Frames

Trigonometry IIIJto-

Learningoutcomes
When you have completed this Programme you will be able to:
• Convert angles measured in degrees, minutes and seconds into decimal
degrees
• Convert degrees into radians and vice versa
• Use a calculator to determine the values of trigonometric ratios for any
acute angle
• Verify trigonometric identities
If you already feel confident about these why not try the quiz over the page?
You can check your answers at the end of the book.

241
,~ 1 Convert the angle 253°18'42" to decimal degree
ri format.

2 Convert the angle 73·415° to degrees, minutes and

seconds.

I~ 3 Convert the following to radians to 2 dp:

~ (a) 47° (b) 12·61° (c) 135° (as a multiple of zr)

4 Convert the following to degrees to 2 dp:

(a) 4·621 rad (b) 91r/4 rad (c) 131r/5 rad

ffRSIIRL
llTOR 5 Find the value of each of the following to 4 dp:
(a) cos24° (b) sin51r/12 (c) coh/3
(d) cosec17·9° (e) sec5·42° (f) tan3·24 rad

6 Given one side and the hypotenuse of a right-angled

triangle as 5·6 and 12·3, find the length of the other
side.

7 Show that the triangle with sides 7, 24 and 25 is a

right-angled triangle.

8 A ship sails 12 km due north of a port and then sails

14 km due east. How far is the ship from the port? How
much further east will it have sailed when it is 30 km
from the port?

,mom 9 Verify each of the following trigonometric identities:

111108
-->
(a) (sin e - cos B)2 +(sin()+ cos e)2 2 =
1
(b) (1 - cos B)2(l + cos B)2 = stn e1

( c) tan () + sec () = () 1 ()
sec - tan
() - COS(/)= ' 2 . () + ¢ . () - ¢
(d) COS - Sin-2-sin-2-

10 Show that:
(a) tan 7 5 ° = VZ +1
v3 -1

(b) sin 15" = v3 - 1

zvtz
Trigonometry 243

Angles
Rotation
When a straight line is rotated about a point it sweeps out an angle that can be
measured either in degreesor in radians. By convention a straight line rotating
through a full angle and returning to its starting position is said to have rotated
through 360 degrees - 360° - where each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes -
60' - and each minute further subdivided in to 60 seconds - 60". A straight angle
is half of this, namely 180° and a right angle is half of this again, namely 90°.
Any angle less than 90° is called an acute angle and any angle greater than 90°
is called an obtuse angle.
An angle that is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds can be converted
to a decimal degree as follows:

45036'18" = 450 + (36) 0 + ( 18 ) 0

60 60 x 60
= ( 45 + 0·6 + 0·005)0
= 45·605°
That was easy, so the decimal form of 53°29'7" to 3 dp is .
The answer is in the next frame

53·485°

Because

53029'7" = 530 + (29) 0 +( 7 )0

60 60 x 60
= (53 + 0·483 + 0·00194)0
= 53·485° to 3 dp
How about the other way? For example, to convert 18·478° to degrees,
minutes and seconds we proceed as follows:

18·478° = 18° + (0·478 x 60)' Multiply the fractional part of the degree
by60
= 18° + 28·68'
= 18° + 28' + (0·68 x 60)" Multiply the fractional part of the minute
by 60
= 18° + 28' + 40·8"
= 18°28 41" to the nearest second
1

So that 236·986° = (in degrees, minutes and seconds)

Next frame
244 Foundation topics

236°59'10"

Because
236-986° = 236° + (0·986 x 60)'
= 236° + 59·16'
= 236° + 59' + (0·16 x 60)"
= 236° + 59' + 9·6 11

= 236°59'10" to the nearest second

Move now to the next frame

Radians
An alternative unit of measure of an angle is the radian. If a straight line of
length r rotates about one end so that the other end describes an arc of length
r, the line is said to have rotated through 1 radian - 1 rad.

Because the arc described when the line rotates through a full angle is the
circumference of a circle which measures Zatr, the number of radians in a full
angle is 21r rad. Consequently, relating degrees to radians we see that:
360° = 27i rad
= 6·2831 rad
So that 1 ° = rad (to 3 sig fig)
The answer is in the next frame

I 0·0175 rad J

Because
27i ?r
360° = 27i rad, so 1° =
= = 0·0175 rad to 3 sig fig
360 180
Often, when degrees are transformed to radians they are given as multiples
of it, For example:
360° = 21r rad, so that 180° = tt rad, 90° = 1r/2 rad, 45° = 1r/4 rad and so on
So, 30°, 120° and 270° are given in multiples of 1r as , , .
Answers in the next frame
Trigonometry 245

