosen earth, rock, stumps,

or to demolish structures facilitating removal. Examines mass, composition, structure, and location

of object to be blasted; estimates amount and determines kind of explosive to be used. Assembles

primer and places it with main charge in hole or near object to be blasted. Gives signal to clear

area and detonates charge.

8-7
7:10 Develops exposed photographic film or sensitized paper in series of chemical and water baths to

produce negative or positive prints. Mixes developing and fixing solutions, following formula. Im-

merses exposed film or photographic paper in developer solution to bring out latent image. Im-

merses negative or paper in stop-bath to arrest developer action, in hypo-solution to fix image,

and in water to remove chemicals.

Level 8 Over 4 years up to and including 10 years

8:1 Conducts experiments on substances to develop and improve materials and products and to discov-

er scientific facts. Combines organic compounds to make new substances or to duplicate sub-

stances found in nature. Carries out and participates in experiments designed to develop and im-

prove, by chemical means, color, texture and strength, and lasting qualities of paint, rubber, wood,

dye, petroleum, and other organic compounds and by-products. Develops new uses for chemical

by-products and devises new procedures for preparing organic compounds.

8:2 Directs, coordinates, and participates in motion picture art work production concerned with design

of sets, scenic effects, and costumes. Plans costuming of cast. Refers to technical literature to en-

sure that scenes and costumes depict accurate representation of given period or location. Coordi-

nates efforts of departments to achieve harmonious color effects in production of color films.

8:3 Manages farm concerned with raising, harvesting, packing, and marketing farm products for corpo-

rations, cooperatives, and other owners. Analyzes market conditions to determine acreage alloca-

tions. Negotiates with bank officials to obtain credit from bank. Purchases farm machinery and

equipment. Prepares financial and other management reports. Confers with purchasers and deter-

mines when and under what conditions to sell products.

8:4 Supervises and coordinates activities of cooks engaged in the preparation of desserts, pastries, con-

fections, and ice cream. Plans production for pastry department according to menu or special re-

quirements. Supplies recipes for and suggests methods and procedures to pastry workers. Fashions

table and pastry decorations, such as statuaries and ornaments, from sugar paste and icings.

8:5 Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in operation of blast furnace to produce

molten pig iron. Directs workers in charging furnace with specified amounts of raw materials, such

as iron ore, coke, and limestone. Observes color of molten metal through tuyeres or reads pyrome-

ter and orders changes in furnace temperature and pressure. Estimates amounts of ferro-silicon,

manganese, and phosphorous to add to molten metal to obtain specified type of pig iron.

8:6 Inspects, tests, and adjusts new and reworked tools, dies, gauges, jigs, and fixtures for conform-

ance to specifications, such as dimensions, tolerances, and hardness. Computes angles, radii, and

other dimensions, using algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Lays out center lines and reference

points on parts. Measures angular dimensions, radii contours, clearances, thread lead, and other

specifications, using precision measuring instruments.

8:7 Constructs and repairs dental appliances according to dentist's prescription. Fabricates full and par-

tial dentures, using wax and plaster models, surveyors, tooth-color scales, articulators, and electric

grinders and polishers. Constructs crowns, inlays, and wire frames by forming gold and platinum
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wire or by casting in mold in centrifugal casting furnace. Constructs porcelain teeth from impres-
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sion, using powdered porcelain and water, electric furnaces, grinding wheels, and tooth-color

scales.

8:8 Repairs and maintains electrical equipment in generating station or powerhouse. Tests defective

equipment to determine cause of malfunction or failure, using voltmeters, ammeters, and related

electrical testing apparatus. Repairs and replaces equipment, such as relays, switches, supervisory

controls, and indicating and recording instruments. Tests and repairs switchboard and equipment

circuitry, interpreting wiring diagrams to trace and connect numerous wires carrying current for

independent functions.

8-8
8:9 Prepares flight schedules for airline. Reviews schedules and travel loads and determines need for

schedule revision. Prepares advance schedules in accordance with known and estimated passenger

travel patterns between designated points and availability of equipment. Studies company and inter-

line schedules to coordinate flights and devise schedule patterns. Prepares request for route use,

as directed by Schedule Committee, and assembles supporting material based on analysis of pas-

senger loads and travel patterns.

8:10 Manages industrial organization. Determines and executes administrative policies through subordi-

nate managers. Coordinates activities of departments, such as production, distribution, engineering,

maintenance, personnel, and selling. Plans and directs marketing of product to develop new mar-

kets and maintain sales volume and competitive position in industry.

Level 9 Over 10 years

9:1 Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in installation, maintenance, repair, serv-

icing, enlargement, and relocation of water distribution and sewage facilities. Analyzes trends, such

as population and industrial growth of area serviced, to determine adequacy of current facilities

and to forecast future community demands for water and sewage facilities. Designs plans to meet

and serve expanding community needs. Confers with administrative and technical personnel to co-

ordinate departmental activities with organizational demands.

9:2 Provides leadership for professional staff and participates in development of academic policy and

programs of college or university. Supervises department or division heads or deans of individual

colleges. Determines scheduling of courses and recommends implementation of additional courses.

Advises students on choice of major academic area and coordinates academic advising efforts of

deans of colleges and faculty. Participates in activities of faculty committees, such as curriculum

committee and faculty personnel committee.

9:3 Administers affairs of museum and conducts scientific research programs. Directs activities con-

cerned with instructional, research, and public service objectives of institutions. Obtains, develops,

and organizes new collections to build up and improve educational and research facilities. Orga-

nizes and conducts field parties engaged in scientific research, performing duties such as gathering

scientific papers, selecting personnel, and securing financial support for expeditions.

9:4 Directs editorial activities of newspaper and negotiates with production, advertising, and circulation

department heads. Appoints editorial heads and supervises work of their department in accordance

with newspaper policy. Writes leading or policy editorials. Confers with editorial policy committee

and negotiates with production, circulation, and advertising department heads to establish policies

and reach decisions affecting publication.

9:5 Creates and writes musical compositions. Invents melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic structures to

express ideas musically within circumscribed musical form, such as symphony, sonata, or opera.

Translates melodies, harmonies, and rhythms into musical notes and records notes on scored music

paper.

9:6 Directs engineering departments of petroleum production or pipeline company and advises manage-
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ment on engineering problems. Reviews engineering designs for nearness and accuracy. Directs
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engineering personnel in formulating plans, designs, costs estimates, and specifications for oil field

or pipeline construction, maintenance, and modernization programs. Supervises engineering office

workers computing budgets, compiling reports, and conducting special investigations and studies

to evaluate efficiency of engineering programs.

9:7 Administers private, corporate, and probate trusts. Examines or drafts trust agreement to ensure

compliance with legal requirements and terms creating trust. Locates, inventories, and evaluates

assets of probated accounts. Directs realization of assets, liquidation of liabilities, payment of bills,

preparation of Federal and State tax returns, and collection of earnings.

9:8 Directs and coordinates activities of municipal police department in accordance with authority del-

egated by board of police. Promulgates rules and regulations for department. Coordinates and ad-

ministers daily police activities through subordinates. Directs activities of personnel engaged in

preparing budget proposals, maintaining police records, and recruiting employees.

8-9
9:9 Plans, administers, and directs intercollegiate athletic activities in college or university. Interprets

and participates in formulating extramural athletic policies. Directs athletic coaches and members

of coaching staff. Prepares budget estimates. Assumes immediate responsibilities for receipts and

expenditures of department and for production of income, such as scheduling sports events and

controlling and managing ticket sales.

9:10 Develops and administers policies of organization in accordance with corporation character. Estab-

lishes operating objectives and policies for firm. Reviews progress and makes necessary changes

in company plans. Directs preparation of major financial programs, such as pricing policies and

salary and wage schedules, to ensure operating efficiency and adequate investment and dividend

returns.

PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING AND RECORDING SVP REQUIREMENTS

SVP is the amount of time required for a typical worker, taking the usual training available, to

perform the duties of the job in a way to be accepted as a fully qualified worker. SVP is estimated

by the analyst based upon an evaluation of the job. In making this evaluation, the analyst considers the

employer's requirements shown in Item 11 of the JAR and the examples for the various levels of SVP.

However, the entries in Item 11, Employer Requirements, are not to be used as a worktable for comput-

ing SVP. They are two separate and distinct entries which can complement each other, but are not intend-

ed to provide the same information. The information in Item 11 must be considered and may be the

basis for SVP, provided it is reasonable.

NOTE: In calculating SVP for Item 9 of the JAR, count the average four-year college curriculum

as equivalent to two years of specific vocational preparation, and count each year of graduate school

as a year of specific vocational preparation. At the secondary level of vocational education, count

two classroom hours as an hour of SVP. However, at the post-secondary level of vocational educa-

tion, count each classroom hour as an hour of SVP.

If there is disagreement with the employer's training requirement, the analyst should follow the em-

ployer's requirement in Item 11 of the JAR with an asterisk and explain the disagreement in Item 18

(General Comments). The final SVP rating represents the analyst's judgment based on an assessment

and evaluation of all pertinent data gathered.

Enter in Item 9 of the JAR, the SVP level that applies to the job.

8-10
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CHAPTER 9

APTITUDES

Aptitudes, a component of Worker Characteristics, are the capacities or specific abilities which an

individual must have in order to leam to perform a given work activity. There are 11 Aptitudes used

by USES for job analysis. Nine Aptitudes are measured by the United States Employment Service's Gen-

eral Aptitude Test Battery (GATB). Two others, Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination and Color Discrimination,

have been added to these for job analysis because they are considered to be occupationally significant.

Measurements for these Aptitudes have not been developed for the GATB. The 11 Aptitudes are:

G - General Learning Ability

V - Verbal Aptitude

N - Numerical Aptitude

S - Spatial Aptitude

P - Form Perception

Q - Clerical Perception

K - Motor Coordination

F - Finger Dexterity

M - Manual Dexterity

E - Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination

C - Color Discrimination

Decades of research have established the validity of the GATB in measuring the aptitudes of indi-

viduals. The USES job analysis technique of estimating the aptitude requirements of jobs has its basis

not only in the GATB Aptitude definitions but in USES test development standards as well. In test vali-

dation procedures using the GATB, Test Research Analysts apply precise statistical and other quantitative

as well as qualitative standards to determine validated test requirements for use as job selection criteria

and counseling).

9-1
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LEVELS OF APTITUDES

In job analysis, aptitude estimates are useful as analytical and descriptive tools and can be expressed

in terms of the following levels which reflect the amount of the aptitudes possessed by segments of the

working population:

1. The top 10 percent of the population. This segment of the population possesses an extremely

high degree of the aptitude.

2. The highest third exclusive of the top 10 percent of the population. This segment of the popu-

lation possesses an above average or high degree of the aptitude.

3. The middle third of the population. This segment of the population possesses a medium degree

of the aptitude ranging from slightly below to slightly above average.

4. The lowest third exclusive of the bottom 10 percent of the population. This segment of the

population possesses a below average or low degree of the aptitude.

5. The lowest 10 percent of the population. This segment of the population possesses a negligible

degree of the aptitude.

Aptitude Levels

Extremely

High

Degree of

Aptitude

Medium

Lower

Degree of

Aptitude

Markedly

High

Aptitude

Degree of

Low

Aptitude

Aptitude

Ability

Ability

Ability
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Ability
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Ability

Top

10%

Highest Third

Excluding

Top 10%

Middle

Third

Lowest Third

Excluding

Top 10%

Bottom

Percent of Working Population

10%

PROCEDURE FOR RATING APTITUDES

Every aptitude factor must be considered independently in the rating process for each job. The ana-

lyst estimates the level of each aptitude required of the worker for average, satisfactory performance

based on a careful evaluation of the work activities of the job and the specific worker abilities which

can be identified in terms of the aptitudes. Then the appropriate aptitude level number is assigned. Cer-

tain of the aptitudes can be identified through study of the physical actions which the worker performs,

such as Motor Coordination, Finger Dexterity, and Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination; other Aptitudes, such

as Spatial, Numerical, and General Learning Ability, are identified by considering worker judgments and

other mental processes involved in performing the job satisfactorily. Aptitude levels are determined by

comparing the tasks of the job with the aptitude definitions, interpretive information, and the examples

of work activities shown for each level which appear in the next section of this chapter.

Note that for each of the eleven aptitudes there are not any examples of job duties for level 5.

Level 5 is used to indicate that for the job under study the amount of aptitude required is negligible

or the aptitude is not required at all. Since level 5 represents an aptitude level that is not required or

is required only in negligible amounts and which, according to the table above, represents job duties

which 90 to 100 percent of the working population could perform satisfactorily, examples of job duties

for this level are not provided. If there is a doubt as to which of two levels should be assigned, select
DEFINITIONS, INTERPRETIVE INFORMATION, AND EXAMPLES OF APTITUDES

The definition of each Aptitude is followed by interpretive information for analysts which provides

supplementary information relating the definition to specific work activities and examples of job or task

summaries illustrating each of the five levels of the Aptitude. The definitions reflect the Aptitudes as

seen in people. The interpretive information reflects the Aptitudes as observed in jobs. Most of the exam-

ples are based on qualitative analyses contained in the technical reports of the SATB's. Although there

are no illustrations for Aptitude factors K and M at level 1, this does not preclude assignment of level

1 when the analysis of a job warrants it

G — GENERAL LEARNING ABILITY: The ability to "catch on" or understand instructions and

underlying principles; the ability to reason and make judgments. Closely related to doing well in school.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Consider such factors as: work requiring the ability to define

problems, collect information, establish facts, and draw valid conclusions; work requiring the use of logic

or scientific thinking to solve a variety of problems; work requiring the use of measurable and verifiable

information for making decisions or judgments; understanding detailed work procedures; planning, orga-

nizing, coordinating, and directing own work and that of others; coping with a variety of duties; follow-

ing written or oral instructions; or selecting appropriate work aids and materials to perform a set of tasks.

LEVEL 1

0-1:1 Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical techniques

to science, management, and other fields and solves or directs solutions to problems in various

fields by mathematical methods:

General learning ability is required to understand meanings and relationships of mathematical

symbols, formulas, and concepts; to assimilate background information required to understand

problems from various fields; to develop or apply appropriate methods and procedures for solv-

ing problems; and to present solutions or methodologies for solutions in logical and systematic

forms and sequences.

G-l:2 Diagnoses and treats diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth, gums, and related oral struc-

tures:

General learning ability is required to understand and apply principles of dental anatomy, bacte-

riology, and physiology for diagnosis and treatment and to use techniques of dental restoration

and prosthetics. Must understand the operation and function of dental tools and equipment and

the uses of dental metals, alloys, and amalgams.

G-l:3 Converts symbolic statements of administrative data or business problems to detailed logical

flow charts for coding into computer language:

General learning ability is required to understand and apply work statement instructions, recom-

mended procedural routines, and related informational data; to identify and organize elements

of a problem into logical sequence for computer operation by means of preparing block dia-

grams and flow charts; to make analytical and logical analyses in planning procedural routines;

to have a working knowledge of the company business organization and management and with
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modem office methods and procedures; and to have a complete familiarity with programming
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principles and techniques in order to discuss programming methods, requirements, and ap-

proaches with line and staff personnel.

G-l:4 Writes original plays, such as tragedies, comedies, or dramas, or adapts themes from fictional,

historical, or narrative sources for dramatic presentation:

General learning ability is required to utilize basic principles of play writing, including basic

research of characters, dress, and furnishings of the time-setting of the play, and to show depth

of understanding in the development of situations and roles.

9-3
G-l:5 Receives individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and accepts

applications following company's underwriting policies:

General learning ability is required to understand and apply principles of insurance, finance,

and economics. Must be able to understand application of information, such as medical reports,

occupational hazards, financial reports, fire inspection reports, and insurance maps. Must work

with actuarial formulas, study and relate all phases of an insurance risk problem, and come

to a decision beneficial to the needs of the applicant and to the interests of the company.

G-l:6 Studies origin, relationship, development, anatomy, functions, and basic principles of plant and

animal life:

General learning ability is required to study scientific facts and concepts which are needed for

an understanding of the structure, function, development, and relationship of living organisms

and to draw conclusions or generalizations from accumulated facts.

G-l:7 Coordinates activities of radio and television studio and control-room personnel to ensure tech-

nical quality of pictures and sound for programs originating in studio or from remote pickup

points:

General learning ability is required to plan and arrange for all audio, visual, and special effects

equipment and technical personnel needed for programs; to use judgment to determine number

of cameras, etc., necessary to achieve specified effects; and to give work assignments to techni-

cians who control and maintain lights, audio and visual controlling equipment, microphones,

and cameras. Must understand functions and capabilities of equipment to give directions.

LEVEL 2

G-2:l Renders general nursing care to patients in hospital, infirmary, sanitarium, or similar institution

(Registered Nurses):

General learning ability is required to leam and apply principles of anatomy, physiology, micro-

biology, nutrition, psychology, and patient care used in nursing; to recognize and interpret

symptoms and reactions; to make independent judgments in the absence of doctor, and to deter-

mine methods and treatments to use when caring for patients with varying illnesses or injuries.

G-2:2 Applies principles of accounting to devise and implement system for general accounting:

General learning ability is required to leam, understand, and apply accounting principles and

procedures; to evaluate accounting and record-keeping systems; to analyze current and regula-

tory problems and develop system which provides needed records for internal operation and

to meet requirements of government agencies; and to prepare analyses and interpretation of data

for company officials.

G-2:3 Plans layout, installs, and repairs wiring, electrical fixtures, apparatus, and control equipment

General learning ability is required to leam and understand principles of electricity; to read and

interpret blueprints and specifications; to plan new or modified installations; and to diagnose

problems and select the most feasible methods of repair.

G-2:4 Rents, buys, and sells property for clients on commission basis:
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General learning ability is required to leam and make proper interpretation and application of
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law, legislation, and qualification requirements; and to keep informed of marketing conditions

and property values.

9^t
G-2:5 Analyzes a variety of specifications, lays out metal stock, sets up and operates machine tools,

and fits and assembles parts to make and repair metalworking dies, cutting tools, jigs, fixtures,

gauges, and machinists' handtools, applying knowledge of tool and die design and construction,

shop mathematics, metal properties, and layout, machining, and assembly procedures:

General learning ability is required to understand blueprints and other specifications; to plan

sequence of operations and layout and setup procedures; to determine type of machine and tools

to use and machine settings based on type of operations to be performed, type of material being

processed, and dimensions and other specifications to be achieved.

G-2:6 Draws and corrects topographical maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photo-

graphs, or other maps:

General learning ability is required to learn and apply drafting principles, procedures, and sym-

bols and the geometry and mathematics peculiar to topography and to translate aerial photo-

graphs and other data into accurate maps.

G-2:7 Prepares bodies for interment, in conformity with legal requirements:

General learning ability is required to leam and apply basic principles and techniques related

to mortuary science including chemistry, anatomy, physiology, principles of preservation, disin-

fection, circulatory embalming, cavity treatment, hygiene, microbiology, restoration, and cos-

metics; and to leam the laws and regulations relating to embalming.

LEVEL 3

G-3:l Takes dictation, in shorthand, of correspondence, reports, and other matters and transcribes dic-

tated material, using typewriter

General learning ability is required to leam meaning and usage of shorthand symbols; to leam

typewriter operation and memorize keyboard; to leam rules for format of business letters and

reports and rules of spelling, punctuation, and grammar.

G-3:2 Repairs, maintains, and installs electrical systems and equipment, such as motors, transformers,

wiring, switches, and alarm systems:

General learning ability is required to leam basic electrical theory and circuitry, blueprint read-

ing, local building codes, and safety practices; and to use reason and judgment in diagnosing

faults and choosing most feasible method of repair.

G-3:3 Prepares and compiles records in hospital nursing unit, such as obstetrics, pediatrics, or surgery:

General learning ability is required to make independent judgments regarding task priorities;

to integrate and interpret informational and situational data; and to respond quickly to data

input

G-3:4 Drives truck over established route to deliver, sell, and display products or render services:

General learning ability is required to acquire and use knowledge of company products or serv-

ices, unit cost, and policies; to discuss customer's needs and promote sales; to apply company

policies and own judgment regarding delivery procedures, credit extension, discounts, etc., in

a manner to maintain good customer relations; to maintain accounts and records; and to deter-
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mine best driving routes to reach customers.

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G-3:5 Assembles and loads a variety of solid-propellant rocket motors:

General learning ability is required to leam the various steps in preparing and loading solid-

propellant fuels for rockets; to understand specifications and follow them explicitly when mix-

ing liquid and dry ingredients to form propellant; to use judgment when handling and process-

ing propellant to avoid explosions; to determine when cftemicals are properly mixed and cured

from instrument readings on control panel, and using charts and direct observation via TV mon-

itors.

9-5
G-3:6 Cares for ill, injured, convalescent, and handicapped persons in hospitals, clinics, private homes,

sanitariums, and similar institutions (Licensed Practical Nurse):

General learning ability is required to learn and apply principles and techniques of basic nursing

skills, body structure and functions, personal hygiene, nutrition, and first aid; and to use judg-

ment in patient care, moving patients, and giving prescribed medicines and injections.

G-3:7 Provides beauty service for customers:

General learning ability is required to leam the various phases of cosmetology including hair

cutting, styling, setting, and facial treatment, and the various methods used; to use reason and

judgment to suggest various treatments to customers and assist them in deciding on hair style

according to their individual features and taste.

LEVEL 4

G-4:l Assists in care of hospital patients, under direction of nursing and medical staff:

General learning ability is required to leam patient care and handling and hospital routine; to

understand and carry out orders correctly; to use reason and judgment in handling patients, not-

ing patient's condition and reporting symptoms or reactions which may indicate a change in

condition.

G-4:2 Makes women's garments, such as dresses, coats, and suits, according to customer specifica-

tions and measurements:

General learning ability is required to understand basic principles of garment construction and

pattern alteration; to understand instructions from customers and patterns; and to reason when

altering patterns to customers' measurements.

G-4:3 Sorts agricultural produce, such as bulbs, fruits, nuts, and vegetables, according to grade, color,

and size, discards cull items and foreign matter, and places produce in containers:

Recognizes indications of defects, such as spots or softness, and learns grading characteristics

for a variety of produce. Uses judgment in sorting out partially defective produce.

G-4:4 Feeds or removes metal stock from automatic fabricating machines:

Learns work routine, acceptable tolerances, and difference between acceptable imperfections

and those to be rejected. Uses judgment to determine, from observing parts processed or ma-

chine operation, when machine should be stopped because of some malfunction.

G-4:5 Operates alphabetic and numeric keypunch machine, similar in operation to electric typewriter,

to transcribe data from source material onto punchcards, paper or magnetic tape, or magnetic

cards, and to record accounting or statistical data for subsequent processing by automatic or

electronic data processing equipment:

General learning ability is required to follow instructions to ensure that correct format is fol-

lowed in preparing program cards and reading the data.

G-4:6 Assists workers engaged in preparing foods for hotels, restaurants, or institutions, by washing,

peeling, cutting or grinding meats, vegetables, or fruits, preparing salads, mixing ingredients

for desserts, portioning foods on plates or serving trays, loading serving trays on delivery carts,
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carrying pans and kettles to and from work station, and cleaning work area, equipment, and
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utensils:

General learning ability is required to lean; routine of kitchen, location of materials, equipment,

and utensils, and various tasks to be performed. Must understand instructions pertaining to mix-

ing of ingredients for salads, gelatin, and pudding-mix desserts; and for portioning food.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

9-6
V — VERBAL APTITUDE: The ability to understand the meaning of words and to use them effectively.

Ability to comprehend language, to understand relationships between words, and to understand the mean-

ings of whole sentences and paragraphs.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Consider reading comprehension required to use or understand

oral or written instructions or specifications, texts used in training, and reference materials used in work

or mastery of required technical terminology.

LEVEL 1

V-l:1 Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical techniques

to science, management, and other fields, and solves or directs solutions to problems in various

fields by mathematical methods:

Verbal aptitude is required to understand meanings and relationships of mathematical symbols,

formulas, and concepts; to develop methods and procedures of problem solving through reason-

ing; to understand terminology from such fields as engineering, data processing, or management

in order to discuss problems with others whose background is in such fields and explain to

them how mathematical concepts can be adapted to the solution of their problems; and to

present solutions in logical and systematic forms and sequences.

V-l:2 Attends to variety of medical cases in general practice, diagnosing, prescribing medicine for,

and otherwise treating diseases and disorders of the human body, and performing surgery:

Verbal aptitude is required for reading comprehension of complex technical materials in such

areas as anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, bacteriology, and radiol-

ogy; and for facility of expression to explain illness, treatment, or preventive measures to pa-

tients, or to discuss diagnosis and symptoms with colleagues.

V-l:3 Designs chemical plant equipment and devises processes for manufacturing chemicals and prod-

ucts, such as gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergent, cement, and paper and pulp, apply-

ing principles and technology of chemistry, physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, and

related areas:

Verbal aptitude is required to acquire the technical vocabulary of chemistry and engineering;

to read and understand reference materials; and to write technical reports and design or produc-

tion specifications.

V-l:4 Directs editorial activities of newspaper and negotiates with production, advertising, and circula-

tion department heads as owner's representative:

Verbal aptitude is required to write lead or policy editorials explaining complex political, social,

or other issues in language which will be understood by most readers; to interpret the editorial

policy of the firm on specific issues to other editorial writers; and to speak at professional and

community functions as a representative of the publisher.

V-l:5 Conducts criminal and civil lawsuits, draws up legal documents, advises clients as to legal

rights, and practices other phases of law; and represents client in court, and before quasi-judi-

cial or administrative agencies of government:

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Verbal aptitude is required to comprehend and interpret legal terminology for use in preparing
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legal documents, and in presenting oral or written arguments.

V-l:6 Selects, catalogs, and maintains library collection of books, periodicals, documents, films, re-

cordings, and other materials, and assists groups and individuals to locate and obtain materials:

Verbal aptitude is required to review materials preparatory to purchase to see that they do not

duplicate others and are consistent with the subject matter collection policy of the library; to

accurately determine subject matter of books in order to properly code them and prepare cross-

references; and to prepare and give talks to groups of patrons.

9-7
V-l:7 Collects, analyzes, and develops occupational data concerning jobs, job qualifications, and

worker characteristics to facilitate personnel, administrative, or information functions in private

or public organizations:

Verbal aptitude is required to read, understand, and interpret various kinds of technical data;

to write reports, letters, and job descriptions concisely and clearly; and to conduct information

gathering interviews.

V-l:8 Draws cartoons for publication to illustrate highlights of news topics in satirical or humorous

manner

Verbal aptitude is required to read news items to obtain subject for cartoons; discuss policy

and method of presentation with editor; translate ideas from verbal to pictorial form; and to

select most significant wording for caption to bring out meaning of cartoon.

LEVEL 2

V-2:l Converts symbolic statement of business problem to detailed logical flow charts for coding into

computer language and solution by means of automatic data processing equipment:

Verbal aptitude is required to read and understand statements of operations and procedural

routines from various departments; to discuss program objectives and output requirements with

supervisor and department heads; to explain programming techniques and principles while at-

tending briefings, meetings, and interviews; and to write a documentation of each program's

development.

V-2:2 Instructs students in one or more subjects, such as English, mathematics, or social studies, in

private, religious, or public secondary school (high school):

Verbal aptitude is required to read and understand textbooks or other literature related to the

subject matter taught; to lecture on, discuss, and explain subject matter to convey information

to the students; to write lesson plans and outlines: and to read students' papers and write cri-

tiques.

V-2:3 Edits motion picture film and sound track:

Verbal aptitude is required to listen critically to the dialogue and to determine if it is under-

standable and maintains the story continuity.

V-2:4 Interviews job applicants in employment agency and refers them to prospective employers for

consideration:

Verbal aptitude is required to speak and understand the applicants' language in order to learn

their background, qualifications, and goals and to explain the employment service to employers

and obtain requirements data for job orders.

V-2:5 Reads books or scripts of radio and television programs to detect and recommend deletion of

vulgar, immoral, libelous, or misleading statements:

Verbal aptitude is required to understand the expressed and implied meanings and possible con-

notations of words in script and statements in the context used.

V-2:6 Schedules and assigns motor vehicles and drivers for the conveyance of freight according to
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company and government regulations and policies:

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Verbal aptitude is required to read and understand the rules, laws, regulations, and policies of

the company, union, and Interstate Commerce Commission; to effectively communicate instruc-

tions to drivers; and to write reports.

V-2:7 Sells automotive parts and equipment and advises customers on substitution or modification of

parts when replacement is not available:

Verbal aptitude is required to ask pertinent questions to determine merchandise desired by cus-

tomer, to answer technical questions and explain use of parts; and to provide other information

requested.

9-8
V-2:8 Takes dictation, in shorthand, of correspondence, reports, and other matters, and transcribes ma-

terial, using typewriter:

Verbal aptitude is required to comprehend meaning of words to record and transcribe dictation

accurately.

LEVEL 3

V-3:l Operates switchboard to provide answering service for clients:

Verbal aptitude is required to greet caller and announce name and phone number of client; to

record and deliver messages; to furnish information; to accept orders; and to relay calls.

V-3:2 Types letters, reports, stencils, forms, addresses, or other straight copy material from rough draft

or corrected copy:

Verbal aptitude is required to understand the meaning of words, sentences, and whole para-

graphs well enough so that, in copying from a rough draft, insertions which are out of context

or incorrectly placed can be noted.

V-3:3 Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in assembly of electronic equipment

such as radar and sonar units, missile control systems, computers, cables and harnesses, and

test equipment:

Explains wiring and soldering procedures to new employees. Reads test reports to determine

cause of equipment failures and explains procedures to workers to correct practices that result

in defects. Explains company policies and discusses grievances with workers or their representa-

tive.

V-3:4 Questions patients to obtain their medical history, personal data, and to determine if they are

allergic to dental drugs or have any complicating illnesses:

Converses with patient in reassuring manner, explains post-operative care, oral hygiene, and

importance of preventive dentistry to patients. Greets patients, answers telephone, and schedules

appointments.

V-3:5 Sells variety of commodities in sales establishment:

Describes salient features to customer and advises customer in making selection by explaining

use of particular article or suggesting other articles.

V-3:6 Sets up and operates machine tools, and fits and assembles parts to make or repair metal parts,

mechanisms, tools, or machines, applying knowledge of machines, shop mathematics, metal

properties, and layout machining procedures:

Verbal aptitude is required to read text materials while attending classes during training or ap-

prenticeship; and to understand language in shop orders, specifications, and other written or

oral instructions.

V-3:7 Provides beauty service for customers; suggests coiffure according to physical features of patron

and current styles, or determines coiffure from instructions of patron; suggests cosmetics for

conditions, such as dry or oily skin:

Verbal aptitude is required to greet patrons, ascertain services desired, and explain beauty treat-
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ments, hair styles, and other services.

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V-3:8 Repairs and overhauls automobiles, buses, trucks, and other automotive vehicles:

Reads and interprets technical manuals, charts, and parts manuals to plan work procedures and

select replacement parts; discusses nature and extent of damage and repairs needed with cus-

tomer and service manager.

9-9
V-3:9 Constructs, erects, installs, and repairs structures and fixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboard,

using carpenter's handtools and power tools, and conforming to local building codes:

Verbal aptitude is required to read blueprints for information pertaining to materials and dimen-

sions; and to understand building codes and company safety practice rules.

LEVEL 4

V-4:l Records brand marks used to identify cattle, produce, or other commodities to facilitate identifi-

cation:

Reads applications for new brands and official brand record; records assignment or reassign-

ment of brands; reads to file reports of field inspectors.

V-4:2 Mixes and bakes ingredients according to recipes and production order to produce breads, pas-

tries, and other baked goods:

Must read recipes and production orders to determine number and kind of bakery products to

make, ingredients to use, and mixing and baking instructions.

V-4:3 Welds metal parts together, as specified by layout, diagram, work order, or oral instructions,

using equipment which introduces a shield of inert or noncombustible gas around the electric

arc to prevent oxidation:

Verbal aptitude is required to read work order or receive oral instructions indicating type of

material and number of units to be welded, type and size of electrode material to use, type

of gas shield to use, settings for gas pressure, electric current amperage, and speed of electrode

wire feed.

V-4:4 Tends any of a variety of machine tools, such as lathes, drill presses, milling machines, grind-

ers, and special purpose machines, to machine metal workpieces to specifications on a produc-

tion basis:

Reads written instructions or work orders to determine number and kind of parts to be ma-

chined and kind of metal stock or castings to use. Requests stock and cutting tools from stock

room, specifying sizes, types, and amounts.

V-4:5 Cares for children in private home:

Must read directions for preparation of formulas, and possess sufficient vocabulary to under-

stand instructions regarding care of children.

V-4:6 Services automobiles, buses, trucks, and other automotive vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and ac-

cessories as requested by customer:

Verbal aptitude is required to understand specific instructions from station manager and to com-

municate with customers.

V-4:7 Assembles metal toys on assembly line, changing tasks as directed according to work load of

department; tends drill press or punch press; fits parts together; and joins parts using resistance

welder, fold-over tabs, or nuts and bolts:

Verbal aptitude is required to understand oral instructions specifying parts to assemble, position

of parts, sequence of assembly, and methods of fastening parts for several types and models
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of toys and stages of assembly.

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LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

9-10
N — NUMERICAL APTITUDE: The ability to perform arithmetic operations quickly and accurately.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Consider activities, such as making change from currency of

one denomination to another, keeping time or production records, using math or geometry to lay out

geometric patterns, making accurate numerical measurements, and making or checking numerical entries.

Consider the complexity of numerical operations as well as speed required and volume of arithmetic ac-

tivity.

LEVEL 1

N-l:l Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical techniques

to science, management, and other fields, and solves or directs solutions to problems in various

fields by mathematical methods:

Numerical aptitude is required to understand mathematical symbols, formulas, and concepts; to

develop methods and procedures of problem solving; and to test hypotheses and alternate theo-

ries.

N-l:2 Performs variety of engineering work in designing, planning, or overseeing the manufacture,

construction, installation, or maintenance of electric or electronic systems, equipment, or ma-

chinery used in the generation, transmission, or utilization of electrical energy for domestic,

commercial, or industrial consumption:

Numerical aptitude is required for the understanding and application of algebra, trigonometry,

analytical geometry, calculus, and differential equations to engineering problems.

N-l:3 Converts engineering, scientific, and other technical problem formulations into format

processible by computer

Numerical aptitude is required to identify mathematical formulas, equations, and assumptions

presented in support of problem; to analyze problem using mathematical formulas, tables, and

reference materials; and to make computations involving the use of linear algebra, vector analy-

sis, differential equations, and calculus to identify each mathematical element in the solution

of the problem.

N-l:4 Collects, analyzes, and interprets data on problems of public finance:

Computes or formulates problems for solution by others to determine government income and

expenditures by source and function, using such data as tax tables and rates, income and popu-

lation projections, and proposed budget and expenditure projections. Determines impact of tax

and fiscal policies on level of income and business activities. Computes initial and final distri-

bution of tax burden and its effects from analysis of shifting and incidence patterns for various

types of taxes. Computes probable revenues and effects of new taxes or tax rates. Computa-

tions and formulation of problems require the use of statistical methods, algebra, and some cal-

culus.

N-l:5 Researches market conditions in local, regional, or national area to determine potential sales

of a product or service:

Computes and analyzes statistical data on past sales of firm and general wholesale and retail
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sales trends to forecast future sales trends. Makes statistical projections based on population,
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income, sales data, and consumer surveys.

