Dr.

Modar Shbat
Division of Engineering
[email protected]
2
In this and succeeding sections, we consider the analysis of circuits using Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL) around a closed path. A closed path or a loop is drawn by starting at a
node and tracing a path such that we return to the original node without passing an
intermediate node more than once.

Electric Circuit I 3
Example:

If the current source influences only one mesh current,

Electric Circuit I 4
Example:
Consider the circuit in the figure where:
Find the three mesh currents.

Electric Circuit I 5
Super Mesh:

Electric Circuit I 6
Example:
Determine the values of the mesh currents i1 and i2 for
the circuit shown in the figure:
Solution:

Electric Circuit I 7
The analysis of a complex circuit can usually be accomplished by either the nodal
voltage or the mesh current method. The advantage of using these methods is the
systematic procedures provided for obtaining the simultaneous equations.
In some cases, one method is clearly preferred over another. For example, when the
circuit contains only voltage sources, it is probably easier to use the mesh current
method. When the circuit contains only current sources, it will usually be easier to use
the node voltage method.
Any circuit can be analyzed using mesh equations or using node equations. To
decide which will be easier, we first count the nodes and meshes. Based on that,
we can know how many equations we generate by using each method.
Example:

Electric Circuit I 8
The analysis of a complex circuit can usually be accomplished by either the nodal
voltage or the mesh current method. The advantage of using these methods is the
systematic procedures provided for obtaining the simultaneous equations.
In some cases, one method is clearly preferred over another. For example, when the
circuit contains only voltage sources, it is probably easier to use the mesh current
method. When the circuit contains only current sources, it will usually be easier to use
the node voltage method.
Any circuit can be analyzed using mesh equations or using node equations. To
decide which will be easier, we first count the nodes and meshes. Based on that,
we can know how many equations we generate by using each method.
Example:

Electric Circuit I 9
Example: Find the value of the resistance, R.
Solution:
We count the nodes and meshes. This circuit has four
nodes. Selecting a reference node and then applying
KCL at the other three nodes will produce a set of
three node equations. The circuit has three meshes.
Applying KVL to these three meshes will produce a
set of three mesh equations. Analyzing this circuit
using mesh equations requires the same number of
equations that are required to analyze the circuit
using node equations.
Notice that one of the three mesh currents can be determined directly from the current
source current, but two of the three node voltages can be determined directly from the
voltage source voltages. This makes the node equations easier to solve.

Electric Circuit I 10
Example: Find the value of the resistance, R.
Solution:

Electric Circuit I 11
 Node

Nodal Voltage Analysis Loop 1 Mesh Current Analysis

𝐵 Loop 2
𝐴 𝐶
𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐 Reference Node
𝐼1 𝐼2
if there are “n” Clockwise direction
𝐷 𝐼3 nodes in the circuit role is applied and 𝐼3 = 𝐼1 −𝐼2
there will be “n-1” matrix form can be
independent nodal used to solve the
KCL ෍ 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = ෍ 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
equations. derived equations. KVL ෍ 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 0

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼3
𝑉𝑎 = 10 [V] Loop 1 10 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 − 𝐼2 𝑅3 = 50𝐼1 − 40𝐼2
𝑉𝑐 = 20 [V] Loop 2 −20 = −𝐼1 𝑅3 + 𝐼2 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = −40𝐼1 + 60𝐼2
𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑑
+ = 𝑉𝑑 = 0 [V] Matrix 𝑅 × 𝐼 = [𝑉] 50 −40 𝐼 𝑉 10
10 20 40 × 1 = 1 =
Form −40 60 𝐼2 𝑉2 −20
𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏
1− + 1− = 𝑉𝑏 = 11.43 [V] 𝐼 = 𝑅−1 × [𝑉] 𝐼1 = −0.143[A] 𝐼2 = −0.429[A]
10 20 40
11.43
𝐼3 = = 0.286[A] 𝐼3 = 𝐼1 −𝐼2 = −0.143 − (−0.429) = 0.286[A]
40

Electric Circuit I 12
If a circuit has both current sources and voltage sources, it can be analyzed by either
method.
One approach is to compare the number of equations required for each method. If the
circuit has fewer nodes than meshes, it may be wise to select the node voltage method.
If the circuit has fewer meshes than nodes, it may be easier to use the mesh current
method.
Another point to consider when choosing between the two methods is what information
is required. If you need to know several currents, it may be wise to proceed directly with
mesh current analysis. It is often helpful to determine which method is more appropriate
for the problem requirements and to consider both methods.

Electric Circuit I 13
Example:
Find the values of v1 and v2.

Solution:

Electric Circuit I 14
Example:
Find the values of all currents and define
the observed and the delivered powers.

Solution: There is only one node voltage equation:

Electric Circuit I 15
Example: Solution:

Electric Circuit I 16
Example: Find the values of all currents in the following circuit.
Solution:

Electric Circuit I 17
Example (Cont.): Solution:

Electric Circuit I 18
Even though the node-voltage and mesh-current methods are powerful techniques for
solving circuits, we are still interested in methods that can be used to simplify circuits
(Series-parallel reductions & star-to-delta transformations).
We begin expanding this list with Source Transformation.
A source transformation allows us to replace a voltage source and series
resistor by a current source and parallel resistor (vice versa). Doing so does not
change the element current or voltage of any other element of the circuit.