I 1r/ 6 rad, 21r/3 rad, 31r/2 rad I

Because
30° = 180° /6 = 1r/6 rad
120° = 2 x 60° = 2 x (180° /3) = 211 /3 rad
270° = 3 x 90° = 3 x (180° /2) = 31r/2 rad
Also, 1 rad= degrees (to 3 dp)
Check your answer in the next frame

157·296° 1

Because
360
211 rad = 360° so 1 rad =
1
= lSO = 57·296°
211 11
So, the degree equivalents of 2·34 rad, 1r/3 rad, S1r/6 rad and 71r/4 rad
are .
Check with the next frame

1134·1 ° to 1 dp, 60°, 150° and 315° I

Because

2·34 rad = ( 2·34 x ~180) = 134·1° to 1 dp

0

(ix 1!0) = 60°

0

11/3 rad =

511/6 rad = (561rx 1!0) = 150° 0

71r/4 rad = (:11 x

!
1 0) 0

= 315°

Move to the next frame

246 Foundation topics

Triangles
All triangles possess shape and size. The shape of a triangle is governed by the
three angles and the size by the lengths of the three sides. Two triangles can
possess the same shape - possess the same angles - but be of different sizes. We
say that two such triangles are similar. It is the similarity of figures of different
sizes that permits an artist to draw a picture of a scene that looks like the real
thing - the lengths of the corresponding lines in the picture and the scene are
obviously different but the corresponding angles in the picture and the scene
are the same.
A'

A significant feature of similar figures is that lengths of corresponding sides

are all in the same ratio so that, for example, in the similar triangles ABC and
A'B'C' in the figure:
AB AC BC
A'B' A'C' B'C'
So from a knowledge of the ratios of the sides of a given triangle we can make
deductions about any triangle that is similar to it. For example, if in triangle
ABC of the above figure:
AB = 2 cm, AC = 5 cm and BC = 4 cm
and in triangle A'B'C', A'B' = 3 cm, the length of A'C' can be found as follows:
. AB AC AB 2 AC 5 2
Since -- = -- and -- = -3 then -- = -- = -3 giving
A'B' A'C' A'B' A'C' A'C'
5 3
A'C' = x = 7·5 cm
2
This means that the length of B'C' = .
Check your answer in the next frame
Trigonometry 247

Because
4 3
AB= BC =3_ then _±_=3_ so thatB'C' = x = 6 cm
A'B' B'C' 3 B'C' 3 2
Ratios of side lengths of a given triangle are also equal to the corresponding
ratios for a similar triangle. For example, since in the figure on page 246
AB = A'C'
A'B' AC t h en mul tip
. 1 ymg
.
ot si es of t hiis equation
b h .d . b A' B'
y AC
we find that:
AB A'B' AC A'B' AB A'B'
A'B' x AC = A'C' x AC , that is AC= A'C'
AB
So that BC= .
Answer in the next frame

Because
AB BC A'B'
A'B' = B'C' then multiplying both sides of this equation by BC
we find that:
AB A'B' BC A'B' AB A'B'
A'B' x BC = B'C' x BC ' that is BC= B'C'
. ·1 ar1 y, AC
S 1m1 BC = .

Next frame
248 Foundation topics

JA'cl
~

Because
AC = --
-- BC t h en mu 1 tip
. 1y:mg
. b ot h stides of t h!is equation
. by A'C' .
BC gives:
A'C' B'C'
AC A'C' BC A'C' AC A'C'
A'C' x BC = B'C' x BC ' that is BC = B'C'
All triangles whose corresponding ratios of side lengths are equal have the
same shape - they are similar triangles because corresponding angles are
equal. Consequently, while the lengths of the sides of a triangle dictate the
size of the triangle, the ratios of the side lengths dictate the angles of the
triangle.
Because we need to know the properties of similar triangles we shall now
link these ratios of side lengths to specific angles by using a right-angled
triangle; the ratios are then called the trigonometric ratios.
On now to the next frame

Trigonometricratios
A

..__ ~c
Given the right-angled triangle ABC of the figure with angle (} at vertex B
where side AC is opposite e, side BC is adjacent to O and side AB is called the
hypotenuse, we define the trigonometric ratios as:
. opposite AC .
szne of angle (} as h = -A - this ratio is denoted by sin e
ypotenuse B
. adjacent BC
coszne of angle (} as h = AB - this ratio is denoted by cos(}
ypotenuse
opposite AC . . .
tangent of angle (} as d" = - - this ratio is denoted by tan e
a [acent BC
Every angle possesses its respective set of values for the trigonometric ratios
and these are most easily found by using a calculator. For example, with the
calculator in degree mode, enter 58 and press the sin key to display 0·84804 ...
which is the value of sin 58° (that is the ratio of the opposite side over the
hypotenuse of all right-angled triangles with an angle of 58°).
Trigonometry 249

