Assignment on Matrix and Linear Algebra: Eigen Value

Submitted to:
Sunjida Haque
Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Submitted by:
Name:- Id:-
1. Md. Tanvir Ahmed (182183540)
2. Md. Ruhul Amin (182183538)
3. Shuvra Das (182183517)

Submission Date: 30/12/2020

 Example 1:
1 4
Find all the Eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix A=( ) in field R
2 3

Solution

Find Matrix Eigenvectors ...

1 4
[ ]
2 3

Solution:
|A-λI|=0

(1-λ) 4
=0
2 (3-λ)

∴(1-λ)×(3-λ)-4×2=0

∴(3-4λ+𝜆2)-8=0

∴(𝜆2-4λ-5)=0

∴(λ+1)(λ-5)=0

∴(λ+1)=0or(λ-5)=0

∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=-1,5,

Eigenvectors for λ=-1

-2
v1=
1

1 4 1 0
A-λI= +1
2 3 0 1
 1 4 1 0
= +
2 3 0 1

2 4
=
2 4

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷2

1 2
=
2 4

R2←R2-2×R1

1 2
=
0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=-1

x1 1 2 x1 0
(A+1I) = =
x2 0 0 x2 0

⇒x1+2x2=0

⇒x1=-2x2

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=-1 is

-2x2
v=
x2

Let x2=1
 -2
v1=
1

Eigenvectors for λ=5

1
v2=
1
1 4 1 0
A-λI= -5
2 3 0 1

1 4 5 0
= -
2 3 0 5

-4 4
=
2 -2

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷-4

1 -1
=
2 -2

R2←R2-2×R1

1 -1
=
0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=5

 x1 1 -1 x1 0
(A-5I) = =
x2 0 0 x2 0

⇒x1-x2=0

⇒x1=x2

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=5 is

x2
v=
x2

Let x2=1

1
v2=
1

Example: 2
1 0 −2
Find all the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix A= ( 0 0 0 ) in field
−2 0 4
R.

Solution

Find Matrix Eigenvectors ...

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐
[𝟎 𝟎 𝟎]
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟒
Solution:
|A-λI|=0

(1-λ) 0 -2
0 (-λ) 0 = 0
-2 0 (4-λ)
 ∴(1-λ)((-λ)×(4-λ)-0×0)-0(0×(4-λ)-0×(-2))+(-2)(0×0-(-λ)×(-2))=0

∴(1-λ)((-4λ+𝜆2)-)-0)-0(0-0)-2(0-(2λ))=0

∴(1-λ)(-4𝜆+𝜆2)-)-0(0)-2(-2λ)=0

∴(-4λ+5𝜆2)--λ3)-0-(-4λ)=0

∴(-λ3 +5𝜆2)-)=0

∴-𝜆2 (λ-5)=0

∴𝜆2=0 or (λ-5)=0

∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=0,5,

Eigenvector for λ = 0

0 2
v1= 1 , v2= 0
0 1
Eigenvector for λ=5

v3= -0.5
0
1

1. Eigenvectors for λ=0

1 0 -2 1 0 0
A-λI= 0 0 0 -0 0 1 0
-2 0 4 0 0 1

1 0 -2
=
0 0 0
 -2 0 4

Now, reduce this matrix

interchanging rows R1↔R3

-2 0 4
= 0 0 0
1 0 -2

R1←R1÷-2

1 0 -2

= 0 0 0

1 0 -2

R3←R3-R1

1 0 -2
= 0 0 0
0 0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=0

x1 1 0 -2 x1 0
(A-λI) x2 = 0 0 0 x2 = 0
x3 0 0 0 x3 0

⇒x1-2x3=0

⇒x1=2x3
∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=0 is

2x3
v= x2
x3

Let x2=1,x3=0

0
v1= 1
0

Let x2=0,x3=1

v2= 2
0
1

3. Eigenvectors for λ=5

1 0 -2 1 0 0
A-λI= 0 0 0 -5 0 1 0
-2 0 4 0 0 1

1 0 -2 5 0 0
= 0 0 0 - 0 5 0
-2 0 4 0 0 5
 -4 0 -2
= 0 -5 0
-2 0 -1

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷-4

1 0 0.5
= 0 -5 0
-2 0 -1

R3←R3+2×R1

1 0 0.5
= 0 -5 0
0 0 0

R2←R2÷-5

1 0 0.5
= 0 1 0
0 0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=5

x1 1 0 0.5 x1 0
(A-5I) x2 = 0 1 0 x2 = 0
x3 0 0 0 x3 0

⇒x1+0.5x3=0,x2=0
⇒x1=-0.5x3,x2=0

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=5 is

-0.5x3
v= 0
x3

Let x3=1

-0.5
v3= 0
1

Example 3:
3 1 1
Find all the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix A= (2 4 2) in field R.
1 1 3

Solution

Find Matrix Eigenvectors ...