Electric Circuit I 19
Example: First, determine the values of ip
and Rp that cause the part of the
circuit connected to the 2 kΩ
resistor to be equivalent to part
of the circuit connected to the 2
kΩ resistor in the other figure.
Next, determine the values of va
Solution:
and vb.

Electric Circuit I 20
Example:

Solution: Using voltage division, we can define Va:

The voltage across the parallel resistors is given by:

As expected, the source transformation did not change the value of the voltage across
the 2 kΩ resistor.

Electric Circuit I 21
Example: For the circuit shown in the figure, find the power associated with the 6 V
source.

Solution:
𝑉𝑠 40
𝑖𝑝 = = = 8𝐴
𝑅𝑠 5

20 × 5 100
𝑅= = = 4Ω
20 + 5 25
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 𝑖𝑝 = 4 × 8 = 32 𝑉

Electric Circuit I 22
Example: For the circuit shown in the figure, find the power associated with the 6 V
source.

Solution:
𝑉𝑠 32
𝑖𝑝 = = = 1.6 𝐴
𝑅𝑠 20
𝑅 = 4 + 6 + 10 = 20 Ω

20 × 30 600
𝑅= = = 12 Ω
20 + 30 50
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 𝑖𝑝 = 12 × 1.6 = 19.2 𝑉
19.2 − 6
𝑖= = 0.825 𝐴
16
𝑃6𝑉 = 𝑉 × 𝑖 = 6 × 0.825 = 4.95 𝑊
Electric Circuit I 23
In this section, we introduce the Thevenin equivalent circuit, based on a theorem
developed by M. L. Thevenin, a French engineer, who first published the principle in
1883.
Thevenin theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a
simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in series with a source voltage.
Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several
voltages and resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in series
with a single resistance connected across the load“.
In other words, it is possible to simplify any electrical circuit, no matter how complex, to
an equivalent two-terminal circuit with just a single constant voltage source in series with
a resistance (or impedance) connected to a load.

Electric Circuit I 24
In the figure, a circuit is partitioned into two parts: circuit A and circuit B—that are
connected at a single pair of terminals.
The circuit A is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent circuit, which consists of an ideal
voltage source in series with a resistor. Replacing circuit A by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit does not change the voltage or current of any element in circuit B.

This means that if you looked at a list of the values of the currents and voltages of all the
circuit elements in circuit B, you could not tell whether circuit B was connected to circuit
A or connected to its Thevenin equivalent circuit.

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Finding the Thevenin equivalent circuit of circuit A involves three parameters:
The open-circuit voltage, voc, the short-circuit current, isc, and the Thevenin resistance, Rt

Electric Circuit I 26
Example:
Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in the figure.

Solution:
The voltage across the open circuit (the open-circuit voltage voc) can be defined applying
KCL at node a to obtain the node equation:

Electric Circuit I 27
Example (Cont.):
Applying KCL at node a we get:

To determine the Thevenin resistance of the

Electric Circuit I 28
Example (Cont.):
We can obtain the same result using the source transformations method:
𝑉𝑠 125
𝑖𝑝 = = = 2.5𝐴
𝑅𝑠 50
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 = 50 Ω

200 × 50
𝑅= = 40 Ω
200 + 50

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 𝑖𝑝 = 40 × 0.5 = 20 𝑉

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 = 40 Ω

Electric Circuit I 29
Example: Find the value of the current in the branch of R=40 Ohms.

Solution:
Firstly, to analyze the circuit we have to remove the center 40Ω load resistor connected
across the terminals A-B:

We can find the Equivalent Resistance:

Electric Circuit I 30
Example (Cont.):
Next, we will define the Equivalent Voltage:

The resistance in this solution is considered

Electric Circuit I 31
Example: Consider the circuit shown in the figure

Solution:
20 × 5
𝑅= +4=8Ω
20 + 5
20
𝑉= × 60 = 48 [𝑉]
20 + 5

Electric Circuit I 32
Example (Cont.):

Source
Transformation

Electric Circuit I 33
Example (Cont.):

𝑉𝑠 60
𝑖𝑝 = = = 12𝐴 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 𝑖𝑝 = 12 × 4 = 48 𝑉
𝑅𝑠 5
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑝 = 4 Ω

Electric Circuit I 34
Thevenin’s Theorem Summary
We have seen here that Thevenin’s theorem is another type of circuit analysis tool that
can be used to reduce any complicated electrical network into a simple circuit consisting
of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

When looking back from terminals A and B, this single circuit behaves in exactly the
same way electrically as the complex circuit it replaces. That is the i-v relationships at
terminals A-B are identical.

The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem is as follows:
•1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
•2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the current sources.
•3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
•4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.

Electric Circuit I 35
For the circuit shown in the figure, define the currents using mesh analysis.

Electric Circuit I 36
Solution:

Electric Circuit I 37