Now, with your calculator in radian mode enter 2 and press the sin key to
display 0·90929 ... which is the value of sin 2 rad - ordinarily we shall omit
the rad and just write sin 2. Similar results are obtained using the cos key to
find the cosine of an angle and the tan key to find the tangent of an angle.
Use a calculator in degree mode to find to 4 dp the values of:
(a) sin27°
(b) cos 84°
(c) tan 43c
The answers are in the next frame

(a) 0-4340
(b) 0·1045
(c) 0·9325

That was easy enough. Now use a calculator in radian mode to find to 4 dp the
values of the following where the angles are measured in radians:
(a) cos 1 ·321
(b) tan 0·013
(c) sin tt /6
Check with the next frame

(a) 0·2472
(b) 0·0130
(c) 0·5000

We can now use these ratios to find unknowns. For example (see figure), a
ladder of length 3 m leans against a wall at an angle of 56° to the horizontal.

3m

56'
250 Foundation topics

The vertical height of the ladder can now be found as follows. Dividing the
vertical height v (the opposite) by the length of the ladder (the hypotenuse)
gives the sine of the angle of inclination 56°. That is:
vertical height . v • . . . .
h f d = sm 56 . That is -3= 0·82903 ... grving the vertical height
0

I engt o 1a der
v as
3 x 0·82903 ... = 2·49 ID (to 3 sig fig)
So if a ladder of length L leans against a wall at an angle of 60° to the
horizontal with the top of the ladder 4·5 ID above the ground, the length of
the ladder is:
L= ......
The answer is in the next frame

Because
vertica~ height= 42 = sin 600 = 0_8660 ...
4·5
so that L = = 5·20 m (to 2 dp)
0_8660
Next frame

Reciprocal ratios
In addition to the three trigonometrical ratios there are three reciprocal ratios,
namely:
1 1 1
COSeC e = ~
sin u
sec e = --e and cote = --e
I
cos tan sin
= ---;---()
cos()

The values of these for a given angle can also be found using a calculator by
finding the appropriate trigonometric ratio and then pressing the reciprocal
1
key - the - key.
x
So that, to 4 dp:
(a) cot 12° = .
(b) sec 37° = ..
(c) cosec 71° = .
Next frame
Trigonometry 251

(a) 4·7046
(b) 1·2521
(c) 1·0576

Because
(a) tan 12° = 0·21255 and the reciprocal of that is 4·7046 to 4 dp
(b) cos 3 7° = O· 79863 and the reciprocal of that is l · 2521 to 4 dp
(c) sin 7P = 0·94551 and the reciprocal of that is 1·0576 to 4 dp

To strengthen a vertical wall a strut has to be placed 5 m up the wall and

inclined at an angle of 43° to the ground. To do this the length of the strut
must be .
Check the next frame

7·33 m j

Because
length of strut 1 0
• L
= sin = cosec 43 that ts 1 ·4662...
5 43 0
5=
giving L = 7·33 to 2 dp
Now go to the next frame
252 Foundation topics

Pythagoras'theore111
All right-angled triangles have a property in common that is expressed in
Pythagoras' theorem:
The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the·
squares on the other two sides
A

c b

a
So in the figure:
a2 + b2 = c2
Notice how the letter for each side length corresponds to the opposite angle (a
is opposite angle A etc.); this is the common convention.
So, if a right-angled triangle has a hypotenuse of length 8 and one other side
of length 3, the length of the third side to 3 dp is .
Check your answer in the next frame

Because
If a represents the length of the third side then:
a2 + 32 = 82 so a2 = 64 - 9 = 55 giving a= 7·416 to 3 dp
Here's another. Is the triangle with sides 7, 24 and 25 a right-angled triangle?
Answer in the next frame
Trigonometry 253

Because
Squaring the lengths of the sides gives:
72= 49, 242 = 576 and 252 = 625.
Now, 49 + 576 = 625 so that 72 + 242 = 252
The sum of the squares of the lengths of the two smaller sides is equal to the
square on the longest side. Because the lengths satisfy Pythagoras' theorem,
the triangle is right-angled.
How about the triangle with sides 5, 11 and 12? Is this a right-angled triangle?
Check in the next frame

Because
52 = 25 and 112 = 121 so 52 + 112 = 146 -=J 122. The squares of the smaller
sides do not add up to the square of the longest side so the triangle does not
satisfy Pythagoras' theorem and so is not a right-angled triangle.
Next frame

Special triangles
Two right-angled triangles are of special interest because the trigonometric
ratios of their angles can be given in surd or fractional form. The first is the
right-angled isosceles triangle (an isosceles triangle is any triangle with two
sides of equal length) whose angles are 90° 45° and 45° with side lengths,
1

therefore, in the ratio 1 : 1 : /2 (by Pythagoras' theorem).