N-l:6 Reviews applications for casualty insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved, following com-

pany's underwriting policies:

Determines amount of risk company will insure, based on value of property and risks involved,

and the premium thereon. Determines the value of each factor affecting the degree of risk

and applies the applicable premium to each using rate tables or computes the weighted value

of each factor to arrive at a final composite weight used to compute the premium; computes

amount of insurance in force in the particular class of risk or in the same area to assure that

the company is spreading its risks sufficiently according to probability tables.

9^11
N-l:7 Prepares cost and work completion estimates for engineering contract bids:

Numerical aptitude is required to compute and list total quantity of each type of material need-

ed from blueprints and specifications; to compute quantity of standard sizes or lots needed for

each segment of structure or part; to estimate cost of raw materials, purchased equipment, or

subcontracted work, and labor, using price lists, standard or estimated time/cost figures, and

materials lists; and to set delivery or completion dates.

LEVEL 2

N-2:1 Applies principles of accounting to install and maintain accounting system:

Applies numerical reasoning to design or modify systems to provide records of assets, liabil-

ities, and financial transactions; applying arithmetic principles to prepare accounts, records, and

reports based on them; auditing contracts, orders, and vouchers; and preparing tax returns and

other reports to government agencies.

N-2:2 Draws and corrects topographical maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photo-

graphs, or other maps:

Numerical aptitude is required to make arithmetic computations to lay out scale representations

of mountains, cities, and other geographic features so that correct proportions and distances are

achieved.

N-2:3 Applies electronic theory, principles of electrical circuits, electrical testing procedures, mathe-

matics, physics, and related subjects to lay out, build, test, troubleshoot, repair, and modify de-

velopmental and production electronic equipment, such as computers, missile-control instrumen-

tation, and machine tool numerical controls:

Numerical aptitude is required to calculate value and sizes of circuitry components needed,

when not specified; to compute output values or potential of units; and to prepare graphs show-

ing operating characteristics of system, using mathematical tables and formulas.

N-2:4 Develops resistance welding and brazing machine setup data for work orders to ensure that

parts conform to blueprints and engineering specifications, applying knowledge of machine

function, electronics, properties of metals, effects of heat, and shop mathematics:

Computes combination of pressure, current, holding time, and impact required to obtain speci-

fied weld, interpolating from tables and charts, and multiplying and dividing fractions and deci-

mals to arrive at machine settings. Measures and makes arithmetic computations to determine

dimensional setup for workpiece and electrodes and size of jigs or fixtures needed.

N-2:5 Schedules and assigns motor vehicles and drivers for availability, length of trip, freight require-

ments, vehicle capacities and licenses, and user preferences:

Numerical aptitude is required to compute truck capacities for various products; to estimate de-

livery time; to compute delivery charges; and to prepare statistical reports and studies on oper-

ations, equipment, and personnel.

N-2:6 Repairs electronic equipment, such as computers, industrial controls, radar systems, telemetering

and missile control systems, following blueprints and manufacturers' specifications using
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handtools and test instruments:

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Numerical aptitude is required to calculate dimensions; to determine output measurements of

components; to compute ratios when calibrating instruments; and to apply principles of geome-

try and trigonometry to compute angles and coordinates.

N-2:7 Directs operation of retail, self-service food store according to overall organizational policies:

Numerical aptitude is necessary to determine amounts of merchandise needed based on stock

and past sales; to prepare requisitions or orders; to adjust prices based on amount, condition

and salability of item; and to prepare financial reports, such as sales reports, time and payroll

reports, bank deposits, or inventories.

9-12
LEVEL 3

N-3:l Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in extracting alumina from bauxite:

Numerical aptitude is required to calculate feed rates of raw materials, using standard formulas

and chemical analysis reports to compute rate of inputs; to study production schedules and esti-

mate staff hour requirements for completion of job assignment; and to adjust work schedules

or staffing to meet production requirements, using knowledge of capacities of machines and

equipment; and to maintain time arid production records.

N-3:2 Sells tickets for transportation agencies, such as airlines, bus companies, railroads, and steam-

ship lines:

Numerical aptitude is required to compute ticket cost and taxes, using schedules and rate books;

to check and weigh baggage; to compute travel time and fares for different types of accommo-

dations; to prepare daily sales record showing number and class of tickets sold and amount

of fare and taxes; and to count and balance cash with sales record.

N-3:3 Grows shrubs, rootstocks, cut flowers, or flowering bulbs:

Computes acreage to be planted according to estimated demand for species, availability and

cost of seed, bulbs, or scion stock and space requirements for each variety. Maintains record

of wages and hours of workers.

N-3:4 Constructs, erects, installs, and repairs structures and fixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboanL

using carpenter's handtools and power tools:

Measures and computes unspecified dimensions to prepare layouts, mark cutting and assembly

lines on materials, shape materials to prescribed measurements, and fit and install window and

door frames, trim cabinet work, and hardware.

N-3:5 Acts as intermediary between importers, steamship companies, or airlines and Bureau of Cus-

toms by preparing and compiling documents required by Federal Government for a ship or air-

plane of foreign origin to discharge its cargo at a domestic port:

Computes and quotes duty rates and amounts of commodities, using excise and tariff rate tables

applicable to commodity.

N-3:6 Designs and prepares decorated foods and artistic food arrangements for buffets in formal res-

taurants:

Reviews advance menus to determine amount and type of food to be served; prepares food

according to recipe; computes amount of food needed, based on number of persons to be served

and standard amounts per person; and adjusts standard recipes to obtain required quantities.

Measures and weighs ingredients.

N-3:7 Receives cash from customers or from other employees in payment for goods or services in

retail or service establishment, and records amount received:

Computes bill and itemizes list or ticket showing amount due, using adding machine or cash

register, makes change, cashes checks, and issues receipts; records amount received and pre-

pares reports of transactions; and reads and records totals on cash register verifying against cash
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on hand.
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LEVEL 4

N-4:l Makes women's garments, such as dresses, coats, and suits, according to customer specifica-

tions and measurements:

Measures customer to determine dimensions of garment; and adds and subtracts to adjust pat-

tern to customer's dimensions.

N-4:2 Inspects loaded freight cars:

Measures height and width of loads to ensure that they will pass over bridges and through tun-

nels on scheduled route.

9-13
N-4:3 Coordinates and expedites flow of material, parts, and assemblies within or between depart-

ments in accordance with production and shipping schedules or department supervisors' prior-

ities:

Numerical aptitude is required to determine quantities of material, adding and subtracting to

determine items of total order which are in various stages of manufacturing sequence.

N-4:4 Sets up knitting machines to knit hose, garments, and cloth according to specifications and ad-

justs and repairs machines, using knowledge of machine function:

Must measure, add, and subtract to determine number and size of cams and links for setup,

to synchronize machine, and to make repairs.

N-4:5 Mixes and bakes ingredients according to recipes to produce bread, pastries, and other baked

goods:

Numerical aptitude is required to calculate quantities and proportions of ingredients based on

master recipes and for the measurement of temperatures, time, and weights.

N-4:6 Records business transactions in journals, ledgers, and on special forms and transfers entries

from one accounting record to another

Adds totals of entries after posting and compares totals with original records to detect errors.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

S — SPATIAL APTITUDE: The ability to think visually of geometric forms and to comprehend

the two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional objects. The ability to recognize the relationships

resulting from the movement of objects in space.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Frequently described as the ability to "visualize" objects of

two- or three-dimensions or to think visually of geometric forms. Work examples are such activities as

laying out, positioning, and aligning objects; observing movements of objects, such as vehicles in traffic

or machines in operation, and comprehending how the movements affect their spatial position concurrent-

ly; achieving balanced design; and understanding and anticipating the effects of physical stresses in struc-

tural situations.

LEVEL 1

S-l:1 Diagnoses and treats disease, injuries, and malformations of teeth, gum, and related oral struc-

tures:

Spatial aptitude is required to read x rays; to comprehend relation between teeth, tooth func-

tions, tooth forms, stresses, and all phases of occlusion.

S-l:2 Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical techniques

to science, management, and other fields, and solves or directs solutions to problems by mathe-

matical methods:

Spatial aptitude is required to visualize and understand the special relationships of objects and

forces involved in a situation and their resultant effects on each other.

S-l:3 Plans and designs private residences, office buildings, theatres, public buildings, factories, and

other structures; and organizes services necessary for their construction:

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Plans layout of project, using visual imagination to integrate structural, mechanical, and orna-
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mental elements into a unified design. Prepares sketches and elevation view of project for cli-

ent. Prepares scale and full-size drawings for use by building contractors and craft workers.

9-14
S-l:4 Performs variety of engineering work in designing, planning, and overseeing manufacture, con-

struction, installation, and operation of electric or electronic equipment, and systems, used in

generation and utilization of electrical energy for industrial and domestic consumption:

Spatial aptitude is required in the design and construction of electrical systems and equipment

to visualize the spatial relationships of static and dynamic components and the spatial character-

istics of energy flow.

S-l:5 Draws and paints illustrations for advertisements, books, magazines, posters, billboards, and

catalogs:

Renders details from memory, live models, manufactured products, or reference materials to

execute design.

LEVEL 2

S-2:l Prepares working plans and detail drawings from rough or detailed sketches or notes, for engi-

neering or manufacturing purposes according to specified dimensions:

Spatial aptitude is required in interpreting blueprints, sketches, and specifications, and in prepar-

ing detailed, scale drawings of three-dimensional parts or mechanisms from sketches, layout,

and oral instructions.

S-2:2 Performs dances alone, with partner, or in groups to entertain audience:

Spatial aptitude is required to interpret diagrams and instructions for proposed choreography;

to visualize relative position of self with others; and to imagine how dance routines will appear

to public.

S-2:3 Repairs and adjusts radios and television receivers, using handtools and electronic testing instru-

ments:

Spatial aptitude is required to read circuit diagrams in order to assemble and repair radio and

television set components; to visualize power flow and spatial relationship of components and

circuits as they relate to various functions, to isolate them for testing, and to test each circuit

serially; and to visualize the source of trouble from observation of picture or from sound.

S-2:4 Creates designs and prepares patterns for new types and styles of men's, women's, and chil-

dren's wearing apparel or knitted garments:

Spatial aptitude is required to visualize the garment to be created and to sketch designs of it;

to construct original patterns; and to use patterns to make garments.

S-2:5 Controls air traffic on and within vicinity of airport according to established procedures and

policies to prevent collisions and to minimize delays arising from traffic congestion:

Spatial aptitude is required to observe the spatial relationships of aircraft within the immediate

vicinity of the airport; and to visualize the relative positions of other aircraft from radar, time,

distance, speed, and altitude information.

S-2:6 Sets up and operates machine tools, and fits and assembles parts to make or repair metal parts,

mechanisms, tools, or machines, applying knowledge of mechanics, shop mathematics, metal

properties, and layout machining procedures:

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Spatial aptitude is required to interpret blueprints and sketches, make layouts, set up workpiece
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in chuck or on face plate, and to inspect completed work for compliance with shop orders and

drawings.

S-2:7 Constructs, erects, installs, and repairs structures and fixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboard,

using carpenter's handtools and power tools, and conforming to local building codes:

Spatial aptitude is required to interpret blueprints and visualize the three dimensional form of

the structure from prints; to lay out workpieces from blueprints; to shape and fit pans; and

to construct forms for pouring concrete.

9-15
S-2:8 Assists driller in operating machinery to drill oil or gas wells, using handtools or power tongs

and wrenches:

Spatial aptitude is required to visualize spatial relationships rapidly while placing tools and

guiding lower end of drill-pipe sections to rack and unrack them; and to constantly be aware

of the location of other workers, tools, and materials as they move about work area in order

to prevent accidents.

LEVEL 3

S-3:l Operates bridge or gantry crane, consisting of hoist and operator's cab mounted on bridge

which runs along track to lift, move, and load machinery, equipment, and variety of loose mate-

rials:

Spatial aptitude is required to observe the relationship between the moving load and fixed

items, such as machines, trucks, posts, etc., in order to avoid bumping load, and to position

load in trucks or on stacks, or dump it into machines or equipment

S-3:2 Installs, adjusts, and maintains electrical wiring, switches, and fixtures in airplanes according

to blueprints and wiring diagrams:

Spatial aptitude is required to determine sizes and types of control boxes, relays, instruments,

and accessories to install, and the location from blueprints and wiring diagrams.

S-3:3 Forms sand molds for the production of metal castings, using handtools, power tools, patterns,

and flasks, and applying knowledge of variables, such as metal characteristics, molding sand,

contours of patterns, and pouring procedures:

Spatial aptitude is required to visualize mold shape from part print or pattern; to visualize flow

of metal during pouring process and gas formation to determine location and size of runner

and sprue holes; to visualize points of stress on mold during pouring; and to determine location

for reinforcing material.

S-3:4 Constructs and repairs dental appliances according to prescription:

Spatial aptitude is required to visualize and sketch outline of prosthetic dental appliance on

stone model of upper and lower jaws, using impressions as guides; and to check movement

and fit of upper and lower jaw models to determine proper alignment, and to approximate posi-

tion and function of appliance being made.

S-3:5 Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in loading and unloading of ships'

cargoes:

Visualizes available cargo space, spatial dimensions of individual shipments and how they can

be rearranged, and order of removal at various ports to determine the sequence and arrangement

of the load.

S-3:6 Makes women's garments, such as dresses, coats, and suits, according to customer's specifica-

tions and measurements:

Spatial aptitude is required to use patterns visualizing the relationship between pattern pieces

and finished garment and following pattern instructions; and to alter basic patterns proportional-
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ly to adapt them to customer's measurements.

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S-3:7 Sets up and operates machines that measure, print, cut, fold, glue, or seal plain or waxed pa-

pers, polyethylene film, or cellophane to form bags:

Spatial aptitude is required to adjust cutters, feeders, printing rollers, and other mechanisms ac-

cording to specifications for type and size of bag being produced.

9-16
LEVEL 4

S-4:l Inspects electronic units and subassemblies, such as radio transmitters, computer circuits, and

cables, for conformance to specifications:

Spatial aptitude is required to examine completed assemblies relating them to configuration

sheet to determine that components are in specified positions.

S-4:2 Tends film cutter and mounting press to mount color-film transparencies:

Aligns cutting blade of film-cutting machine with frame separating line between transparencies

on film strips.

S-4:3 Smooths and finishes surfaces of poured concrete floors, walls, sidewalks, or curbs to specified

textures, using handtools, including floats, trowels, and screeds:

Determines grade and contours from construction drawings and selects screeds needed to form

or guide forming of work to specified shape.

S-4:4 Drives gasoline- or electric-powered industrial truck or tractor, equipped with forklift, elevating

platform, or trailer hitch, to push, pull, lift, stack, or tier merchandise, equipment, or bulk mate-

rials in warehouse, storage yard, or factory:

Observes changing position of fork in relation to objects or materials to maneuver fork under

load; observes position of load relative to other objects to move load about and to position

or stack load.

S-4:5 Tends units of fresh-work cigar machine that cuts wrapper leaf and wraps leaf around bunch:

Spreads wrapper leaf over die of machine in such a manner as to obtain maximum cuts per

leaf.

S-4:6 Joins and reinforces parts of articles, such as garments, curtains, parachutes, stuffed toys, hats,

and caps; sews buttonholes and attaches fasteners, such as buttons, snaps, and hooks, to articles;

or sews decorative trimmings to articles, using needle and thread:

Aligns parts, fasteners, or trimming, working with two dimensions in a single plane, to obtain

desired appearance when item is in use.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

P — FORM PERCEPTION: The ability to perceive pertinent detail in objects or in pictorial or

graphic material. Ability to make visual comparisons and discriminations and see slight differences in

shapes and shadings of figures and widths and lengths of lines.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Consider such activities as inspecting surfaces for consistency

in coloring, scratches, flaws, grain, texture, and the like; observing lint, dust, etc., on surfaces; determin-

ing if patterns are correct or match; and recognizing small parts.

NOTE: Spatial deals with visualization of the shape of objects as well as comprehension of

forms in space. Form perception, on the other hand, pertains to the perception of surface details.

LEVEL 1

P-l:l Conducts studies of all nonmetallic minerals used in horological industry:

Is able to perceive detail of grain size, pattern, and crystalline orientation in diamonds and abra-
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sives and see differences in the features and size of grain angles using optical, x-ray, and other
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precision instruments.

P-l :2 Performs chemical, microscopic, and bacteriologic tests to provide data for use in treatment and

diagnosis of disease:

Form perception is required to perceive pertinent details of shape, shade, and other characteris-

tics when examining or comparing specimens or cultures under microscope.

9-17
LEVEL 2

P-2:l Diagnoses and treats diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth, gums, and related oral struc-

tures:

Is able to perceive details of tooth and tissue structure and condition, tooth form, shadings of

teeth (when preparing dentures), shape and shading of teeth when examining x rays, and paral-

lelism and fit of dentures and inlays.

P-2:2 Draws and corrects topographical maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photo-

graphs, or other maps:

Is able to perceive details of land contours or other physical features in stereoscopic aerial pho-

tographs and other topographical maps; draw different widths and types of lines, each with spe-

cific meanings in topography; and assure that scale is maintained throughout drawing.

P-2:3 Develops specifications for and blows and shapes glass laboratory apparatus, such as test tubes,

retorts, and flasks, and glass components for such apparatus as condensers, vacuum pumps, ba-

rometer, and thermometers:

Form perception is required to see details in customer's sketches and work plans; to observe

when specified shape and angles are obtained in glass; to inspect glass visually for flaws and

pin holes; and to read measuring instruments such as micrometers and calipers.

P-2:4 Changes undesirable details of illustrations which are to be reproduced by lithographic process:

Observes differences in shading (contrast) when comparing positives and negatives with original

copy of illustration layout, and when applying dyes and etching solutioa Must perceive details

of object or fixture to apply opaque solution and halftone dots by hand; to pencil in highlights

and retouch flaws; and to scrape areas to reduce density.

P-2:5 Analyzes variety of specifications, lays out metal stock, sets up and operates machine tools,

and fits and assembles parts to make and repair metalworking dies, cutting tools, jigs, fixtures,

gauges, and machinists' handtools, applying knowledge of tool and die design and construction,

ship mathematics, metal properties, and layout, machining, and assembly procedures:

Form perception is required to read dial indicators and machine settings; to observe cut as it

is made by tool to be sure surface of part is not scored; to inspect workpiece visually and

with precision gauges to detect surface and dimensional defects; and to check fit of dies and

parts.

P-2:6 Repairs radio receivers, phonographs, recorders, and other electronic-audio equipment, using

circuit diagrams and test meters:

Form perception is required to inspect visually all circuits and connections for breaks or loose-

ness; to detect defects in components by visual examinations; and to recognize components by

their size, shape, and position.

P-2:7 Reads typescript or galley proof to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographi-

cal, or compositional errors:

Is able to perceive pertinent detail in proof, such as blurs, misshapen letters, margin alignment,
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and spacing.
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LEVEL 3

P-3:l Grades cured tobacco leaves preparatory to marketing or processing into tobacco products:

Visually inspects and feels leaves to determine their grade according to size and texture, and

to detect damage to leaf.

£-18
P-3:2 Forms sand molds for production of metal castings, using handtools, power tools, patterns, and

flasks, applying knowledge of variables, such as metal characteristics, molding sand, contours

of patterns, and pouring procedures:

Form perception is required to determine appropriate length, width, and position of runners and

sprue holes to be cut in mold; and to detect and repair damage to interior surfaces of mold.

P-3:3 Repairs and services office machines, such as adding, accounting, and calculating machines,

and typewriters, using handtools, power tools, micrometers, and welding equipment:

Form perception is required to identify machine parts, and to detect defects in parts by their

shape and alignment with other parts, when determining type and extent of repairs or service

needed.

P-3:4 Inspects and assembles machined bomb-fuse parts, using handtools and power tools:

Examines machined parts prior to assembly for burrs and excess metal, using magnifying glass

for small parts, and files and grinds off burrs and excess metal.

P-3:5 Cuts and trims meat to size for display or as ordered by customer, using handtools and power

equipment, such as grinder, cubing machine, and power saw:

Form perception is required to align carcass with blade of saw in order to break down large

sections into smaller standard cuts; to examine shape, marbling, fat, and bone to determine most

economical means of preparing cuts; to trim fat, and bone and to examine shape and grain

to determine cutting line to follow to make standard cuts, such as loin roasts, steaks, etc.

P-3:6 Prepares wire-wound coils for assembly in electronic or electrical equipment;

Inspects materials and coils for defects; locates tap wires in wound coils and pulls them out

with tweezers and picks; bends wires to specified shape; and solders minute wires together or

to terminal lugs.

P-3:7 Inspects glass bottles and glass containers from bottlemaking machine, rejects defective ware,

and packs selected ware into cartons:

Form perception is required to inspect bottles and detect flaws in glass, such as cracks, checks,

and splits, and irregularities of shape and size.

P-3:8 Operates battery of looms to weave yam into cloth:

Form perception is required to make visual inspections of looms prior to and during operation

to be sure shuttles are in position and no yam strands are broken; and to detect mispicks, im-

perfections in weave, and breaks in warp fibers.

LEVEL 4

P-4:l Operates cylinder press to score and cut paperboard sheets into box or container blanks:

Observes alignment of paperboard to adjust feeding and stacking mechanism. Inspects cutting

and scoring lines to detect defects.

P-4:2 Performs one or more repetitive bench or line assembly operations to mass produce products,

such as automobile or tractor radiators, blower wheels, refrigerators, or gas stoves:

Form perception is required when buffing parts to see when burrs are buffed from ends of tub-
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ing and taper with specified angle is attained; and to see small bubbles rise to surface of test
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tank denoting leak in coil, and to locate their source.

P-4:3 Receives, stores, and issues equipment, materials, supplies, merchandise, foodstuffs, or tools,

and compiles stock records in stockroom, warehouse, or storage yard:

Examines stock to identify item according to size, shape or other characteristics in order to

verify conformance to requisitions or invoice specifications.

9-19
P^:4 Packs agricultural produce, such as bulbs, fruit, nuts, eggs, and vegetables, for storage or ship-

ment:

Form perception is required to recognize differences in size, shape, and condition of produce;

to pack produce in prescribed pattern according to sizes and shapes; to inspect produce visually

for imperfections; and to identify and remove foreign matter.

P-4:5 Installs control cables to door, window, engine, and flight-control surfaces of airplanes accord-

ing to specifications, using wrenches, screwdrivers, pliers, and drills:

Form perception is required to measure and locate positions for pulleys, guides, and brackets;

to thread cable from control levers, through pulleys and guides to mechanism according to spec-

ified partem; and to observe during functional checks to determine necessary adjustments.

P-4:6 Operates pressing machine to smooth surfaces, flatten seams, or shape articles, such as gar-

ments, drapes, slipcovers, and hose in manufacturing or dry cleaning establishments:

Form perception is required to position articles on press buck (padded table of machine) to

ensure a smooth press; to shape articles when positioning; and to inspect garments for wrinkles

and shape after pressing.

P-4:7 Welds metal parts together, as specified by layout, diagram, work order, or oral instructions,

using equipment which introduces shield of inert gas between electrode and workpiece to pre-

vent oxidation:

Form perception is required to,see details in work diagrams, to align workpiece according to

layout markings; to follow line to be welded; to guide torch; and to inspect weld bead for con-

sistent size, straightness, and complete fill of joint

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

Q — CLERICAL PERCEPTION: The ability to perceive pertinent detail in verbal or tabular materi-

al. Ability to observe differences in copy, to proofread words and numbers, and to avoid perceptual errors

in arithmetic computation. A measure of speed of perception is required in many industrial jobs even

when the job does not have verbal or numerical content.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: In trade and craft jobs consider the work orders, specifica-

tions, dials, gauges, and measuring devices which must be read. Consider whether perceptual errors in

reading words and numbers or in rapidly comparing similar forms or shapes would result in defective

work.

LEVEL 1

Q-l:l Conducts research in fundamental mathematics and in application of mathematical techniques

to science, management, and other fields; and solves or directs solutions to problems in various

fields by mathematical methods:

Accurately perceives numbers when performing computations, applying methods of numerical

analysis, and operating calculators, plotters, or other electrical computation machines in solving

problems in support of mathematical, scientific, or industrial research activity, and in analyzing

tabular material produced as part of such research.

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Q-l:2 Reads and corrects proof while original copy is read aloud:
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

Clerical perception is required to see details in proof pages such as the way words are spelled,

capitalized, hyphenated, and abbreviated; and to delect typographical errors, such as misspell-

ing, wrong punctuation, skips, or repeats.

9-20
Q-l:3 Converts symbolic statement of business problems to detailed logical flow charts for coding

into computer language and solution by means of automatic data processing equipment:

Oerical perception is required to perceive pertinent detail in program documentation, assembled

data, and recommended program routines; to prepare input, output, and nomenclature lists; to

translate step-by-step instructions from flow charts for console operator, to recognize and detect

errors in program instructions; to correct errors by altering sequence of steps; and to avoid com-

putation errors.

LEVEL 2

Q-2:l Performs variety of clerical duties, such as filing correspondence, records, and reports; typing

letters and reports; preparing bills; computing payrolls; compiling reports; addressing, sorting,

and distributing mail; taking dictation; tabulating and posting data in record books; keeping in-

ventory records; and giving information:

Oerical perception is required to read, record, and type numbers and names quickly and accu-

rately, to file letters, prepare records and reports, and to post data.

Q-2:2 Reviews individual applications for insurance, evaluates the degree of risk involved, and accepts

applications, following company's underwriting policies:

Oerical perception is required to compute accurately the value of property and risk involved;

to figure premiums using tables and weighted values for risk factors; to note pertinent details

in insurance applications and investigation reports; and to read accurately tables and insurance

maps, indicating amount and type of insurance used in specific areas.

Q-2:3 Operates machine to perforate paper tape used to control casting type:

Oerical perception is required to read copy and strike keys accurately on keyboard to punch

tape; to read tables to determine number of justification keys to punch to justify lines of type;

and to read tables to avoid perceptual errors in arithmetic when converting line measures from

one unit of measure to another.

Q-2:4 Answers inquiries regarding schedules; describes routes, services, and accommodations avail-

able; reserves space; and sells tickets for transportation agencies, such as airlines, bus compa-

nies, railroads, and steamship lines:

Oerical perception is required to read accurately schedules and manuals with route and accom-

modation information; to make out tickets and passenger lists and to record reservation informa-

tion; to avoid perceptual errors when reading rate schedules, and computing fares and baggage

charges; and to keep records of tickets sold, type of accommodations, fares, taxes, and payment

Q-2:5 Performs chemical, microscopic, and bacteriologic tests to provide data for use in treatment and

diagnosis of disease:

Oerical perception is required to read laboratory test request slips, to determine patient for

whom tests are to be made, type of test, quantities and types of specimens to be taken, and

special test instructions; to read words and chemical symbols on laboratory supplies for selec-

tion of exact chemical to use in tests; to read reference materials determining type and quanti-
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ties of reagents to use in analysis; to perceive numbers accurately when performing arithmetic
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

computations for quantitative analyses; and to perceive words and numbers accurately when fil-

ing test reports, specimens, and other records according to alphabetical and numerical systems.

Q-2:6 Determines conformance of cloth to weight standards by computing weight per yard of cloth

and comparing computations with information on style card:

Oerical perception is required to read identification tag on bolt of cloth, to determine style

number, weight, and length; to perceive accurately numbers and markings on slide rule in order

to compute weight per yard; to compare computation with standard listed on style card; and

to record accurately weight, yardage, weight per yard, and style number for each bolt on pro-

duction sheet

9-21
Q-2:7 Renders general nursing care to patients in hospital, infirmary, sanitarium, or similar institution:

Notes pertinent detail in written instructions, especially amounts and strengths of medications

to administer, accurately perceives numbers when reading instruments, preparing medications,

and filling syringes for injections; accurately records data on patients' charts, such as tempera-

ture, respiration, pulse count, blood pressure, medications, and dosage administered.

LEVEL 3

Q-3:l Prepares and compiles records in hospital nursing unit, such as obstetrics, pediatrics, or surgery:

Clerical perception is required to post information to patients' charts from doctors' and nurses'

notes and laboratory reports; to file charts in chart racks; to make up daily diet sheet for unit;

and to maintain inventory of drugs and supplies.

Q-3:2 Drives truck over established route to deliver, sell, and display products or render services:

Clerical perception is required to fill out requisitions for merchandise and to check amounts

received against requisition; to prepare sales slips for amounts sold, entering proper amount be-

side item listed on sales slip; and to avoid perceptual errors when computing total of sales and

preparing reports of daily sales and collections.

Q-3:3 Marks or affixes trademark or other identifying information, such as size, color, grade, or proc-

ess code on merchandise, material, or product:

Clerical perception is required to check specification to determine label and other information

to be stamped on product; to select appropriate type and other symbols and place them in type

box in order, and to compare sample to specification.

Q-3:4 Operates cash register to compute and record total sale and wraps merchandise for customers

in department, variety, and specialty stores:

Clerical perception is required to record accurately amount of sale on cash register, to compare

sales slip with price tickets on merchandise; and to copy cash register totals onto daily sales

and receipt records.

Q-3:5 Assists in care of hospital patients, under direction of nursing and medical staff:

Clerical perception is required to read and record such data as temperature, pulse rate, and res-

piration rate; to record patient's food and fluid intake and output; and to read charts and instruc-

tions accurately.

Q-3:6 Performs combination of duties involved in binding books, magazines, pamphlets, directories,

and catalogs:

Clerical perception is required to lay signatures on gathering table in correct page order for

assembly; to gather up signatures in numerical order to form complete book body, and to in-

spect bound book bodies for proper paginatioa

LEVEL 4

Q-4:l Coordinates and expedites flow of materials, parts, and assemblies within or between depart-

ments in accordance with production and shipping schedules or department supervisors' prior-

ities:
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Clcrical perception is required to compare identification number of parts, materials, or assem-

Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

blies to identical numbers on shop order when locating items; and to take physical inventories

of stock, tool, or equipment storage rooms, comparing inventory number or other identifying

number to inventory list

Q-4:2 Inspects finished glassware or flat glass for conformance to quality standards:

Gerical perception is required to read micrometers and gauges accurately to determine if di-

mensions are within specified tolerances; and to record number and type of defects.

9-22
Q-4:3 Drives gasoline- or electric-powered industrial truck or tractor, equipped with forklift, elevating

platform, or trailer hitch to push, pull, lift, stack, or tier merchandise, equipment, or bulk mate-

rials in warehouse, storage yard, or factory:

Accurately perceives identification numbers and weights marked on materials, packing cases,

or tote boxes to identify materials to be moved and to assure that weight of items lifted does

not exceed vehicle capacity.

Q~4:4 Marks, sorts, and records number and type of soiled garments, linens, and other articles re-

ceived for cleaning and laundering:

Clerical perception is required to enter number of each type of garment or article on laundry

list; to write or stamp identification number or code on article or tag; and to accurately record

identification number on laundry slip.

Q-4:5 Assists workers in business office by sorting, distributing, and collecting mail and interoffice

correspondence and delivering office supplies to workers:

Avoids perceptual errors in reading names and addresses on mail in order to deliver it to proper

destination.

Q-4:6 Sets up and operates coil winding machine to wind coils used in manufacture of electrical and

electronic components, such as transformers, solenoids, chokes, and filters:

Clerical perception is required to observe counter and to stop machine after specified number

of turns; and to read ohmmcter attached to resistance coil, winding or unwinding wire until

specified resistance reading is obtained.

Q-4:7 Sells furniture, beds, and mattresses in department store or furniture store:

Clerical perception is required to avoid perceptual errors when making up bills of sales; when

reading and recording identification numbers to make up inventory of stock; and when requisi-

tioning stock from warehouse or checking on its availability.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

K — MOTOR COORDINATION: The ability to coordinate eyes and hands or fingers rapidly and

accurately in making precise movements with speed. Ability to make a movement response accurately

and swiftly.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Motor coordination involves hand movements guided by con-

centrated visual attention. It is present when objects are guided into position or parts are assembled.

Typing and operating adding machines, calculators, and similar keyboards are examples of motor coordi-

nation in clerical occupations.

LEVEL 1 NO ILLUSTRATIONS

LEVEL 2

K-2:l Types letters, reports, stencils, forms, addresses, or other straight copy material from rough draft

or corrected copy:

Eye-finger coordination is required to type by "touch" with fingers striking the appropriate

keys as the eyes follow the copy.

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K-2:2 Itemizes and totals cost of customer's purchases of groceries, meat, and produce on a combina-
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

tion adding machine-cash register

Motor coordination is required to coordinate finger, eye, and hand with speed.

K-2:3 Diagnoses and treats diseases, injuries, and malformations of the teeth, gums, and related oral

structures:

Motor coordination is essential in using drills and other dental tools to extract, fill, or cap teeth;

in positioning novocaine needle in gums; and in fitting artificial teeth, plates, and bridges.

9-23
K-2:4 Operates pantograph machine to transfer design in reduced form from zinc plate to varnished

printing rollers:

Coordination between eyes and fingers is required in guiding needle point through line of de-

sign cut on plate to trace pattern on printing roll; and for moving stylet to follow colored lines

in etched pattern.

K-2:5 Measures heel to toe length of stocking, using measuring lines on pairing table, and stacks

stockings of comparable length, color, and grade for matching into pairs:

Motor coordination is required to coordinate eyes, hands, and fingers during measuring, color

matching, and sorting, working at production pace.

K-2:6 Installs, repairs, adjusts, and calibrates pneumatic, electrical, and electronic instruments:

Motor coordination is required in using handtools to adjust or repair component parts of elec-

tronic instruments; to test and calibrate reassembled equipment with electrical testing devices;

and to rewire and modify equipment in accordance to blueprints and schematics.

K-2:7 Works at discharge end of conveyor belt to inspect and box bakery products:

Motor coordination is required to remove products quickly from belt and place them in cartons

according to specified arrangement

LEVEL 3

K-3:l Operates telephone switchboard to establish or assist customer in establishing local or long dis-

tance telephone connections:

Motor coordination is required to press proper keys or plug jacks into holes or slots on switch-

board quickly in response to visual stimuli or lights on board, and often with several calls com-

ing in and going out simultaneously.

K-3:2 Assembles electrical equipment, such as ammeters, galvanometers, and voltage meters:

Gose correspondence is required between eyes and hands in using tools to position, adjust and

tighten parts, such as screws, indicator arms, springs, and lugs.

K-3:3 Performs beauty services for patrons of beauty shop:

Coordination of eyes, hands, and fingers is required to cut, style, and tint hair, give facials,

arch eyebrows, and manicure nails.

K-3:4 Drives gasoline-powered forklift truck to haul or stock materials and objects in or about estab-

lishment:

Coordinates eyes and hands or fingers in making precise movements with speed (pushing and

pulling hand levers, gear shifts, and hand brakes) to drive truck and to raise, lower, or otherwise

position forklift under objects to be moved.

K-3:5 Removes defective nuts and foreign matter from bulk nut meats:

Coordinates eye, hand, and finger movements to pick up and discard defective nut meats and

foreign matter from conveyor belt, working at production rate.

K-3:6 Cuts, trims, and bones meats to prepare them for cooking, using knives, saw, and cleaver

Motor coordination is required in adjusting saw blades; in cutting, boning, and trimming meats
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into desired portions with knives; and placing meats in grinders and cubing machines.
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

K-3:7 Assembles metal products, such as vacuum cleaners, valves, or hydraulic cylinders, working

at bench or on shop floor

Motor coordination is required in operating drill presses, punch presses, riveting machines, and

various handtools in assembly operations; and in positioning, placing, and fitting of parts in

each sub-assembly and main assembly.

9-24
K-3:8 Applies coats of plaster to interior walls, ceilings, and partitions of buildings to produce fin-

ished surface:

Motor coordination is essential in erecting scaffolding, mixing plaster to desired consistency,

spreading plaster to attain uniform thickness, and creating decorative textures in finished coat

by marking with brush or trowel.

