Basic Science Department

BAS 111 Mathematics 3

3 Credit Hrs
Lecture

Solutions of first order linear Differential

Equations

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Linear Differential Equations :

General form
𝒚𝒚′ + 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚 = 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)
An integrating factor for the equation
𝝁𝝁(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Solution :

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝝁𝝁 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝒄𝒄

Examples :
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[1] + 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Solution :
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆
Then :
Page 3 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝝁𝝁 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒆 𝒚𝒚 = ∫ 𝒆𝒆 . 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒆 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆 + 𝑪𝑪
𝟐𝟐

−𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆 [ 𝒆𝒆 + 𝑪𝑪]
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 −𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
= + 𝑪𝑪 𝒆𝒆
𝟐𝟐

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[2] 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Solution :
Put the equation first in the general form (÷ 𝒙𝒙 )

′
𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = , 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙

𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝟏𝟏
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙

𝝁𝝁 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝑪𝑪
𝑪𝑪
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 +
𝒙𝒙

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[3] 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝒙𝒙𝟔𝟔 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Solution :
Put the equation first in the general form (÷ 𝒙𝒙 )
′ 𝟒𝟒
𝒚𝒚 − 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
−𝟒𝟒
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆 −𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝒙
= 𝒆𝒆 = 𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 =
𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒

𝝁𝝁 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 𝒚𝒚 = � 𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 𝒚𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒙 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 integrating by parts we get :

𝒖𝒖 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒗𝒗 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙

𝒙𝒙𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒙𝒙𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙

𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏)

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Bernoulli Equation :
General form:
𝒚𝒚′ + 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚 = 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚𝒏𝒏
Where 𝒏𝒏 is a real number
The substitution : 𝒁𝒁 = 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏−𝒏𝒏 (why ?)
𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚′ + 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏
𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚′ + 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)
Let 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒁𝒁
(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒏𝒏)𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝒁𝒁′

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

′
𝒁𝒁
𝒚𝒚−𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚′ =
𝟏𝟏 − 𝒏𝒏
𝒁𝒁′
+ 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒁𝒁 = 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)
𝟏𝟏 − 𝒏𝒏
𝒁𝒁′ + (𝟏𝟏 − 𝒏𝒏)𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)𝒁𝒁 = (𝟏𝟏 − 𝒏𝒏)𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)
𝒁𝒁′ + 𝚸𝚸(𝒙𝒙)𝒁𝒁 = 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Examples:
Solve the following differential equations:
𝟏𝟏
[1] 𝒚𝒚′ + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙

Solution :
By ( multiplying both sides of the differential equation by 𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐 we get )
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′ + 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′ + 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏 = 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
Let 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝒁
−𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝒁𝒁′
𝒚𝒚−𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′ = − 𝒁𝒁′
Substitute in the differential equation we get :

Page 11 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

′
𝟏𝟏
− 𝒁𝒁 + 𝒁𝒁 = 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
′
𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁 − 𝒁𝒁 = −𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
−𝟏𝟏
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙) = −𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
−𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆 −𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
=𝒆𝒆 = 𝒆𝒆 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝒙𝒙 =
𝒙𝒙

𝝁𝝁 𝒁𝒁 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁 = � (−𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁 = ∫ −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝑪𝑪 =−𝒙𝒙 + 𝑪𝑪
𝒙𝒙

𝒁𝒁 = −𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙
𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏 = −𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐+𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙
−𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 =
−𝟏𝟏
=
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐−𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙(𝒙𝒙−𝒄𝒄)

Page 13 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
[2] 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 ,
𝟐𝟐 ′ 𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟒𝟒
Solution :
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑
Let 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒁𝒁 ⟹
𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝒁𝒁′
𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 ′
𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝒁𝒁
𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐 ′
𝒁𝒁 + 𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒁𝒁′ + 𝒁𝒁 =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = , 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙) =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
∫𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒙𝒙
𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆 = 𝒆𝒆 𝟐𝟐

𝝁𝝁 𝒁𝒁 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 𝟑𝟑
𝒆𝒆 𝟐𝟐 𝒁𝒁 = ∫ 𝒆𝒆 . ( )𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪
𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 𝒁𝒁 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 + 𝑪𝑪
The general solution will be
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙
𝒆𝒆 𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝒆𝒆 𝟐𝟐 + 𝑪𝑪 , apply the condition 𝒚𝒚(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑
(𝟒𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝑪𝑪 , then 𝑪𝑪 = 𝟕𝟕
𝟐𝟐

𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 + 𝟕𝟕

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Ricati’s Equation:
General Form:
𝒚𝒚′ = 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙) + 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚 + 𝑹𝑹(𝒙𝒙)𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

If 𝑹𝑹(𝒙𝒙)= 0 then Ricati’s Equation becomes linear Equation

If 𝑷𝑷(𝒙𝒙)= 0 then Ricati’s Equation becomes Bernoulli Equation
How to solve Ricati equation ?
[1] 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 is a given solution
[2] let 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 + 𝑼𝑼 is a solution
[3] Substitute and simplify

Page 16 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Examples:
Given that 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 is a solution for 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + (𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 )𝒚𝒚 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 . Find the general solution?