45'

45°

Here we see that:

sin 45° = cos 45° = ~ and tan 45° =1

Or, measuring the angles in radians:
. 1
sm 1r/4 = cos 1r/4 = /2 and tan 1r/4 = 1
2 54 Foundation topics

Now, a problem using these ratios:

45°
>1111( 3·4m----

A prop in the form of an isosceles triangle constructed out of timber is placed

against a vertical wall. If the length of the side along the horizontal ground is
3·4 m the length of the hypotenuse to 2 dp is obtained as follows:
ground length 3 ·4 = cos 45 = ___!__
0

hypotenuse hypotenuse ,/2

so that:
hypotenuse= V2 x 3·4 = 4·81 m
Now one for you to try.
A bicycle frame is in the form of an isosceles triangle with the horizontal
crossbar forming the hypotenuse. If the crossbar is 53 cm long, the length of
each of the other two sides to the nearest mm is .
The answer is in the next frame

37·5 cm

Because
side length = side length = cos 45 = ___!__ = O· 7071 ...
0

hypotenuse 53 ,/2
so that:
side length = 53 x O· 7071 = 37·5 cm
Next frame for some more surd forms
Trigonometry 255

Half equilateral
The second right-angled triangle of interest is the half equilateral triangle (an
equilateral triangle is a triangle whose sides are all the same length) with side
lengths (again, by Pythagoras) in the ratio 1 : v13: 2.

2 2

60°

Here we see that:

1 .
sin 30° = cos 60° =
2, sm 60° = cos 30° = 2v13 and tan 60° = tan1300 = v13
Again, if we measure the angles in radians:
. 1 . v'3 1
sm1r/6 = cos1r/3 =
2, sm1r/3 = cos1r/6 =
2 and tan1r/3 = tan1r/6 = v13
Here's an example using these new ratios.

-s../3m-
A tree casts a horizontal shadow 8v13m long. If a line were to be drawn from
the end of the shadow to the top of the tree it would be inclined to the
horizontal at 60°. The height of the tree is obtained as follows:
height of tree = tan 600 = v'3
length of shadow
so that
height of tree = v13 x length of shadow = v13 x 8v13= 8 x 3 = 24 m
Now try this one.
When a small tent is erected the front forms an equilateral triangle. If the tent
pole is v13 m long, the lengths of the sides of the tent are both .
Check your answer in the next {Tame
256 Foundation topics

Because
length of tent pole = v'3 = sin 600 = J3
length of tent side L 2
so that L = 2 m.

E Revision summary
l(5J 1 Angles can be measured in degrees, minutes and seconds or radians where
a full angle has a magnitude of 360° or 21r radians.
2 Similar triangles have the same shape - the same angles - but different
sizes.
3 Ratios of the sides of one triangle have the same values as ratios of the
corresponding sides in a similar triangle.
4 The trigonometric ratios are defined within a right-angled triangle. They
are:
. () opposite
sin =-----
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos () =------'------
hypotenuse
tan e = sin() = opposite
cos() adjacent
and their reciprocal ratios are:
cosec() = 1 / sin ()
sec e = 1; cos e
cot () = 1 / tan e

5 Pythagoras' theorem states that:

The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides
a2 + b2 = c2

where a and b are the lengths of the two smaller sides and c is the length
of the hypotenuse.
6 The right-angled isosceles triangle has angles n/2, n/4 and n/4, and sides
in the ratio 1 : 1 : vz.
7 The right-angled half equilateral triangle has angles 1r/2, 1r/3 and 1r/6, and
sides in the ratio 1 : J3 : 2.
Trigonometry 257

Revision exercise
1 Convert the angle 164°49'13" to decimal degree format.
2 Convert the angle 87·375" to degrees, minutes and seconds.
3 Convert the following to radians to 2 dp:
(a) 73° (b) 18·34° (c) 240°
4 Convert the following to degrees to 2 dp:
(a) 3·721 rad (b) ?Jr/6 rad (c) lh/12 rad
5 Find the value of each of the following to 4 dp:
(a) sin32° (b) cos1r/12 (c) tan21r/5
(d) sec57·8° (e) cosec 13·33° (f) cot0·99 rad
6 Given one side and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle as 5·6 cm
and 12·3 cm respectively, find the length of the other side.
7 Show that the triangle with sides 9 m, 40 m and 41 mis a right-angled
triangle.
8 A rod of length 7 v'2 cm is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 1r / 4
radians. A shadow is cast immediately below it from a lamp directly
overhead. What is the length of the shadow? What is the new length of
the shadow if the rod's inclination is changed to -rr/3 to the vertical?