K-3:9 Forms wire grids used in electron tubes, using winding, shaping, and cutting machines:

Motor coordination is required to coordinate eyes and fingers or hands to insert grid into

chucks, to trim grids, and to thread wires through lathe.

LEVEL 4

K-4:l Repairs defects, such as tears and holes in garments, linens, curtains, and draperies, and rebinds

cleaned blankets by hand or by operating a sewing machine:

Eye and finger coordination is required in sewing, darning, or reweaving holes or tears in gar-

ments, curtains, or linens.

K-4:2 Performs tasks to finish and press household linens:

Motor coordination is required in placing garments into machine, making sure garments are

properly aligned so that no wrinkles will be ironed into garments.

K-4:3 Sets up and operates machine tools, and fits and assembles parts to make or repair metal parts,

mechanisms, tools, or machines:

Motor coordination is required to align workpiece and cutting tool in relation to one another,

to move levers when operating machines; and in using handtools to pcrfonn such functions as

chipping, filing, and scraping.

K-4:4 Assembles various aluminum or steel components of trailers:

Motor coordination is required to align and position trailer components to fit rivets, bolts, and

screws into position, using riveting gun and handtools, and to fit trailer pans in prescribed posi-

tion for correct assembly.

K-4:5 Receives, stores, and issues equipment, material, supplies, merchandise, foodstuff, or tools, and

compiles records in stockroom, warehouse, or storage yard:

Coordinates eye, hand, and finger movements to wrap or box items and label packaged parts.

K-4:6 Harvests fruit, working as crewmember

Coordinates hands and eyes to make necessary movements in selecting, picking, and depositing

fruit into picking sack.

K-4:7 Operates traveling and stationary tables to feed steel blooms, billets, and slabs to rolls for suc-

cessive passes through roll stands:

Eye-hand coordination is required to position tables and align rollers preparatory to feeding

steel into rollers.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

F — FINGER DEXTERITY: The ability to move the fingers and manipulate small objects with

the fingers rapidly or accurately.

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Interpretive Information for Analysts: Finger dexterity is present when bolts and screws are handled;
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

small tools, machine controls, and the like are manipulated; musical instruments are played; and fine

adjustments and alignments are made to instruments and machines. It may or may not be accompanied

by visual stimuli.

9-25
LEVEL 1

F-l:l Plays organ in recital, as accompanist, or as member of orchestra, band, or other musical group:

All ten fingers must be positioned in rapid integrated movements to depress specified keys at

varying tempos on one or more keyboards of organ.

F-l:2 Performs surgical operations upon human body:

Finger movements of one hand are required to locate broken or cut blood vessel, to position

vessel and place ligature about it, and to tie one of several types of knots in ligature to stem

flow of blood from vessel.

LEVEL 2

F-2:l Sets up and operates coil-winding machine to wind multiple coils used in manufacture of elec-

trical and electronic components:

Positions and moves very small pans and thin wires with fingers and fits coil forms on winding

arbor of machine; threads wire through guide mechanism of machine; and tapes wire to coil

forms.

F-2:2 Adjusts watch movements to comply with mechanical and timing specifications:

Controls placement and movement of watchmaker tools and watch components with fingers in

disassembling and cleaning watch movements; in adjusting lock, drop, and slide of escapement;

in truing wheel and hairspring assembly; and in reassembling watch movements.

F-2:3 Installs optical elements, such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors in mechanical portion of such in-

struments as telescopes, cameras, and gunsights:

Finger dexterity is required to guide and move tools and to position component parts in per-

forming such tasks as scraping, filing, and lapping instrument mounts to align optical elements;

adjusting optical elements to calibrations; and inserting retaining rings into housings and secur-

ing them to posts or threads.

F-2:4 Assembles modules (units) of microelectronic equipment, such as satellite communications de-

vices and hearing aids, using handtools, magnifying lens, and spotwelden

Finger dexterity is required to insert lead wires of components, such as microdiodes, resistors,

capacitors, and microtransistors, into mounting holes of plastic plate; and to attach color-coded

wires between specified component leads to make circuit connections.

F-2:5 Engraves lettering and ornamental designs on silverware, trophies, eyeglass frames, and jewelry,

using engraving tools:

Finger dexterity is required to position and control movements of engraving tools in cutting

complicated designs on objects, such as pins, rings, and bracelets.

F-2:6 Packages pharmaceutical products by hand, working at production pace:

Finger dexterity is required in performing such tasks as inserting cotton in mouths of bottles,

placing caps on bottles, pasting labels on bottles, inserting bottles into nested cartons, placing

printed material in filled cartons, and packing individual cartons into larger cartons.

F-2:7 Makes women's garments, such as dresses, coats, and suits, according to customer specifica-
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tions and measurements:

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Finger dexterity is required in performing such tasks as positioning and pinning pattern sections

and fabric; pinning or basting together fabric parts in preparation for sewing; and threading nee-

dle and sewing parts together by hand.

9-26
F-2:8 Diagnoses and treats diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth, gums, and related oral struc-

tures:

Finger dexterity is required to position and guide dental picks and mirrors; position x-ray film

in patient's mouth; suture extraction wounds; and trim and carve bite blocks with spatulas and

carving instruments.

LEVEL 3

F-3:l Feeds tungsten filament wire coils into machine that mounts them to stems in electric light

bulb:

Finger dexterity is required to grasp coils with tweezers and insert them into slotted plate of

mounting machine; and to pick up and examine finished mounts as they emerge from machine.

F-3:2 Takes dictation in shorthand and transcribes dictated materials, using typewriter

Finger dexterity is required in forming shorthand symbols with pencil or pen and in depressing

keys of typewriter.

F-3:3 Installs, maintains, and services sound and communication systems:

Finger movements are required in performing such tasks as picking up and installing tubes,

transistors, and component parts; wiring units of system together, and turning dials to obtain

required performance level.

F-3:4 Cuts and styles hair, using clippers, comb, and scissors, and performs other personal services

for patrons of barber shop:

Controlled movement of fingers is required to use clippers, scissors, and other barber tools

when cutting and shaping hair.

F-3:5 Operates battery of looms to weave yam into cloth:

Finger dexterity is required to repair breaks in warp fiber by tying piece of yam to broken

end of warp and threading yam through drop wires, needle eyes, and reed dents, using reed

hooks.

F-3:6 Constructs and repairs dental appliances:

Finger dexterity is required in performing such tasks as sketching outline of appliance on stone

model, aligning model on articulator and securing it to frame with plaster, and building wax

impressions of metal frames, crowns, partials, and full dentures.

F-3:7 Packs agricultural produce, such as bulbs, fruits, nuts, eggs, and vegetables, for storage or ship-

ment:

Finger dexterity is required in performing such tasks as lining containers with padding, inserting

separators in containers, sorting produce according to size and color, wrapping material around

produce, and placing produce in containers.

F-3:8 Welds metal parts together, using electric and oxyacetylene welding equipment:

Finger movements are required to connect pressure regulators to nozzles of oxygen and acety-

lene supply tanks; connect hoses to regulators and welding torch to hose; screw welding tip

into torch; and to open regulator valves and light torch.

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LEVEL 4
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F-4:1 Mixes and bakes ingredients according to recipes to produce breads, pastries, and other baked

goods:

Finger dexterity is required to work with ingredients and utensils and to perform such tasks

as arranging strips of dough across tops of pies, and placing cut or formed dough in pans or

on baking boards or trays.

9-27
F-4:2 Prepares, seasons, and cooks soups, meats, vegetables, desserts, and other foodstuffs for con-

sumption in medical institutions:

Finger dexterity is required in using knives, brushes, scrapers, and other tools to clean, trim,

slice, and dice vegetables, fruits, and meats; in portioning foods; in turning dials and valves

on kitchen equipment; in removing dishes, napkins, and waste materials from food carts; in

sorting and stacking dishes; and in lining pans and shelves with paper.

F-4:3 Sews fasteners and decorative trimmings to articles, sews buttonholes, and joins articles, using

needle and thread:

Finger dexterity is required to thread needle, align articles, and hold articles in place while sew-

ing.

F-4:4 Controls continuous operations of petroleum refining and processing units:

Finger dexterity is required to move knobs, buttons, and switches on control panels; to place

charts; tapes, and graphs in recording part of instruments; and to set control arms and needle

points in proper recording positions.

F-4:5 Repairs and maintains physical structures of commercial and industrial establishments, using

handtools and power tools:

Finger dexterity is required to perform such tasks as making electrical repairs that involve splic-

ing broken lines; installing switches, receptacles, and junction boxes; and replacing fuses.

LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

M — MANUAL DEXTERITY: The ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. Ability to work

with the hands in placing and turning motions.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Manual dexterity involves working with the arms and hands.

It is present when objects are moved or stacked by hand or in other situations in which wrists and hands

are used in turning and placing movements.

NOTE: Finger movements (Finger Dexterity) may or may not accompany the exercise of manu-

al dexterity.

LEVEL 1 NO ILLUSTRATIONS

LEVEL 2

M-2:l Entertains audience by juggling and balancing objects:

Manual dexterity is required to throw, catch, handle, and balance three to five objects, such

as balls, knives, tenpins, and chinaware.

M-2:2 Installs, repairs, maintains, and adjusts indicating, recording, telemetering, and controlling in-

struments used to measure and control variables, such as pressure, flow, temperature, motion,

force, and chemical composition, using handtools and precision instruments:

Assembly, disassembly, and calibration of instruments require placing and turning movements

of the hands. Works with handtools, such as screwdrivers, wrenches, and pliers, and bench

tools, such as jeweler's lathe, pin vises, small buffer grinders, and ultrasonic cleaners, in repair-

ing instruments.
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M-2:3 Inspects eggs to ascertain quality and fitness for consumption or incubation according to pre-
Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

scribed standards:

Manual dexterity is required to pick up eggs from cardboard cases, roll and shift eggs within

palm while inspecting them, and place acceptable eggs on shuffler rack while working at pro-

duction-line pace.

9-28
M-2:4 Fabricates, assembles, installs, and repairs sheet metal products and equipment, such as control

boxes, drainpipes, ventilators, and furnace castings, according to work orders or blueprints:

Manual dexterity is required to manipulate such tools as outline cutting torches, power hacksaw,

slitting shear, and various hand drills to accomplish general work processes as cutting, forming,

folding, grooving, bending, punching, and drilling holes; and to place workpiece in holding fix-

ture, operate tool, and remove workpiece from machine.

M-2:5 Constructs and repairs metal-forming tools, dies, jigs, fixtures, and gauges, shaping parts with

various metalworking machines and fitting them together, using handtools:

Manual dexterity is required in setting up machines; in building tool-holding devices; in fitting

and assembling tools, gauges, and other mechanical equipment; and in performing such tasks

as chipping, filing, scraping, and polishing surfaces of mechanical parts.

M-2:6 Sets up and operates drum-type machine to build pneumatic automobile tires according to speci-

fications:

Manual dexterity is required in handling, placing, and guiding product components and tools

in the process of tire building; in applying cement stick to drum; in tearing the measured length

of ply stock from roll and wrapping ply around drum; in guiding stock while drum is rotated;

in lapping ends of ply; and in smoothing tight splice.

M-2:7 Diagnoses and treats disease, injuries, and malformations of teeth, gums, and related oral struc-

tures:

Accurate and flexible wrist movements are required when using drills and other dental tools

to extract, fill, or cap teeth; positioning novocaine needle in gums; and fitting artificial teeth,

plates, and bridges.

M-2:8 Works at conveyor belt to package previously filled bottles, tubes, and boxes of pharmaceuti-

cals by hand in individual or nested cardboard boxes:

Uses placing and turning hand movements in putting empty containers on conveyor belt; re-

moving filled packages from conveyor, and packaging smaller containers in larger packages

while maintaining a continuous production pace in all operations.

LEVEL 3

M-3:l Repairs and rebuilds upholstered furniture, using handtools and knowledge of fabrics and uphol-

stery methods:

Manual dexterity is required in using handtools; in handling and assembling spring units; in

building up and securing padding; and in handling, positioning, and securing covered material.

M-3:2 Sets up, inspects, and repairs looms to weave cloth:

A variety of hand and wrist movements are required to adjust screws and levers, install gears,

tighten bolts, and to repair and replace various mechanical parts of machine.

M-3:3 Drives gasoline- or electric-powered industrial truck, equipped with forklift, to push, pull, lift,

stack, or tier material in warehouse, storage yard, or factory:

Manual dexterity is required to push and pull levers on truck, rum steering wheel, and stack
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materials on truck.
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M-3:4 Tends machine that coats continuous rolls of wire, strips, or sheets with wax, paint, rubber,

asphalt, or other coating material:

Manual dexterity is required in handling control levers; guiding strips into machine and onto

rewind coils; repairing broken splices by hand; and in using small handtools to change

degreasing pads and squeeze rollers.

9-29
M-3:5 Assembles, analyzes defects in, and repairs boilers, pressure vessels, tanks, and vats in the field,

following blueprints and using handtools and power tools:

Uses placing and turning hand movements in aligning and fitting structures or plate sections

in assembling boiler frames; in handling plumb bobs, levels, wedges, dogs, and turn buckles;

and in riveting, welding, and caulking.

M-3:6 Sorts and segregates fruit, working as a crewmemben

Manual dexterity is required to place liners in boxes; grasp fruit and paper, and wrap fruit;

and pack wrapped fruit in proper position in container.

M-3:7 Lays building materials to construct or repair walls, partitions, arches, sewers, and other struc-

tures:

Manual dexterity is required to manipulate equipment and tools; place and stack material; erect

scaffold; mix and spread mortar, cut bricks; and embed iron rods in mortar.

M-3:8 Operates machine to press face of composed type and plates into wood fiber mats to form

stereotype casting mold for printing:

Manual dexterity is required to manipulate tools to trim, plane, level, saw, and shave plates

for printing.

LEVEL 4

M-4:l Harvests fruit, working as crewmemben

Manual dexterity is required to position sizing loop around lemons; to clip lemons from stem;

and to deposit lemons in boxes.

M-4:2 Repairs and maintains physical structures of commercial and industrial establishments, using

handtools and power tools:

Manual dexterity is required in repairing and maintaining woodwork and furniture; making elec-

trical repairs; patching and repairing cement, and making minor plumbing and pipe repairs.

M-4:3 Removes stems from tobacco leaves to prepare tobacco for use as filler, binder, or wrapper

for cigars, plugs, or twist chewing tobacco:

Manual dexterity is required in the hand operation of picking up handful of tobacco, selecting

single leaf, spreading it open and holding leaf with one hand while pulling out stem with other

hand.

M-4:4 Finishes household linens, such as sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths, and napkins:

Manual dexterity is required to shake, sort, fold, and stack laundry; to tie bundles of laundry

together, and to feed and guide material into ironer.

M-4:5 Controls the operation of battery of stills to distill crude oil:

Manual dexterity is required to turn knobs and switches on control panel; to position charts,

tapes, and graphs in recording part of instruments; and to turn wheels and valves on the still

and auxiliary equipment.

M-4:6 Tends circular knitting machine with automatic pattern controls that knits seamless hose:

Manual dexterity is required to pull hose over hands during operation; separate hose; stack
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yams; thread yam through proper channels when thread breaks; and to clean grease, lint, oil,
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etc., from machine.

M-4:7 Sorts rags and old clothing:

Manual dexterity is required to rip off buttons, pockets, hooks and eyes, snaps, and other for-

eign matter.

9-30
LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (sec page 9-2)

E — EYE-HAND-FOOT COORDINATION: The ability to move the hand and foot coordinately

with each other in accordance with visual stimuli.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: This factor involves using eyes, hands, and feet coordinately.

Unless there is definite coordination of hand and foot movements with what the eye sees, this factor

is not present

LEVEL 1

E-l:l Performs gymnastic feats of skill and balance while swinging on a trapeze, turning somersaults,

or executing flying stunts alone or as member of team:

Coordinates hand and foot motions with visual stimuli, in order to reach for and grasp ap-

proaching bar or other acrialist while standing on or hanging from another swinging bar.

E-l:2 Performs ballet dances alone, with partner, or in group to entertain audience:

Coordinates feet and hands with vision in order to interpret dance role and to move in specified

relationship with other members of cast; in positioning arms and hands in coordination with

other movements to achieve desired interpretive effect or expression, to maintain balance, or

to lift, carry, or support other dancer.

E-l:3 Plays professional baseball:

Coordinates movements of hands and feet with what eye sees when catching, hitting, and

throwing ball.

E-l:4 Instructs groups at playgrounds and schools in fundamentals and rules of competitive sports:

Coordination of hand and foot movements with visual stimuli is required to demonstrate, by

example, techniques of play for various sports and movements and body positions which result

in best execution of a particular "play" or maneuver.

E-l:5 Creates or interprets music on drum, as member of orchestra, band, or other musical group,

to entertain audiences:

Eye-hand-foot coordination is required to hit or stroke drum heads with drum sticks or brushes

and depresses pedals to activate other drums and cymbals simultaneously, while following mu-

sical score and conductor's baton.

LEVEL 2

E-2:l Pilots airplane to transport passengers, mail, freight, or for other commercial purposes:

Coordinated movements of hand and foot controls in accordance with observed conditions of

aircraft or external factors or conditions indicated by instrument readings is required to take

over control of airplane in emergency or override programmed control in case of malfunction

to taxi, take off, land, and control aircraft in flight.

E-2:2 Operates several types of powered construction equipment, such as compressors, pumps, hoists,

derricks, cranes, shovels, tractors, scrapers, or graders, to excavate and grade earth, erect struc-

tural and reinforcing steel, and pour concrete:

Moves hand and foot controls in coordination with vision and each other to drive and steer
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machines and move materials into position.

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E-2:3 Prunes and treats ornamental and shade trees and shrubs in yards and parks to improve their

appearance, health, and value:

Eye-hand-foot coordination is required to climb trees or ladders and balance self whue topping

trees to control growth, sawing off dead, diseased, or undesirable limbs; scraping and filling

cavities in trees with cement; and painting cut surfaces to seal them against insects and disease.

9-31
E-2:4 Raises, positions, and joins girders, columns, and other structural steel members to form com-

pleted structures or frameworks, working as member of crew:

Eye-hand-foot coordination is required to work above ground level while balancing on ladders,

scaffolding, or structural members while raising, positioning, fitting, and joining structural

pieces.

LEVEL 3

E-3:l Attends to beef cattle on stock ranch:

Coordinates arm-hand and leg-foot motions with vision when riding horse to round up strays

or to rope cattle; and to pin and tie down calves for branding.

E-3:2 Drives gasoline- or diesel-powered tractor-trailer truck combination, usually over long distances

on highways, to transport and deliver goods, livestock, or materials in liquid, loose, or packaged

form:

Eye-hand-foot coordination is required to operate clutch, brake, and accelerator pedals, gear-

shift lever, and steering wheel to guide tractor-trailer on highways and streets, turn comers,

negotiate narrow passageways, and backing up to warehouse, terminal, or other loading docks.

E-3:3 Maintains and repairs mercury-vapor, electric-arc, fluorescent, or incandescent street lights or

traffic signals:

Coordinates hand and foot movements with vision to climb ladder to reach lamp, or stand in

tower-truck bucket moving levers to position bucket near lamp; to maintain balance while using

hands and vision to test circuits, locate broken wires, and replace fuses, bulbs, and transformers.

E-3:4 Renders variety of personal services conducive to safety and comfort of airline passengers dur-

ing flight:

Coordinates hand and foot movements with vision to serve food and beverages without spilling

them; and to walk in aisle, when airplane encounters rough weather, carrying trays or other

items.

E-3:5 Loads and unloads ships' cargoes:

Coordinates hand and foot motions with vision when guiding slings used to lift cargo to avoid

tripping and to keep load from swinging and bumping into other objects; when standing on

ladders, platforms, or other objects to stack and arrange cargo high in hold; and to store cargo

in ship's hold to prevent shifting during voyage.

LEVEL 4

E-4:l Tends machine that crimps eyelets, grommets, snaps, buttons, or similar fasteners to materials

such as cloth, canvas, paper, plastic, leather, or rubber to reinforce holes and attach fasteners

or parts:

Coordinates hand and foot motions with vision when positioning material, fasteners, and ram

of machine, while depressing foot pedal to activate ram which crimps fastener to material.

E-4:2 Parachutes from airplane into forests to suppress forest fires:

Coordinates hand and leg movements with vision to pull shroud lines and collapse chute while
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landing in manner to reduce impact and to prevent being dragged by chute.

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E-4:3 Operates pressing machine to smooth surfaces, flatten seams, or shape articles, such as gar-

ments, drapes, slipcovers, and hose, in manufacturing or dry cleaning establishment:

Simultaneous eye-hand-foot coordination is required to step on foot pedal, pull down on press-

ing head while observing garment to see that it does not slip out of position on press buck;

to hold pedal down with foot to keep press head against garment; to press lever with fingers

to emit steam from press head; and to keep pressure on press head handle to raise

counterbalanced head gently, while stepping on second pedal to exhaust steam to cool and dry

garment

9-32
LEVEL 5 NO ILLUSTRATIONS (see page 9-2)

C — COLOR DISCRIMINATION: The ability to match or discriminate between colors in terms

of hue, saturation, and brilliance. Ability to identify a particular color or color combination from mem-

ory and to perceive contrasting color combinations.

Saturation: Refers to the purity of color. Some colors have greater purity or amount of a certain

color than others; that is, they have a more pronounced hue. For example, deep red is more

"reddish" than light red.

Hue: Refers to the color itself and the various tints, shades, and attributes of a color which

permit classification as reds, yellows, greens, or blues.

Brilliance: Refers to the brightness of a color. It is the amount of light reflected from a surface

and can range from high to low, as when comparing a white snowflake with a mark made

by a lead pencil.

Color Matching: Varying the components of a color mixture until it does not differ visually

from a given sample.

Color Memory: The ability to retain an accurate visual image of a color and to be able to use

it as a basis for matching and discriminating.

Interpretive Information for Analysts: Color discrimination may rely on one or a combination of

the following: Identification of differences and similarities in colors from memory; using a visual stand-

ard against which colors can be matched or identified; or reproduction of colors using knowledge of

color combinations.

LEVEL 1

C-l:l Develops color formulas for printing textile and plastic materials and plans and directs activities

of color shop:

Color discrimination is required to select and combine appropriate dyestuffs and pigments to

achieve desired colors, distinguish minute differences in shades, and visualize the hue and bril-

liance which will result from mixing the primary colors in various proportions.

C-1:2 Paints portrait of person, usually in oil, on canvas, using living subject:

Color discrimination is required to combine paints and oils to develop colors which accurately

reproduce coloring of subject; and to apply these colors on canvas in combinations of light

and shade which give lifelike effect

C-l:3 Studies production requirements, such as character, period, setting, and situation, and applies

makeup to performers to alter their appearances in accordance with their roles:

Examines sketches, photographs, and plaster molds to form color image of characters to be de-

picted, selecting prostheses, cosmetics, and makeup materials, such as wigs, beards, rouge, pow-

der, and grease paint, and applies these to change such physical characteristics of performers

as facial features, skin texture, and coloring to produce effect appropriate to depict character

and situation.

C-l:4 Reweaves damaged areas of oriental or other expensive rugs, following color, pattern, and
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weave of rug:
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Color discrimination is required to perceive color scheme of rug so that proper alterations can

be made which are consonant with rug's total color configuration, and to select yarn which

is equivalent in color to that in rug.

LEVEL 2

C-2:l Mixes stains, paints, and other coatings for use in painting according to formulas:

Color discrimination is required to detect any differences in color between mixture and sample

and to rectify the color differences by adding pigment until exact shade is produced.

9-33
C-2:2 Investigates properties and treatment of metals to develop new alloys, new uses for metal and

alloys, and methods of producing them commercially:

Spectroscopic study of metals and alloys requires ability to discriminate between various colors

and shades of same color as they are refracted onto screen, and to judge dispersion of alloy

particles and their relative purity by means of color emission.

C-2:3 Plans and designs artistic interiors for homes, hotels, ships, commercial and institutional struc-

tures, and other establishments:

Is well informed on outcome of blending various colors in interior decorating and capable of

choosing color schemes which are harmonious with each other and particular setting.

C-2:4 Changes undesirable details of illustration copy which is to be reproduced by lithographic proc-

ess:

Compares negative or positive with original copy to determine color correction, silhouetting,

or opaquing requirements; prepares dye or other chemicals; and intensifies or reduces unsatis-

factory tone values in film or glass by adding color to lithographic plates to achieve required

hue.

C-2:5 Studies effects of drugs, gases, dusts, and other materials on tissues and physiological processes

of animals and human beings:

Color shades and hues are used as basis for drawing valid conclusions about effect of drug

or stain; and color matching is required when preparing two solutions of equal concentration

or proportion.

C-2:6 Prepares, stuffs, and mounts skins of birds or animals in lifelike form:

Color memory is required in painting eyes, teeth, claws, and feathers to enhance lifelike appear-

ance of specimen, and in dressing-out, embalming, or otherwise preparing animal carcasses.

C-2:7 Molds pulverized marble, metallic oxides or pigment, cement, and water in specific pattern to

form terrazzo tile:

Color discrimination is essential in apprehending color values of pattern to be depicted; and

color matching is required in mixing pigment, cement, and water, so that finished tile is equiva-

lent in terms of color to that of standard.

LEVEL 3

C-3:l Examines and grades pieces of leather to make articles, such as garments, gloves, and mittens,

according to specifications:

Color discrimination is required to match color of leather in each grade so that it is equal in

terms of hue, saturation, and brilliance.

C-3:2 Examines pearl buttons and sorts them according to grade:

Color discrimination is required to observe buttons on conveyor belt or worktable, at produc-

tion-line pace; and to sort them into containers according to shade and purity of color and de-

gree of iridescence.

C-3:3 Tests temperature of glass melting furnaces and regulates gas and air supply to maintain speci-
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fied temperature:
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Observes color of flame through opening of optical pyrometer and turns dial on pyrometer until

color of wire filament matches luminosity of flame. This color matching technique requires the

worker to be able to make discrimination in color between the flame and wire filament.

9-34
CHAPTER 10

TEMPERAMENTS

Temperaments, a component of Worker Characteristics, are the adaptability requirements made on

the worker by specific types of jobs. The 11 Temperament factors identified for use in job analysis are:

D — DIRECTING, controlling, or planning activities of others.

R — Performing REPETITIVE or short-cycle work.

I — INFLUENCING people in their opinions, attitudes, and judgments.

V — Performing a VARIETY of duties.

E — EXPRESSING personal feelings.

A — Working ALONE or apart in physical isolation from others.

S — Performing effectively under STRESS.

T — Attaining precise set limits, TOLERANCES, and standards.

U — Working UNDER specific instructions.

P — Dealing with PEOPLE.

J — Making JUDGMENTS and decisions.

The category Temperaments is one of the components of job analysis because different job situa-

tions call for different personality traits on the part of the worker. Experience in placing individuals in

jobs indicates that the degree to which the worker can adapt to work situations is often a determining

factor for success. A person's dissatisfaction or failure to perform adequately can sometimes be attributed

to an inability to adapt to a work situation rather than to an inability to learn and carry out job duties.

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF THE TEMPERAMENT FACTORS

The 11 Temperament factors are defined below. Following each definition are examples of worker

activities which illustrate the Temperament.

D DIRECTING, Controlling, or Planning Activities of Others: Involves accepting responsibility

for formulating plans, designs, practices, policies, methods, regulations, and procedures for op-

erations or projects; negotiating with individuals or groups for agreements or contracts; and su-

pervising subordinate workers to implement plans and control activities.

D:1 Teaches elementary school pupils academic, social, and manipulative skills.

D:2 Plans, implements, and coordinates program to reduce or eliminate occupational injuries, illness-

es, deaths, and financial losses.

D:3 Commands ship to transport passengers, freight, and other cargo across oceans and coastal wa-

ters, coordinating activities of crewmembers.

D:4 Conducts prosecution in court proceedings on behalf of city, county, State, or Federal Govern-

ment.

D:5 Supervises and coordinates activities of personnel engaged in operation of air-traffic control

tower.

10-1
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R Performing REPETITIVE or Short-Cycle Work: Involves performing a few routine and unin-

volved tasks over and over again according to set procedures, sequence, or pace with little op-

portunity for diversion or interruption. Interaction with people is included when it is routine,

continual, or prescribed.

R: 1 Addresses envelopes, cards, and similar items for mailing, by hand or using typewriter.

R:2 Feeds flat strips of hoop steel, in which rivet holes have been punched, into rollers of machine

to form barrel hoops.

R:3 Packs layer of crushed ice on fresh food products packed in barrels, boxes, or crates to refriger-

ate them during shipment.

R:4 Loads and unloads materials from trucks at shipping and receiving platform.

R:5 Sorts incoming or outgoing mail into mail-rack pigeonholes or into mail sacks according to

destination.

I INFLUENCING People in their Opinions, Attitudes, and Judgments: Involves writing, demon-

strating, or speaking to persuade and motivate people to change their attitudes or opinions, par-

ticipate in a particular activity, or purchase a specific commodity or service.

1:1 Writes advertising copy for use by publication or for broadcast to promote sales of goods or

services.

1:2 Persuades producers and announcers of radio and television musical shows to broadcast record-

ings produced by record manufacturer.

1:3 Introduces new fashions and coordinates promotional activities, such as fashion shows, to in-

duce consumer acceptance.

1:4 Demonstrates products to customers to promote sales, displaying product and explaining fea-

tures to customers.

1:5 Conducts safety meeting to acquaint plant personnel with potential hazards and need to comply

with all safety regulations.

V Performing a VARIETY of Duties: Involves frequent changes of tasks involving different apti-

tudes, technologies, techniques, procedures, working conditions, physical demands, or degrees

of attentiveness without loss of efficiency or composure. The involvement of the worker in two

or more work fields may be a clue that this temperament is required.

V:1 Schedules appointments, gives information to callers, takes dictation, and otherwise relieves of-

ficials of clerical work and minor administrative and business details.

V:2 Consults with management; observes jobs; interviews workers; compiles and analyzes occupa-

tional data; compiles reports; and transmits occupational information to facilitate personnel, ad-

ministrative, and management functions of organization.

V:3 Assists physician in formulation of prescription for prosthesis; examines and evaluates patient's

prosthetic needs; formulates design of prosthesis; selects material; makes casts, measurements,

and model modifications; performs fitting; evaluates prosthesis on patient; instructs patient in

use of prosthesis; and maintains patient records.

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V:4 Plans itinerary for hunting and fishing trips; arranges for transporting individuals, equipment,
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and supplies; explains hunting and fishing laws; prepares meals; and provides first aid to in-

jured.

V:5 Accommodates hotel patrons by registering and assigning guests to rooms; issuing room keys

and escort instructions to bellhop; date-stamping, sorting, and racking mail; transmitting and

receiving messages, using telephone; answering inquiries pertaining to hotel services and local

shopping and dining facilities; keeping records of room availability and guests' accounts; com-

puting bills; and collecting payments.

10-2
E EXPRESSING Personal Feelings: Involves creativity and self expression in interpreting feel-

ings, ideas, or facts in terms of a personal viewpoint; treating a subject imaginatively rather

than literally; reflecting original ideas or feelings in writing, painting, composing, sculpting,

decorating, or inventing; or interpreting works of others by arranging, conducting, playing musi-

cal instruments, choreographing, acting, directing, critiquing, or editorializing.

E:1 Writes humorous material for publication or performance, selecting topic according to personal

preference.

E:2 Paints variety of original subject material, conceiving and developing ideas for painting.

E:3 Creates and teaches original dances for ballet, musical, or revue.

E:4 Writes syndicated column on topics of reader interest to stimulate or mold public opinion.

E:5 Designs and sculpts three-dimensional artwork.

A Working ALONE or Apart in Physical Isolation from Others: Involves working in an environ-

ment that regularly precludes face-to-face interpersonal relationships for extended periods of

time due to physical barriers or distances involved.

A:1 Locates and reports forest fires and weather phenomena from remote fire-lookout station; re-

ports findings to base camp by radio or telephone.

A:2 Works below surface of water, using scuba gear or in diving suit, with air line extending to

surface.

A:3 Explores likely regions to discover valuable mineral deposits, using topographical maps, sur-

veys, reports, and knowledge of geology and mineralogy. Stakes claim according to Federal

or State legal requirements.

A:4 Traps animals for pelts, live sale, bounty, or to relocate them to other areas. Sets traps, patrols

trapline to remove catch, and resets or relocates traps.

A:5 Drives gasoline- or diesel-powered tractor-trailer combination long distances to transport and

deliver products.

S Performing Effectively Under STRESS: Involves coping with circumstances dangerous to the

worker or others.

S:1 Controls and extinguishes fires to protect life and property; positions and climbs ladder to gain

access to upper level of buildings or to assist individuals from burning building.

S:2 Patrols assigned beat on foot, horseback, motorcycle, or in patrol car to control traffic, prevent

crime or disturbance of peace, and arrest violators.

S:3 Performs surgery to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent diseases, and improve function

in patients, using a variety of surgical instruments and employing established surgical tech-

niques.

S:4 Controls air traffic on and within vicinity of airport to prevent collisions; alerts support emer-

gency crew and other designated personnel by radio or telephone when airplanes are having

flight difficulties.

S:5 Repairs and replaces transmission and distribution power lines between generating stations, re-
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quiring use of precautionary work methods and safety equipment due to electrical hazards
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present when working on or near energized conduction and electrical accessories.

S:6 Pilots new, prototype, experimental, modified, and production aircraft to determine its airworthi-

ness; puts aircraft through maneuvers, such as stalls, dives, glides, and speed runs to test and

evaluate stability, control characteristics, and aerodynamic design.

10-3
T Attaining Precise Set Limits, TOLERANCES, and Standards: Involves adhering to and achiev-

ing exact levels of performance, using precision measuring instruments, tools, and machines to

attain precise dimensions; preparing exact verbal and numerical records; and complying with

precise instruments and specifications for materials, methods, procedures, and techniques to at-

tain specified standards.

T:1 Weighs, measures, and mixes drugs and other medicinal compounds and fills bottles or capsules

with correct quantity and composition of preparation, following prescriptions issued by physi-

cian or dentist.

T:2 Sets up and operates engine lathes to perform machining operations on metal or nonmetallic

workpieces according to specifications, tooling instructions, standard charts, and knowledge of

machinery procedures.

T:3 Moves precisely in combination with other dancers and coordinates body movements with

music to perform chorus dances.

T:4 Establishes position of airplane, using navigation instruments and charts, celestial observation,

or dead reckoning.

T:5 Examines parachute and lines to detect deviations from specifications and flaws in materials

and work, using glass-topped table or fluorescent light, and marks defective areas.

T:6 Verifies and balances entries and records of financial transactions.

U Working UNDER Specific Instructions: Performing tasks only under specific instructions, al-

lowing little or no room for independent action or judgment in working out job problems.

U:1 Installs plastic molding strips into slotted edges of metal tabletops, using mallet and bandsaw.

U:2 Mixes pharmaceuticals; issues medicines, labels, and stores supplies; and cleans equipment and

work areas under direction of licensed, professional worker in hospital pharmacy.

U:3 Weighs or measures, grinds, chops, and mixes specified quantities of ingredients to prepare ani-

mal food.

U:4 Inspects materials and products for conformance to specifications, using fixed or preset measur-

ing instruments.

U:5 Bends and adjusts plastic or metal eyeglass frames according to prescription specifications,

using jewelers' handtools.

P Dealing with PEOPLE: Involves interpersonal relationships in job situations beyond receiving

work instructions.

