Assignment 1 (Chapter 1: Introduction)

1-10 Properties
11-25 Viscosity
26-30 Compressibility
31-34 Surface tension
B+(10,18)

1- A tank contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 2

. Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank.

2- Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid

water content. Often this content is measured in grams per
cubic meter (g/m3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a
volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is
0.2 g/m3. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic miles?
(b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds?

3- An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft3 of water

at 40 °F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature
varies from 40 to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B
to determine how much the volume of water will change. For
a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in
water depth be very noticeable? Explain.

4- A mountain climber’s oxygen tank contains 1 lb of oxygen

when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration
of gravity is 32.174 ft/s2. What is the weight of the oxygen
in the tank when he reaches the top of Mt. Everest where
the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 ft/s2? Assume that no
oxygen has been removed from the tank; it will be used on
the descent portion of the climb.

5- The information on a can of pop indicates that the can

contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg
while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific
weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare
your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C.
Express your results in SI units.
6- The variation in the density of water , , with temperature, T,
in the range 20 °C ≤ T ≤ 50 °C, is given in the following
table.

Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the

form which can be used to predict the density over the
range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the
data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C ?

7- Determine the mass of air in a 2 m3 tank if the air is at room

temperature, 20 °C, and the absolute pressure within the tank
is 200 kPa (abs).

8- The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a

Martian spring day were determined to be _50 °C and 900 Pa,
respectively. (a) Determine the density of the Martian
atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the
Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of
carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with
the density of the earth’s atmosphere during a spring day
when the temperature is 18 °C and the pressure 101.6 kPa
(abs).

9- A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft3 is filled with 0.30 lb

of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi
when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as
to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do
you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

10- Develop a computer program for calculating the density of

an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals 1abs2, the
temperature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg.K
are specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of
 temperature from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of 50, 100,
150, and 200 kPa (abs).

11- One type of capillary-tube

viscometer is shown in Video
V1.5 and in Fig. P1.47. For this
device the liquid to be tested is
drawn into the tube to a level
above the top etched line. The
time is then obtained for the liquid
to drain to the bottom etched line.
The kinematic viscosity, , in
m2/s is then obtained from the
equation where K is a
constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and t is
the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20 °C is used as a
calibration fluid in a particular viscometer, the drain time is
1430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m3 is tested
in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the
dynamic viscosity of this liquid?

12- The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure

of 150 kPa 1abs2 is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic
viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure.

13- Fluids for which the shearing stress, , is not linearly

related to the rate of shearing strain, , are designated as non-
Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can
exhibit unusual behavior, as shown in Video V1.6. Some
experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian
fluid at 80 °F are shown below.
 Plot these data and fit a second-order polynomial to the data
using a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent
viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70
s-1 ? Is this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for
water at the same temperature?

14- Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and
for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is
3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases . Assume the
air is at standard atmospheric pressure.

15- For air at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the

constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10)
are and S = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity
of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in
Table B.4 in Appendix B.

16- Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at

temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the
constants C and S which appear in the Sutherland equation
(Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in
Problem 15. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form and plot
T 3/2 /µ versus T . From the slope and intercept of this curve,
C and S can be obtained.)

17- For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig.

1.5 it is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm,
a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it
is pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the viscosity of the
fluid between the plates. Express your answer in SI units.

18- There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian

behavior (see, for example, Video V1.6). For a given fluid
 the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian
behavior is usually based on measurements of shear stress
and rate of shearing strain. Assume that the viscosity of blood
is to be determined by measurements of shear stress, , and
rate of shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood
sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data
given below determine if the blood is a Newtonian or non-
Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your answer.

19-
20-

21- A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with

the velocity profile shown in Fig. P1.65. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the shearing stress that the water
exerts on the fixed surface for U = 2 m/s and h= 0.1 m.

22- Standard air flows past a flat surface and velocity

measurements near the surface indicate the following
distribution:
 The coordinate y is measured normal to the surface and u is
the velocity parallel to the surface. (a) Assume the velocity
distribution is of the form
and use a standard curve-fitting technique to determine the
constants c1 and c2 . (b) Make use of the results of part 1a2 to
determine the magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall
(y = 0) and at y = 0.05 ft.

23- A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, as

shown in Fig. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the
reader head is to be positioned 0.0005 in. above the surface of
the disc. Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as
result of the air between the disc and the head.

24-
25- A 12-in.-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed
bottom plate with a 0.1-in. gap between the two plates filled
with glycerin as shown in Fig. Determine the torque required
to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume that the
velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the shear
stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible.

26- Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi) required to

decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%.
27- A 1-m3 volume of water is contained in a rigid container.
Estimate the change in the volume of the water when a piston
applies a pressure of 35 MPa.
28- Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C in (a) air, (b)
helium, and (c) natural gas (methane). Express your answer
in m/s.

29- (See Fluids in the News article titled “This water jet is a
blast,” Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water
decreased if its pressure is increased to an equivalent to 3000
atmospheres (44,100 psi)?

30- Estimate the minimum absolute pressure 1in pascals2 that

can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if
the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C.

31- When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an

open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free
surface of the liquid. The contact angle between the liquid
and the tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is
1.2 * 104 N/m3. Determine the value of the surface tension
for this liquid.

32- Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed

with a spray nozzle. If the average diameter of the droplets is
200 µm , what is the difference in pressure between the inside
and outside of the droplets?

33- A 12-mm-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into

the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the
 jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric
pressure. Determine this difference in pressure.

34- Surface tension forces can be strong enough to allow a

double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on water, but a
single-edge blade will sink. Assume that the surface tension
forces act at an angle relative to the water surface as shown
in Fig (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 * 10-3
kg , and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the
value of required to maintain equilibrium between the blade
weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass
of the single-edge blade is 2.61 * 10-3 kg , and the total
length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks.
Support your answer with the necessary calculations.

GOOD LUCK !
Dr. Eng. Osama sharaf

Eng.Ahmed Elsaei
E-mail : [email protected]