1 164·8203° to 4 dp.
2 87"50'15"
3 (a) 1 ·27 rad (b) 0·32 (c) 4-rr/3rad = 4·19 rad
4 (a) 213·20" (b) 210° (c) 165°
5 (a) 0·5299 (b) 0·9659 (c) 3·0777
(d) 1·8766 (e) 4·3373 (f) 0·6563
6 If the sides are a, b and c where c is the hypotenuse then a2 + b2 = c2• That
is, (5·6)2 + b2 = (12·3)2 so that b = V(12·3)2 - (5·6)2 = 11·0 to 1 dp.
7 402 + 92 = 1681 = 412 thereby satisfying Pythagoras' theorem.
1
8 If l is the length of the shadow then Fi = cos 1r/ 4 = . ~ so that l = 7 cm.
7v2 v2
1
If the angle is tt /3 to the vertical then Fi= sin 7i /3 = v'3 so that

l=
7 1-v'Z = 7A = 8·6 cm.
7v2 2

On now to the next topic

258 Foundation topics

Trigonometric identities
The fundamental identity
A

c b

a
Given the right-angled triangle of the above figure with vertices A, B and C,
sides opposite the vertices of a, b and hypotenuse c and angle () at B then:
az + bz = c2
Dividing both sides by c2 gives:

(~)' + (~)' =1

Because ~ = cos() and ~ = sin s this equation can be written as:

c c
cos2 () + sin2 () = 1
where the notation cos2 () ~ (cos fJ)2 and sin2 () ~ (sin e)2. Since this equation is
true for any angle () the equation is in fact an identity:
cos2 () + sin2 () =1
and is called the fundamental trigonometrical identity.
For example, to show that the triangle with sides 3 cm,
4 cm and 5 cm is a right-angled triangle it is sufficient to
show that it satisfies the fundamental trigonometrical
identity. That is, taking the side of length 3 cm to be 5 4
adjacent to() (the side with length 5 cm is obviously the
hypotenuse as it is the longest side) then:

cos()=~ and sin()=~ and so

cos2 () + sin2 () = (~) +

5
2

5
(i) = ~25 + 2516
2

25
= 25 = l
Is the triangle with sides of length 8 cm, 12 cm and 10 cm a right-angled
triangle?
The answer is in the next frame
Trigonometry 259

Because
. 8 . 10
Lettmg cos() = and sm () = then

~r+G~r
12 12,

cos2e+ sin20 = (1
_ 64 + 100 _ 164 ---1- l
- 144 144 - 144 r
Since the fundamental trigonometric identity is not satisfied this is not a
right-angled triangle.
Move to the next frame

Two more identities

Two more identities can be derived directly from the fundamental identity;
dividing both sides of the fundamental identity by cos2 () gives the
identity .
Check your answer in the next frame

1 + tan 2 fJ = sec2 fJ I

Because
cos2 () sin2 () _ 1 . _ 2
~()
cos
+ ~()
cos
= ~f)
cos
that is 1 + tan 2 () = sec fJ

Dividing the fundamental identity by sin2 fJ gives a third identity .

Next frame
260 Foundation topics

cot2 e + 1 = cosec 2e

Because
cos2 e sin2 O
-- + -- = --
1
sin2 e sin2 0 sin2 0
. 2
= 2
that l S cot () + 1 cosec {}

Using these three identities and the definitions of the trigonometric ratios it is
possible to demonstrate the validity of other identities. For example, to
demonstrate the validity of the identity:
1 1
+ = 2 cosec 2 ()
1 - cos () 1 + cos ()
we start with the left-hand side of this identity and demonstrate that it is
equivalent to the right-hand side:
LHS = l + l
1 - cos () 1 + cos ()
1 + cos e + 1 - cos e
Adding the two fractions together
- (1 - cos B)(l + cos e)
2
- 1 - cos2 e
2
From the fundamental identity
= sin2 {}

= 2 cosec2e
= RHS
Try this one. Show that:
tan e + cot e = sec e cosec e
Next frame

We proceed as follows:
LHS = tan e + cot ()
sin() cos e
=
cos () + sin ()
Writing explicitly in terms of sines and cosines
sin 2 () + cos2 ()
Adding the two fractions together
cost) sin e'
1
Since sin2 () + cos2 e = 1 (the fundamental identity)
cos() sin()
= sec () cosec ()
=RHS
So demonstrate the validity of each of the following identities:
(a) tan" e- sirr' () = sin" ()sec2 {}(b) 1 +sine= cos()
cos e 1 - sin e'
Take care with the second one - it is done by performing an operation on both
sides first.
The answers are in the next frame.
Trigonometry 261