P:1 Counsels parolees having difficulty in readjusting to the community following release from pris-

on.

P:2 Consults medical, nursing, and social service staffs concerning problems affecting patients' food

habits and needs in order to formulate therapeutic diet menus compatible with each condition

and treatment sequence.

P:3 Guides hunters and fishers to game areas, explains hunting and fishing laws, and recommends

suitable firearms or fishing tackle to take specific game or fish.

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P:4 Interviews job applicants to select persons meeting employee qualifications and informs appli-
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cants about job duties.

P:5 Receives callers at establishment, determines nature of business, and directs callers to destina-

tion.

10-4
J Making JUDGMENTS and Decisions: Involves solving problems, making evaluations, or

reaching conclusions based on subjective or objective criteria, such as the five senses, knowl-

edge, past experiences, or quantifiable or factual data.

J:1 Examines paintings for color values, style of brushstroke, and aesthetic qualities to establish

art period or to identify artist.

J:2 Tests and inspects products at various stages of production process and compiles and evaluates

statistical data to determine and maintain quality and reliability of products.

J:3 Plans layout of newspaper edition determining placement of stories based on relative signifi-

cance, available space, and knowledge of layout principles.

J:4 Evaluates individual applications for insurance for degree of risk involved and accepts applica-

tions following company's underwriting policies.

J:5 Examines food samples to determine sales appeal in restaurants; tastes prepared dishes to ascer-

tain palatability and customer appeal.

J:6 Appraises real property to determine value for purchase, sales, investment, mortgage, or loan

purposes considering location and trends or impending changes that could influence future value

of property.

J:7 Examines and measures industrial diamonds to determine their quality, shape, and size, using

classification standards and gauges.

PROCEDURE FOR RATING TEMPERAMENTS

Evaluate the work activities of the job for applicability of the Temperament factors by referring

to the definitions of the factors. Select those factors considered to be important in relation to the kinds

of adjustments which the worker must make for successful job performance. Do not assign Temperaments

based on incidental work activities. Some simple jobs may require the worker to adjust to only one Tem-

perament factor while other jobs may require adjustment to several. In Item 9 of the JAR enter the letter

designation(s) of Temperament factor(s) considered to be important in relation to the kinds of adjustments

which the worker must make for successful job performance.

10-5
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CHAPTER 11

GUIDE FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPLORATION

The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) provides users with information about the interests,

aptitudes, adaptabilities, and other requisites of occupational groups. The GOE is designed for use in

self-assessment and counselor-assisted settings to help people understand themselves realistically in re-

gard to their ability to meet job requirements.

The assignment of a GOE code to a JAR, and eventually a definition, provides a linkage from the

GOE arrangement of occupations with similar interests, aptitudes, adaptability requirements, and other

requisites to occupational definitions published in the DOT.

The GOE classification structure has three levels. The first level contains twelve interest areas that

correspond to interest factors identified through research conducted by the Division of Testing in the

U.S. Employment Service. The interest factors, identified by a two-digit code, are defined in terms of

broad interest requirements of occupations as well as vocational interests of individuals. The twelve Inter-

est Areas are:

01 Artistic 04 Protective 07 Business Detail 10 Humanitarian

02 Scientific 05 Mechanical 08 Selling 11 Leading-Influencing

03 Plants and Animals 06 Industrial 09 Accommodating 12 Physical Performing

The interest areas are subdivided into work groups. Each work group contains occupations that re-

quire similar adaptabilities and capabilities of the worker in similar work settings. The GOE contains

descriptive information for each work group and identifies each occupation in the group with a four-

digit code and title. In many interest areas, occupations that require the most education, training, and

experience are in the first group while those requiring little formal education or experience are listed

in the last group.

Work groups are subdivided into subgroups of occupations with even more homogeneous interests,

aptitudes, and adaptability requirements. Each subgroup is identified with a unique six-digit code and

title. Individual occupations are listed alphabetically within subgroups. Some subgroups contain occupa-

tions from more than one industry. When this occurs, occupations are listed within alphabetized indus-

tries.

Additional instructions for accessing the GOE and using the GOE, in conjunction with the U.S.

Employment Service's GATB, for self-assessment or counselor-directed career exploration may be found

in the GOE, section II. "Use of the Guide in Career Exploration".

PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING GOE CODE AND TITLE

Evaluate the interests, aptitudes, adaptability requirements, and other requisites of the job and com-

pare them to the definitions and descriptive information provided in the GOE for Interest Areas and Work

Groups. Compare the job to occupations clustered within individual subgroups. Select the six-digit code

and corresponding GOE subgroup title into which the job best fits. Record the subgroup code and title

in Item 6 of the JAR.

DEFINITIONS AND WORK GROUPS OF GOE INTEREST AREAS

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The following pages contain descriptive information published in the GOE for the 12 Interest Areas
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and a list of the Work Groups within each Interest Area.

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01 Artistic:

An interest in creative expression of feelings or ideas.

You can satisfy this interest in several of the creative or performing arts fields. You may enjoy literature.

Perhaps writing or editing would appeal to you. You may prefer to work in the performing arts. You

could direct or perform in drama, music, or dance. You may enjoy the visual arts. You could become

a critic in painting, use your hands to create or decorate products. Or you may prefer to model clothes

or develop acts for entertainment.

01.01 Literary Arts

01.02 Visual Arts

01.03 Performing Arts: Drama

01.04 Performing Arts: Music

01.05 Performing Arts: Dance

01.06 Craft Arts

01.07 Elemental Arts

01.08 Modeling

02 Scientific:

An interest in discovering, collecting, and analyzing information about

the natural world and applying scientific research findings to problems

in medicine, the life sciences, and the natural sciences.

You can satisfy this interest by working with the knowledge and processes of the sciences. You may

enjoy researching and developing new knowledge in mathematics. Perhaps solving problems in the

physical or life sciences would appeal to you. You may wish to study medicine and help humans or

animals. You could work as a practitioner in the health field. You may want to work with scientific

equipment and procedures. You could seek a job in research or testing laboratories.

02.01 Physical Sciences

02.02 Life Sciences

02.03 Medical Sciences

02.04 Laboratory Technology

03 Plants and Animals:

An interest in activities to do with plants and animals, usually in an

outdoor setting.

You can satisfy this interest by working in farming, forestry, fishing, and related fields. You may like

doing physical work outdoors, such as working on a farm. You may enjoy animals. Perhaps training

or taking care of animals would appeal to you. You may have management ability. You could own,

operate, or manage farms or related businesses or services.

03.01 Managerial Work: Plants and

Animals

03.02 General Supervision: Plants and

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Animals
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03.03 Animal Training and Service

03.04 Elemental Work: Plants and Animals

04 Protective:

An interest in using authority to protect people and property.

You can satisfy this interest by working in law enforcement, fire fighting, and related fields. You may

enjoy mental challenge and intrigue. You could investigate crimes or fires. You may prefer to fight fires

and respond to other emergencies. Or may want more routine work. Perhaps a job in guarding or

patrolling would appeal to you. You may have management ability. You could seek a leadership position

in law enforcement and the protective services.

04.01 Safety and Law Enforcement

04.02 Security Services

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05 Mechanical:

An interest in applying mechanical principles to practical situations

using machines, handtools, or techniques.

You can satisfy this interest in a variety of jobs ranging from routine to complex professional positions.

You may enjoy working with ideas about things (objects). You could seek a job in engineering or in

a related technical field. You may prefer to deal directly with things. You could find a job in the crafts

or trades, building, making or repairing objects. You may like to drive or to operate vehicles and special

equipment. You may prefer routine or physical work in settings other than factories. Perhaps work in

mining or construction would appeal to you.

05.01 Engineering

05.02 Managerial Work: Mechanical

05.03 Engineering Technology

05.04 Air and Water Vehicle Operation

05.05 Craft Technology

05.06 Systems Operation

05.07 Quality Control

05.08 Land and Water Vehicle Operation

05.09 Materials Control

05.10 Crafts

05.11 Equipment Operation

05.12 Elemental Work: Mechanical

06 Industrial:

An interest in repetitive, concrete, organized activities in a factory set-

ting.

You can satisfy this interest by working in one of many industries that manufacture goods on a mass

production basis. You may enjoy manual work, using your hands or handtools. Perhaps you prefer to

operate or take care of machines. You may like to inspect, sort, count, or weigh products, Using your

training and experience to set up machines or supervise other workers may appeal to you.

06.01 Production Technology

06.02 Production Work

06.03 Quality Control

06.04 Elemental Work: Industrial

07 Business Detail:

An interest in organized, clearly defined activities requiring accuracy

and attention to details, primarily in an office setting.

You can satisfy this interest in a variety of jobs in which you can attend to the details of a business

operation. You may enjoy using your math skills. Perhaps a job in billing, computing, or financial record

keeping would satisfy you. You may prefer to deal with people. You may want a job in which you
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meet the public, talk on the telephone, or supervise other workers. You may like to operate computer
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terminals, typewriters, or bookkeeping machines. Perhaps a job in record keeping, filing, or recording

would satisfy you. You may wish to use your training and experience to manage offices and supervise

other workers.

07.01 Administrative Detail

07.02 Mathematical Detail

07.03 Financial Detail

07.04 Oral Communications

07.05 Records Processing

07.06 Clerical Machine Operation

07.07 Clerical Handling

08 Selling:

An interest in bringing others to a point of view by personal persua-

sion, using sales and promotional techniques.

You can satisfy this interest in a variety of sales jobs. You may enjoy selling technical products or

services. Perhaps you prefer a selling job requiring less background knowledge. You may work in stores,

sales offices, or in customers' homes. You may wish to buy and sell products to make a profit. You

can also satisfy this interest in legal work, business negotiations, advertising, and related fields found

under other categories in the GOE.

08.01 Sales Technology

08.02 General Sales

08.03 Vending

11-3
09 Accommodating:

An interest in catering to the wishes and needs of others, usually on

a one-to-one basis.

You can satisfy this interest by providing services for the convenience of others, such as hospitality

services in hotels, restaurants, airplanes, etc. You may enjoy improving the appearance of others. Perhaps

working in the hair and beauty care field would satisfy you. You may wish to provide personal services,

such as taking tickets, carrying baggage, or ushering.

09.01 Hospitality Services

09.02 Barber and Beauty Services

09.03 Passenger Services

09.04 Customer Services

09.05 Attendant Services

10 Humanitarian:

An interest in helping individuals with their mental, spiritual, social,

physical, or vocational concerns.

You can satisfy this interest by work in which caring for the welfare of others is important. Perhaps

the spiritual or mental well-being of others concerns you. You could prepare for a job in religion or

counseling. You may wish to help others with physical problems. You could work in the nursing,

therapy, or rehabilitation fields. You may like to provide needed but less difficult care by working as

an aide, orderly, or technician.

10.01 Social Services

10.02 Nursing, Therapy, and Specialized

Teaching

10.03 Child and Adult Care

11 Leading-Influencing:

An interest in leading and influencing others by using high-level

verbal or numerical abilities.

You can satisfy this interest through study and work in a variety of professional fields. You may enjoy

the challenge and responsibility of leadership. You could seek work in administration or management.

You may prefer working with technical details. You could find a job in finance, law, social research,

or public relations. You may like to help others learn. Perhaps working in education would appeal to

you.

11.01 Mathematics and Statistics

11.02 Educational and Library

11.03 Social Research

11.04 Law

11.05 Business Administration

11.06 Finance
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11.07 Services Administration

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11.08 Communications

11.09 Promotion

11.10 Regulations Enforcement

11.11 Business Management Services

11.12 Contracts and Claims

12 Physical Performing:

An interest in physical activities performed before an audience.

You can satisfy this interest through jobs in athletics, sports, and the performance of physical feats.

Perhaps a job as a professional player or official would appeal to you. You may wish to develop and

perform special acts such as acrobatics or wire walking.

12.01 Sports

12.02 Physical Feats

11^
CHAPTER 12

PHYSICAL DEMANDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions are components of Worker Characteristics. Physi-

cal Demands analysis is a systematic way of describing the physical activities that a job requires. It is

concerned only with the physical demands of the job; it is not concerned with the physical capacity of

the worker. Environmental Conditions are the surroundings in which a job is performed. To be consid-

ered present an Environmental Condition must be specific and related to the job.

These concepts provide two of the important criteria for collecting and classifying information about

jobs. The resulting data have a significant role in exposing workers to a maximum number of job oppor-

tunities.

The Physical Demands of a job are defined in terms of twenty factors. In addition, fourteen factors

are used to express the important Environmental Conditions under which a job is performed. Illustrative

job-worker situations for these factors are provided below to assist the analyst in collecting these data.

The USES method of job analysis provides the means to describe and evaluate a job as it exists.

This method permits the matching of workers and jobs based upon the workers' capabilities. The method

also permits the modification of the physical demands of a job to fit the capabilities of disabled workers.

The extent to which any job is suitable for modification is an area that may be pursued as a special

application of job analysis.

PHYSICAL DEMAND FACTORS, DEFINITIONS, AND EXAMPLES

1. STRENGTH

This factor is expressed by one of five terms: Sedentary, Light, Medium, Heavy, and Very Heavy. In

order to determine the overall rating, an evaluation is made of the worker's involvement in the following

activities:

Position

Standing: Remaining on one's feet in an upright position at a work station without moving

about.

Walking: Moving about on foot.

Sitting: Remaining in a seated position.

Weight/Force

Lifting: Raising or lowering an object from one level to another (includes upward pulling).

Carrying: Transporting an object, usually holding it in the hands or arms or on the shoulder.

Pushing: Exerting force upon an object so that the object moves away from the force (in-

cludes slapping, striking, kicking, and treadle actions).

Pulling: Exerting force upon an object so that the object moves toward the force (includes

jerking).

Lifting, pushing, and pulling are expressed in terms of both intensity and duration. Judgments

regarding intensity involve consideration of the weight handled, position of the worker's body

or the part of the worker's body used in handling weights, and the aid given by helpers or
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by mechanical equipment. Duration is the total time spent by the worker in carrying out these
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activities. Carrying most often is expressed in terms of duration, weight carried, and distance

carried.

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Care must be exercised in evaluating jobs in the strength categories, particularly in interpreting

the force and the physical effort a person must exert. For instance, a worker in an awkward

crouching position may experience as much difficulty exerting five pounds of force as when

exerting thirty pounds at waist height while standing. Also, if one is required continuously

to lift, push, and pull objects weighing 15 pounds or to carry these objects long distances,

a worker may exert as much physical effort as would be exerted in occasionally or even fre-

quently lifting, pushing, and pulling objects twice as heavy, or in occasionally carrying these

objects over short distances.

Controls: Hand-Arm and Foot-Leg

Controls entail use of one or both arms or hands (hand-arm) or one or both feet or legs (foot-

leg) to move controls on machinery or equipment. In this sub-item, the analyst must consider

whether the worker moves controls on the machine or equipment by using either right-side

body members, left-side body members, or members of either or both sides. In addition, the

use of hand-arm controls is distinguished from the use of foot-leg controls. Controls include

but are not limited to buttons, knobs, pedals, levers, and cranks.

Sedentary Work

Exerting up to 10 pounds of force occasionally or a negligible amount of force frequently to lift,

carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves

sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are

Sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and all other Sedentary criteria

are met.

S:1 Takes dictation and transcribes from notebook, using typewriter, while sitting at desk. Occasion-

ally walks to various parts of department when called upon to take dictation.

S:2 Repairs defects in hosiery, using needle, thread, scissors, and mending cup while sitting at

bench.

S:3 Examines watch jewels for defects, using microscope, while sitting at glass table.

S:4 Writes news stories for publication or broadcast from written notes supplied by reporting staff

while sitting at desk. Occasionally walks to reference library to obtain supplemental material.

S:5 Drafts detailed drawings while sitting at drawing board. Occasionally walks to obtain items

of negligible weight, such as paper, T-square, and other drafting supplies.

S:6 Telephones dealers to determine availability of type and model of automobile desired by cus-

tomer and prepares papers for transfer of automobiles while sitting at desk.

S:7 Dispatches taxicabs in response to telephone requests for service while sitting at desk.

Light Work

Exerting up to 20 pounds of force occasionally, or up to 10 pounds of force frequently, or a negligi-

ble amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of

those for Sedentary Work. Even though the weight lifted may be only a negligible amount, a job

should be rated Light Work: (1) when it requires walking or standing to a significant degree; or
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(2) when it requires sitting most of the time but entails pushing or pulling of arm or leg controls;
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or (3) when the job requires working at a production rate pace entailing the constant pushing or

pulling of materials even though the weight of those materials is negligible. NOTE: The constant

stress and strain of maintaining a production rate pace, especially in an industrial setting, can be

and is physically demanding of a worker even though the amount of force exerted is negligible.

L:1 Starts, stops, and controls speed of sewing machine, using pedal or knee lever, while sitting

at table.

L:2 Pulls control lever of arbor press downward, exerting about five pounds of force to fit metal

parts together, while sitting at bench.

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L:3 Arranges records in file cabinets, drawers, and boxes. Walks to obtain records and stands while

arranging them.

L:4 Wraps and bags articles for customers, standing and walking behind counter of variety store.

L:5 Lifts cans, jars, or bottles from cardboard box and places items on conveyor. Removes filled

or capped containers, which weigh approximately 2 to 3 pounds, from one conveyor and places

containers on another.

L:6 Serves food and refreshments to patrons in railroad car, walking from car to kitchen to obtain

and relay orders and carrying food trays weighing up to 10 pounds.

Medium Work

Exerting 20 to 50 pounds of force occasionally, or 10 to 25 pounds of force frequently, or greater

than negligible up to 10 pounds of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements

are in excess of those for Light Work.

M:1 Locates and moves materials and parts between work areas of plant to expedite processing of

foods, lifting material usually weighing 15-20 pounds and occasionally weighing up to 50

pounds to place in car or handtruck.

M:2 Fastens metal objects to plating racks, carries filled racks weighing up to 20 pounds to cleaning,

plating, and rinsing tanks, and immerses them in tanks.

M:3 Fabricates sheet metal articles, occasionally carrying tools and sheet metal weighing 50 pounds

maximum to workbench. Lifts sheet metal to workbench and machine and pushes and pulls

it into proper positions.

M:4 Carries lumber weighing occasionally up to 50 pounds from supply room to workbench, a dis-

tance of approximately 20 feet. Stands and bends most of time to lift lumber and pushes and

pulls lumber to position on workbench or machine.

M:5 Lifts, pushes, and pulls tools to raise automobile, to remove tire from wheel, and to remount

tire. Rolls tires, usually weighing approximately 20 pounds and occasionally weighing up to

50 pounds, to repair work area.

M:6 Dismantles, tests, adjusts, repairs, and installs engine parts of aircraft, walking and standing

continuously. Frequently lifts and carries parts weighing up to 25 pounds for inspection and

repair and pushes and pulls components into position on workbench.

Heavy Work

Exerting 50 to 100 pounds of force occasionally, or 25 to 50 pounds of force frequently, or 10

to 20 pounds of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of

those for Medium Work.

H:l Digs trench to specified depth and width, constantly pushing shovel into earth and lifting, carry-

ing, and throwing shovelfuls of earth onto pile. Shovel often is raised to shoulder height and

weight lifted is concentrated at its end. Shovel and earth weigh approximately 20 pounds, but

the continuous effort involved requires strength comparable to that required by frequent lifting

up to 50 pounds and occasional lifting up to 100 pounds.

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H:2 Charges furnaces, lifting and carrying metal weighing 35-50 pounds. Frequently pushes and
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pulls from awkward crouching position to turn metal in furnace with tongs. Periodically with-

draws metal from furnace and carries it, with assistance, to forge.

H:3 Fits pipe assemblies into place, frequently lifting and carrying pipe and pipe connections weigh-

ing 50 pounds and occasionally up to 100 pounds, with aid of helpers. Stands, stoops, and

crouches while reaching above and below shoulder height to pull pipes into position.

H:4 Mixes pastry, standing almost continuously. Occasionally lifts and carries 100-pound bags of

flour about 20 feet from stack to mixing bowl. Frequently turns and stoops to lift bags of sugar

and shortening, each weighing 50 pounds.

12-3
H:5 Pushes handtruck up and down warehouse aisles, lifts cartons of items weighing an average

of 65 pounds from storage shelves, and places cartons on handtruck to fill orders. Lifts cartons

from handtruck in order to complete packing, wrapping, sealing, and labeling for shipping. Lifts

and carries cartons to skids for shipping.

Very Heavy Work

Exerting in excess of 100 pounds of force occasionally, or in excess of 50 pounds of force frequent-

ly, or in excess of 20 pounds of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements

are in excess of those for Heavy Work.

V: 1 Lifts lumber and other material weighing 50 pounds or more and carries to handtruck.

V:2 Transfers adult patients between bed and conveyance, frequently lifting them without assistance,

and pushes wheelchair or wheeled stretcher to transport patients to hospital areas.

V:3 Loads and unloads truck when transporting or delivering articles, such as furniture, refrigerators,

and machinery, many of which weigh in excess of 100 pounds.

V:4 Loads and unloads trailers and semitrailers with crates of produce weighing from 80 to 110

pounds.

V:5 Performs machine and hand operations necessary to fabricate and assemble boilers, tanks, vats,

and other vessels made of heavy steel plates weighing up to 120 pounds.

V:6 Installs ship's steam, diesel, or electric propelling and auxiliary machinery and equipment, such

as pumps, cargo-handling machinery, anchor-handling gear, ventilating and fire-fighting equip-

ment, steering gear, and armament.

2. CLIMBING

Ascending or descending ladders, stairs, scaffolding, ramps, poles, and the like, using feet and legs or

hands and arms. Body agility is emphasized. Describe in Physical Demands comments section in terms

of height, steepness, duration, and type of structure climbed.

C: 1 Climbs ladder to attach advertising posters on elevated billboards.

C:2 Ascends poles to install, maintain, and repair telephone, telegraph, and electrical power lines.

C:3 Climbs fire escapes and ladders to gain access to upper levels of buildings or to assist individ-

uals from burning structures.

C:4 Climbs trees to reach and trim branches interfering with transmission wires.

C:5 Climbs ladder to plaster ceilings.

3. BALANCING

Maintaining body equilibrium to prevent falling when walking, standing, crouching, or running on nar-

row, slippery, or erratically moving surfaces; or maintaining body equilibrium when performing gymnas-

tic feats. Describe in Physical Demands comments section in terms of type or condition of surface and

activities during which balance must be maintained.

B:1 Balances to avoid falling or spilling food when serving passengers on airplane in flight.

B:2 Balances on slippery, erratically moving, floating barrier (boom) of logs while sorting logs ac-

cording to species, size, and owners' markings.

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B:3 Maintains equilibrium while dancing and performing difficult gymnastic feats.
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B:4 Balances on narrow steel girders of building under construction while catching hot rivets tossed

by Rivet Heater in bucket and inserting rivets in holes, using tongs.

B:5 Balances on scaffolding when installing glass on upper stories of building front.

12-4
4. STOOPING

Bending body downward and forward by bending spine at the waist, requiring full use of the lower ex-

tremities and back muscles. Describe in Physical Demands comments section in terms of duration.

S:1 Stoops between plant rows to reach for and pull, twist, or cut harvestable crops.

S:2 Stoops while shoveling snow into truck.

S:3 Stoops while cleaning, waxing, and polishing floors, using waxing machine.

S:4 Stoops to gather worms in grassy areas for use as fish bait.

S:5 Stoops to refinish bodies of automobiles, to remove and replace damaged fenders, and to

straighten and realign automobile frames.

5. KNEELING

Bending legs at knees to come to rest on knee or knees. Describe in Physical Demands comments section

in terms of duration.

K: 1 Kneels while pressing carpet firmly in place over tackless strips, using handtools.

K:2 Operates concrete-wall grinder to remove bumps and rough spots from exposed concrete sur-

face, working in kneeling position for sustained periods.

K:3 Kneels to connect wiring to fixtures and power equipment located in cramped places.

K:4 Kneels while examining rocks, minerals, and fossils to identify and determine sequence of proc-

esses affecting development of earth.

K:5 Kneels to adjust and repair electrically powered, automatic pinsetting bowling machines.

6. CROUCHING

Bending body downward and forward by bending legs and spine. Describe in Physical Demands com-

ments section in terms of duration.

C: 1 Crouches over rows of rose plants to reach and cut plant rootstock.

C:2 Crouches to secure post and attach lead-in wire to antenna.

C:3 Crouches to spread mortar and position bricks on lower parts of walls.

C:4 Crouches to remove catch from and reset traps.

C:5 Crouches when filing correspondence in lower drawers of filing cabinets.

7. CRAWLING

Moving about on hands and knees or hands and feet. Describe in Physical Demands comments section

in terms of distance and duration.

C: 1 Crawls underneath building to remove debris prior to spraying insecticide.

C:2 Crawls while smoothing and finishing surface of poured concrete sidewalks, using straightedge.

C:3 Crawls while cleaning, waxing, and polishing floors, using rags and brushes.

C:4 Crawls through narrow spaces to reach all parts of furnace when cleaning or repairing furnace.

C:5 Crawls into low attics and under buildings to inspect buildings for presence of vermin.

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8. REACHING

Extending hand(s) and arm(s) in any direction.

R: 1 Reaches for ledgers, tax tables, and writing instruments.

R:2 Reaches for drawings, chemically treated paper, and controls on machine to make blueprints.

R:3 Reaches for individual wires and winds them around pegs on harness board.

R:4 Reaches for knives, tubes, and other equipment while preparing body for burial.

R:5 Reaches for high branches to pick fruit.

9. HANDLING

Seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or otherwise working with hand or hands. Fingers are involved only

to the extent that they are an extension of the hand, such as to turn a switch or shift automobile gears.

H:1 Handles tools, parts, and test instruments used to service and repair aircraft engines.

H:2 Grasps handtools and powered handtools when fitting and fastening automobile and truck com-

ponents.

H:3 Handles and grasps combs, scissors, razors, and lotions while providing barbering services.

H:4 Uses arms and hands to rum steering wheel, operate gearshift, and handle baggage.

H:5 Holds parts and handles tools and lumber when building and repairing wooden articles.

10. FINGERING

Picking, pinching, or otherwise working primarily with fingers rather than with the whole hand or arm

as in handling.

F:1 Fingers keys accurately when using adding and calculating machines.

F:2 Uses fingers constantly to count and sort coins and paper money and operate keys on cash

register.

F:3 Squeezes and stretches sample of curd with fingers to determine firmness or texture of cheese.

F:4 Uses fingers to cut, pin, and sew sample garments.

F:5 Picks up and places rivets into holes of metal cabinets.

F:6 Positions pinion in machine holder, using tweezers.

11. FEELING

Perceiving attributes of objects, such as size, shape, temperature, or texture, by touching with skin, par-

ticularly that of fingertips.

F:l Slides fingers over braille characters to feel discrepancies in proof.

F:2 Strokes fur to feel density of pelts in order to select pelts that have same thickness and length

of fur.

F:3 Feels upholstery padding to determine conformance to specified degree of firmness.

F:4 Feels dough in dough-mixing machine for desired consistency before ending mixing cycle.

F:5 Feels poultry for presence of bruises, deformities, and pinfeathers and grades accordingly for

quality.

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F:6 Turns dial of micrometer until contact points touch surface of part to be measured, working

to tolerances of .001 inch, and compares measurement with specifications.

12. TALKING

Expressing or exchanging ideas by means of the spoken word to impart oral information to clients or

to the public and to convey detailed spoken instructions to other workers accurately, loudly, or quickly.

T: 1 Speaks clearly and distinctly to instruct pilots.

T:2 Exhorts passing public to attend show.

T:3 Speaks in pleasant, well-controlled voice to present radio and television programs to audience.

T:4 Answers inquiries regarding departures, arrivals, stops, and destinations of scheduled buses or

trains.

T:5 Interprets specifications, blueprints, and job orders to workers.

13. HEARING

Perceiving the nature of sounds by ear.

H:1 Test-drives vehicle and listens for rattles, squeaks, or other noises reported by customer, indicat-

ing malfunctioning or loose components.

H:2 Listens intently to sounds of safe locks while turning dial to open safe.

H:3 Listens attentively to take dictation and answer telephone.

H:4 Listens to sounds of running engine to detect possible faulty operation.

14. TASTING/SMELLING

Distinguishing, with a degree of accuracy, differences or similarities in intensity or quality of flavors

or odors, or recognizing particular flavors or odors, using tongue or nose.

TS:1 Tastes and smells food being cooked to determine if it is cooked sufficiently.

TS:2 Determines, by smell, odor qualities of prepared materials used in the production of perfume.

TS:3 Tastes samples of food or beverages to determine palatability of product or to prepare blending

formulas.

TS:4 Tastes baked pretzels and adjusts speed of conveyor or temperature of cooler, oven, or kiln

to ensure pretzels conform to taste standards.

TS:5 Walks along pipelines to detect gas odor indicating leaks and notifies maintenance department

of location of leaks.

15. NEAR ACUITY

Clarity of vision at 20 inches or less.

NA:1 Enters numerical data in bookkeeping ledgers.

NA:2 Sketches and paints, in minute detail, illustrations of anatomical and pathological specimens.

NA:3 Reads, compiles, computes, and records numerical and statistical data.

NA:4 Guides material under needle and continuously checks alignment and accuracy of stitching.

NA:5 Examines components for scratches, chips, and other defects, using magnifier.

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16. FAR ACUITY

Clarity of vision at 20 feet or more.

FA:1 Watches for landmarks when taking off and landing airplane.

FA:2 Reads traffic signs at distances up to 200 feet while driving taxi.

FA:3 Identifies machine jams at distances of 20 to 35 feet.

FA:4 Observes forests from remote fire-lookout station to locate forest fires, and reports fires, using

radio or telephone.

17. DEPTH PERCEPTION

Three-dimensional vision. Ability to judge distances and spatial relationships so as to see objects where

and as they actually are.

DP: 1 Observes farm machinery in operation to detect malfunctioning or defective units.

DP:2 Judges distances and space relationships of stationary and moving objects to avoid accidents

while driving bus.

DP:3 Dismantles and reassembles engines, using handtools.

DP:4 Operates power derrick to load and unload loose materials from railroad cars, moving controls

to raise, lower, and rotate boom and to raise and lower load line in response to signals.

DP:5 Observes products moving on conveyors to monitor flow and operation of automated conveyor

system.

18. ACCOMMODATION

Adjustment of lens of eye to bring an object into sharp focus. This factor is required when doing near

point work at varying distances from the eye.

A:1 Guides electric cutter through layers of fabric, continually keeping cutting lines in sharp focus.

A:2 Shifts gaze from viewing screen several feet distant to compare with data on correspondence

and forms at near distance.

A: 3 Inspects and adjusts minute parts, using unaided vision as well as magnifiers and precision

gauges.

A:4 Reads typescript or proof of type setup to detect and mark for correction.

A:5 Examines tissue samples under microscope for atypical characteristics and records findings on

data sheet.

19. COLOR VISION

Ability to identify and distinguish colors.

CV.l Performs pH titration test to ascertain if material is within specified limits, requiring ability

to observe subtle color changes.

CV:2 Makes discriminating comparison of color hue and color brightness in lipsticks.

CV:3 Identifies resistors by color code and connects colored wires to specific terminals.

CV:4 Assists customers in color-coordinating selection of wall coverings.

CV:5 Mixes inks to obtain proper color and shade, comparing results with sample.

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20. FIELD OF VISION

Observing an area that can be seen up and down or to right or left while eyes are fixed on a given

point.

FV:1 Rides racehorse at racetrack, relying on peripheral vision to observe relative positions of nearby

horses during race.

FV:2 Monitors control-board panels and TV monitors from desk and notifies supervisor when ma-

chine maintenance is required.

FV:3 Observes actions of participants of sporting event to detect infractions of rules.

FV:4 Drives taxicab in city traffic.

FV:5 Observes racing cars passing start-finish line of track to obtain count of laps completed by each

competitor.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION FACTORS, DEFINITIONS, AND EXAMPLES

1. EXPOSURE TO WEATHER

Exposure to outside atmospheric conditions.

W:l Erects and repairs electric power lines and is exposed to hot, cold, wet, or windy conditions.

W:2 Delivers mail to residential areas, spending 75 percent of working time outdoors.

W:3 Picks field crops, frequently in heat of sun, continuing during periods of light rain.

W:4 Directs actions of school children and traffic at street intersections to ensure safe crossing.

W:5 Patrols assigned areas to prevent game law violations, investigates reports of damage to crops

and property by wildlife, and gathers biological information. Works outdoors in all kinds of

weather and travels by car, boat, airplane, horse, and on foot.

2. EXTREME COLD

Exposure to nonweather-related cold temperatures.

EC: 1 Stores ice in cold-storage room.

EC:2 Works in cooler room, usually kept at approximately 40' F., while cutting beef carcasses into

standard cuts.

EC:3 Stores ice cream in hardening room to solidify and keep ice cream in good condition. Enters

and leaves room constantly.

EC:4 Packs dressed fish in ice. Shovels layer of ice in box and fills body cavity of each fish with

ice. Places fish in box and fills remainder of box with ice. Room temperature must be below

freezing to prevent ice from melting.

EC:5 Tends freeze tunnel to quick-freeze food products. Patrols tunnel to observe progress of food

product to ensure freezing. Scrapes conveyor to remove excess ice or frost.

3. EXTREME HEAT

Exposure to nonweather-related hot temperatures.

EH:1 Works close to hot stove during cooking operations while performing various activities, such

as agitating, testing, and draining cooking mixture.

EH:2 Charges furnace, turns billets in furnace, and withdraws heated billets.
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EH:3 Works constantly around hot tumblers in laundry room, reaching in and removing partially

cooled articles.

EH:4 Controls movement of machine that spreads hot asphalt on streets and roads and is subject to

intense heat produced by heating mechanism of machine.

EH:5 Controls furnace to relieve internal stresses in metal objects and to soften and refine grain struc-

ture. Places metal objects directly into furnace. Reduces heat and allows objects to cool in fur-

nace.

EH:6 Tends battery of preset final-drying chambers that automatically dry macaroni long goods.

Pushes rack of macaroni into drying chambers and starts drying cycle. Removes rack of dried

macaroni after completion of drying cycle.

4. WET AND/OR HUMID

Contact with water or other liquids or exposure to nonweather-related humid conditions.

WH:1 Presses garment, using pressing machine, and is constantly exposed to oppressive humidity re-

sulting from steam emitted by pressing machine and by damp garments which are being ironed.

WH:2 Feeds food products into washing machine preparatory to cooking and canning. Handles wet

food and works in wet area.

WH:3 Maintains kitchen work area and restaurant equipment and utensils in clean condition. Washes

worktables, hoses out garbage cans, and washes pots, pans, trays, and dishes by hand. Hands

are in constant contact with water.

WH:4 Dumps containers of fish into fresh water tank for cleaning; removes wet fish from tank and

trims fins and tails, removes skin, and cuts fish into pieces of specified size. Constantly han-

dles wet fish and works in wet area.

WH:5 Loads damp articles into tumblers and removes hot, dried articles from tumblers, working in

humid atmosphere.

5. NOISE INTENSITY LEVEL

The noise intensity level to which the worker is exposed in the job environment. This factor is expressed

by one of five levels. Consider all the benchmarks within a level as providing an insight into the nature

of the specific levels.

Illustrative Examples

isolation booth for hearing test; deep sea diving; forest trail

library; many private offices; funeral reception; golf course; art museum

business office where typewriters are used; department store; grocery store; light

traffic; fast food restaurant at off-hours

can manufacturing department; large earth-moving equipment; heavy traffic

rock concert - front row; jackhammer work; rocket engine testing area during

test

6. VIBRATION

Exposure to a shaking object or surface.