3 1 1
(2 4 2)
1 1 3
Solution:
|A-λI|=0

(3-λ) 1 1
2 (4-λ) 2 = 0
1 1 (3-λ)
 ∴(3-λ)((4-λ)×(3-λ)-2×1)-1(2×(3-λ)-2×1)+1(2×1-(4-λ)×1)=0

∴(3-λ)((12-7λ+𝜆2)-2)-1((6-2λ)-2)+1(2-(4-λ))=0

∴(3-λ)(10-7λ+𝜆2)-1(4-2λ)+1(-2+λ)=0

∴(30-31λ+10𝜆2-λ3)-(4-2λ)+(-2+λ)=0

∴(-λ3+10𝜆2-28λ+24)=0

∴-(λ-2)(λ-2)(λ-6)=0

∴(λ-2)=0or(λ-2)=0or(λ-6)=0

∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=2,6,

-1 -1
v1= 1 , v2= 0
0 1

3. Eigenvectors for λ=6

3 1 1 1 0 0
A-λI= 2 4 2 -6 0 1 0
1 1 3 0 0 1

3 1 1 6 0 0
= 2 4 2 - 0 6 0
1 1 3 0 0 6

-3 1 1
=
2 -2 2
 1 1 -3

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷-3

1 -0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 2 -2 2
1 1 -3

R2←R2-2×R1

1 -0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 0 -1.33333333 2.66666667
1 1 -3

R3←R3-R1

1 -0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 0 -1.33333333 2.66666667
0 1.33333333 -2.66666667

R2←R2×-0.75

1 -0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 0 1 -2
0 1.33333333 -2.66666667

R1←R1+0.33333333×R2

1 0 -1
=
0 1 -2
 0 1.33333333 -2.66666667

R3←R3-1.33333333×R2

1 0 -1
= 0 1 -2
0 0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=6

x1 1 0 -1 x1 0
(A-6I) x2 = 0 1 -2 x2 = 0
x3 0 0 0 x3 0

⇒x1-x3=0,x2-2x3=0

⇒x1=x3,x2=2x3

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=6 is

x3
v= 2x3
x3

Let x3=1

1
v3= 2
1

Example 4:
 8 2 −2
Find all the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix A= ( 3 3 −1) in field
24 8 −6
R.

Solution

8 2 −2
Find Matrix Eigenvectors ... ( 3 3 −1)
24 8 −6
Solution:
|A-λI|=0

(8-λ) 2 -2
3 (3-λ) -1 = 0
24 8 (-6-λ)

∴(8-λ)((3-λ)×(-6-λ)-(-1)×8)-2(3×(-6-λ)-(-1)×24)+(-2)(3×8-(3-λ)×24)=0

∴(8-λ)((-18+3λ+𝜆2)-(-8))-2((-18-3λ)-(-24))-2(24-(72-24λ))=0

∴(8-λ)(-10+3λ+𝜆2)-2(6-3λ)-2(-48+24λ)=0

∴(-80+34λ+5𝜆2-𝜆3)-(12-6λ)-(-96+48λ)=0

∴(-λ3+5𝜆2-8λ+4)=0

∴-(λ-1)(λ-2)(λ-2)=0

∴(λ-1)=0or(λ-2)=0or(λ-2)=0

∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=1,2,

1. Eigenvectors for λ=1

8 2 -2 1 0 0
A-λI= -1
3 3 -1 0 1 0
 24 8 -6 0 0 1

8 2 -2 1 0 0
= 3 3 -1 - 0 1 0
24 8 -6 0 0 1

7 2 -2
= 3 2 -1
24 8 -7

Now, reduce this matrix

interchanging rows R1↔R3

24 8 -7
= 3 2 -1
7 2 -2

R1←R1÷24

1 0.33333333 -0.29166667
= 3 2 -1
7 2 -2

R2←R2-3×R1

1 0.33333333 -0.29166667
= 0 1 -0.125
7 2 -2

R3←R3-7×R1
 1 0.33333333 -0.29166667
= 0 1 -0.125
0 -0.33333333 0.04166667

R1←R1-0.33333333×R2

1 0 -0.25
= 0 1 -0.125
0 -0.33333333 0.04166667

R3←R3+0.33333333×R2

1 0 -0.25
= 0 1 -0.125
0 0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=1

x1 1 0 -0.25 x1 0
(A-1I) x2 = 0 1 -0.125 x2 = 0
x3 0 0 0 x3 0

⇒x1-0.25x3=0,x2-0.125x3=0

⇒x1=0.25x3,x2=0.125x3

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=1 is

0.25x3
v= 0.125x3
x3
Let x3=1

0.25
v1= 0.125
1

2. Eigenvectors for λ=2

8 2 -2 1 0 0
A-λI= 3 3 -1 -2 0 1 0
24 8 -6 0 0 1

8 2 -2 2 0 0
= 3 3 -1 - 0 2 0
24 8 -6 0 0 2

6 2 -2
= 3 1 -1
24 8 -8

Now, reduce this matrix

interchanging rows R1↔R3

24 8 -8
= 3 1 -1
6 2 -2
R1←R1÷24

1 0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 3 1 -1
6 2 -2

R2←R2-3×R1

1 0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 0 0 0
6 2 -2

R3←R3-6×R1

1 0.33333333 -0.33333333
= 0 0 0
0 0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=2