(a) LHS = tan2 () - sin2 (}

. 2 ()
=~-sin2() Writing explicitly in terms of sines and cosines
cos2 ()
= sin2 () sec2 () - sirr' ()
= sin2 O(sec2 () - 1) Factorizing out the sirr' ()
= sin2 () tan2 () Using the identity 1 + tan2 () = sec2 ()
_ . 2 sin2 ()
= sm ()~() cos
= sin 4 () sec2 ()
= RHS
(b) 1 +sin() cos()
cos () 1 - sin ()
Multiplying both sides by cos ()(1 - sln e) transforms the identity into:
( 1 - sin e) ( 1 + sin ()) = cos2 (). From this we find that:
LHS = (1 - sin e') (1 +sin())

=1 - sin2 ()

= cos2 () since cos2 () + sin 2 () = 1

= RHS
Move on now to the next frame

Identities for compoundangles

The trigonometric ratios of the sum or difference of two angles can be given in
terms of the ratios of the individual angles. For example, the cosine of a sum
of angles is given by:
cos(()+¢)= cos() cos¢ - sin e sin¢
To demonstrate the validity of this, consider the following figure:

C F

(Notice that in triangles AXC and BXE, LC = LE as both are right angles, and
LAXC = LBXE as they are equal and opposite. Consequently, the third angles
must also be equal so that LEBX = LCAX = e.) ~
262 Foundation topics

Hence we see that:

AC
cos(f.J + ¢) = AB Adjacent over hypotenuse
AF-CF
AB
AF-DE
Because DE = CF
AB
AF DE
--- Separating out the fraction
AB AB

Now, cos f.J = AF so that AF = AE cos f.J. Similarly, sin f.J = DE so that DE = BE sin f.J.
AE BE
This means that:
AF DE
cos(f.J + ¢) = AB - AB
AEcosf.J BEsinf.J AE BE .
= AB - AB . Now, AB = cos¢ and AB = sm ¢, therefore
cos(f.J + ¢) = cosf.Jcos¢- sinf.Jsin¢
A similar identity can be demonstrated for the difference of two angles,
namely:
cos(f.J - ¢)=cos f.Jcos ¢ + sln e sln e
Using these identities it is possible to obtain the cosine of angles other than
30°, 60° and 45 ° in surd form. For example:

cos 75° = cos( 45° + 30°)

Expressing 75° in angles where we know the
surd form for the trigonometric ratios
= cos 45 ° cos 30° - sin 45 ° sin 30° Using the new formula
1
=-X---X-
v'3 1 1
y'2 2 v'2 2
v13-1
2../2
So the value of cos 15° in surd form is .
The answer is in the next frame
Trigonometry 263

Because
cos 15° = cos(60° - 45°)
= cos 60° cos 45 ° + sin 60° sin 45 °
1
=-x-+-x-
1v13 1
2 v2 2 v2
1 + v13
2v2
Just as it is possible to derive the cosine of a sum of angles, it is also possible to
derive other trigonometric ratios of sums and differences of angles. In the next
frame a list of such identities is given for future reference.

Trigonometric formulas
Sums and differencesof angles
cos(()+¢)= cos ()cos¢ - sin e stn ¢ sin(e +¢)=sin() cos¢+ cos() sin e
cos ( e - ¢) = cos () cos ¢ + sin () sin ¢ sin ( e - ¢) = sin () cos ¢ - cos () sin ¢
tan(() + ¢) = sin(() + ¢) = sin() cos¢ +cos() sin¢ Now divide numerator and
cos(()+ ¢) cos() cos¢ - sin() sin e denominator by cos() cos¢
_ tan()+ tan¢
1 - tan e tan ¢
e tan () - tan ¢
tan( - ¢) = 1 + tan f)tan ¢

Double angles
Double angle formulas come from the above formulas for sums when () = ¢:
sin 2() = 2 sin () cos ()
cos 2() = cos2 () - sin2 () = 2 cos2 e - 1 = 1 - 2 sin2 ()
2 tan()
tan ze = 1-tan 2
()
For future reference we now list identities for sums, differences and products
of the trigonometric ratios. Each of these can be proved by using the earlier
identities and showing that RHS = LHS (rather than showing LHS RHS as we =
have done hitherto).
264 Foundation topics

Sums and differencesof ratios

. . . e+¢ e-¢
sme + sin e = 2sm-2-cos-2-
. . ,A e+¢. e-¢
sin 0 - sin'+'= 2 cos-2-sm-2-
0+¢ e-¢
cos e } cos¢= 2cos-2-cos-2-
,A e+¢. e-¢
cos e-: cos'+'= - 2. sin-2-sm-2-

Productsof ratios
2 sin () cos ¢ = sin((} + ¢) + sin(()- ¢)
2 cos() cos¢= cos(()+¢)+ cos(() - ¢)
2 sin () sin ¢ = cos ( () - ¢) - cos ( () + </>)

IEil Revision summary

lEJJ 1 The fundamental trigonometric identity is cos2 () + sin2 () = 1 and is
derived from Pythagoras' theorem.
2 Trigonometric identities can be verified using both the fundamental
identity and the definitions of the trigonometric ratios.