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V:1 Operates compressed air, rock-drilling machine. Worker is exposed to continuous vibrations.
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Code

Level

Very Quiet

Quiet

Moderate

Loud

Very Loud

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V:2 Operates tractor to scoop earth. Worker is subject to intense vibration while scraper is forced

into ground and while tractor is driven forward to fill scraper with dirt.

V:3 Operates cylinder-type printing press. Worker is subject to continuous vibration when printing

press is in operation.

V:4 Operates drilling equipment to drill holes in walls or slabs of concrete to facilitate installation

and repair of utility systems and equipment. Continuous vibration is felt by worker.

V:5 Positions metal workpiece in lower die and presses pedal, causing ram to strike metal repeated-

ly, forcing it to shape of die impression. Vibration is caused by the repeated striking of the

ram against the metal.

7. ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Exposure to conditions such as fumes, noxious odors, dusts, mists, gases, and poor ventilation, that affect

the respiratory system, eyes, or the skin.

AC:1 Pours pigments, paint paste, and thinner into can and stirs mixture with paddle, working in

metal-finishing plant. Worker breathes fumes and odors of paint ingredients.

AC:2 Stacks grain by hand or with pitchfork during harvesting and threshing and is exposed to heavy

concentration of dust from movement of grain.

AC:3 Takes care of animals, such as dogs, mice, and monkeys, which are being used for medical

tests. Cleans and sterilizes cages, pens, and surrounding areas, such as walls, windows, and

floors, using steam or germ-killing solutions. Sprays or spreads insect-killing solutions or pow-

ders. Worker is subject to disagreeable odors and skin irritants from solutions.

AC:4 Repairs and overhauls automobiles. Worker is exposed to fumes and odors of grease, oil, gas,

and engine exhaust.

AC:5 Shampoos hair and scalp with various ingredients and rinses. Applies bleach, dye, or tint to

color customer's hair. Worker is exposed to strong odors and skin irritants from various hair

preparations and lotions.

8. PROXIMITY TO MOVING MECHANICAL PARTS

Exposure to possible bodily injury from moving mechanical parts of equipment, tools, or machinery.

MP:1 Sets up and operates variety of woodworking machines to surface, cut, and shape lumber, and

to fabricate parts for wood products. Worker is subject to possible cuts, abrasions, injury to

eyes, and loss of extremities.

MP:2 Tends fabricating machines, such as shears, brakes, straightening presses, and punches to shape

and bend metal plates, sheets, and structural shapes. Worker is subject to possible injury, such

as cuts, fractures, crushed hands or feet, hernia, and eye injury from metalworking machinery.

MP:3 Constructs, erects, installs, and repairs structures and fixtures of wood, plywood, and wallboard.

Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from power saws and other power tools.

MP:4 Inspects and adjusts automatic pinsetters. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from ma-

chinery.

9. EXPOSURE TO ELECTRICAL SHOCK

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Exposure to possible bodily injury from electrical shock.

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ES:1 Repairs energized electric power lines. Worker is subject to possible severe burns or electrocu-

tion.

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ES:2 Operates high voltage equipment and works with high voltage circuits while operating substa-

tion. Worker is subject to possible electrical shock and electrocution.

ES:3 Repairs and maintains electrical equipment in generating station or powerhouse. Worker is sub-

ject to possible electrical shock and electrocution.

ES:4 Plans, lays out, installs, and repairs wiring, electrical fixtures, apparatus, and control equipment.

Worker is subject to possible electrical shock and electrocution.

10. WORKING IN HIGH, EXPOSED PLACES

Exposure to possible bodily injury from falling.

HP: 1 Repairs energized electric power lines, working from bucket of cherry picker or after climbing

pole. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from falls.

HP:2 Climbs poles, ladders, or scaffolding to install rigging to raise, lower, or support equipment,

such as scenery and lighting equipment for theatrical productions. Worker is subject to possible

bodily injury from falls.

HP:3 Applies coats of paint, varnish, stain, or lacquer to exterior and interior surfaces, working from

ladder or scaffolding. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from falls.

HP:4 Constructs, maintains, and demolishes elevated structures, such as smokestacks, water tanks,

and steeples. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from falls.

11. EXPOSURE TO RADIATION

Exposure to possible bodily injury from radiation.

RE:1 Prepares, administers, and measures radioactive isotopes in therapeutic, diagnostic, and tracer

studies, utilizing variety of radioisotope equipment. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury

from exposure to radiation.

RE:2 Operates x-ray equipment. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from exposure to radi-

ation.

RE: 3 Operates and maintains nuclear reactor. Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from expo-

sure to gamma and neutron radiation.

RE:4 Monitors radiation in work environment where radioactive material is used. Worker is subject

to possible bodily injury from exposure to radiation.

12. WORKING WITH EXPLOSIVES

Exposure to possible injury from explosions.

E:1 Maintains and repairs gas lines, equipment, and appliances. Worker is subject to possible bodily

injury from gas fume ignition and explosions.

E:2 Maintains, repairs, and overhauls machinery that uses nitroglycerine. Worker is subject to possi-

ble bodily injury from nitroglycerine explosions.

E:3 Tests ammunition in ammunition manufacturing plant. Worker is subject to possible bodily

injury from exploding ammunition.

E:4 Determines most effective and economical methods of extracting underground coal deposits.

Worker is subject to possible bodily injury from gas explosions during the time worker is in
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underground mining areas.

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13. EXPOSURE TO TOXIC OR CAUSTIC CHEMICALS

Exposure to possible bodily injury from toxic or caustic chemicals.

TC:1 Tends equipment that mixes chemicals for use in bleaching, cleaning, desizing, latexing,

mercerizing, and finishing canvas goods, carpets, and rugs, felt goods, and textile yarns and

fabrics. Worker is subject to possible chemical burns from strong acids or anhydrous ammonia.

TC:2 Studies effects of toxic substances on physiological functions of human beings, animals, and

plants to develop data for use in consumer protection and industrial safety programs. Worker

is subject to possible bodily injury from toxic substances.

TC:3 Loads conveyor of battery-crushing machine. Worker is exposed to possible bodily injury from

acid in batteries.

TC:4 Tends equipment that chemically cleans semiconductor wafers used in manufacture of semicon-

ductor components, such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Worker is exposed to

possible bodily injury from cleaning solutions used, such as hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid,

and hydrochloric acid.

14. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Explain other Environmental Conditions, not defined above, in Environmental Conditions Comments.

OC: 1 Demolishes parts of buildings to reach and combat fires and rescue persons endangered by fire

and smoke. Is exposed to burns, fumes, smoke, and falling objects.

OC:2 Mines ore or coal in underground mine. Cuts channel under working face to facilitate blasting;

charges and sets off explosives to blast down material; and installs timbering to support walls

and roof. Exposed to danger of mine collapse, explosion of natural gas, and suffocation.

OC:3 Patrols assigned beat to prevent crime or disturbance of peace. Worker is subjected to bodily

injury or death from law violators.

OC:4 Dives in ocean to maximum depth of three hundred feet. Worker is subject to bends and other

conditions associated with high water pressure and oxygen deprivation.

OC:5 Patrols ski slopes prior to allowing public use. Worker is exposed to danger of avalanches.

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PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING

PHYSICAL DEMANDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

SECTION OF THE JAR

(Refer to Sample at End of Chapter)

ID Number

Enter the same number that appears on the front page of the JAR which this section accompanies.

PHYSICAL DEMAND AND ENVIRNOMENTAL CONDITION SYMBOLS

The following symbols are used to indicate the presence or absence of a Physical Demand or Environ-

mental Condition. Enter the appropriate one for each activity.

Code Frequency Definition

N Not Present Activity or condition does not exist.

O Occasionally Activity or condition exists up to 1/3 of the time.

F Frequently Activity or condition exists from 1/3 to 2/3 of the time.

C Constantly Activity or condition exists 2/3 or more of the time.

Strength

Position

Enter beside each activity, Standing, Walking, and Sitting, the percentage of time the worker spends in

each activity rounded to 5% intervals of time. The percentages entered should add to 100%. When they

do not, provide an explanation in the Physical Demands comments section. Also enter in the comments

section information to substantiate and explain entries made for each of the three activities.

Weight/Force

Record in the appropriate frequency column for each activity the range of pounds the worker lifts or

carries or the pounds of force the worker exerts to push or pull objects. When the activity is not present,

record an "X" under N (Not Present). When the weight of incidental objects lifted or carried infrequent-

ly (paper, pens, pencils) or the force exerted to push or pull objects (switches, heat- or touch-sensitive

buttons or keys) is negligible, record an "X" in the N column next to the activity. In this instance an

entry of "X" in the N column can indicate negligible weights lifted/carried or force exerted for pushing/

pulling an object as well as that the activity is not present. When objects of negligible weight are lifted/

carried or a negligible pushing/pulling force is exerted and, in the analyst's opinion, the Strength factor

is influenced by the frequency of this pushing/pulling or lifting/carrying of negligible weights, record

"0-1" in the appropriate O, F, or C column. Enter in the Physical Demands comments section informa-

tion to substantiate and explain entries in the frequency columns of the Weight/Force section. Also, Phys-

ical Demands 9-Handling, or 10-Fingering, and possibly 8-Reaching, must have positive entries (O, F,

or C) to be in agreement with the positive entries in this section.

Controls

Record in the space beside "Hand-Arm" an "N" (Not Present) when the job does not require the use

of arms or hands to move controls, or one of the following letters "R", "L", "B", or "E" to indicate

the use of Right or Left hand or arm, Both right and left hands or arms, or Either right or left hand
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or arm, when it does. Follow the same procedure for supplying information regarding the use of "Foot-
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Leg" controls. When any activity is too complex to be noted in this way, explain them in the Physical

Demands comments section. Also, record in the comments section information to substantiate positive

12-14
entries (R, L, B, E) in the Controls section and to explain how the use of controls affects the Strength

Level rating. Positive entries for Hand-Arm in the Controls section usually require positive entries for

Pushing/Pulling in the Weight/Force section and frequently require entries for Physical Demands Factor

10, Fingering, since all three are interrelated.

1. Strength Level

Evaluate the percentages of time spent standing, walking, and sitting (Position Section), the amount of

weights lifted/carried, the force exerted for pushing/pulling (Weight/Force Section), and the use of con-

trols (Controls Section) to determine the Strength Level rating for the job, according to the definitions

for the Strength Levels listed above. Generally, the analyst will be able to determine the Strength Level

rating from the frequency and weight/force matrix in the table below. There are, however, two other

considerations which may affect the final rating. The weights recorded in the Weight/Force Section, con-

sidered alone, may suggest that the job is S, Sedentary, but when the worker performs tasks in an awk-

ward position, job performance is more difficult; this causes the worker to expend more energy than

when working in a less awkward posture. A second consideration for rating Strength Level occurs when

the worker lifts, carries, pushes, or pulls objects of negligible weight at a rapid and prolonged pace, such

as in production work. Even though the weights and forces are negligible, a Strength Level rating of

L, Light instead of S, Sedentary is justified. In both cases, record information in the Physical Demands

comments section to substantiate the rating. After determining the overall strength requirements of the

job, select and enter a capital S, L, M, H, or V in the space beside 1. Strength Level.

The following table is provided as an aid in the determination of Strength Levels:

LIMITS OF WEIGHTS LIFTED/CARRIED OR FORCE EXERTED

RATING

Occasionally (0)

Frequently (F)

Constantly (C)

SEDENTARY

* - 10

LIGHT

* - 20

* - 10

MEDIUM

20 - 50

10 - 25

* - 10

HEAVY
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50 - 100
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25 - 50

10 - 20

VERY HEAVY

100 +

50 +

20 +

* negligible weight

The range excludes the lower number and includes the higher number, i.e, the range 10-25

excludes 10 (begins at 10 +) and includes 25. Overlapping ranges of * - 10 in the Occasional-

ly (O) column for Sedentary and Light jobs are differentiated on the basis of the worker's

posture and whether work is performed at a production rate. For example, all Sedentary jobs

involve constantly sitting. However, in some jobs workers sit constantly but exert force of an

amount or at a frequency rate that exceeds the limits for Sedentary. Such jobs are, therefore,

rated at least Light.

2-20. All Other Physical Demands

Record the appropriate frequency symbol in the space provided opposite each activity. Record in the

Physical Demands Comments section for each activity marked present, supplemental or clarifying infor-

mation pertinent to each activity, such as apparatus used; dimensions of workspace, tools, and materials

used; speed, distance, duration, and frequency of actions; sensory requirements; and complexity of com-

munications. In each instance identify the comments with the numbered factor and the activity to which

it pertains.

12-15
NOTE: Physical Demands factors other than those cited may affect the Strength Level rating

for a job. In instances when such Physical Demands are of a degree that the Strength Level

rating is affected, assign the rating that accurately reflects the strength requirement of the job.

Enter in the Physical Demands Comments section the justification for the rating.

Environmental Conditions

Record opposite each condition the appropriate frequency symbol (N, O, F, C), except for factor 5, Noise

Intensity Level. For factor 5, consider: 1) the various levels of noise in the job, 2) how often each par-

ticular level of noise occurs in the job, and 3) how long each particular noise level lasts. Record the

number that represents the noise intensity level which most closely describes the general background

noise, or sound, present in the job environment. When there are varying levels, explain in the Environ-

mental Conditions Comments section the levels, their frequencies, and sources. Record in the comments

section for each Environmental Condition marked present, supplemental or clarifying information, such

as temperature, duration, length of time, and source of condition.

NOTE: When the employer has installed protective devices which effectively eliminate the

condition and the worker has no choice regarding their use, the condition is considered to be

eliminated and is not present. The analyst should note this fact in the Environmental Condi-

tions Comments section. However, when a protective device is subject to the worker's discre-

tionary use, the condition is not considered to be eliminated and is reported as present.

Protective Clothing and Personal Devices

When present, list any clothing or devices, such as earplugs, masks, goggles, steel-tipped shoes, insulated

gloves, and hard hats, which the worker is required to wear in order to protect the worker or the product

against injury, disease, or contamination. Describe any item that is unusual or special and with which

the reader will not be familiar.

ID Block

Enter the name of the analyst who prepared the report, the date the written analysis was completed, the

name of the Field Center analyst who reviewed it, and the date the review was made.

If the JAR is reviewed by an official of the establishment, an officer of a trade or professional association

or union, or another informed person, enter the name of the person, the organization, and the person's

title but do not enter the name of the establishment in which the job was analyzed.

The following two pages contain sample Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions Forms.

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PHYSICAL DEMANDS

ID NO.

Physical Demands

Page

Comments

of

Strength

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Position

Standing

Walking

Sitting

Weight/Force

Lifting

Carrying

Pushing

Pulling
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N
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Controls: Hand-Arm

1. Strength Level:

Foot-Leg

Climbing _

Balancing

Stooping _

Kneeling _

Crouching

Crawling _

Reaching .

Handling _

Fingering .

Feeling

Talking

Hearing

Tasting/Smelling

Near Acuity

Far Acuity

Depth Perception

Accommodation _

Color Vision

Field of Vision

12-17
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

ID NO.

Environmental Conditions

1. Exposure to Weather

2. Extreme Cold

3. Extreme Heat

4. Wet and/or Humid

5. Noise Intensity Level

6. Vibration

7. Atmospheric Conditions

8. Moving Mechanical Parts

9. Electric Shock

10. High, Exposed Places

11. Radiation

12. Explosives

13. Toxic/Caustic Chemicals

14. Other Environmental

Conditions

Page

of

Comments

Protective Clothing or Personal Devices

Analyst

Field Center Reviewer

Additional Reviewer _

Date

Date

Title

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CHAPTER 13

WRITING JOB SUMMARIES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TASKS

A JAR is an organized presentation of the facts about a job; it distinguishes one job from all others.

The report includes the purposes, tasks, responsibilities, and worker characteristics of a job. Job summa-

ries condense into one sentence the information contained in job descriptions.

Job descriptions, the products of job analysis studies, are derived from the collection, organization,

and presentation of job data in accordance with USES occupational analysis methodology. The analyst

should arrange and describe tasks that comprise a job in either a chronological or functional order. Tasks

are usually arranged functionally when a job has no regular cycle of operations.

The job summary should reflect: 1) the significant involvement(s) of the worker with Data, People,

or Things and the level of such involvement(s); 2) the assigned Work Field(s); and 3) the assigned

MPS MS. In some cases, MTEWA and the work setting or type of establishment should be reflected.

Jobs should be summarized in a concise, general way.

PREPARING JOB SUMMARIES

For a Things job with a significant relationship to machines or equipment (Setting Up, Operating-

Controlling, Driving-Operating, Tending, or Feeding-Off Bearing), apply the sentence analysis technique

to the steps used to prepare a job summary.

Start the sentence with a verb. This verb expresses the worker's action and reflects the assigned

Worker Function for Things. Remember that "the worker" is always the implied subject of the

verb.

Example: "Tends. . ."

Follow the worker action verb with an immediate object, which will be the machine or equipment

used.

"Tends injection molding machine. . . "

Next, indicate the purpose of the worker action. For jobs rated at levels 0 (Setting Up), 2 (Operat-

ing-Controlling), and 3 (Driving-Operating), an infinitive should be used to reflect the purpose of

the job. For jobs rated at level 5 (Tending) and 6 (Feeding-Off Bearing), the purpose of the worker

action is introduced by the word "that. . . ". The purpose, thus stated, should reflect the assigned

Work Field(s).

"Tends injection molding machine that molds. . . "

Next, indicate the materials or products, as the object of the infinitive. Materials and products must

be appropriate to the MPSMS rating assigned.

"Tends injection molding machine that molds resin pellets into plastic bottles."

For a nonmachine, Things-significant job (Precision Working, Manipulating, or Handling), begin the

job summary with a verb that states the worker action in terms of the job's purpose; then follow with

the MPSMS. Next, include in some logical order the basic work devices used (including, when appropri-

ate, the types of work instructions followed). If a limited number of work devices are used, each type

should be specified, such as ". . . using tweezers, eye loupe, and hand soldering iron"; if a variety
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of work devices is used, only the general types should be indicated, such as ". . . using variety of met-
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alworking machines, handtools, power tools, and precision measuring instruments." The summary of a

Plumber job illustrates the latter style format:

13-1
Assembles, installs, and repairs heating, water, and drainage systems, using variety of ma-

chines, welding equipment, power tools, and handtools, and following blueprints, specifica-

tions, and plumbing codes.

"Assembles, installs, and repairs. . . " states both the worker actions and the job objectives, while

"heating, water, and drainage systems" are the products (MPSMS). Because the job is also Data-signifi-

cant, the Data function (Compiling) is substantiated by ". . . following blueprints, specifications, and

plumbing codes". The work devices (". . . variety of machines, welding equipment, power tools, and

handtools") and types of instructions also substantiate the Things-function (Precision Working), which

would otherwise not be evident by the action verbs alone.

For a job that is essentially Data-significant, begin the job summary with the worker action verb

that matches or is synonymous with the Data Worker Function, and follow with the object of the verb,

which must reflect information of some kind. For example:

Evaluates credit information to investigate credit ratings of bank customers.

"Evaluates" places the job at the analyzing level. Unless the job is also People- or Things-significant,

only the Data involvement need be included in the job summary, as in the above example. If the job

is Data and People- or Things-significant, begin the job summary with a verb that states the worker ac-

tion in terms of the job's purpose.

For a job that is People-significant, begin the job summary with the worker action verb that matches

or is synonymous with the People Worker Function, and state the object of the verb, which is usually

the people who are dealt with or served. In the example below, the worker action "instructs" denotes

the job objective (to teach), which need not be separately stated; the object of the verb is "students".

Instructs students in social studies and English.

In sales jobs, the object of "sells" is the commodity or service sold rather than the customers.

Sells shoes in men's shoe store.

Using discretion, additional information can be included in the job summary to indicate the work

setting or type of establishment. This information may or may not be important for a complete under-

standing of the job's objective or MPSMS. The previous examples are expanded as follows to show how

the work setting and type of establishment can be incorporated into a job summary:

Tends injection molding machine that molds resin pellets into plastic bottles, working in con-

tainer department of pharmaceutical-manufacturing firm.

Assembles, installs, and repairs heating, water, and drainage systems, using variety of ma-

chines, welding equipment, power tools, and handtools, and following blueprints, specifica-

tions, and plumbing codes, working for plumbing contractor specializing in new construction.

Evaluates credit information to investigate credit ratings of bank customers, working for credit-

reporting establishment.

Instructs students in social studies and English in private, parochial junior high school.

13-2
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PREPARING DESCRIPTIONS OF TASKS

The description of tasks is the main part of the JAR and lists, in order, the tasks that comprise

the job. Each task statement is numbered and includes an estimate of the percentage of time allocated

to that task. Detailed task descriptions are preceded by flag statements summarizing the work elements

that follow.

The organization of job analysis data from notes and the selection of the number and scope of tasks

to include in the job description is an integral requirement of job analysis. The primary consideration

is to organize the data and to write the job description so that the uninformed reader can gain a clear

concept of the work performed.

Identifying Tasks

From the definitions of task and element (Chapter 2), it is shown that they differ in scope; yet

an identical activity may be a task in one job, an element in another, or an entire job in itself. The

identification of tasks is based on a multifactor approach, using the following questions as guidelines.

Can the activity readily be discerned to be a discrete task or element? If an activity is sufficiently

distinguishable from other activities of the job, this may be an indication that it is a separate task. If

not, it should be treated as an element, integrally related to other elements of a task by common purpose,

sequence of actions, or decision-making factors.

Does the activity differ significantly from other activities of the job observed? This may be deter-

mined by different levels of involvement with Data, People, and Things, for example, or by machine-

or-nonmachine-oriented activities.

Is the activity performed frequently enough to be included as a distinct task? An activity performed

a small percentage of the time may be consolidated as an element of a broader task or included with

other infrequent activities as a separate task. On the other hand, if an activity requires a significant per-

centage of the worker's time, this is an indication that the activity should be identified as a separate

task. It should be noted at this point that two analysts, studying the same job, are likely to write job

descriptions with different task breakdowns; provided both descriptions are clear, complete, and accurate

neither will be any more "correct" than the other.

Arranging Tasks

Once the tasks of the job are identified, the next step is to arrange them in a way that results in

a clear, logical presentation.

For jobs that have specific cycles or sequences of operations, arrange tasks in the order in which

they are performed. The sequential arrangement is often applicable to production jobs in manufacturing

that have a definite cycle. For jobs having no established sequence of operations, arrange tasks according

to their function. Tasks so described may be arranged either according to amount of time spent on them

or according to their relative importance in the overall job. For a detailed explanation of identifying and

organizing tasks and grouping work activities into tasks see Appendix A.

Flag Statements

A flag statement is a short summary of a task that precedes the complete task description. A flag
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statement consists of a verb and its object and orients the reader to the scope and content of the task,
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about to be described, by stating in general terms what the worker does. It is important that flag state-

ments be sufficiently comprehensive to cover all basic activities of the task. If it is difficult to develop

a concise flag statement for a prospective task, this may indicate a need to separate the activities into

two or more tasks. Flag statements may be written in Worker Function terms, such as "Compiles data",

"Instructs students", and "Tends machine", or they may have other verbs, such as "Maintains files",

"Prepares report", and "Responds to customer inquiries". The task description which follows the flag

statement elaborates on the flag statement through specific action verbs, as well as the other categories

of job information.

13-3
For example, the following task description amplifies the flag statement "Sets up lathe:"

Sets up lathe: Examines blueprints to determine dimensions of part to be machined, and calculates

unspecified dimensions and machine settings, utilizing knowledge of shop math and metalworking.

Threads and locks chuck on headstock spindle, and sets and tightens toolholder in tool carriage,

using setscrew and wrench. Positions and secures workpiece in chuck jaws, using dial indicator and

chuckwrench. Selects cutting tool according to specifications for metal type and cut, and clamps

tool at prescribed cutting angle in toolholder, visually judging angle of cut. Sets and adjusts control

levers to regulate lathe speed, utilizing knowledge of metalworking and machine operation.

Estimating Time Percentages of Tasks

Estimating and recording the time percentage of each task is one of the last steps in preparing task

descriptions. Indicate in parenthesis at the end of each task description an estimate of the time required

for its performance. The percentage should be allocated on the basis of 100% for all the tasks performed.

The assignment of time spent on tasks is an estimate, not a precise measurement; estimates are rounded

to the nearest 5% interval.

WRITING DESCRIPTIONS OF TASKS

These guidelines provide a framework for preparing job descriptions and a technique for evaluating

their adequacy.

AREAS OF INFORMATION: Every job description must tell what the worker does; what gets

done; the MPSMS involved; and the MTEWA used. This is essentially an extension of the "what, how,

why" concept of the job analysis formula in use prior to 1972 when the HAJ was published. In addition,

each description should reflect the ratings for Work Performed and the Worker Characteristics and indi-

cate the criteria for acceptable work. These six areas of information are necessary to: (1) ensure uniformi-

ty of description content; (2) make certain that the minimum essential information has been included;

and (3) simplify and standardize review procedures. The areas are called:

1. Worker Action

2. Objective or Purpose

3. Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids

4. Materials, Products, Subject Matter, and Services

5. Work Performed and Worker Characteristics Ratings

6. Criteria for Acceptable Work

The areas are defined and applied as follows, at least for the body of a job description, i.e., the

description of tasks. The job summary is a special case, however, and is treated separately.

1. Worker Action. This is an active verb in the present tense, third person singular that reflects

a specific action taken by a worker. It tells what the individual does as distinguished from

what gets done as a result of the action. (This ultimately leads to the rated Worker Functions.)

a. Examples of adequate statements:

1) Demonstrates. . . merchandise, such as. . . to sell. . .

2) Turns valves to regulate coolant flow. . .

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3) Feeds material into machine that stamps out parts. . .

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4) Talks with supervisors to obtain information. . .

13-4
NOTE: These examples are intended only to illustrate worker actions. They are not the

only ways to write such work elements.

In the first example, the worker demonstrates to sell. In the second example, the worker turns

valves to regulate.

b. Examples of inadequate statements:

1) "Stamps out metal parts of toys with punch press."

The writer has failed to distinguish between the worker action and the purpose of

that action. In this job, the verb "stamps" is a function performed by the machine,

not the worker. The worker really "feeds," "tends," or performs some other action

in relation to the machine, but this worker action has been omitted.

2) "Fills paper bags with flour, using machine that automatically fills bags to preset

weight."

The worker action has been omitted. The word "fills" is a function performed by

the machine, not by the worker. The phrase "... using machine. . ." neither states

nor implies a worker action since the reader cannot be expected to know what are

the specific actions involved.

a) If the worker keeps the hopper of the machine filled by shoveling flour into

it, the sentence should read: "Shovels flour into hopper of machine that auto-

matically fills. . ."

b) If the worker starts, stops, and observes the operation of the machine, occa-

sionally making minor adjustments to ensure an even flow, the sentence should

read: ''Tends machine that automatically fills. . ."

c. The verb sometimes reflects both action and purpose. When both are reflected in the

same verb, it is not necessary to express them separately as awkward or wordy sentences

may result. For example:

"Instructs students in principles of engineering." The verb "instructs" implies both the

action of the worker and the purpose of the action. It expresses the worker action ade-

quately because the more specific actions involved in instructing are well known to most

readers. It simultaneously expresses the purpose because, unlike "machine" or "tool"

jobs, there are no intermediate instruments through which the worker's actions are trans-

formed into achievement of their purpose. In this case, the instrument is the worker. This

situation usually occurs when the worker is dealing with people or data, rather than with

things.

d. Worker action is sometimes implied or understood. For example:

"Assembles parts of wooden packing crates, using hammer and nails." Although the pur-

pose "Assembles" is specifically stated, the worker action "hammers nails" is not. It

is implied by the phrase "using hammer and nails." In the context of the example, the

actions involved in using hammer and nails are sufficiently well known to make specific
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expression of an action verb unnecessary.

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e. Worker action rule: EACH ELEMENT SENTENCE MUST REFLECT A WORKER AC-

TION. This must be stated specifically or implied in such a manner as to be obvious

to the reader.

Objective or Purpose. This is what gets done as a result of worker actions. It has been

discussed under Item 1. Worker Action since the two are closely related. There are two types:

a. The overall objective or purpose of a job, indicated in the job summary, which reflects

the assigned Work Field(s).

13-5
b. The intermediate purposes that are the objectives of specific worker actions in the descrip-

tion of tasks. For example:

1) Operates. . . machines to drill and lap channels in industrial diamonds for use as

wire drawing dies. . .

2) Turns controls to regulate speed of revolution and reciprocating action of drilling ma-

chine. . .

3) Operates machine that rotates diamond as revolving wire rocks back and forth in

channel, to lap inner wall of channel.

"Operates" is a worker action. The overall objective appearing in the job summary is

"to drill and lap channels in industrial diamonds." "7b regulate speed. . . " becomes

an intermediate purpose because it is the objective of a specific worker action in the de-

scription of tasks and is a step along the way to the overall objective. 'To lap," the

purpose of the worker action "Operates" in the last sentence, is another intermediate ob-

jective.

c. Objective rule: EACH SENTENCE MUST REFLECT AN OBJECTIVE. This must be

stated specifically or implied in such a manner as to be obvious to the reader. (Remember

that a single verb may sometimes reflect both objective and worker action.)

3. MTEWA. These include the machines, mechanical equipment, handtools, and work aids, such

as jigs, measuring devices, and graphic instructions, used to attain an objective or perform

a worker action.

a. Examples:

1) Counts number of red blood cells. . . using microscope. . .

2) Operates turret lathe. . .

3) Tends power generator. . .

4) Assembles. . . using electricians' handtools.

5) Inspects. . . parts, using plug gauges.

6) Saws furniture parts. . . according to blueprint specifications.

7) Repairs radios. . . following schematic diagrams. . .

This area of information is essential to an understanding of the worker actions and ulti-

mately the nature of the skills involved in performing a job.

b. MTEWA rule: THIS AREA OF INFORMATION MUST BE INCLUDED IN EACH

STATEMENT WHEREVER IT IS PRESENT IN THE JOB ELEMENT CONCERNED.

4. MPSMS. These are the materials processed, products manufactured or handled, subject matter

dealt with, or services rendered.

a. Examples:

1) Positions aluminum shingles on roof and nails. . .

2) Threads steel wire through rollers of machine. . .

3) Instructs students in one or more modern or classical languages. . .

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4) Renders. . . beauty services to patrons. . .

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b. MPSMS rule: THIS AREA OF INFORMATION MUST BE INCLUDED IN EVERY

STATEMENT WHEREVER IT IS PRESENT. This requirement is necessary to place the

job in its general occupational area and to contribute to an understanding of the basic

knowledge required. Repetition of the identical item throughout the job description, how-

ever, should be avoided.

13-6
Work Performed and Worker Characteristics Ratings. The definition for these components and

instructions for making the ratings are contained elsewhere in the HAJ. The discussion which

follows is concerned primarily with their applicability to writing the description of job duties.

a. Relationship to Data, People, and Things. In most jobs the worker relates in some degree

to data, people, and things. Workers deal with instructions and information (data); with

supervisors, fellow workers, or the general public (people); and with material objects

(things). In many instances the relationship may be so obvious that no special reference

is required in the body of the job description. For example, every job involves a relation-

ship to a supervisor or to a set of instructions. Where these relationships are not signifi-

cant, they may be ignored. In all other instances, however, wherever such a relationship

is occupationally significant, the analyst must provide an indication of that relationship.

1) Examples of relationship to data:

a) Saws pieces. . . to blueprint specifications. . . using handsaw. (In this in-

stance specifications are a work aid in the form of data.)

b) ... to adjust fluorescent penetration depth. . . according to density of cast-

ing.

c) Drives automobile. . . noting performance of engine. . . as indicated by in-

strument dials and gauges.

2) Examples of relationship to people:

a) Instructs students in principles of. . .

b) Negotiates with sellers to purchase. . .

c) Supervises workers engaged in. . .

d) Serves food to customers in. . .

3) Examples of relationship to things:

a) Saws pieces. . . to blueprint specifications. . .

b) ... to adjust fluorescent penetration depth. . . according to density of cast-

ing.

c) Drives automobiles. . . noting performance of engine. . .

4) Example of a job description from which the worker's relationship to data has been

omitted:

DRILL-PRESS OPERATOR (mach. shop)

Locates and marks points at which holes are to be drilled. . . Selects drill bit

and secures it in chuck of machine. . . Verifies depth and diameter of hole,

using plug gauges.

In the first sentence, since no indication is provided as to how the worker

knows where to place the holes (relationship to instructions and information),

no inference can be made as to the difficulty of the decision made. If a tem-

plate is used, then the worker's basic decision is quite simple and the follow-
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ing qualifying phrase would cover the situation: "Locates and marks. . . using
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templates." If the holes are located when the worker "... measures surface

area, using ruler, square, and triangle. . . according to blueprint specifica-

tions. . . ", then a more difficult mental activity is involved and a phrase as

above would be required to convey this information. Of all three relationships,

the one referring to data is most often overlooked. It is a significant relation-

ship since it provides an indication of the body of knowledge on which the

worker's actions or decisions are based. Only through this type of data can

inference be made as to the difficulty or complexity of the decisions made or

actions taken.

13-7
5) When judgments are made: The relationship to data is extremely significant whenever

a judgment is made by the worker. In cases when the worker "estimates, ascertains,

classifies, grades, locates, recommends, develops, judges, describes, selects, deter-

mines, or makes any sort of decision", the basis for the judgment must be given.

This reveals, in part, the level of complexity of the job.

Worker Functions. These summarize the activities performed by workers. Each job is

rated for a function in each of the "Data-People-Things" hierarchies. Worker Functions

are broader in scope than worker actions, which are verbs that describe specifically what

a worker does. The sum total of all the worker actions in a description, however, should

lead the reader to an understanding of the three assigned Worker Functions within the

respective hierarchies.

1) Rate the job for its Worker Functions before preparing the job description. After the

job description has been completed, evaluate it against the Worker Functions to en-

sure that the ratings and description reflect one another.

2) The Worker Functions establish the level at which the job description is written. If

a job has been rated for "tending," the description should not imply that the worker

usually performs at an "operating" level. If a job has been rated for "analyzing,"

it is not enough to describe "computing" or "compiling" elements without describ-

ing that aspect of the job which justifies the "analyzing" rating. The sentence analy-

sis technique described earlier in the HAJ will assist in determining the most perti-

nent Worker Functions and in selecting the most specific worker action verbs.

3) When preparing the description of tasks, the analyst should avoid using Worker Func-

tion verbs assigned to one hierarchy to describe actions taking place in another, for

example: "Manipulates electronic research data. . . " The word "manipulates" ex-

ists in the "Things" category and refers to a worker's relationship to a tool. It may

not be used to describe a relationship to "data" as in the above example because

of the confusion which it creates.

4) The assignment of Worker Functions cannot be justified unless there is sufficient in-

formation in the description of tasks to support the rating. This information can be

expressed directly in the form of tasks or can be implied by the content of the job

description. For example, such functions as Operating-Controlling or Computing can-

not be assigned unless they are justified by information that the worker has a relation-

ship to a machine at the operating level or is involved with adding, subtracting, or

another type of mathematics.

Work Fields. These are specific methods characteristic of either MTEWA or techniques

designed to fulfill special purposes. Work Fields are broader in scope than the intermedi-

ate objectives of specific worker actions. The sum total of all intermediate objectives con-

tained in a description, however, should lead the reader to an understanding of the rated
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Work Field(s).
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1) Rate the job for its most pertinent Work Field(s) before preparing the description of

duties. After the description has been completed, evaluate it against the Work Field(s)

to ensure that the rating and description reflect one another.

