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Assignment 4 (Filtration, Disinfection & Softening) : Water Treatment (Ceng 5403)

This document contains 12 problems related to water treatment processes including filtration, disinfection, and softening. Problem 1 asks to estimate head loss in a 0.7m sand filter operating at 10m/h. Problem 2 asks to determine expanded bed depth and backwashing velocity for a 0.8m deep sand filter backwashed to a porosity of 0.7. Problem 3 asks to calculate effective size and uniformity coefficient from sieve analysis data of local sand.

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84 views3 pages

Assignment 4 (Filtration, Disinfection & Softening) : Water Treatment (Ceng 5403)

This document contains 12 problems related to water treatment processes including filtration, disinfection, and softening. Problem 1 asks to estimate head loss in a 0.7m sand filter operating at 10m/h. Problem 2 asks to determine expanded bed depth and backwashing velocity for a 0.8m deep sand filter backwashed to a porosity of 0.7. Problem 3 asks to calculate effective size and uniformity coefficient from sieve analysis data of local sand.

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Water Treatment (CEng 5403)

Assignment 4 (Filtration, Disinfection & Softening)


1. A 0.7 m sand filter media is used to treat water at a rate of 10 m/h. From sieve analysis, d10 =
0.53 mm, d30 = 0.67 mm, d50 = 0.73, d70 = 0.8 mm, and d90 = 0.86 mm. Assume the grain
sphericity is φ = 0.75 and a porosity is 0.40. Estimate the head loss of the filter at 15oC
2. Water is being filtered in 0.8m deep sand filter having a porosity of 0.35 at rate of 10 m/h.
Determine the depth of expanded bed and velocity of backwahing if the porosity of expanded
bed is to be 0.7. If it is going to be backwashed for 15 minutes, what is the quantity of water
required for single back washing?
3. A sand filter is to be designed for new water treatment plant. A sieve analysis of the local
sand is given below. Using the sand analysis, find the effective size, E, and uniformity
coefficient, U.
Standard Analysis of Stock Sand
Sieve No. (Cumulative Mass % Passing)
140 0.7
100 1.2
70 6.5
50 10.1
40 26.8
30 43.3
20 62.8
16 79.4
12 90.5
8 93.2
6 99.0

4. The rapid sand filter being designed for a certain town has the characteristics and sieve analysis
shown below. Using the Rose equation, determine the headloss for the clean filter bed in a
stratified condition.
Depth = 0.60 m
Filtration rate = 130 m3/d. m2
Sand specific gravity = 2.60
Shape factor = 0.85
Stratified bed porosity = 0.45
Water temperature = 19oC

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School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
AAiT Water Treatment
Standard Mass percent
Sieve No. retained
8–12 0.1
12–16 0.43
16–20 5.70
20–30 23.40
30–40 45.00
40–50 20.20
50–70 3.70
70–100 0.20

5. Determine the height of the expanded bed for the sand used in Problem 4 if the backwash
rate is 1,000 m/d.
6. The selection of an appropriate clean bed headloss equation is, in part, based on the acceptable
upper bound of the Reynolds number that is appropriate for the equation. If the Rose equation
is suitable up to r of 6, determine the upper filtration rate for sand anthracite beyond which it
is not recommended. Write a spreadsheet program and plot the Reynolds number versus the
filtration for the following cases:
a. Sand
E = 0.5 mm
Va = 7.5 m/h; 12 m/h; 15 m/h; 20 m/h; 25 m/h
Water temperature = 15 oC
b. Anthracite coal
E = 1.1 mm
Va = 7.5 m/h; 12 m/h; 15 m/h; 20 m/h; 25 m/h
Water temperature = 15 oC

7. Given a backwash flow rate of 45 m/h and temperature of 20OC, calculate the largest (a) Sand
particle (density = 2650 kg/m3) and (b) floc solid particle (density = 1050 kg/m3) that can be
washed from a filter bed.
8. A filter has been designed to have a run length of 48 h while operating at a filtration rate of 12
m/h. The design backwash rate is 40 m/h, backwash duration is 15 min, and fiter-to-waste
duration is 10 min. The plant operator decides to clean the filters more thoroughly and
backwashes at a rate of 55 m/h for 25 min. As a result, ripening takes longer and the filter-to-
waste duration is 50 min. Calculate the filter run volume, backwash volume, filter to waste
volume per unit cross-sectional area and recovery (the ratio of net to total water filtered (a) as
designed and (b) as operated. What is the percent increase in the volume of treated water lost
as waste backwash water and filter-to-waste water?
9. The following mineral analysis was reported for a water sample taken from well. Determine
the total, carbonate and noncarbonate hardness in mg/L as CaCO3 and in meq/L using the
predominant polyvalent cation definition of hardness.

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School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
AAiT Water Treatment
10. Given the following analysis of a groundwater, construct a bar chart of the constituents,
expressed as CaCO3 .

Ion mg/L as ion


Ca2+ 103
Mg2+ 5.5
Na+ 16
HCO3- 255
SO42- 49
Cl- 37

11. From the water analysis presented below, determine the amount of line and soda (in mg/L as
CaCO3) necessary to soften the water to 100.00 mg/L hardness as CaCO3.

12. One proposal for treating water in developing countries is for individual families to use a
small, home-made slow sand filter followed by storage of the filtered water in a clear plastic
bottle exposed to the sun for a day. Explain the purpose of the sand filter and the mechanism
that disinfects the water.

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School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
AAiT Water Treatment

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