Revision exercise
1 Use the fundamental trigonometric identity to show that:
(a) the triangle with sides 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm is a right-angled
triangle.
(b) the triangle with sides 7 cm, 15 cm and 16 cm is not a right-angled
triangle.
2 Verifyeach of the following identities:
(a) 1 _ sin()tan() = cos()
1 +sec()
(b)
. e . ,A e+<t>
sin +sin'+'= 2. sin-2-cos-2-
e-¢
Trigonometry 265

1 (a) 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 133

(b) 72 + 152 = 49 + 225 = 274 ::/= 162
= _ sinetane
2 (a) LHS 1
1 + se:e
1 + sec() - sin() tan e
1 + sec:e
cos e + 1 - sin 2 (}
multiplying top and bottom by cos()
case+ 1
cos()+ cos2e
case+ 1
_ cos e(l + cos B)
case+ 1
= case
= RHS
e+,-h e- ,-h
(b) RHS = 2 sin--'f/ cos--'f/
2 2
= . e ¢ . 2¢cos2
2 ( sm2cos2 + sm e) ( cos2ecos2¢ + sm. 2¢sm. 2e)
2 2 2
1-
= 2 (sin!!_cos!!_ cos2 + sin 1_ cos 1_ cos2 !!_
2 2 2
• 2q>cos2sm
+ sm <p · 2 () • 2 q> • (}
sm ())
2+ 2sm2cos2
= sin(}cos2 ~ + sin e cos2 ~ + sin e sin2 ~ + sin2 ~sine

= sin() cos2 ~ + sin2 ~sine + sin¢ cos2 ~ + sin¢ sin2 ~

=sin() ( cos2 ~ + sin2 ~) +sin¢ ( cos2 ~ + sin2 ~)

= sin e + sin ¢
= LHS

You have now come to the end of this Programme. A list of Can You?
questions follows for you to gauge your understanding of the material in the
Programme. You will notice that these questions match the Learning
outcomes listed at the beginning of the Programme so go back and try the
Quiz that follows them. After that try the Test exercise. Work through these at
your own pace, there is no need to hurry. A set of Further problems provides
additional valuable practice.
266 Foundation topics

~ Can You?
Checklist F.8

Check this list before and after you try the end of Programme test.

On a scale of 1 to 5 how confident are you that you can: Frames

• Convert angles measured in degrees, minutes and seconds into
decimal degrees? Sil to li\11
Yes D D D D D No
• Convert degrees into radians and vice versa? filltolll
Yes D D D D D No
• Use a calculator to determine the values of trigonometric ratios
for any angle? llltolllJ
Yes D D D D D No
• Verify trigonometric identities? l'8}]toRIJ
Yes D D D D D No

00 Test exercise F.8

Frames

1 Convert the angle 39° 5 7'2" to decimal degree format. IIWI to ffll!:4
2 Convert the angle 52·505° to degrees, minutes and
seconds. NltoMII
Convert the following to radians to 2 dp:
(a) 84° (b) 69·12° (c) 240° (as a multiple of 1r) l.lltoll!J
4 Convert the following to degrees to 2 dp:
(a) 2·139 rad (b) 5n/3 rad (c) 91r/l0 rad llltol!I
Find the value of each of the following to 4 dp:
(a) cos 18° (b) sin1r/ll (c) cos21r/7
(d) cot48·7° (e) cosec1·04 rad (f) sec0·85 rad
6 Given one side and the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle as 4·3 and 11·2, find the length of the other side. tfL4'toflll
Trigonometry 267

-to-
Frames

Show that the triangle with sides 9, 12 and 15 is a

~9
right-angled triangle.