2) Work Fields assist in establishing the method of achieving the overall objective of

a job and are related to the actions involved. For example: "... operates. . . to

machine metal parts. . . " The method involved is "machining" and it is related

to the function "operates."

13-8
d. Worker Characteristics. These refer to the ratings for Physical Demands, Environmental

Conditions, GOE Subgroup, Temperaments, and Aptitudes discussed earlier in the HAJ.

The reflection of this type of data in a job description provides a sharper focus on the

type of work involved and nature of the individual worker concerned.

1) Rate the job for Worker Characteristics before preparing the description of duties.

After the description has been completed, evaluate it against the ratings to ensure that

each reflects and justifies the other.

2) A balance must be maintained between the ratings and the description of job duties.

Lf Temperament factor J was rated as present, some indication should appear in the

description that describes the nature of the worker's use of judgment and decision

making. If Numerical Aptitude was rated at the 2 level, a computational element that

justifies that level must appear in the description. If the job was rated for Atmospher-

ic Conditions, some implication as to the nature of the condition should appear in

the description.

3) In the event that a particular rating cannot be justified in the job duties, an explana-

tion should be made in the General Comments section of the JAR.

6. Criteria for Acceptable Work. Most jobs have standards or measures by which the worker

knows when work performed is acceptable. In the preceding job of Drill-Press Operator, the

finished holes are tested with plug gauges. The worker knows when work is acceptable if

it passes this test of accuracy.

a. Other criteria: These include performance tests of a product or a worker's self-evaluation

of work performed.

b. Not always readily-discernible: Criteria of successful performance are frequently integral

parts of and implied by the job objective. For example:

Observes operation of conveyor used to transport. . . and. . . to prevent jamming. . .

The ultimate objective is to transport, while an intermediate objective is to prevent jam-

ming. The worker knows that work performance is qualitatively acceptable when a mini-

mum amount of delay results from jamming.

c. Not always significant: Frequently the worker is not concerned with the criteria because

they are applied at some later stage in the production process or because they are built

into the machine itself.

d. Criteria rule: THE ANALYST MUST MAKE AN EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE CRI-

TERIA AND TO INCLUDE THEM IN THE JOB DESCRIPTION IF THEY ARE OC-

CUPATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT.

NOTE: These guidelines are not to be construed as an attempt to force every sentence into a rigid

mold or to specify a particular sequence of categories to which the analyst must adhere. Insofar as prac-

tical, however, work elements should begin with worker actions since job descriptions basically describe

jobs in terms of what the worker is doing. Beyond that, the analyst should express the work performed
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in a natural manner, maintaining at all times standards of accuracy and good English.
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13-9
STYLE CONVENTIONS FOR RECORDING DESCRIPTIONS OF TASKS

The style to be followed in recording task descriptions should conform to the following basic rules:

1. A terse, direct style should be used.

2. The present tense, third person singular should be used throughout.

3. Each sentence should begin with an action verb.

4. Each sentence must reflect a specifically stated objective or an objective implied in such

manner as to be obvious to the reader. A single verb may sometimes reflect both objective

and worker action.

5. All words should impart necessary information; others should be omitted. Every precaution

should be taken to use words that have only one possible connotation and that specifically

describe the manner in which the work is accomplished.

6. The description of tasks should reflect the assigned Work Performed and Worker

Characteristics ratings.

7. Avoid excessive, technical language. The analyst's job is to make a technical subject

understandable to persons unfamiliar with the subject. Where technical words are universally

used throughout an industry, they become usable occupational data. In such instances,

however, a definition of the term should be prepared for Item 17 of the JAR or a parenthetical

phrase should be added immediately following the item.

8. Avoid being pompous. Use a one-syllable word rather than a four-syllable word if both

convey the same meaning.

"A superfluity of culinary assistance is apt to exercise a detrimental effect upon the con-

somme." A sentence such as "Too many cooks spoil the broth" is sufficient.

9. Avoid the use of slang and colloquialisms. The meanings of such terms are usually obscure.

If they are universally understood throughout the industry, however, they may be included in

the description of tasks with an explanatory phrase.

10. The use of poetic license is a barrier to precise communication and should be avoided.

' 'This stroke requires great incubus of judgment in elevation and strength and betrays the

hand of the master when successful." An incubus is a form of demon and no person

was betrayed.

11. The word used must reflect exactly what is intended.

"The engineer wrote a partial account. . . " (incomplete or prejudiced?)

"Although the proportions of all males and females in ages 16-45 are essentially the

same. . . " Does the analyst mean percentage?

"... cattle usually and commonly embraced in dairying. . . "

12. Select the word that best reflects the thought.

Judgment is held in suspense; a chemical is held in suspension.

A problem is unsolvable; an ore is insoluble.

Steam was discovered; the radio was invented.

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13. Do not compress more than one or two thoughts into a single sentence. Such compression
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is usually accomplished at the expense of clarity and readability.

"Mixes, blends, purifies, screens, and extrudes smokeless and plastic propellant powders,

cast propellant charges, and high explosive powders on a small lot basis, including manual

and machine operations for nickel mercury amalgam."

13-10
"Trims flash from rubber gaskets, rings, swim fins and goggles, handlebar grips, and

other molded rubber products, using scissors, knives, and cutting die and mallet, by hold-

ing product against revolving abrasive wheel or trimming knives, or by means of a tum-

bling barrel in which flash is made brittle with dry ice."

14. Make active and positive statements rather than passive, negative, or conditional ones.

"An outline. . . may be of help to. . . " (Delete underlined words.)

"The ore is not uncommon in. . . " (The ore is common in. . . )

"Makes analysis of. . . " (Analyzes. . . )

15. Avoid superlatives and certain types of adverbs. Superlatives give a false emphasis and

certain adverbs weaken the verb they modify.

Avoid "most", "best", and similar superlatives.

"Very straight" doesn't make the object any straighter.

"Perfectly perpendicular" fits the same category.

16. Do not use the definite or indefinite articles, "the", "a", or "an". Clarity and readability

are not lost when they are not used.

"Inserts tubes into designated sockets of tube tester and observes meter readings. . . "

17. Never use "etc." or "and so forth." If there are no additional examples to be included, end

the sentence at the last example. However, to denote an incomplete list, the analyst can use

the expression "such as."

"Examines watch dials for defects, such as scratches, finger marks, dirt, and uncentered

cannon and fourth wheel pinions, using loupe."

18. Avoid using attributes.

"Complex controls, intimate knowledge, large billet, heavy tool, small spring. . . "

The precise meanings of such attributes are a matter of individual interpretation. One cannot

expect the reader to interpret them in the same manner as the writer. The job description itself

must convey the desired impression.

"Transfers watch parts from. . . to holding fixture, using tweezers and magnifying lens."

The impression left here is that the watch parts must be "minute."

19. Pretend that such words as "necessary, proper, and appropriate" do not exist.

"Selects proper cutting tool to. . . "

The reader cannot be expected to understand what is "proper" or the extent of judgment that

enters into the selection process. These must be explained; as soon as the explanation is made,

there is no longer any need for the word "proper."

"Selects cutting tool depending on depth and diameter of hole to be drilled. . . "

20. Linking certain prepositions with certain verbs sometimes results in a looseness of language.

Yet, certain prepositions idiomatically follow certain words.

account for aware of adhere to differ from (quality)

differ with (opinion) parallel with preference for perpendicular to

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21. Word sequence can be important.

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"These ladles only were filled with molten steel."

"These ladles were filled only with molten steel."

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22. The word "may" is not considered synonymous with "occasionally" and is never used in

a JAR. If a work element is performed occasionally or infrequently, it may be written as a

regular work element which begins with the words "occasionally" or "periodically."

23. The Job Summary or Description of Tasks on the JAR, as opposed to an occupational

definition, should not contain the phrase "Performs any combination of the following duties".

24. Do not hyphenate before these words when they are the last word in a title:

Helper; Laborer; Maker; Mechanic; Operator; Tender; Worker; etc.

25. Do hyphenate before OPERATOR when HELPER is the last word in the title.

Example: DRYING-UNTT-FELTING-MACHINE-OPERATOR HELPER

26. Always use a comma before "utilizing" and "using" in the body of a definition.

27. A comma is usually used before phrases beginning with "such as".

It is important that the style conventions for writing described in this chapter be followed in order

that JAR's reflect accurately, factually, objectively, and in a reasonably standardized way the nature and

content of jobs. Adherence to these conventions should help to achieve this objective for the benefit of

the user of the data.

DETERMINING DETAIL NEEDED IN JOB TASK DESCRIPTIONS

The analyst should keep in mind the necessity for stating a task completely but should not allow

the explanation to develop into a motion study. For example, it may be stated that an inspector of small

parts "Slides fingertips over machine edges to detect ragged edges and burrs."

On the other hand, it would be absurd to state: "Raises right hand one foot to table height, superim-

poses hand over mechanical part and, by depressing the first and second fingers to the machine part

and moving the arm slowly sideways about six inches, feels with fingertips for snags or pricks that are

indicative of surface irregularities." For a detailed explanation of determining the detail needed in Job

Task Descriptions see Appendix B.

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LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED AND MISSPELLED WORDS

acid bath

dustpan

multi (all one word)

stockpile

airbag

multiple-purpose

stockroom

airbrush

ensure (guarantee)

straightedge

air-condition (all forms)

envelop (v)

non (as prefix, one

straight-edged (um)

air duct

envelope (n)

word)

tabletop

airflow

takeup (n,um)

take up (v)

teamwork

air gun

faceplate

off bear

airhammer

feedbin

off bearer

airhole

feed line

off bears

Ivilill V* V/l IV

time book

airhose

feedrack

oilcan

timecard
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air line (line for air)

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feed roll

oilcloth

timesheet

airline (aviation)

fiberglass

oilcup

touchup (n,um)

align

forklift

oil field

touch up (v)

armband

oilhole

trademark

armhole

gauge

oil line

trade name

armrack

gasline (auto)

oil well

TV (television)

armrest

gas line (people queue)

over-the-counter (um)

gas well

water hose

ball mill

gearbox

panel board

waterproof
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK.

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CHAPTER 14

THE JOB ANALYSIS REPORT

The Job Analysis Report (JAR) serves a dual purpose as the basic tool for: 1) structuring the analy-

sis and 2) recording data. All items on the report should be completed. When information is not avail-

able for a specific item, enter "none" by the item. Reference should not be made to another JAR for

information, such as the definition of a term, a description of a machine, or a comment. All attachments,

such as drawings and diagrams, should be attached with pages numbered in sequence. All establishment

job titles mentioned in any section of the JAR should begin with initial capital letters, except where

otherwise specified. Additionally, all codes, estimates, and ratings should be internally consistent and

supported by narrative information where required. When it is necessary to present additional informa-

tion, Continuation Sheets will be used and interspersed in such a manner so as not to interrupt the flow

of reading the report.

PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THE JAR

ID NO.

The identification number of the JAR consists of the Establishment Number appearing on the Staffing

Table Face Sheet (Chapter 16) plus a sequential number, starting with number 1, identifying the JAR.

For example, the first of 20 JAR's for establishment number 362-99-1145 would be 362-99-1145-1 and

the last, 362-99-1145-20. This ID NO. is recorded at the top, left-hand comer of each page of the report

to identify each page in a document.

Item 1. Establishment Job Title

Record all job titles by which the job is known in the establishment. Enter the most commonly used

title in initial capital letters and all other titles in lower case letters. Separate the job titles with semi-

colons. When an establishment job title is ambiguous, enter a descriptive title in parentheses and discuss

the title under Item 18. General Comments. For example, a descriptive title of "drill press operator"

recorded in parenthesis provides more information than a non-specific establishment job title of "machine

operator".

Item 2. DOT Title, Industry Designation, and Code

When appropriate, all three blanks in this item will be completed; however, as noted in case 3 below,

there are times when some of the blanks will not contain an entry.

Code the job according to the occupational classification structure used in the DOT. The Work Field

and MPSMS components represent the primary basis for classifying the job according to the Occupation-

al Group Arrangement (the first three digits of the code) in the DOT. Other considerations include gener-

ic occupational relationships and industry (Standard Industrial Classification Manual).

OCCUPATIONAL GROUP (first three digits): Three steps are necessary to determine the first three

digits. 1) Read the definition of the occupational categories to locate the proper one. 2) Read the

definitions of the divisions within the category selected and choose the appropriate one. 3) Finally,

read the definitions of the groups within the specific division.

WORKER FUNCTIONS (second three digits): In the code, these digits reflect the relationships of
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the job to Data, People, and Things, respectively.

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DOT TITLE and INDUSTRY DESIGNATION: Review definitions listed in the Fourth Edition

DOT under the code selected for the first three digits. This review may reveal three situations which

are described below.

1. When the description of duties for the job analyzed is identical in all significant aspects to

a published definition, record the Title, Industry Designation, and 9-digit code shown in the

DOT.

2. When the job is identical in all significant aspects to a published definition but the code

assigned varies from the published DOT code, enter the DOT Title and Industry Designation

as indicated above. Enter the 9-digit code from the DOT followed by the analyst's assigned

6-digit code in parentheses. Discuss the reasons for any variance in Item 18. General

Comments.

3. When the job is not identifiable to a definition within the Occupational Group Arrangement,

record the six-digit code. No entries are made in the DOT Title and Industry Designation

spaces.

When a job is studied to obtain detailed information to support an Occupational Code Request (OCR),

enter information in the blanks for DOT Title, Code, and Industry Designation as follows:

1. When the description of duties for the job analyzed is identical in all significant aspects to

the OCR definition, record the Title, Industry Designation, and nine-digit code of the OCR

in the appropriate spaces.

2. When the job is identical in all significant aspects to the OCR definition but the code assigned

by the analyst varies from the OCR code, enter the OCR Title and the Industry Designation

as indicated above. Enter the nine-digit code of the OCR followed in parentheses by the

analyst's assigned six-digit code. Discuss the reasons for the code variance in Item 18. General

Comments.

3. When the job is not identifiable to a definition within the Occupational Group Arrangement

or to the OCR, record the six-digit code in the appropriate space and leave the DOT Title

and Industry Designation spaces blank.

Item 3. DOT Industry Assignment

Enter the code and abbreviated title of the DOT Industry assigned for study. For those instances where

the JAR is not generated from a DOT Industry study assignment, enter the DOT Industry for the job

studied.

Item 4. SIC Code and Title

Enter the four-digit code and short title from the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC) for

the four-digit classification of the major activity of the establishment. The major activity is based upon

the principal final product or service of the establishment and not upon a product or service that is

consumed or used during the process(es) of obtaining the final product or service. The primary four-

digit SIC Code and Title entered on the JAR must match the four-digit SIC Code and Title used on

the Staffing Table Face Sheet. The short SIC Titles are listed in Part II of the SIC Manual.
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Item 5. SOC Code and Title

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Enter the four-digit code and title of the unit group definition from the Standard Occupational Classifica-

tion (SOC) Manual that best describes the job. When the SOC classification structure is not defined to

unit groups, enter the major or minor group code as a four-digit number by using trailing zeros. For

example, when the establishment job is best represented by the major group of Registered Nurses, enter

2900 rather than 29.

14-2
Item 6. GOE Code and Title

Enter the six-digit code and title of the occupational subgroup that fits the job. See Chapter 11, Guide

for Occupational Exploration.

Item 7. Job Summary

Enter a brief, yet comprehensive, statement to provide the reader with the purpose and nature of the

job. The sentence must reflect the significant Worker Function(s); Work Field(s); MPSMS; and when

applicable, must reflect MTEWA. See Chapter 13, Writing Job Summaries and Descriptions of Tasks.

Item 8. Work Performed Estimates

During the observation/interview, the analyst should relate all of the worker's activities to the definitions

of the Work Performed factors. This process will facilitate further analysis and evaluation of the informa-

tion about the worker's activities so that the subsequent analysis of a job fits the accepted structure.

After determining those factors important for job performance, record the data in the appropriate spaces

for this item. Compare these selections and ratings with the data presented in Item 16, Description of

Tasks, to ensure that each reflects the other and that no essential information is omitted.

WORKER FUNCTIONS: Select the Data, People, and Things Worker Functions that best character-

ize the job as a whole, and enter the appropriate code in each space provided. Circle the captions,

Data, People, or Things, to indicate those which are significant in the job. Worker Functions are

fully discussed in Chapter 3.

WORK FIELDS: Enter one or more of the Work Fields (Chapter 4) that most adequately encom-

passes the specific methodology(ies) that reflect the major objective of the job-worker situation. Al-

though it is possible to select more than one Work Field, this is not necessary when one is ade-

quately comprehensive.

MPSMS: Enter the code and title of one or more MPSMS classifications (Chapter 5) that reflect

the major areas of worker involvement. Use the exact titles of MPSMS categories rather than the

specific examples presented in the Alphabetical Listing of MPSMS. Group titles and codes (ending

in zero) should be used when three or more categories of a group apply.

Item 9. Worker Characteristics Estimates

During the observation or interview, the analyst should identify the worker characteristics important in

job performance. These estimates are expressed in terms of job characteristics or preferences, not worker

qualifications. These selections should then be compared with the data presented in Item 16, Description

of Tasks, to ensure that each reflects the other and that no essential information is omitted.

Enter in the spaces provided for the Worker Characteristic components of GED (Reasoning, Math, and

Language), SVP, Temperaments, and Aptitudes the level or factor that the job requires of the worker.

Transcribe from the PD and EC sections: 1) codes N, O, F, or C which represent the frequency (Not

Present, Occasionally, Frequently, or Constantly) of each factor in the job; and 2) the noise intensity

level which best represents the job setting.

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Item 10. Formal Education

This is education of an academic nature required by the employer that is obtained in elementary school,

high school, or college. Using the table below, enter the single-digit code that corresponds to the highest

level of schooling required by the employer for the job.

Code Level of Formal Education

1 less than high school

2 high school diploma/GED

3 one year certificate from college or technical school

4 associate's degree (A.A.) or equivalent obtained at a two-year college or techni-

cal school

5 bachelor's degree (B.A.) or equivalent obtained at a four-year college or univer-

sity

6 fifth year teaching certificate from a college or university

7 master's degree (M.A.) or equivalent

8 Ph.D or equivalent

Item 11. Vocational Preparation

There are six modes of vocational preparation. Each item should be completed with the employer's re-

quirements as follows:

College: Record the degree, major field of study, and subjects required and the number of years

of college training. Include graduate and undergraduate work. Enter the amount of time typically

required to obtain the degree.

Vocational Education: Enter the number of years and courses that are oriented towards a specific

vocational objective. Include both public and private secondary and post-secondary vocational train-

ing offered in schools outside the traditional college setting.

Apprenticeship: Enter the length, name, and type of apprenticeship.

Inplant Training: Enter the length of the training time and the nature and content of such courses

given by the employer in organized classroom study. (The classroom may or may not be physically

located at the establishment.) Do not include orientation or break-in time required for a worker to

become familiar with the work place.

On-The-Job Training: Enter the length of time spent training an inexperienced worker to become

fully qualified. Again, do not include orientation time.

Performance on Other Jobs: Identify the job(s) in this or other establishments in which the worker

acquires knowledge and training to qualify for the job being studied; specify the length of time

required for this training. (If the employer has experience requirements that in the analyst's judg-

ment are not related to vocational preparation, these requirements, including job title and length

of experience, should be explained in the General Comments section.) Make sure that any experi-

ence requirements are reflected on the Staffing Table.

Enter "none" for items not applicable. See Chapter 8 Specific Vocational Preparation for instructions
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for calculating SVP.

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14-^-
Item 12. Certification

List licenses, certification, or registration which indicate attainment of a recognized level of competence

and which meet Federal, State, or local requirements and are required for employment in the job.

Item 13. Relation to Other Jobs and Workers

Promotions: Through interviews with company officials and interviews with and observations of em-

ployees, ascertain the promotional policies of the establishment.

Promotion From: Record one of the following four entries:

1. When there is an accepted policy, enter establishment job title(s) from which workers are

promoted into the job studied.

2. Enter "bid system" when the establishment uses a bid system for the job studied.

3. Enter "entry job" when no experience is necessary in another job in that establishment.

(When a worker is not required to have any experience in that establishment but is required

to have occupational experience in another establishment or to have specific training, enter

that information in Item 11, Vocational Preparation with an explanation in Item 18, General

Comments.)

4. Enter "none" when there is no establishment promotional policy.

When "bid system" or "none" is entered and the analyst can determine the promotional path most es-

tablishment workers follow to reach the studied job, also enter "see comments" and record explanatory

information in the General Comments section.

Promotion To: Record one of the following three entries:

1. When there is an accepted policy, enter establishment job title(s) to which workers are

promoted from the job studied.

2. Enter "bid system" when the establishment uses a bid system.

3. Enter "none" when there is no establishment promotional policy.

When "bid system" or "none" is entered and the analyst can determine the path most establishment

workers follow when promoted from the studied job, also enter "see comments" and record explanatory

information in the General Comments section.

Supervision and Direction Received: Enter the establishment job title of the worker from whom supervi-

sion or direction is received. This title identifies the worker who has authority to issue specific, detailed

instructions or is responsible for workers during job performance. When appropriate, also enter the title

of the intermediary, such as group leaders or senior employees, from whom directions are received. (An

entry for this item does not automatically require a Worker Function rating of Level 3 (Supervising)

for the job of the worker who gives supervision or direction.)

Supervision or Direction Given: Enter the establishment job title(s) of the worker(s) to whom supervi-

sion or direction is given.

Item 14. Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids

Describe all machines, tools, equipment, and work aids used by the worker. Include the size, approximate

weight, and identifying information. Those which are commonly known to the lay person must be listed,
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separated by a semicolon; but need not be described. For a sample Item 14 see Appendix C.
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14-5
Item 15. Materials and Products

List the raw material(s) or finished product(s) with which the worker is involved. Define any of these

which are not common or have a unique application as used in the job.

Item 16. Description of Tasks

Describe in concise form the tasks performed, following the concepts and procedures outlined in Chapter

13. Each description must designate the worker's actions and the results accomplished; the machines,

tools, equipment, or work aids used; materials, products, subject matter, or services involved; and the

requirements made of the worker. This description must provide a basis for and be compatible with the

assignment of Work Performed and Worker Characteristics estimates.

Item 17. Definition of Terms

Define all terms which are not readily understood by the lay person who is not familiar with the job.

Item 18. General Comments

Enter any comments or explanations necessary to expand upon the information presented in any of the

previous items. The analyst should keep in mind the following:

1. All comments should bear a cross-reference to the section to which they relate.

2. Statements of opinion as opposed to statements of fact must be stated as such. The reasoning

on which such opinion is formulated must be explained.

3. The General Comments section should be reserved for pertinent information for which there

is no specific space allotted; information which can appear under other items should appear

there.

PROCEDURE FOR RECORDING ESTABLISHMENT JOB TITLES AND DOT TITLES

1. Unless specified to be in all lower case letters, Establishment Job Titles should be recorded

in initial capital letters. This includes the JAR, Staffing Table, and Narrative Report. Initial

capital letters should also be used in Narratives when referring to departments by name.

2. DOT Titles are always recorded in all capital letters wherever they are used.

3. Unless stated otherwise in the instructions for completing a specific item, wherever DOT titles

are used, they are to include the Title; DOT Industry in parenthesis; and nine-digit Code. They

also are to be entered in that order when used in Item 16, Description of Tasks.

The five next pages contain a sample Job Analysis Report

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JOB ANALYSIS REPORT

ID NO.

Page 1 of

1. Estab. Job Title(s).

2. DOT Title.

Ind. Desig.

Code.

3. DOT Ind. Assign..

4. SIC Code & Title.

5. SOC Code & Title.

6. GOE Code & Title.

7. JOB SUMMARY:

8. WORK PERFORMED ESTIMATES

Worker Functions Data

Work Fields

People

.Things

MPSMS

9. WORKER CHARACTERISTICS ESTIMATES

GED: R M L

SVP

. Temperaments

Aptitudes

Level

3
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4
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10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

PD

EC

14-7
ID NO.

10. Formal Education

11. Vocational Preparation

a. College Courses _

b. Vocational Education Courses

c. Apprenticeship

d. Inplant Training.

e. On-the-job Training

f. Performance on Other Jobs

12. Certification:

Licenses, etc

13. Relation to Other Jobs and Workers

Promotion: From

Supervision or Direction Received (title).

Supervision or Directioon Given (titles)

Page 2 of

Length

to

14. Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids

15. Materials and Products

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 i

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ID NO.

Page of
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16. Description of Tasks

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 14-10
ID NO. : Page of

17. Definition of Terms

18. General Comments

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 14-11
IB NO. Page of
CONTINUATION PAGE
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CHAPTER 15

PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING FOR AND CONDUCTING A JOB ANALYSIS STUDY

This chapter contains an explanation of the rationale and the procedures for preparing Industry

Study Planning Reports (ISPR's) and for conducting complete establishment studies. As noted in the pre-

vious chapter, a JAR is used to record information about a job. Jobs are studied in establishments as

part of an establishment study. Establishments which are likely to have jobs targeted for study must be

identified through some systematic method. One such method is the ISPR.

INDUSTRY STUDY PLANNING REPORT

The ISPR consists of two forms. The forms are designed to facilitate planning concurrent studies

of several DOT Industries and to provide a report that outlines the range and depth of the study of each

DOT Industry. The establishments included in the planning report are to be what the analyst considers

sufficient to represent the range of processes and products or services within the industry. The listing

of specific establishments in no way implies that these particular establishments will be studied. Seventy-

five percent of establishments chosen for study should be outside the Field Center's metropolitan area,

and fifty percent should be outside the Field Center's State to the extent this is practical and feasible.

DOT Industries group occupations with similar activities; the Standard Industrial Classification

Manual (SIC) groups establishments with similar primary end products or services. Therefore, DOT In-

dustries have a relationship to jobs that is similar to the relationship the SIC has to establishments.

Many jobs defined in the specific activity of a DOT Industry are found in establishments which

have a similar end product or service as defined in the SIC classification. However, some jobs of a spe-

cific DOT Industry are found in establishments that have seemingly unrelated end products and services.

Therefore, a thorough study of occupations in a specific DOT Industry, as outlined in an ISPR, may

need to include establishments which appear to have unrelated primary activities.

Analysts usually study all jobs in an establishment identified with a specific DOT Industry. Howev-

er, as sufficient data are collected for some jobs, it is possible that in the interest of time, analysts will

limit their study to selected departments, sections, or jobs for which there is insufficient data. Further,

it is possible that some employers will not allow all establishment jobs to be studied. Therefore, the

priority of jobs to be studied within establishments is as follows:

1.

Top priority will be given to jobs that have or will probably receive the DOT Industry

designation of the current study.

2. Second priority will be given to all other production jobs that convert to (are essentially the

same as) production-type, cross-industry DOT Industries, such as woodworking, machine shop,

and heat treating.

3. The lowest priority will be given to administrative and support jobs that convert to the cross

industry designations of any industry, clerical, and profess. & kin.

Preparing the ISPR

Before studying any job, identifying an establishment as one with jobs in the DOT Industry, or
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contacting personnel in the establishment to request permission to study jobs, an analyst must become
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familiar with the technologies of the jobs and characteristics of the industry. With knowledge obtained

through advance planning, the analyst will be able to talk with management, supervisors, and workers

using language understood by all. Further, background information will provide a basis for objective

15-1
observation and evaluation of job tasks and processes without loss of time. Background information may

be obtained from:

1. Books and periodicals on technical or related subjects available in libraries.

2. Technical literature on industrial processes, job descriptions, catalogs, flow charts, organization

charts, and process descriptions prepared by trade associations, trade unions, professional

societies, establishments themselves, and Occupational Analysis Field Centers as part of

previous industry studies.

3. Pamphlets, books, and job descriptions prepared by Federal, State, and municipal government

departments, such as health, agriculture, labor, or commerce, which have interests in the

industry or occupational area.

4. Annual reports and product literature of establishments to be studied.

FACE SHEET

The Face Sheet contains 1) information that defines the DOT Industry covered in the ISPR and 2) an

index of the segments of the Industry reported on individual Segment Analysis Sheets. Enter, for each

item below, information according to the instructions which follow the item heading.

Identification Section

OAFC

Field Center preparing the report (including identification number). Example: NC - 362

Date

Date (MM/DD/YY) report submitted. Example: 11/14/88

Priority

Priority to be given to the study of this DOT Industry in relation to others assigned.

Assigned Analyst

List name of each and identify the lead analyst when there is more than one analyst. Example: J. Smith

(Lead Analyst), J. Doe, J. Green

Date to Begin Study

The date DOT Industry research is to begin. Example: 02/01/88

Expected Completion Date

The projected date of completion. Example: 01/31/89

Dot Industry Title (long and abbreviated) and Definition

Name and definition of the DOT Industry.

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DOT Industry Segment Assignments

Segment

Breakdown the DOT Industry into four-digit Standard Industrial Classification codes, using the conver-

sion table in the DOT Industry manual and the 1987 SIC Manual. From these codes, designate segments

of the Industry to be studied based on industry processes and products or services. Record the segments

on this section of the ISPR. Segment titles can be broader or narrower in scope than those in the SIC

Manual or can indicate specific products after a more general title.

SIC Code

Four-digit SIC Manual code of each segment listed.

Sheet No.

Sheet number appearing in upper right corner of each Segment Analysis Sheet attached.

Resources

Names of professional and trade associations, industry consultants, and other resource persons or agencies

contacted or available for contact from which information about the DOT Industry or a major portion

of it can be obtained. When Segments of the Industry are so varied that industry-wide resources do not

exist, record "See Individual Segment Analysis Sheets".

Reference Publications

Bibliographic references to publications, such as books, pamphlets, and articles used (or available for

use) in researching the DOT Industry or several segments. Record "See Individual Segment Analysis

Sheets" when the DOT Industry is too broad to be covered in specific reference materials.

Continuation

If additional space is required, continue on another copy of the face sheet form with references to the

appropriate item.

The following page contains a sample Industry Study Planning Report — Face Sheet.

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INDUSTRY STUDY PLANNING REPORT—FACE SHEET

OAFC.

DATE.

PRIORITY.

ASSIGNED ANALYST.

DATE TO BEGIN STUDY.

EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE

DOT INDUSTRY TITLE (LONG AND ABBREVIATED) AND DEFINITION

DOT INDUSTRY ASSIGNED

SEGMENT

SIC CODE

SHEET NO.

RESOURCES:

PUBLICATIONS:

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SEGMENT ANALYSIS SHEET

The analyst uses the Segment Analysis Sheet as the form on which 1) to record the definition of a seg-

ment of the DOT Industry, 2) to identify representative establishments identified for potential study, and

3) to comment upon the rationale for including the identified establishments. Establishments need not

have been contacted to be listed in the report. Some of those listed may not be studied for various rea-

sons. Other establishments may have to be added to the report at a later date to complete the DOT Indus-

try study. Enter, for each item below, information according to the instructions which follow the item

heading.

Identification Section

Sheet Number

Consecutive page number assigned to each Segment Analysis Sheet in the report. Must correspond to

sheet number listed on Face Sheet.

Abbreviated DOT Industry Title

Abbreviated title of the DOT Industry designation as it appears on the Face Sheet.

SIC Code & Short Title

SIC four-digit title and code. Use SIC Manual short titles as printed on pages 427-443 of the 1987 SIC

Manual.

Segment Description

Title of segment, as listed on Face Sheet, followed by a brief description of the types of products or

services included in the segment.

Planned Establishment Contacts

Establishment to be Contacted

Names and addresses of establishments representative of the segment and recommended for study.

Number of Employees

Number of employees in establishment, when employment can be determined.

Products or Services

Names of specific types of products or services of each establishment.

Remarks

For each establishment, comments with rationale for inclusion in report, such as importance of product,

change in technology, comprehensiveness of operations, or size in terms of numbers of workers.

Resources and Reference Publications

Resources

Names of professional and trade associations, industry consultants, and other resource persons or agencies

contacted or available for contact, and that you plan to contact to obtain information about the segment

reported.

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Reference Publications

Bibliographic references to publications, such as books, pamphlets, and articles used, or available for use,

in researching the segment reported.

Approved/Date

Name of staff member approving report and date of approval.

Continuation

If more space is needed, continue on another copy of the form.

The following page contains a sample Industry Study Planning Report — Segment Analysis Sheet.

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INDUSTRY STUDY PLANNING REPORTS

SEGMENT ANALYSIS SHEET

Sheet Number

ABBREVIATED DOT INDUSTRY TITLE:

SIC CODE & SHORT TITLE:

SEGMENT DESCRIPTION:

Establishment

to be Contacted

Number of

Employees

Products or

Services

Remarks

RESOURCES:

REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS:

Approved/Date.

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PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING A JOB ANALYSIS STUDY

This section describes: 1) the procedures usually followed by an analyst in conducting a job analysis

study and 2) the techniques used to secure detailed, accurate, and comprehensive job information.

Arranging for the Analysis

Before beginning a job analysis study, the analyst must contact management to obtain permission

for an establishment study. Frequently, approval for a study can be obtained by showing management

completed Job Analysis Reports and pointing out possible uses for this information. Appealing to the

manager's sense of altruism may also be helpful. If previous job studies have not been conducted in

the establishment, contact will have to be made with the head of the establishment, the industrial relations

director, the personnel director, or the company official who has jurisdiction over contacts with govern-

ment agencies. These contacts can be determined locally.

Before the analyst conducts a study, the establishment must be visited to ensure that management

understands the aims of the study and authorizes it. Frequently, approval for a study can be obtained

by showing management how the results of the job analysis study can be applied directly to any person-

nel management or industrial relations problems the establishment might have.

The purpose and general plan of procedure for the establishment study should be discussed and

agreed upon with management. It is often helpful to provide management with a statement outlining the

objectives of the study and the techniques to be used. Upon receiving management's approval to conduct

the study, the statement can be distributed to supervisory personnel to acquaint them with the purposes

of the analyst's visit or can be placed on a bulletin board for the general information of all personnel.

When establishments have organized labor, a complete explanation of the study should be made to the

officials of the labor union.

Whenever possible, prior to the actual analysis of jobs, arrangements should be made for the analyst

to receive: (1) an orientation tour of the establishment; (2) introductions to department heads and supervi-

sors whose cooperation is needed for a successful study; and (3) a list of establishment job titles, together

with an indication of the number of males and females employed in each job.

The orientation tour provides the analyst an overall picture of operations, the general processes, and

the flow of work within the establishment. During the tour the analyst should be introduced to the super-

visors or heads of the departments where the analyses are to be made. The analyst should take this oppor-

tunity to explain briefly the major objective of the study.

The analyst should request information regarding departmentalization, the titles of jobs in the vari-

ous departments, and the number of workers employed in each job. This information will be used to

prepare the Staffing Table and to make initial determinations about the processes and jobs involved with-

in the scope of the study. Reviewing a copy of the company's current organization chart may also be

of help.

Obtaining Information by Observation/Interview

The observation/interview method of job analysis involves analyzing jobs by: (1) observing workers

performing their jobs and (2) interviewing workers, supervisors, and others who have information perti-
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nent to the job. It is the most desirable method for job analysis purposes because it: (1) involves firsthand
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observation by the analyst; (2) enables the analyst to evaluate the data obtained and to sift essential from

nonessential facts in terms of that observation; and (3) permits the worker to demonstrate various func-

tions of the job rather than describing the job orally or in writing.

The analyst uses the observation/interview method in two ways: (1) The analyst observes the work-

er perform a complete work cycle before asking any questions. During the observation the analyst takes

notes of all the job activities, including those not fully understood. When satisfied that enough informa-

tion has been accumulated from observation, the analyst talks with the worker or supervisor or both to

supplement notes taken while observing the job. (2) The analyst observes and interviews simultaneously

by talking with the worker about the observations as well as the conditions under which the job is per-

formed. Here, too, the analyst should take notes in order to record all the data pertinent to the job and

its environment.