x1 1 0.33333333 -0.33333333 x1 0
(A-2I) x2 = 0 0 0 x2 = 0
x3 0 0 0 x3 0

⇒x1+0.33333333x2-0.33333333x3=0

⇒x1=-0.33333333x2+0.33333333x3

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=2 is

v= -0.33333333x2+0.33333333x3
 x2
x3

Let x2= 1, x3=0

-0.33333333
v2= 1
0

Let x2= 0, x3=1

0.33333333
v3= 0
1

Example 5.

Find Matrix Eigenvectors ...

−3 1 −1
[−7 5 −1]
−6 6 −2

Solution:
|A-λI|=0

(-3-λ) 1 -1
-7 (5-λ) -1 =0
-6 6 (-2-λ)

∴(-3-λ)((5-λ)×(-2-λ)-(-1)×6)-1((-7)×(-2-λ)-(-1)×(-6))+(-1)((-7)×6-(5-λ)×(-6))=0

∴(-3-λ)((-10-3λ+λ2 )-(-6))-1((14+7λ)-6)-1((-42)-(-30+6λ))=0

∴(-3-λ)(-4-3λ+λ2 )-1(8+7λ)-1(-12-6λ)=0

∴(12+13λ-λ3 )-(8+7λ)-(-12-6λ)=0
∴(-λ3 +12λ+16)=0

∴-(λ+2)(λ+2)(λ-4)=0

∴(λ+2)=0 or (λ+2)=0 or (λ-4)=0

∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=-2,4,

1. Eigenvectors for λ = -2

1
v1= 1
0

2. Eigenvectors for λ = 4

0
v2= 1
1

Example 6:
Show that eigen values of the following matrixes are real :
1 1−𝑖 3+𝑖 1 2 −3
{i} A = [1 + 𝑖 3 2𝑖 ] {ii} A = [ 2 0 5 ]
3−𝑖 −2 −2 −3 5 7
Solution : given matrics,
1 1−𝑖 3+𝑖
A =[ 1 + 𝑖 3 2𝑖 ]
3 − 1 −2𝑖 −2
2 1−𝑖 3+𝑖
=>𝐴⃗𝑡 =[1 + 𝑖 3 2𝑖 ]
3−𝑖 −2𝑖 −2
 1 1+𝑖 3−𝑖
=>𝐴⃗𝑡 =[1 + 𝑖 3 −2𝑖 ]
3−𝑖 2𝑖 −2
=A
A = hermesium matrics
So, A matrics will be real eigenvalue.
(ii) Given matrics
1 2 −3
A =[ 2 0 5 ]
−3 5 7
1 2 −3
⃗𝑡
=>𝐴 =[ 2 0 5 ]
−3 5 7
=A
∴ A hermesium matrics
So, A matrics is real eigenvalue.

Example 7:
2 3
Find the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix A = ( )
2 1
Solution :
|A-λI|=0

(2-λ) 3
=0
2 (1-λ)

∴(2-λ)×(1-λ)-3×2=0

∴(2-3λ+λ2)-6=0

∴(λ2-3λ-4)=0

∴(λ+1)(λ-4)=0

∴(λ+1)=0or(λ-4)=0
∴ The eigenvalues of the matrix A are given by λ=-1,4,

1. Eigenvectors for λ=-1

2 3 1 0
A-λI= +1
2 1 0 1

2 3 1 0
= +
2 1 0 1

3 3
=
2 2

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷3

1 1
=
2 2

R2←R2-2×R1

1 1
=
0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=-1

x1 1 1 x1 0
(A+1I) = =
x2 0 0 x2 0
⇒x1+x2=0

⇒x1=-x2

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=-1 is

-x2
v=
x2

Let x2=1

-1
v1=
1

2. Eigenvectors for λ=4

2 3 1 0
A-λI= -4
2 1 0 1

2 3 4 0
= -
2 1 0 4

-2 3
=
2 -3

Now, reduce this matrix

R1←R1÷-2
 1 -1.5
=
2 -3

R2←R2-2×R1

1 -1.5
=
0 0

The system associated with the eigenvalue λ=4

x1 1 -1.5 x1 0
(A-4I) = =
x2 0 0 x2 0

⇒x1-1.5x2=0

⇒x1=1.5x2

∴ eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=4 is

1.5x2
v=
x2

Let x2=1

1.5
v2=
1