DC-DC Converter

(DC chopper)
 Switch Mode DC to DC Converters

• Switch-mode DC to DC converters convert one DC voltage level

to another, by storing the input energy temporarily and then
releasing that energy to the output at a different voltage.
• This conversion method is more power efficient (often 75% to
98%) than linear voltage regulation (which dissipates unwanted
power as heat).
• This efficiency is beneficial to increasing the running time of
battery operated devices.

2
Types of DC DC converters
Buck converter
Boost converter
 Buck-Boost converter
Cuk Converter

3
 Step Down (Buck) Converter
Low pass filter low-pass filter is to
reduce output
voltage fluctuations

As name implies a step-down converter produces a lower average output

voltage than the dc input voltage E.

Application:
regulated switch mode dc power supplies
dc motor drives

4
 Step Down (Buck) Converter
Condition – Switch ON

❖ When switch S is turned on, current begins flowing from the input source to S and
L, and then to C and the load.
❖ The diode is reverse biased due to the positive terminal of input voltage to
cathode.
𝑑𝑖
❖ The inductor voltage VL=E-Vo =L
𝑑𝑡
❖ Then magnetic field is built up in L and energy is stored in the inductor with the
voltage drop across L opposing input voltage.

5
 Step Down (Buck) Converter
Condition – Switch OFF

❖ When S is turned off, the inductor opposes any drop in current by

suddenly reversing its EMF, and supplies current to the load. The
diode is ON due to the polarity of inductor voltage. The current flows
though the inductor to load and capacitor and back though the
diode.

𝑑𝑖
❖ The inductor voltage VL=-Vo = -L
𝑑𝑡

6
 2

Buck-Boost
Converter
Step-Down Step-Up Step-Down/Up

𝑉𝑠 ≥ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠 ≥ 𝑉𝑠 ≤
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑜
Buck-Boost
Buck Boost

Vs
D
is iD io
iL VD ic
Vi L VL C Load VO
 3

Buck-Boost Converter
Mode Analysis - 1 iL
Im ax

Vs Imin
D
is iD io iS DT T
t
Im ax
iL VD ic Imin

Vi L VL C VO iD DT T
t
I max

Imin

t
vS DT T
0 ≤𝒕 < DT V i+Vo

⚫ Switch on, Diode off

t
vD
- is = iL , iD =0 Vi+V o
DT T

⚫ Inductor current increases

t vL t
1 DT T
-
L =
i (t)
L  V dt + I
0
i min Vi
t
⚫ Diode Voltage DT T

-Vo
- vD = vi + vO
 4

Buck-Boost Converter
Mode Analysis - 2 iL
Im ax

Vs Imin
D
is iD io iS DT T
t
Imax
iL VD ic Imin

Vi L VL C VO iD DT T
t
I max

Imin

t
vS DT T

DT ≤𝒕 < T V i+Vo

⚫ Switch off, Diode on

- iD = iL vD
DT T
t
Vi+V o

⚫ Inductor current decreases

t vL t
1
- iL (t) =  (−v0 ) dt + I max
DT T

L DT Vi
t
⚫ Switch Voltage DT T

-Vo
- vs = vi
 13

Cuk
Converter

i L1 i C1 i L2
io
L1 C1 L2

+ v L1 - + v C1 - - vL2 +
+ - ic -
Vi vs D Vd C2 Vo
S

- + +
is i D1
 14

Cuk Converter
vL1
Mode Analysis - 1 Vin
on
0 t
① Switch OFF / Diode ON off

i L1 i C1=i L1
i L2 (Vin-VC1= -Vo)
io
L1 C1 L2
vL2 VC1-Vo
+ v L1 - + v C1 - - vL2 + on
+ - ic - 0 t
Vi S vs D Vd C Vo off
- + +
is i D1
-Vo
iL1

⚫ Switch off, Diodeon IL1

0 t
iL2
⚫ Inductor current 𝑖𝐿1, 𝑖𝐿2 decrease
IL2
0 t
⚫ Capacitor is discharged electricity (1-D)Ts DTs
(=toff) (= t on)
 15

Cuk Converter
vL1
Mode Analysis - 2 Vin
on
0 t
② Switch ON / Diode OFF off

i L1 i C1=-i L2 i L2 (Vin-VC1= -Vo)

L1 C L 2
io
vL2 VC1-Vo
+ v L1 - + v C1 - - vL2 + on
+ - ic - 0 t
Vi S v D Vd C Vo off
s- + +
is i D1
-Vo
iL1

⚫ Switch on, Diode off IL1

0 t
iL2
⚫ Inductor current 𝑖𝐿1, 𝑖𝐿2 increase
IL2
0 t
⚫ Capacitor charges electricity (1-D)Ts DTs
(=toff) (= t on)