15-8
The interview process is subjective; it is a conversational interaction between individuals. Since

communication is a twoway process, the analyst must be more than a recording device. The amount and

objectivity of information received depends upon how much the analyst contributes to the situation. The

contribution is one of understanding and adjusting to the worker and the worker's job.

A good background preparation will enable the analyst to obtain facts quickly, accurately, and com-

prehensively. The analyst must be able to establish friendly relations on short notice, extract all the perti-

nent information, and yet be sufficiently detached to be objective and free of bias.

SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWING AND NOTE TAKING

Opening the Interview

1. Put the worker at ease by learning the worker's name in advance, introducing yourself, and

discussing general and pleasant topics long enough to establish rapport. Be at ease.

2. Make the purpose of the interview clear by explaining why the interview is scheduled, what

is expected to be accomplished, and how the worker's cooperation will help in the production

of occupational analysis tools to be used for placement and counseling. Assure the worker

that the interview is not concerned with timestudy or wages.

3. Encourage the worker to talk by being courteous and showing a sincere interest in what is

said.

Steering the Interview

1. Help the worker to think and talk according to the logical sequence of the duties performed.

When duties are not performed in a regular order, ask the worker to describe the duties in

a functional manner by taking the most important activity first, the second most important

next, and so forth. Request the worker to describe the infrequent duties that are not part of

the regular activities, such as the occasional setup of a machine, occasional repairs, or

infrequent reports. Infrequently performed duties, however, do not include periodic or

emergency activities, such as an annual inventory or the emergency unloading of a freight

car.

2. Allow the worker sufficient time to answer each question and to formulate an answer. Ask

only one question at a time.

3. Phrase questions carefully so that the answers will be more than "yes" or "no".

4. Leading questions should be avoided.

5. Secure specific and complete information pertaining to the two categories of information

required for a complete analysis of a job.

6. Conduct the interview in plain, easily understood language.

7. Consider the relationship of the job under analysis to other jobs in the department.

8. Control the interview with respect to the economic use of time and adherence to subject

matter. For example, when the interviewee strays from the subject, a good technique for

returning to the point is to summarize the data collected up to that point.

9. The interview should be conducted patiently and with consideration for any nervousness or
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lack of ease on the part of the worker.

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Closing the Interview

1. Summarize the information obtained from the worker, indicating the major duties performed

and the details concerning each of the duties.

2. Close the interview on a friendly note.

15-9
Miscellaneous Do's and Don'ts for Interviews

1. Do not take issue with the worker's statements.

2. Do not show any partiality to grievances or conflicts concerning the employer-employee

relations.

3. Do not show any interest in the wage classification of the job.

4. Show politeness and courtesy throughout the interview.

5. Avoid use of any manner or language that might be construed by the worker to be

condescending. Be friendly, objective, and natural in your approach when communicating with

the worker.

6. Do not be influenced by personal likes and dislikes.

7. Be impersonal. Do not be critical or attempt to suggest any changes or improvements in

organization or methods of work.

8. Talk to the worker only with permission of the supervisor.

9. Verify job data, especially technical or trade terminology, with supervisor or department head.

Taking Notes

The analyst must develop a skill of combining note taking with the conversational aspect of the

interview. One must be able to write intelligible notes while engaged in conversation or be able to inter-

sperse writing with fluent conversation.

Often in deference to the analyst, the worker will stop talking while notes are being made. The

analyst should make it clear whether the conversation should or should not be continued in these circum-

stances.

Some workers object to a record being made of what they say. The analyst must decide how much

the interview may be affected by this attitude and must make modifications accordingly. A small loose-

leaf book such as a stenographer's notebook is best suited for recording notes while observing and inter-

viewing. Some helpful suggestions for effective note taking are as follows:

1. Notes should be complete, legible, and contain data necessary for the preparation of the JAR.

2. Notes should be organized logically according to job tasks and the categories of information

required for a complete analysis.

3. Notes should include only the facts about the job with emphasis on the Work Performed and

Worker Characteristics involved. Use only words, phrases, and sentences that impart

necessary information.

4. Sketches of machines or equipment, their controls, brand names, model number, and

approximate dimensions are useful.

Obtaining Information by Other Methods

In some instances it may be impossible to observe or interview workers. In these cases the analyst

should consider: (1) using establishment job descriptions or specifications supplemented by discussions

with administrative and technical personnel; (2) obtaining job descriptions, specifications, hiring require-

ments, and related data for certain jobs from associations, societies, and other similar organizations; or
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(3) interviewing supervisors or managers.

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Conclusion

The analyst's purpose, regardless of the method used, should be to obtain all the information neces-

sary for the job analysis. The principal techniques of interviewing outlined in the observation/interview

method can be adapted to fit other interviewing situations. Information gathered during a job analysis

study should be verified, if at all possible, with establishment officials. On completion of the study, a

letter of appreciation should be sent to the establishment management to thank them for all courtesies

and cooperation given to the analyst.

15-10
CHAPTER 16

PLANT CONTROL CARD AND STAFFING TABLE

The Plant Control Card provides a link between occupational analysis documents and the establish-

ment in which the analyst obtains information. The Staffing Table is a graphic outline of the jobs in

an establishment.

PLANT CONTROL CARD

The Plant Control Card contains information about establishments in which job analysis studies have

been conducted. Since no occupational analysis documents, such as Job Analysis or Narrative Reports,

contain the name of the establishment in which jobs are studied, a Plant Control Card is the analyst's

only record of an establishment's identity and location. Therefore, regardless of the number of jobs stud-

ied or documents prepared, the analyst must complete a Plant Control Card for every plant study. An

example of a completed Plant Control Card is presented later in this chapter.

PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING A PLANT CONTROL CARD

FC NO. (Field Center Number)

Enter the three-digit identification number of the State or Occupational Analysis Field Center which con-

ducted the study. A complete list of all agency identification numbers is in Appendix E.

ESTB EMP (Establishment Employment)

Enter the number of employees in the establishment.

ESTB SN (Establishment Serial Number)

Enter the sequential number assigned to the establishment study by the Field Center.

NOTE: When combined, the Field Center Number, Establishment Employment, and Estab-

lishment Serial Number are the establishment identification number.

COMPANY NAME

Enter the name under which the establishment does business.

ADDRESS

Enter the address of the company. If they are different, enter both the mailing and street addresses.

SIC CODE

Enter the four-digit SIC Industry Number from the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC) of

the major activity of the establishment. (The major activity is based upon the principal final product or

service of the establishment and not upon a product or service that is consumed or used during the

process(es) of obtaining the final product or service.)

DOT INDUSTRY

Enter the three-digit code of the DOT Industry assigned for study. (DOT Industry codes and abbreviated

titles are listed at the end of this chapter.)

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PRODUCT

Enter, in lower case letters, the specific products or services produced or rendered by the establishment.

STUDY DATES

From

Enter the date on which the study began.

To

Enter the date on which the study ended in the establishment. (This is not the date on which

analysts complete preparation of all reports relating to the establishment study.)

NARRATIVE REPORT

Enter "Y" (Yes) if a Narrative Report was prepared for the establishment study or "N" (No) if a Nar-

rative Report was not prepared.

WORKFLOW CHART

Enter "Y" (Yes) if a Workflow Chart was prepared for the establishment study or "N" (No) if a

Workflow Chart was not prepared.

ORGANIZATION CHART

Enter "Y" (Yes) if an Organization Chart was prepared for the establishment study or "N" (No) if

an Organization Chart was not prepared.

STAFFING TABLE

Enter "Y" (Yes) if a Staffing Table was prepared for the establishment study or "N" (No) if a Staffing

Table was not prepared.

NO. OF JOBS

Enter the number of jobs listed on the Staffing Table.

NO. OF JARs

Enter the number of JAR's prepared as part of the study.

ANALYST

Enter the name of the analyst(s) who conducted the study.

OFFICIALS CONTACTED

NAME and TITLE

Enter the name and position title of all officials contacted during the process of arranging

the establishment study.

DATE

Enter the date officials were contacted to arrange the establishment study.

REMARKS

Enter any information that will not fit elsewhere which is necessary to clarify entries on the Plant Control

Card or to note any pertinent information concerning the plant or the establishment study.

NOTE: The following entries on the Plant Control Card must be identical to equivalent en-

tries on all JAR's prepared for the plant study: Establishment Number, DOT Industry Name

and Code, and SIC Code.

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16-2
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SAMPLE PLANT CONTROL CARD

FRONT

FC NO. 362 ESTB EMP

354

ESTB SN 1145

COMPANY NAME

ADDRESS

Monument Stand, Inc.

123 East Main Street

Any Town, NC 27272

SIC CODE 2821 DOT INDUSTRY

237

PRODUCT polyethylene compounds and phenolic resins

STUDY DATES: From: Feb. 27, 1984 _ To: March 26, 1984

NARRATIVE

REPORT: Y

WORKFLOW

CHARG: N

ORGANIZ.

CHART: N

STAFFING

TABLE: Y

NO. OF

JARS: 96

ANALYST: J. Smith and B. Jones

NO OF

JOBS: 132

BACK

OFFICIALS CONTACTED

NAME TITLE

DATE

John Green, Personnel Director

1/12/84

Alice Newton, President

1/16/84

Bob Clark, Production Superintendent

1/16/84

REMARKS: Studied all jobs to obtain information about chemical

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production process.
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16-3
STAFFING TABLE

The Staffing Table is a systematic arrangement of data on the nature and distribution of all jobs

and workers within an establishment. (In some cases, where it fulfills the objectives of a specific study,

a Staffing Table may be limited to selected jobs, departments, or processes.)

An initial Staffing Table completed prior to an establishment study provides the analyst with an

aid for planning the study. Establishment Staffing Tables also provide information on industry staffing

patterns.

The Staffing Table consists of a Face Sheet and one or more Title Sheets. The Face Sheet contains

space to record such information as establishment identification number, SIC title(s) and Industry

Number(s), number of employees, analyst's name, date of the study, types of products manufactured or

services rendered, and comments pertinent to the study. The Title Sheet contains, for each organizational

unit, space to record establishment job titles; their equivalent DOT titles; and codes in the DOT, SOC,

and GOE classification structures; and the number of workers, by sex, in each job.

PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THE STAFFING TABLE

STAFFING TABLE FACE SHEET

Establishment No

Enter the establishment identification number, which consists of the OAFC or State agency code number,

the total number of employees, and the serial number of the establishment study, such as 362-99-215.

Date

Enter the date (month, day, year) on which analysts complete the data-gathering phase of the study.

DOT Industry Code

Enter the three-digit DOT Industry Code, from the list at the end of this chapter, of the DOT Industry

assigned for study.

Number of Employees

Enter the total number of employees in the establishment, regardless of whether analysts study all depart-

ments or jobs.

SIC Code

Enter the four-digit SIC Industry Number from the Standard Industrial Classification Manual which rep-

resents the major activity of the establishment. [The major activity is the principal final product or service

of the establishment and not a product or service consumed or used during the process(es) of obtaining

the final product or service.]

Secondary SIC Code

Enter the four-digit SIC Industry Number(s) that represent secondary activities of the establishment. If

there are none, leave this item blank. Enter only the SIC Industry Numbers of secondary activities which

represent final products or services of the establishment and not those of products or services which are

consumed or used during the process(es) of obtaining the final products or services.

SIC Industry Name

Enter the SIC short title of the Primary SIC Industry Number. (The SIC short titles are listed in Part
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2 of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual.)

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Name of Analyst(s)

Enter the name(s) of the analyst(s) who conducted the study.

16-4
DOT Industry Name

Enter, in lowercase type, the abbreviated DOT Industry, from the list at the end of this chapter.

Products Manufactured or Services Rendered

Record information concerning the type, size, and other distinguishing characteristics of the product(s)

or service(s) of the establishment.

Remarks

Explain briefly the scope or purpose of the study. For example, explain whether the study covers all

jobs at the establishment, jobs peculiar to a specific industry, or selected jobs. Also include any restric-

tions, such as time limitations, imposed by establishment officials. Explain briefly factors which may

affect the number and kinds of workers employed, such as the installation of automated equipment or

changes in methods or procedures. Indicate hours of work shifts. Note any follow-up visits made to an

establishment in this section and indicate changes that have occurred since the last visit to any of the

information reported elsewhere on the Face Sheet.

NOTE: The following entries on the Staffing Table Face sheet must be identical to equivalent

entries on all JAR's prepared for the establishment study: Establishment Number, DOT Indus-

try Name and Number, and SIC Code.

STAFFING TABLE TITLE SHEET

Page

Enter the consecutive page number of the Title Sheet.

SIC Code

Enter the four-digit SIC Industry Number which represents the major activity of the establishment.

Estab. No.

Enter the establishment identification number corresponding to the one used on the Face Sheet.

Dept. No.

Enter the sequential number, starting with "1", of the department identified in the "Department Name

or Estab. Job Title" entry. Leave the item blank when recording an establishment job title in the "De-

partment Name or Estab. Job Title" entry.

Job No.

Enter a zero in this column when recording a department name in the "Department Name or Estab.

Job Title" entry. Enter a sequential number, starting with "1", for each establishment job title recorded

in the "Department Name or Estab. Job Title" entry.

M/F Employees

Enter the number, by sex, of workers in each establishment job. Precede the number by an "M" or

"F" as appropriate.

EX

Enter an "X" when the employer does not require a worker to have experience prior to placement in

the establishment job.

DEPARTMENT NAME or Estab. Job Title

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Enter either the name of a department or an establishment job title.

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16-5
For a department, enter in all capital letters the name of the department, unit, section, or other orga-

nizational subdivision for which job titles are listed.

For a job, enter in initial capital letters the job title used by the establishment*. When the establish-

ment uses more than one title to identify the same job, enter the most commonly used or descriptive

title. When the establishment title is ambiguous or nondescriptive, also enter a meaningful, descrip-

tive title in parentheses. (For example, the establishment job title "Operator A" might be more

descriptively titled "Turbine Generator Operator".)

DOT TITLE

When the analyst determines that the establishment job is identical in all significant aspects (basic job

tasks and worker requirements) to a published definition, enter in all capital letters the published Base

or Undefined Related (UR) Title. If the job is not identical in all significant aspects to a published defini-

tion, leave this portion of the item blank. (When the analyst is unable to study the establishment job,

leave this and the next four items blank.)

(ind. desig.)

Enter the published industry designation(s) of the DOT title appearing in the previous portion of the

entry. Leave the entry blank when there is no equivalent DOT Title.

Code

When the analyst determines that the establishment job is essentially the same as an occupation defined

in the DOT, enter the published nine-digit DOT code of the similar occupation. When an analyst deter-

mines that the establishment job is not the same as an occupation defined in the DOT, enter the six-

digit code assigned to the job.

SOC

Enter the four-digit Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC) code of the unit group that best

represents the job. (When the SOC classification structure is not defined to unit groups, enter the major

or minor group code as a four-digit number by using trailing zeros. For example, when the establishment

job is best represented by the SOC major group of Veterinarians, enter 2700 rather than 27.)

GOE

Enter the six-digit code of the occupational subgroup from the Guide for Occupational Exploration

(GOE) which best represents the job.

JAR SN-Type & Remarks

Enter the Serial Number and Type of the JAR. This space may also be used for brief comments about

specific jobs. (JAR Type is an internal means of denoting the type of information contained on a JAR.)

NOTE: The following entries on the Staffing Table Title sheet must be identical to equivalent

entries on corresponding JAR's prepared for the establishment study: Establishment Number,

JAR Serial Number and Type, SIC Code, Establishment Job Title, DOT Title, DOT Industry

Designation, DOT Code, SOC Code, and GOE Code.

The two following pages contain sample Staffing Table Face and Title Sheets. Note that specific

entries on the Staffing Table are identical to corresponding entries on the sample Plant Control Card,
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presented earlier in the chapter, for this establishment.

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16-6
STAFFING TABLE FACE SHEET

Establishment No.:

362-354-1145

Date

3/26/84

DOT Industry Code:

237

No. of Employees:

354

SIC Code:

2821

Secondary SIC Code —

SIC Name:

plastics materials and resins

Name of Analyst(s):

J. Smith and B. Jones

DOT Industry Name:

chemical

Products Manufactured or Services Rendered:

(1) Polyethylene compounds for use in plastic products and especially for wire and cable insulations.

(2) Phenolic resins used in bonding automobile clutch and brake linings, grinding wheels, wood

bonding and impregnation, thermal and noise insulation, decorative and industrial laminates, and

industrial coatings. (3) Polystyrene compounds used in packaging materials, appliances,

housewares, toys, furniture, and containers. (4) Phenol, formaldehyde, and acetone, for sale and for

establishment use in intermediate products.

Remarks:

This establishment study was undertaken to obtain information about occupations concerned with

chemical processing. The study covers all departments. There are three plant shifts in this

establishment. During the first two, the establishment operates at full production; scheduled

maintenance, repair, and cleaning of equipment and facilities occur during the third. The first shift is

from 7:00 am to 3:30 pm; the second shift is from 3:30 to 12:00 am; the third is from 11:00 pm to

7:30 am. All production shifts work five days per week from 7:00 am Monday through 7:30 am

Saturday. The office staff works five days per week from 8:15 am Monday through 4:45 pm Friday.

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STAFFING TABLE TITLE SHEET Page 1

SIC Code: 2821

Estab. No.: 362-354-1145

Dept.

No.

Job

No.

M/F

Employees

DEPARTMENT NAME or Estab. Job Title

JAR SN-

DOT TITLE (ind. design.)

Type &

Code SOC GOE

Remarks

PULVERIZED RESINS

M1

Distribution Specialist

1-V

Team

Leader

MATERIAL EXPEDITER (clerical)

221.367-042 4752 05.09.02

M4 F1

Warehouse Attendant

2-V

INDUSTRIAL-TRUCK OPERATOR (any industry)

921.683-050 8318 06.04.40

M4 F5

X
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General Operator (Grinder Operator)

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558.362 7677 06.02.11

3-B

M8

Still Room Operator A

4-V

CHEMICAL OPERATOR III (chemical)

559.382-018 7676 06.01.03

BUTYL ROOM

M8

Chief Operator

5-B

559.132 7100 06.01.01

F4

General Operator

See JAR

No. 4-V

CHEMICAL OPERATOR III (chemical)

559.382-018 7676 06.01.03

M3

Process Unit Operator

STILL-OPERATOR HELPER (chemical)

552.685-030 7666 06.04.11

6-V

M2
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF DOT INDUSTRIES AND CODES

agric. equip. - 121

agriculture - 116

aircraft mfg. - 123

air trans. - 125

amuse. & rec. - 133

any industry - 138

auto. mfg. - 151

automotive ser. - 154

bakery products - 164

beverage - 168

boot & shoe - 176

brick & tile - 178

build, mat., nec - 186

business ser. - 187

button & notion - 191

can. & preserv. - 214

carpet & rug - 226

cement - 231

chemical - 237

clerical - 249

clock & watch - 251

comm. equip. - 725

concrete prod. - 264

construction - 271

cutlery-hrdwr. - 294

dairy products - 313

domestic ser. - 319

education - 335

elec. equip. - 341

electron, comp. - 343

electroplating - 345

engine-turbine - 351

engraving - 352

fabrication, nec - 366

financial - 375

fishing & hunt. - 381

food prep., nec - 385

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forestry - 387
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forging - 391

foundry - 393

fur goods - 399

furniture - 401

galvanizing - 405

garment - 409

glass mfg. - 411

glass products - 415

glove & mit. - 419

government ser. - 425

grain-feed mills - 427

hat & cap - 441

heat treating - 444

hotel & rest. - 453

house, appl. - 456

inst. & app. - 466

insurance - 473

jewelry-silver. - 484

knitting - 494

laundry & rel. - 516

leather mfg. - 518

leather prod. - 522

library - 524

light, fix. - 529

logging - 544

machinery mfg. - 557

machine shop - 561

machine tools - 563

meat products - 831

medical ser. - 573

metal prod., nec - 362

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF DOT INDUSTRIES AND CODES

military ser. - 574

millwork-plywood - 576

mine & quarry - 578

motion picture - 589

motor-bicycles - 592

motor trans. - 593

museums - 597

musical inst. - 595

narrow fabrics - 615

nonfer. metal - 632

nonmet. min. - 633

nonprofit org. - 634

nut & bolt - 636

office machines - 644

oils & grease - 646

optical goods - 648

ordnance - 651

paint & varnish - 657

paper & pulp - 661

paper goods - 664

pen & pencil - 671

personal ser. - 674

petrol. & gas - 677

petrol, refin. - 679

pharmaceut. - 323

photo, appar. - 683

photofinishing - 684

pipe lines - 687

plastic prod. - 364

plastic-synth. - 691

plumbing-heat. - 693

pottery & porc. - 696

print. & pub. - 699

profess. & kin. - 705

protective dev. - 673

radio-tv broad. - 724

railroad equip. - 542

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real estate - 731

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recording - 733

retail trade - 741

r.r. trans. - 751

rubber goods - 754

rubber reclaim. - 756

rubber tire - 761

sanitary ser. - 815

saw. & plan. - 817

ship-boat mfg. - 824

smelt. & refin. - 832

soap & rel. - 835

social ser. - 836

steel & rel. - 171

stonework - 845

struct, metal - 847

sugar & conf. - 851

svc. ind. mach. - 735

tel. & tel. - 869

tex. prod., nec - 873

textile - 875

tinware - 877

tobacco - 881

toy-sport equip. - 883

utilities - 532

vehicles, nee - 885

water trans. - 941

waterworks - 943

welding - 945

wholesale tr. - 948

wood, container - 957

wood prod., nec - 962

CHAPTER 17

ORGANIZATION AND WORKFLOW CHARTS

Organization Charts and Workflow Charts provide useful information in a limited space; therefore,

a brief discussion of their construction is included here. Where such charts are used, cross-references

should be made to them at appropriate points in the Narrative Report (see Chapter 18).

When preparing charts in the field, a clear, freehand pencil chart is adequate. In preparing finished

charts, the analyst should concentrate on accuracy and clarity.

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

An organization chart shows graphically the organizational arrangement and the relationships among

the subdivisions. Generally, one of two types of organization charts accompanies a narrative report. The

first is an overall chart of the organization showing the relationship among subdivisions. The second is

a chart of the subdivisions showing the relationship among jobs within each subdivision. Charts of the

subdivisions are especially helpful when large establishments are studied. When the overall chart is used,

it should be accompanied by chart(s) showing relationships among jobs. In no instance should a chart

show a mixture of the names of jobs, departments, work processes, and subdivisions.

One method of developing charts is as follows: 1) write the titles of individual units that will appear

on the chart on separate slips of paper; 2) arrange these slips of paper in descending order of authority;

3) place the units which have the same level of authority side by side; 4) sketch this layout in rough

draft; and 5) connect the units with lines to show the appropriate relationship.

Components of an Organization Chart

In an organization chart, boxes represent the units of the organization. They depict: 1) jobs, posi-

tions, or groups of workers in one or more job titles; 2) divisions, departments, sections, or other organi-

zational units; or 3) broad functions of workers or organizational units.

Lines indicate channels of authority, accountability, or cooperation. They must be straight and

should be charted vertically or horizontally.

Solid lines are used to indicate line authority (the authority to direct operations, supervise

workers, give orders, or enforce compliance) and link units in a chain of command.

Dashed lines are used to indicate functional authority. Functional authority is the authority

to advise, assist, support, or inform management or operating staff but not the authority to

direct and supervise.

Dotted lines are used to indicate cooperation. Since nominal cooperation among units typically

exists in any establishment and excessive use of lines only clutters the chart, cooperation

should be indicated only when it is pronounced.

Captions are placed in boxes to identify job titles, divisions, departments, or sections.

Titles of Organization Charts consist of the identification number of the establishment, the name

of the division or department covered by the chart, and the SIC Code of the establishment.

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Characteristics and Limitations of Organization Charts

Simplicity and Clarity

The organization chart should be easy to follow and understand. It should show formal reporting

relationships only. Do not attempt to show informal relationships nor convey other types of informa-

tion by using footnotes, symbols, or elaborate devices; this will only cause clutter or confusion.

Balance

Arrange the chart so that the alignment and spacing of boxes and lines are reasonably balanced

and uncrowded. To accomplish this, charting techniques often must be applied imaginatively. While

few organizations can be charted symmetrically, most charts can be organized in an eye-appealing

manner.

Recency

The chart should portray the organization as of the date of the study and not show projected jobs

or unimplemented organizational changes.

Consistency

Unit and job titles and lines of authority on the chart should reflect official company titles and

should be consistent with those used or indicated in other job analysis forms prepared in the current

study. The content of chart captions should be consistent; for example, if the analyst includes the

number of positions after each job title, all boxes must contain that information.

Purpose

The chart should show organizational structure and reporting relationships only. Do not attempt to

show status, importance, or responsibility of jobs or subdivisions by any means, such as the relative

size of the boxes.

A sample Organization Chart is included on the next page for illustration.

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Establishment No. 362-307-901

SIC: 9999

President

Vice President

Manufacturing

Manager

Assembly

Manager

Fabricating

Supervisor

Unit 4

Supervisor

Unit 5

Assembler

Assembler

Assembler

Assembler

Assembler

Assembler

Supervisor

Unit 2

Machine

Operator A

Machine

Operator B

Machine

Operator C

Machine

Operator D

Machine

Operator A
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Machine
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Operator B

Manager

Packaging

Machine

Operator C

Supervisor

Unit 6

Machine

Operator A

Machine

Operator B

Machine

Operator C

Machine

Operator D

Machine

Operator E

17-3
WORKFLOW CHARTS

A workflow chart depicts the normal sequence of procedures or processes at an establishment. In

an industrial establishment, the chart shows the work process from arrival of raw materials through the

shipment of the finished products. In a service establishment, the chart outlines the provision of the serv-

ice to a client or to a material.

In many cases the analyst will find workflow charts in technical books and publications, industrial

publications, and engineers' handbooks. The analyst may adapt these sources to fit the establishment

under study.

To prepare a workflow chart, the analyst can adapt the method used to prepare organization charts.

On the slips of paper substitute the steps in the process or service for the units in the establishment.

Components and Basic Formats of Workflow Charts

Simplicity and clarity are essential for understanding a workflow chart. The charting of complex

processes need not create a confusing chart. The use of boxes and arrows as basic chart components

will produce a clear chart for job analysis studies. Each box represents a single process phase in the

workflow sequence and contains a title or description (caption) of that process. For consistency, chart

captions should be gerunds. Boxes should have a uniform size throughout the chart. The size should

be relative to the number of boxes and the lengths of their captions. Arrows, indicators of the path and

direction of the workflow, should consist of solid lines and should be vertical or horizontal. Curved and

diagonal arrows are more difficult to follow visually. The heads of the arrows need to appear only where

the arrows meet the boxes. Two-headed arrows indicate a bi-directional flow. Whenever arrows must

cross, the horizontal arrow loops over the vertical one. Captions may appear outside chart boxes to im-

part information about the workflow that is not specific to any one process or to identify specific materi-

als or components that follow separate process paths. The chart heading must contain the establishment

number and the SIC Code of the establishment.

Sample workflow charts for a manufacturing establishment and a service organization are included

here for illustration.

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WORKFLOW CHART

Establishment No. 362-307-901

SIC: 9999

RECEIVING

(waste material)

'

PICKING

'

BREAKING

'

CARDING

'

TWISTING

FORMING

'

LUBRICATING

COILING

'

REWINDING

CUTTING

PACKING

<

cuippiMr

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WORKFLOW CHART

Establishment No. 362-75-109

SIC: 9999

TERMINATING *

PLACING IN

COMPETITIVE

EMPLOYMENT

INTAKE

PROCESSING

EVALUATING

COUNSELING «

PERSONAL

ADJUSTMENT

TRAINING

EXTENDED

PERSONAL

ADJUSTMENT

TRAINING

TEACHING

(REMEDIATION)

PLACING IN

SHELTERED

WORKSHOP

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CHAPTER 18

THE NARRATIVE REPORT

The narrative report is an introduction to information about an establishment. A good narrative re-

port provides background for the particular study and orients the reader to the jobs as they existed at

that time. This information provides the reader with broad general occupational and industrial information

which cannot be included in the JAR.

COMPILING DATA

The information in a narrative report is obtained from discussions with workers, establishment offi-

cials, industry experts, college or technical school personnel, and from a review of the technical literature

of the industry. The information gathered during this process should relate to the structure or organization

of the establishment, the interrelationships of the jobs, the workflow processes, personnel policies and

practices, hazards, and other items which may contribute to job information. Much of this information

can be obtained during the orientation tour (Chapter IS). The following list contains examples of ques-

tions the analyst should ask:

1. (For industrial establishments) What is the purpose of the establishment? What are the

processes by which raw materials are converted to finished products? (For non-industrial

establishments) What is the nature of the service rendered? What knowledge or technologies

are required for adequate job performance? How is the service rendered? What are the general

job duties or procedures?

2. What are the general environmental conditions of the work place? Are any hazards

encountered by workers? Are any working conditions peculiar to the establishment?

3. Are the services or workflow of the establishment divided into departments or units? If so,

how? How are these units interrelated? How are they arranged in the workflow process?

4. What are the personnel practices? Does a career lattice exist in this establishment? What are

the entry jobs? Are training courses provided by the establishment?

5. Does this establishment have any unique characteristics in comparison to other establishments

in the industry? What is the history of the development of the establishment? Has it been

automated or has management initiated any progressive or unusual processes, equipment, or

services? What effects have these new ideas or machinery had on the work performed and

on the employment level of the establishment?

ORGANIZING MATERIALS

Generally, the data obtained through the discussions with establishment personnel or other technical

experts can be placed under several major headings. Liberal use of headings and subheadings, even in

a short report, will provide the reader with a reference to the particular sections of the report and will

provide a text that is easier and more interesting to read. In addition, the use of headings will help the

analyst organize materials and set limits on the amount of information to be included.

Since each analyst's report and presentation will include different types of data, a standard report

outline cannot be established. However, a few general headings have been used in most reports. The
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outline below presents these headings and typical items in their contents. A report may not include all
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these headings or it may include additional ones as needed.

18-1
Introduction or Purpose of Establishment

Purpose

Scope and limit of study

History and development of the establishment

Environmental Conditions

Description of layout

Description of equipment

General environmental conditions and general working conditions

Organization and Operations or Activities

Departmentalization of establishment

Workflow

Processes (industrial establishments)

Services (non-industrial establishments)

Personnel Policies and Practices

Hiring requirements

Recruitment and sources of workers

Methods of training

Entry jobs

Career lattices and promotional opportunities

Job restructuring

Effects of automation on personnel

Other Sections

Comments

Effects of automation on establishment or industry

Appendix and Glossary

WRITING THE REPORT

Introduction or Purpose of the Establishment

This section should begin with a statement about the product or service of the establishment.

If the study is in an industrial plant, this section should include a general discussion of the

raw materials and processes used and the range and variety of products produced. If a non-

industrial establishment is studied, the section should include a description of the nature of

the service and to whom and how the service is rendered. The establishment number which

appears at the top of the first page beneath the words "Narrative Report" is used to identify

the establishment. The primary SIC Code used on the Narrative Report should be identical

to the one used on the Staffing Table form. The name of the establishment is not used in

the report. Frequently, this section includes a history of the establishment, future plans of the

establishment, and future trends in the industry.

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Any restrictions which the employer imposes on the study and which affect the preparation

of JAR's should be noted here. For example, the employer may limit or bar access to jobs

involving secret processes.

Environmental Conditions

This section includes a description of the layout and size of the establishment. This gives the

reader a picture of the physical arrangement of buildings, facilities, equipment, storage, or re-

lated areas as they affect workflow. The narration in this section includes information about

working conditions and equipment, machines, or tools used. The description given here is con-

cerned with the overall establishment picture and furnishes information not contained in the

individual JAR's.

Organization and Activities

An explanation of the organization of the establishment gives an orientation to the individual

reports. This section might begin with a discussion of the units of organization, the processes

or major activities, and their relation to the workflow. This presentation could be followed

by a more detailed description of the units, processes, or activities. This section should provide

a visualization of the total work situation in which the worker fits.

Personnel Policies and Practices

This section contains information about the establishment's hiring requirements and methods

of placement. Included are educational, physical, and other requirements; the employer's meth-

ods of recruitment; and the policy and practice in hiring. In addition, subsections may deal

with methods of entry, training given or sanctioned by the establishment, the presence of union

affiliation, apprenticeship programs, regulated occupations, and career lattices and promotional

opportunities.

If the purpose of the study is to find job-worker situations which can be restructured or if

the establishment has practiced some form of job restructuring, it should be noted here. Also,

if the establishment has been automated and if the automation has had significant impact on

employment, that information should be presented here. The discussion should include the ef-

fects of restructuring or automation on placement policies and practices, on employment statis-

tics, and on any changes in educational and training requirements.

Other Sections

Sometimes a report needs to include a section or sections devoted to special or unique topics.

For example, the analyst may include a section about the product market or about special fac-

tors affecting workflow in the establishment. The discussion of the history of the establishment

or of future trends in the establishment or industry may appear here rather than in the introduc-

tion or purpose of the establishment section.

At times this section needs to include information about the effects of automation or mechani-

zation in an industry or establishment. In these instances, a discussion of the effects of automa-

tion on personnel should appear in the personnel policies and practices section; all other as-
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pects of automation or mechanization, such as changes in equipment, changes in processes or

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activities, or effects on working conditions and physical requirements, should be included in

a section at the end of the report.

Appendix and Glossary

In the course of the study, the analyst may obtain materials such as brochures or forms, which

might add to the report. These should be included in an appendix. Technical terms, processes,

or equipment which need to be clarified should be included in a glossary at the end of the

report.

18-3
Guidelines for Report Writing

The writing of a narrative report is the process of converting the information secured into usable

reference material. The report contains pertinent and essential information in the fewest possible words,

and should be consistent with proper English grammar usage.

1. The analyst should distinguish between statements based on fact and those based on opinions.

At times, statements of opinions enhance the value of the narrative by rendering an overall

picture of the study. However, any sources of opinion should be identified as "In the analyst's

opinion" or "The personnel manager states. . .". Crediting a statement thus, while indicating

that the statement is not substantiated completely, gives authority for the opinion and lends

weight to it.

2. A paragraph must be built around one central thought. Sentences not contributing to that

specific thought do not belong in the paragraph. However, breaks between paragraphs serve

as resting points for the reader and paragraphs of more than 200 or so words should not be

used.

3. Suitable transition statements are necessary for the reader to follow the changing thought from

paragraph to paragraph. Even when main headings and subheadings are used, the transition

should be such that the reader understands that one thought has been completed and the next

is beginning.

4. The emphatic position of the first sentence in a paragraph should not be wasted by the writer.

Because of its position of emphasis, the opening sentence often is used to state a central

thought which the remainder of the paragraph expands and supports. At other times, it points

the direction in which the new paragraph will move away from the preceding paragraph.

5. The main headings may be centered. Secondary headings then can be placed at the left

margin. Third-order headings (usually to be avoided) might be placed in the text. Label

headings should be avoided. For example, while Plant Environmental Factors is adequate for

a very broad heading, a subheading under it should say: Physical Layout of Departments

rather than Layouts. The format should be consistent.

An example of a Narrative Report is included on the following pages.