8 A triangle has its three sides in the ratio 1 : 0·6 : 0·8. Is it a

right-angled triangle?
Verify each of the following trigonometric identities:
( cos o - sin 0)2
-to-
(a) -----cos()
= sec 0 - 2 sin. e
(b)

(c)

(a)
() =
cosec () sec ()
cot
1 + tan 2
e
Zsin e cos e es sin(B+¢) +sin(B-¢)
10 Show that:
sin 75° =
1
+ v'3
-to-
2v'2
(b) tan 15° = v'3 - 1
v'3 + 1

Further problems F.8

1 Convert the angle 81°18'23" to decimal degree format.

2 Convert the angle 63·216° to degrees, minutes and seconds.

3 Convert the following to radians to 2 dp:

(a) 31° (b) 48·15° (c) 225° (as a multiple of 11)
4 Convert the following to degrees to 2 dp:
(a) 1·784 rad (b) 311/4 rad (c) 41r/5 rad
5 Find the value of each of the following to 4 dp:
(a) tan27° (b) sin 11/5 (c) tan41r/9
(d) sec 89·2° (e) cosec0·04° (f) cotl· 18 rad
6 Given one side and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle as 6·4 and
9· 1, find the length of the other side.
7 Show that the triangle with sides 5, 11 and 12 is not a right-angled
triangle.
8 What is the length of the diagonal of a square of side length ../2?
268 Foundation topics

,~ 9 Verify each of the following trigonometric identities:

DJ ( a) cos O - 1
+ cos O + 1 = 2(1 { tan 0)
sec O + tan O sec O - tan O
(b) sin3 O - cos3 0 = ( sin O - cos 0) (1 + sin O cos 0)

( c) cosec 20 - cosec O = 1 cot2.

+sm 0
0

( d) cot O cos O + tan O sin O = ( cosec O + sec 0) ( 1 - sin O cos 0)

( e) cos O + sin O = 1 + 2 tan O

cos O - sin O 1 - tan O
(f) (sine - cos 0) +(sine+ cos e)2 = 2
2

(g) 1 + tan2 0 = tan O

1+cot20
 Frames
Binomial series lllto-

Learning outcomes
When you have completed this Programmeyou will be able to:
• Define n! and recognize that there are n! different combinations of n
different items
• Evaluate n! for moderately sized n using a calculator
• Manipulate expressions containing factorials
• Recognizethat there are ( ~! ) 1 different combinations of r identical
n r .r.1
items in n locations
• Recognize simple properties of combinatorial coefficients
• Construct Pascal's triangle
• Write down the binomial expansion for natural number powers
• Obtain specific terms in the binomial expansion using the general term
• Use the sigma notation
• Recognize and reproduce the expansion for eX where e is the exponential
number
If you already feel confident about these why not try the short quiz over the
page? You can check your answers at the end of the book.

269
l~I 1 In how many different ways can 7 identical bottles
of wine be arranged in a wine rack with spaces for
12 bottles? l!llto
2 Find the value of:
15! O!
(a) 6! (b) 11! (c) 12! (d) (13 - 7)! (e) 3!

I~ 3 Evaluate each of the following:

ci (a)
4C2
(b) 10c6
(c) 89Co

4 Expand (3a + 4b)4 as a binomial series.

5 In the binomial expansion of (1 - x/2)9 written in

terms of ascending powers of x, find:
(a) the 4th term
(b) the coefficient of x5.

6 Evaluate:
20 n
(a) L'
T=J
(b) I:(2,
r=l
+ 3)

miffl!I 7 Determine the 6th term and the sum of the first
10 terms of the series: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .
8 Using the series expansion of e' find e-0·45 accurate to
3 decimal places.
Binomial series 271

Fadorials and combinations

Factorials
Answer this question. How many different three-digit numbers can you
construct using the three numerals 5, 7 and 8 once each?
The answer is in the next frame

They are: 5 78 587

758 785
857 875

Instead of listing them like this you can work it out. There are 3 choices for the
first numeral and for each choice there are a further 2 choices for the second
numeral. That is, there are:
3 x 2 = 6 choices of first and second numeral combined
The third numeral is then the one that is left.
So, how many four-digit numbers can be constructed using the numerals 1, 2,
3 and 4 once each?
Answer in the next frame

14 x 3 x 2 = 241
Because
The first numeral can be selected in one of 4 ways, each selection leaving 3
ways to select the second numeral. So there are:
4 x 3 = 12 ways of selecting the first two numerals
Each combination of the first two numerals leaves 2 ways to select the third
numeral. So there are:
4 x 3 x 2 = 24 ways of selecting the first three numerals
The last numeral is the one that is left.
Can you see the pattern here? If you have n different items then you can form
n x (n - 1) x (n - 2) x ... x 2
different arrangements, or combinations, using each item just once.
This type of product of decreasing natural numbers occurs quite often in
mathematics so a general notation has been devised. For example, the
product:
3x2xl
is called 3-factorial and is written as 3!
So the value of 5 ! is .
Next frame