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NARRATIVE REPORT

Establishment No. 362-150-392

SIC: 2281

PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHMENT

This establishment is a processing plant within a synthetic yam-producing division of a yarn and

thread manufacturing corporation. It is engaged in spinning yarn from synthetic fibers for use in manufac-

turing such articles as hosiery, pile fabrics, and men's and women's outerwear. Basic yam counts pro-

duced range from 6's to 30's both single and plied.

Prior to 1959, this plant was engaged in the manufacture of carded cotton knitting yams of coarse

to medium count. The transition to producing synthetic yams was completed in early 1959 with the in-

stallation of machinery developed for manufacturing synthetic yam. This continuous processing system

is a variation of the cotton processing system eliminating the processes which involved opening, cleaning,

and transforming cotton fibers into laps preparatory to the carding process. This development is due to

the fact that synthetic staples do not require extensive opening and cleaning as do natural fibers. The

establishment has 9,792 spinning spindles, producing in excess of 175,000 pounds of synthetic yam

weekly.

PERSONNEL POLICIES AND PRACTICES

Training for production jobs in this plant is usually on-the-job. Training periods extend from two

weeks up to two years, the latter applicable to those persons engaged in setting up and repairing various

machinery. No specialized training is required for entry jobs, only a general education being sufficient

for communicating with coworkers and for learning the required tasks of the job. There are no definite

lines of promotion; however, workers are upgraded into jobs that require more experience and skill as

vacancies arise based on their industriousness and willingness to assume responsibility. This is an equal

opportunity establishment. There are no restrictions on the employment, training, and promotion of mi-

nority groups, women, or the handicapped. This establishment works three shifts.

ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS

The Plant Superintendent coordinates production activities for the plant. Subordinate supervisory

personnel include a Card Room Supervisor, Spinning Room Supervisor, Shipping and Outside Supervisor,

and Machinist. A Shift Supervisor for both the second and third shifts works under the combined supervi-

sion of the Card Room Supervisor and Spinning Room Supervisor. This study was limited to the observa-

tion of production jobs.

Receiving

Synthetic fibers are shipped to the plant by manufacturers of synthetic staples in boxes weighing

up to 650 pounds. Fibers are unloaded from trucks and stored in the warehouse according to type. Boxes

of synthetic staples are drawn from stock and positioned near blending machines with steel bands and

tops removed to facilitate feeding fibers into machine hoppers.

Carding

This process, as used in this establishment, involves blending synthetic fibers or reusable waste and
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feeding fibers through a distribution system into carding machines that produce sliver. Specified amounts
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of fibers fed into blending machines are deposited onto a conveyor from automatic weighing units at-

tached to blending machines. Fibers are sprayed with fugitive dye tints and antistatic chemicals for identi-

ty as to type and to reduce friction in fibers during processing, and are conveyed through a piping system

to automatic feeding units containing aprons with pins that feed fibers on a controlled basis to carding

machines. Carding machines are equipped with several cylinders covered with metallic spikes that work

in conjunction with carding drums to remove impurities from fibers, arrange fibers parallel, and produce

sliver which is coiled in cans for use in the drawing process.

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Drawing

This involves combining and passing several strands of sliver through two or more pairs of rollers,

each of which rotate at a higher speed than the preceding pair, to attenuate the sliver.

Two phases of this process are used; namely, breaker and finish drawing. In the initial step, eight

slivers are fed into drawing machines that combine and straighten the fibers to produce a strand of uni-

form weight and size. The second phase combines eight breaker strands of sliver into one, thus improving

the quality of the sliver processed. Sliver formed during the drawing process is coiled into cans for feed-

ing into roving frames.

Roving

The purpose of this process is to combine and reduce sliver received from drawing frames into

a continuous, slightly twisted strand called roving and to wind roving into bobbins for use in the spinning

process. The drafting rollers of the roving frames draw out the sliver and flyers slightly twist the roving

as it is wound into bobbins.

Spinning

In this process, ring spinning frames are used to reduce roving to yarn and to wind yarn onto bob-

bins. Roving from bobbins placed in the creels of spinning frames is drawn to its final size by sets of

drafting rollers, twisted by travelers on the rings of spinning frames, and wound onto spinning bobbins.

Winding

This involves transferring yam from spinning bobbins onto cones and spring coils through use of

winding machines. A technique for joining broken ends together in specified yarn types is employed in

addition to the use of hand knotters. This process, called "splicing" by management, involves gluing

broken yarn ends together with a latex base compound, producing a knotless yarn.

Inspecting and Packing

Yarn packages are examined for finishing defects, such as knots, soils, loose or tight winding, and

absence of labels and specified color tip of cones. Ultraviolet lamps are used for detecting packages fail-

ing to meet blending specifications and for separating faultily mixed lots. Following inspection, yam

packages are wrapped in paper to prevent damage to yarn during shipment and packed in shipping car-

tons. Cartons are stenciled with identifying information, weighed, strapped with steel bands, and moved

to the shipping area by a conveyor.

Shipping

Customer order shipments are loaded onto trucks and transported to a central warehouse for consoli-

dation of orders and delivery to customers of subsidiary plants, following priority of orders.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The physical plant was constructed during the 1920's but has been remodeled in the past seven

years. It is adequately lighted and ventilated and is clean. A cafeteria containing a coin-operated food-

and-beverage dispensing machine is available for use by workers during breaks and lunch periods. Smok-

ing areas are also provided and so designated to minimize fire hazards.

The noise level is considered critical as a result of the constant operation of machines throughout
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the plant. Automatic vacuum piping systems and overhead traveling cleaners reduce the amount of lint
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and other foreign matter in the carding and spinning rooms that could result in worker discomfort.

Workers handling cartons of yam and fibers or other heavy objects work together as team members

or use lifting devices and handtrucks to prevent personal injury while moving materials and supplies.

18-6
Though the possibility for injuries exists for personnel working with or around machines, strict observ-

ance of safety rules and regulations rarely results in serious injury. Selected workers from each shift

are trained in rendering first aid treatment when minor injuries occur.

SPECIAL COMMENTS

The processing of synthetic fibers into sliver using the system outlined eliminates the picking proc-

ess which involves transforming fibers into laps for use in the carding process. The replacement of re-

volving flats with a series of rolls containing metallic spikes reduces the grinding and stripping oper-

ations, usually accompanying the carding of natural fibers, as synthetic fibers do not require extensive

cleaning. As a result, such tasks as feeding blending machines and tending carding machines have been

added to the carding process.

GLOSSARY

6's to 30's: coarse to medium yarn.

Hoppers: Units containing aprons with spikes that remove compression from synthetic fibers. Several

types of fibers and waste can be blended into this unit with unusable waste fibers removed by piping

system.

Sliver: Loose, untwisted strand of synthetic fibers produced on carding machines and drawing frames.

Fugitive Dye: A dye which is not fast.

Attenuate: To make slender or thin.

Cans: Large, cylindrical containers used to receive and hold sliver delivered from drawing frames for

feeding into roving frames.

Drafting Rollers: Two or more pairs of rollers, each pair of which rotates at a higher speed than the

preceding pair, serving to attenuate the roving passing between them.

Carding Machine: Machine used to remove impurities from synthetic fibers, arrange fibers parallel, and

produce sliver for drawing process. The machine consists of several cylinders covered with metallic teeth

that card the fibers.

Drawing Frame: Machine used to combine several strands of sliver and draw out strand to produce

one of uniform weight and size.

Spinning Frame: Machine used to draw out and transform slightly twisted roving into yarn and wind

yarn onto bobbins.

Roving Frame: Machine used to draw out strands of sliver and loosely twist them together to form

roving.

Winding Machine: Machine used to transfer yarn from bobbins onto cones and spring coils.

Traveler: A small, free-running metal ring sliding on a bar through which thread passes into other tex-

tile machine to impart a twist to the thread.

18-7
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APPENDIX A

BREAKING A JOB DOWN INTO TASKS

IDENTIFICATION AND ORGANIZATION OF TASKS

ARE CRITICAL TO WRITING EFFECTIVE JOB DESCRIPTIONS

Organizing job analysis data from notes and deciding on the number and scope of tasks to include

in the job description is one of the most difficult aspects of job analysis. The primary consideration is

to organize the job description so that the uninformed reader can gain a clear understanding of the work

performed.

From the definitions of task and element in the HAJ, it is shown that they differ in scope; yet

an identical activity may be a task in one job, an element in another, or an entire job in itself. For exam-

ple, the activity of typing addresses on envelopes could be an element of a task for a Secretary, an entire

task for a Correspondence Clerk, and a complete job activity for an Envelope Addresser. For the Enve-

lope Addresser, the activity can be further subdivided into tasks: 1) Prepares envelopes and address lists

and adjusts typewriter; 2) types addresses from lists onto envelopes; 3) counts, bundles, and packs ad-

dressed envelopes.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR IDENTIFYING TASKS

A job is a conceptual rather than a physical entity and, as such, cannot be neatly subdivided like

a sliced pie or a stack of cards. Two analysts studying the same job are likely to write job descriptions

with different task breakdowns; neither description being any more "correct" than the other, provided

both are clear, complete, and accurate.

Except for the simplest of jobs, identification of tasks is based on a multifactor approach using

the following questions as guidelines:

1. Can the activity potentially be assigned to another worker?

If an activity is sufficiently divisible from other activities of the job so that it can be done

by another worker, it may be considered as a separate task. If, on the other hand, it is not

practical to assign the activity to another worker, it should be treated as an element integrally

related to other elements of a task by common purpose, sequence of actions, or decision-

making factors.

In the example below, some activities of a Physical Therapy Aide working in a hospital are

arranged in their usual order of performance.

a. Assists or lifts patient to transfer patient between wheelchair and treatment equip-

ment, following instructions of Physical Therapist.

b. Observes patient during transfer for correct application of learned transfer technique

and gives direction and encouragement as needed.

c. Informs Physical Therapist of adverse patient reaction during transfer.

d. Obtains and positions equipment for treatment.

e. Supports, guides, and stabilizes patient as directed while Physical Therapist adminis-

ters treatments.
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Activities a, b, and c, all relating to the transfer of patients, are inseparable. The performer
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of activity "a" must also make concurrent observations "b" and take immediate action

(notifying Physical Therapist) "c". Therefore, a, b, and c constitute a task. Activities d and

e, however, could each be written as a separate task because they are distinct activities

assignable to other workers.

A-l
2. Do certain key job analysis components (GED, SVP, Worker Functions, Work Fields,

MTEWA, and MPSMS) of the activity differ significantly from those of other activities

included in the job?

This is determined by informally rating the various job activities and considering those with

similar ratings for possible treatment as distinct tasks. Differences in GED, Worker Functions,

and Work Fields usually justify treatment as separate tasks; differences in SVP, MPSMS, and

Work Devices may justify such treatment, depending on other considerations. For example,

because of different Worker Functions, the copying of data is almost always treated as a task

distinct from the analysis of data; and because of different Work Fields, the polishing of metal

parts is a task separate from the assembly of those parts. However, the cutting of plastic sheets

using Handtool A and Machine B may or may not be a task distinct from the cutting of metal

sheets using Handtool X and Machine Y depending on the extent to which the required SVP,

skills, knowledges, and abilities differ. A 3-month difference in SVP would of course be more

significant when comparing activities with 1- and 4-month training times than when

comparing those with 9-and 12-month training times.

3. Is the activity performed frequently enough to be written as a distinct task?

A noncritical activity performed a small percentage of time, i.e., less than 5 percent, can be

consolidated as an element of a broader task or included with other infrequent activities of

a "miscellaneous" task.

4. Is the activity sanctioned by the establishment and performed by an accepted method?

Activities that are not recognized by management as part of the job are not included in a

job description. Tasks performed in a nonstandard or unacceptable manner are described as

they are expected to be performed.

5. Is the activity sufficiently broad in scope to be ratable for key job analysis components?

For example, "Turns control to regulate flow of material into machine" alone could not be

meaningfully rated for GED and Worker Functions, but would have to be combined with other

elements to collectively form a ratable task. Although only the entire job will eventually be

rated, each task should have the potential to exist as a distinct activity, separately ratable and

potentially assignable to another worker.

6. Is the activity self-contained to the extent that it does not include elements that overlap or

duplicate other tasks?

For example, see the following element description and task summaries of the same job:

Element: "Wipes machine dies after clearing jammed metal, using rags and solvent, to

clean die surface of metal dust and fragments."

Task A (summary): "Monitors machines and clears jams."

Task B (summary): "Cleans machines and work area."

If the analyst feels that cleaning of the die is an integral element of clearing jams, it should

be included in Task A but not in Task B. If it were included in both, an overlap would occur.
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Below is an example of an element that duplicates a task of the same job:

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Task X: Inspects raw material: Visually inspects raw materials for surface defects, such

as scratches, creases, and coating imperfections; sets aside defective batches

and notifies supervisor of defects.

A-2
Task Y: Conveys raw material to job site: Reviews production order to determine types

and amounts of raw materials needed for job order. Examines raw materials

for defects prior to conveyance to machine and notifies supervisor of defective

batches. Conveys materials from storage area to machine area, using handtruck.

Stacks materials in designated areas near machine. Periodically conveys addi-

tional materials to replenish supplies during production run.

NOTE: The bolded element of Task Y is repetitive of the entire Task X. The

analyst must decide whether to retain Task X as a separate task or as an ele-

ment of the broader Task Y based on the integrity of the element with other

activities performed prior, concurrently, or subsequent to the element.

ARRANGING TASKS FOR JOB DESCRIPTIONS

Once the tasks of the job are identified, the next step is to arrange them in a way that results in

a clear, logical presentation.

Sequential or chronological presentation of tasks. For jobs that have specific cycles or sequences

of operations, list tasks in the order in which they are performed. The sequential arrangement is often

applicable to production jobs in manufacturing, especially jobs in which the significant relationship is

to Things and the Worker Function involved is machine/equipment related. For example, the tasks of

a machine-operating job may be arranged as follows:

1. Sets up machine 4. Inspects workpiece

2. Operates machine 5. Maintains tools

3. Removes workpiece 6. Maintains machine

Functional presentation of tasks. For jobs having no established sequence of operations, arrange

tasks according to their function. Tasks, when broken out according to function, are arranged in one of

the following ways:

1. In descending order of the percentage of time spent in performing each task.

2. In descending order of importance or criticality to the job as a whole.

3. In descending order of skill level, difficulty, or responsibility.

Decide which of the three arrangements presents the clearest picture of the job and is the most

appropriate for the intended use of the job description.

The amount of time spent by the worker in performing a task is sometimes the sole determinant

of its relative importance to the overall job, especially if all tasks are at about the same skill level. For

example, the tasks of the following job are properly presented in order of frequency:

1. Plants, fertilizes, prunes, and waters flowers and shrubbery. (40%)

2. Rakes and disposes of leaves. (30%)

3. Shovels snow from walkways. (20%)

4. Paints fences and outside structures. (10%)

In most cases, however, functional tasks of a nonsequential job vary to some degree in skill level

or importance. By presenting the most important or skilled tasks first in the job description, those which
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are vital to the job as a whole (regardless of the percentage of time spent in performing them) are high-
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lighted so that the reader understands the job more quickly.

Important tasks are usually, but not always, the most highly skilled. The importance of a task is

estimated by assessing the degree to which successful performance is necessary to meet the job's overall

objective. The complexity of a task is determined by evaluating the skills, knowledge, abilities, judg-

ments, and degree of responsibility required of the worker. To do this, the analyst informally rates each

task for certain job analysis components, such as GED and Worker Functions, and compares the ratings

to establish relative levels of complexity.

A-3
GROUPING SIMILAR WORK ACTIVITIES INTO TASKS

Activities similar in purpose or function are often separated by intervals of time, during which dis-

similar activities are performed. For example, a Lunch-Counter Attendant serves several customers at

once and shifts rapidly from one activity to another. An analyst, taking notes, might list the activities

for serving each customer in the order observed:

1. Greets customer.

2. Provides customer with menu.

3. Positions napkin and glass of water on counter in front of customer.

4. Takes customer's order and fills out check by recording name and price of each item ordered.

5. Selects proper eating utensils according to items ordered and places on napkin.

6. Prepares beverages, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks.

7. Prepares sandwiches, salads, and hamburgers.

8. Prepares ice cream products, such as floats and sundaes.

9. Serves food, beverages, and ice cream products to customers.

10. Takes orders for additional items, such as desserts.

11. Computes and records tax on check and totals check.

12. Collects payment from customer.

13. Operates cash register to record payment, deposit payment, and remove change.

14. Returns change to customer.

15. Clears away used dishes and utensils.

16. Wipes counter or booth with damp cloth.

One way to organize these activities into tasks is as follows:

(1 & 2) Greets customer and provides menu. (A distinct activity, performed in some

establishments by a host or hostess. Worker Functions: Comparing, Serving,

and Handling. Work Field: Accommodating.)

(3 & 5) Provides customer with napkin and water prior to taking order and with appro-

priate utensils after taking order. [Both activities are arranging the place set-

ting; the fact that some items are placed before the order is taken and some

afterwards does not justify separating the arranging of the place setting into

two tasks. The Worker Functions Comparing, Serving, and Handling and the

Work Field Accommodating are similar to those of Task 1.) Tasks 1 and 2

could be combined into a single task if the time percentage of one or both

is too low to justify separating them as shown here.]

(4 & 10) Takes initial customer order and additional orders, such as order for dessert,

and records name and menu price of each item on customer check. (Identical

activities although performed at different times. Worker Functions: Compiling,

Serving, and Handling. Work Field: Numerical Recording-Record Keeping.)

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(6, 7, & 8) Prepares food requiring short preparation time, such as sandwiches, salads,

hamburgers, and ice cream sundaes; and beverages, such as coffee, tea, and

soft drinks. (Since the preparation of various types of food and beverages, al-

though involving different techniques, procedures, and equipment, is similar

enough in function and purpose to be assigned identical work performed rat-

ings, all food-and-beverage-preparation activities can be combined into a single

major task. Worker Functions: Compiling, Serving, and Manipulating. Work

Field: Cooking-Food Preparing.)

(9) Serves food and beverages to customer. (Retained as a distinct task; this activi-

ty can be performed by another worker. Worker Functions: Comparing, Serv-

ing, and Handling. Work Field: Accommodating.)

(11) Totals prices on check, computes tax or determines tax from chart, records

total amount, and hands check to customer. (Retained as a distinct task. Work-

er Functions: Computing, Serving, and Handling. Work Field: Numerical Re-

cording-Record Keeping.)

(12, 13, & 14) Collects payment from customer, operates cash register to record sale, and re-

turns change. (Integrally related activities that form a distinct task; not consoli-

dated with previous Task 6 because many establishments have separate work-

ers performing these activities, e.g., Cashier and Waiter/Waitress. Worker

Functions: Computing, Serving, and Operating-Controlling. Work Field: Nu-

merical Recording-Record Keeping.)

(15 & 16) Clears away used dishes and utensils and wipes countertop or booth table with

damp cloth. (Both activities are elements of an overall cleaning function and

form one task. Worker Functions: Comparing, Taking Instructions-Helping, and

Handling. Work Field: Cleaning.)

The above task descriptions while based largely on functional considerations are arranged more or

less sequentially to reflect the work cycle for serving an individual customer. This arrangement presents

a clear picture.

GROUPING SEQUENTIAL WORK ACTIVITIES INTO TASKS

In order to identify the tasks of sequential, short-cycle jobs, it is necessary to determine the points

in the work cycle where activities or groups of activities can be separated into tasks. The example below

shows the sequential elements of a Power-Press Tender and one way in which they can be grouped into

tasks. The rationale for each task is stated based on some of the considerations for task identification

previously discussed.

1. Picks up metal ring from tray.

2. Picks up wood mop handle from carton.

3. Examines ring and mop handle for obvious surface irregularities and discards defective ones.

4. Inserts ring onto narrowed tip of mop handle.

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5. Positions ringed end of mop handle onto jig of power press.

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6. Depresses treadle to actuate power-press ram that crimps ring to handle and forms partial

thread on ring.

7. Rotates mop handle one-half turn to position ring for completion of thread.

8. Depresses second treadle to actuate power-press ram that forms remainder of thread on ring.

9. Removes mop handle from jig and places into cart.

10. Reads counter on press at end of workshift and records readings on production ticket.

11. Sweeps floor around press at end of workshift, using broom and dustpan.

A-5
12. Oils press once daily, using oilcan.

These activities could be grouped as follows into a three-task description:

Task 1: (Elements 1, 2, 3, and 4) Inserts metal ring onto end of mop handle. (Ration-

ale: The fitting of the ring onto the end of each mop handle is an activity that

prepares the product for a machine operation; it could be done by another

worker as a nonmachine activity. The elements are integrally related and in-

separable.)

Task 2: (Elements 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) Tends power-press to stamp threads on metal ring

and to crimp metal ring onto end of mop handle. (Rationale: The elements be-

ginning with the feeding of the mop-handle assembly into the machine and

ending with the removal of the finished handle comprise the machine-related

part of the job: tending the power-press. The elements of this task are per-

formed in rapid succession during which time the worker's hands never leave

the product.)

Task 3: (Elements 10, 11, and 12) Performs miscellaneous activities. (Rationale: These

infrequently performed activities are incidental to the main purpose of the job,

fabricating mop handles, and are best consolidated into a "miscellaneous"

task, thus placing the two more important tasks in better perspective in the

final job description.)

A-6
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APPENDIX B

DETERMINING DETAIL NEEDED IN JOB AND TASK DESCRIPTIONS

CONSIDERATIONS

Job descriptions vary in detail from brief, generally worded task statements to element-by-element

task descriptions that approach but fall short of the specificity of a motion study. Insufficient detail

leaves the user with broad statements too vague to be useful. Excessive detail forces the user to sift

through superfluous facts for pertinent data. Not everything in an analyst's notes needs to go into the

job description. By eliminating, summarizing, or selectively highlighting data, the job descriptions can

be more usable. Considerations in deciding how much detail to include are:

1. Type of job studied.

Descriptions of factory, clerical, service, technical, and craft jobs are usually written in terms

of specific actions performed. Professional and managerial jobs typically require carefully

selected Data/People action verbs in order to reflect adequately the responsibilities and duties

performed.

2. Relative time percentages of tasks.

A task that is performed a significant percentage of the worker's time is usually written in

more detail than it would be if it were performed infrequently. For example, an occasional

machine-feeding task (performed 5% of the time) may be described as follows:

Feeds machines: Feeds stacks of paper blanks into feed racks of automatic cup-forming

machines to maintain supply of blanks in each machine of battery.

The same task performed a significant percentage of time, perhaps 20% or more, would

require more descriptive detail as shown below:

Feeds machines: Grasps stack of paper cup body blanks from bin and carries blanks to

feed rack of cup-forming machine. Examines blanks for curvature and defects, such as

short size, missing print or ink color, cracks, creases, wrinkles, and dirt. Bends curved

blanks in opposite direction to straighten, if necessary, to prevent jamming in machine.

Holds stack of blanks in one hand and fans edges with other hand to separate stuck edges

and to dislodge loose paper scrap. Removes and discards defective blanks and notifies

supervisor if quantity of blanks affected exceeds specified amount. Places stack onto

machine feed rack behind previously fed blanks and brushes line of liquid emulsion along

top and bottom edges of stack, using paintbrush and container of emulsion located next

to feed rack, to soften top and bottom edges of cup bodies, to facilitate formation of rims

and bottoms, and to prevent paper from cracking. Patrols work area and repeats feeding

procedure to maintain sufficient supply of blanks in feed racks of machines.

3. Relative importance or skill level of tasks.

Important job tasks often require more detail than less important tasks, even when they take

but a small percentage of the time. A worker may spend 80% of the time watching a machine

for warning lights and automatic stoppage caused by problems with machine or raw material,
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but only 10% of the time adjusting the machine settings to prepare for operation and 10%
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on diagnosing malfunctions and taking corrective action. The latter two tasks, because they

involve a higher degree of skill and are more important to successful performance, require

detail comparable to that in the first task.

B-l
Another example is that of two workers performing the same activity: duplicating printed

material on a photocopy machine. For one worker, Duplicating Machine Operator, who spends

virtually 100% of the time on the activity, a detailed task description would be warranted;

for the other worker, General Office Clerk, who only occasionally performs the activity, less

detail would suffice.

4. Type of work activity.

Some work activities are commonplace and need not be described in specific detail to convey

a clear picture of what is being done. In such tasks as, "Sweeps sawdust from floor, using

broom and dustpan", and "Hammers nails to seal lid on crate, using hammer", the actions

involved are obvious. However, a specialized task, such as "Measures thrust-load capacity of

ball bearings, using mechanical preload gauge", gives no clear depiction of how the worker

does this; more detail is needed to enable the reader to understand the specific skills and

actions involved, such as "Manually places ball bearing into fixture of preload gauge. Lifts

and releases handle of gauge to allow attached weight to fall onto bearing. Reads dial

indicator on gauge to determine if bearing's capacity to withstand impact is within prescribed

tolerance range. Places acceptable and rejected bearings into separate trays."

EXAMPLES OF EXCESSIVE DETAIL IN WORK-ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONS

Once it is decided that a detailed job or task description is needed, care must be taken to avoid

creating a motion study description. For example, an element in a description of a Small-Parts Inspector

might read: "Feels edges of machined metal part to detect burrs." It would be giving an excessive

amount of detail to state: "Raises right hand one foot to table height, superimposes hand over metal

part, and by depressing first and second fingers onto part and moving arm slowly sideways about six

inches, feels with fingertips for snags and rough spots that are indicative of surface irregularities."

A job description is not a motion study, nor is it a training manual to teach a worker to perform

the job through step-by-step work instructions. Excessive detail overwhelms the reader and obscures the

features that distinguish that job from all others. The following example shows how one task of a Wire-

Cloth Weaver can be written either as part of a job description or as a work procedure.

For Job Description in the DOT perhaps, Installs specified arrangement of cams in loom

or in a Job Summary Statement: for production of twilled-weave wire cloth,

using handtools and following written instructions.

For Job Procedure: To produce twilled-weave in loom:

1. Install a #1 cam on the #1 treadle centered

above the cam follower.

2. Install a #2 cam on the #2 treadle, rotated

90 degrees to the rear of the #1 cam.

3. Install a #3 cam on the #3 treadle directly

opposite the #1 cam.

4. Install a #4 cam on the #4 treadle opposite

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the #2 cam and toward the front the loom.

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5. Repeat above cam-installation procedures on

the other side of the heddle frames.

6. Connect #1 to #3 heddle frame by means

of support chains.

7. Connect #2 to #4 heddle frame by means

of support chains.

It is evident that most of the detail in the above work procedure is superfluous in a task description.

Training manuals are available to evaluate job data, but the specificity of the final task description needs

to be based on the considerations just discussed. A detailed account of every step of the job or movement

of the worker in a photographic or documentary fashion is not a useful description of tasks for a JAR.

B-2
APPENDIX C

MACHINES, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND WORK AIDS

The importance of Machines, Tools, Equipment, and Work Aids (MTEWA) cannot be overempha-

sized. Often an analyst brings confusion to JAR-users by neglecting to enter information here which helps

place the job in perspective. The analyst is urged to include information in this item needed to give

JAR users the best understanding of the job and its relation to the process or service in which it was

observed.

All MTEWA which are commonly known to the general population, such as saws, hammers, and

adding machines, should be listed but do not need to be defined.

Considerable latitude is allowed in preparing descriptions of MTEWA, but ordinarily the descrip-

tions must include the following information:

1. Statement of the function of the device.

2. Description of the physical appearance of the device and its essential parts.

3. Description of the operation of any machines or equipment as they relate to the worker.

Only essential features of mechanical equipment should be included in these descriptions. Structural

details, such as gear ratio, types of power drive, and similar technical features, need not be included

unless the worker has some specific task to perform in relation to them. The analyst should assume the

place of an observer who stands beside the machine, and should tell what the observer sees and what

would have to be known to understand what was being done on the machine. The description of an

automatic machine should be simpler than the description of one that requires a worker's constant atten-

tion.

To clarify certain operations that are mentioned in the description of duties, it is often desirable

to follow a piece of work through the machine or equipment. The description in Item 14 should be writ-

ten in a manner that presents a clear picture of the relationship between the MTEWA and the perform-

ance of the worker's tasks. Any special features of, or attachments to, the machine or equipment should

be mentioned if they have any definite relationship to the worker.

For simpler devices, particularly handtools, it is only necessary to include a definition of the device

rather than a complete description. However, the purpose for which the device or machine is used must

be explained.

In the description of the job, it is better to use the generic names of machines and other devices

than to use their trade names unless there is no appropriate, commonly understood generic name. For

example, "automatic screw machine" should be used in preference to "Acme Machine". When describ-

ing the machines in Item 14 of the JAR, the generic name should be followed by a parenthetical explana-

tion, giving the trade name of the machine, the name and address of the manufacturer, and any other

identifying information that can be obtained, such as model number or size. This enables persons who

may later write from the data contained in the JAR's to request catalogs and photographs from the manu-

facturers, if necessary. Where a drawing has been included with the JAR and where it is practicable

and desirable, an equipment or machine description may be tied in with the drawing by placing letters
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appearing on the drawing in parentheses after the parts of the device mentioned in the description.
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C-l
A convenient technique for composing the best type of description or definition of an item

(MTEWA) is for the analyst to be guided by the following general outline:

1. State the name of the item.

2. Place the item in its general category, e.g., a floor-mounted, electrically powered machine.

3. State the function of the item.

4. Describe its physical appearance, makeup, and essential parts.

The following is an example of an MTEWA thus described:

Edging Machine (Sommer & Maca Glass Machinery Co.; Chicago, Illinois; Auto Edger Model 4A):

Floor-mounted, electrically powered machine approximately 30' long, 5' wide, and 7' high. An

automatic, straight line, conveyor-type machine that grinds and polishes the bottom edges of rectan-

gular glass by means of a series of spindle-mounted grinding and polishing wheels. The five spindle

assemblies include four diamond wheels for grinding and seaming, and one rubber composition

wheel for polishing. The diamond wheels use a water soluble coolant and the rubber composition

wheel uses pumice and water as a polishing agent. The wheels are adjusted by turning a calibrated

crank to control inward and outward movement. Ammeters indicate grinding loads of individual

grinding wheels and need for grinding pressure adjustment. Glass is placed upright against an upper

guide support on the endless conveyor belt. As glass advances toward grinding unit it is gripped

and held by rubber blocks on parallel, endless chains. These blocks support glass as it is conveyed

through grinding and polishing units. Glass is washed automatically as it advances beyond grinding

unit and dried by blown air as it leaves washing unit.

folded cardboard strip; pumice; pallet; water hose; shovel; cleaning solution; rag

All MTEWA noted in Item 14 of the JAR must be mentioned in the description of tasks. For exam-

ple, if a micrometer is defined in this section and if it does not appear in Item 16 of the JAR that the

worker measures anything, the presumption is that the task of measuring has been omitted from the de-

scription of duties.

C-2
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APPENDIX D

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Fourth Edition (1977). U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC:

U.S. Government Printing Office. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print-

ing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock Number 029-013-00079-9.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Fourth Edition Supplement (1986). U.S. Department of Labor, Wash-

ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-

ernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock Number 1987-169-678.

Guide for Occupational Exploration (1979). U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC: U.S. Govern-

ment Printing Office. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402, Stock Number 029-013-00080-2.

Occupational Outlook Handbook (1988). U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washing-

ton, DC. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

DC 20402.

Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1981). U.S.

Department of Labor, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. For sale by the Superintendent

of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock Number 029-014-00202-

0.

Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1987). Executive Office of the President, Office of Manage-

ment and Budget. For sale by the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,

Springfield, VA 22161, Order number PB 87-100012.

Standard Occupational Classification Manual (1980). U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal

Statistical Policy and Standards. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock Number 1980 0-332-946.

United States Government Printing Office Style Manual (1984). U.S. Government Printing Office. For

sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402,

Stock Number 021 -000-00120-1.

D-l
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APPENDIX E

AGENCY IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS FOR OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS

The following table contains numbers used within the cooperative Federal-State Occupational Anal-

ysis Program to identify the originator, State Employment Security Agency or Occupational Analysis

Field Center (OAFC), of source material for Job Analysis Reports.

010 Alabama

020 Alaska

030 Arizona

040 Arkansas

050 California

060 Colorado

070 Connecticut

080 Delaware

090 District of Columbia

100 Florida

110 Georgia

120 Guam

130 Hawaii

140 Idaho

150 Illinois

160 Indiana

170 Iowa

180 Kansas

190 Kentucky

200 Louisiana

210 Maine

220 Maryland

230 Massachusetts

232 Massachusetts OAFC

240 Michigan

242 Michigan OAFC

250 Minnesota

260 Mississippi

270 Missouri

272 Missouri OAFC

280 Montana

290 National Office

300 Nebraska
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310 Nevada
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320 New Hampshire

330 New Jersey

340 New Mexico

350 New York

360 North Carolina

362 North Carolina OAFC

370 North Dakota

380 Ohio

390 Oklahoma

400 Oregon

410 Pennsylvania

420 Puerto Rico

430 Rhode Island

440 South Carolina

450 South Dakota

460 Tennessee

470 Texas

480 Utah

482 Utah OAFC

490 Vermont

500 Virginia

510 Virgin Islands

520 Washington

530 West Virginia

540 Wisconsin

550 Wyoming

E-l
Other Titles Available from

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Getting the Job You Really Want, J. Michael Farr -ISBN 0-942784-15-4 • $9.95

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America's 50 Fastest Growing Jobs: An Authoritative Information Source

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America's Top 300 Jobs: A Complete Career Handbook (trade version of the Occupational Outlook

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The Resume Solution: How to Write and Use a Resume That Gets Results, David Swanson

• ISBN 0-942784-44-8 • $8.95

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• ISBN0-942784-43-X • $5.95

The Right Job for You: An Interactive Career Planning Guide,]. MichaelFarr

• ISBN 0-942784-73-1 • $9.95

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Work in the New Economy: Careers and Job Seeking into the 21st Century, Robert Wegmann

• ISBN 0-942784-19-78 • $14.95

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The Career Connection: Guide to College Majors and Their Related Careers, Dr. Fred Rowe

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ABOUT THE HANDBOOK FOR ANALYZING JOBS

Defining what is involved in any specific job is quite a complex process. That problem is

magnified many times when attempting to quantify and describe the many thousands of jobs

that exist. The HAJ describes the various systems developed by the federal government that

are used to quantify, describe, organize and define the many factors that are needed to describe

a job.

The HAJ does not describe the specific jobs but, instead, defines the techniques, procedures

and coding systems that are used to clearly define a given job. In turn, that information is

used in a variety of ways to organize jobs within industries, by skills required, by interest

area, and in many other ways Some of the major uses of the information generated include:

Recruiting and Hiring: Helps to identify specific skills needed for a given job.

Promotion and Assignment of Workers: Assists in matching the skills and limitations

of a worker to a job to increase the chances of success.

Job Analysis: Allows the examination of any given job in an objective and precise manner

to determine its requirements.

Job Restructuring: Allows the restructuring of jobs to make better use of the work force

or to better use existing skills.

Vocational Counseling: Provides information that is useful to help people make decisions

regarding future job changes, training, and other issues.

Vocational Rehabilitation: Allows a person with a disability to identify jobs where their

disability will or will not be a significant factor.

Training: Helps determine training needs in order to offset skills or knowledge deficits.

Performance Evaluation: Provides an objective basis for developing performance standards.

Occupational Safety: Helps to identify and minimize possible job hazards.

With increasingly complex occupations and the passage of additional laws governing the

workplace (including the Americans with Disabilities Act), more and more employers and

professionals will need to know how to carefully analyze jobs. The HAJ provides the key

for understanding the methods that are most often used in job analysis. It is an important

reference book and essential to a complete understanding of jobs that are defined.

PmN.N ST*TE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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