Solution :
Let 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝑼𝑼(𝒙𝒙)
𝒚𝒚′ = 𝑼𝑼′ − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
Substitute in the D.E. we get:
𝑼𝑼′ − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 =𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + (𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 )(𝑼𝑼 − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 ) + (𝑼𝑼 − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 )𝟐𝟐
𝑼𝑼′ − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑼𝑼 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑼𝑼′ = 𝑼𝑼 + 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 ( Bernoulli Differential Equation)
𝑼𝑼′ − 𝑼𝑼 = 𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 ( multiply by 𝑼𝑼−𝟐𝟐 )
𝑼𝑼−𝟐𝟐 𝑼𝑼′ − 𝑼𝑼−𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏

Page 17 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Let 𝒁𝒁 = 𝑼𝑼−𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁′ = −𝑼𝑼−𝟐𝟐 𝑼𝑼′
−𝒁𝒁′ = 𝑼𝑼−𝟐𝟐 𝑼𝑼′ substitute in the D.E., we get
−𝒁𝒁′ − 𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏
𝒁𝒁′ + 𝒁𝒁 = −𝟏𝟏
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏, 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙) = −𝟏𝟏

𝝁𝝁 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆∫ 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙

𝝁𝝁 𝒁𝒁 = � 𝝁𝝁. 𝑸𝑸(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒁𝒁 = � 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 . (−𝟏𝟏)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒁𝒁 = −𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝑪𝑪
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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝑼𝑼−𝟏𝟏 = −𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝑪𝑪

𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 [𝒚𝒚 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 ] = −𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝑪𝑪

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Applications of First-Order Differential Equations

✔ Growth and Decay Problems
✔ Temperature Problems
✔ Falling Body Problems
✔ Dilution Problems
✔ Electrical Circuits

✔ Orthogonal Trajectories

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Growth and Decay Problems

Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the amount of substance (or population) that is either growing or decaying. If
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
we assume that , the time rate of change of this amount of substance, is proportional to the
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
amount of substance present, then ∝ 𝑵𝑵, or
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎 → (𝟏𝟏)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
where 𝒌𝒌 is the constant of proportionality. We are assuming that 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) is a differentiable, hence
continuous, function of time. For population problems, where 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)is actually discrete and
integer-valued, this assumption is incorrect. Nonetheless, (𝟏𝟏) still provides a good
approximation to the physical laws governing such a system.

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Example :
A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present. After one
hour, 1000 strands of the bacteria are observed in the culture; and after four hours, 3000
strands. Find
(a) an expression for the approximate number of strands of the bacteria present in the culture
at any time 𝒕𝒕 and
(b) the approximate number of strands of the bacteria originally in the culture.
Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the number of bacteria strands in the culture at time 𝒕𝒕.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
From Equation(1), − 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎 , which is both linear and separable. Its solution is
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� = � 𝒌𝒌 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑵𝑵
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 + 𝒄𝒄
𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌+𝒄𝒄 = 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 . 𝒆𝒆𝒄𝒄
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏; hence,
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑; hence.
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
Solving for 𝒌𝒌 and 𝒄𝒄, we find
𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒌 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 =≈ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒆𝒆−𝒌𝒌 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝟑𝟑

Substituting these values of 𝒌𝒌 and 𝒄𝒄 ,we obtain

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

We require 𝑵𝑵 at 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎. Substituting 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎 , we obtain

𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒆𝒆(𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.
Example :
A person deposit $ 2,000 into a savings account that gives a compound interest
per annum to 5 percent. Find
(a) the value of the balance after three years,
(b) the time required to double the value of the balance assuming no
withdrawal or addition of the balance.

Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the savings account at time 𝒕𝒕. 𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
The account increases with an interest which is proportional with the initial
deposit and the proportional constant 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Page 24 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
From Equation(1), − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎 , which is both linear and separable. Its
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

solution is
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� = � 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑵𝑵
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝒄𝒄
𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝒄𝒄 = 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 . 𝒆𝒆𝒄𝒄
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐; hence,

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟎𝟎) = 𝒄𝒄

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Which refers to the deposit at any instance , after three years
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟑𝟑) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔$
(b)We look for the time 𝒕𝒕 for which 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐 = 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏
𝒕𝒕 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 years
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Example :
(a) A person deposit $ 5,000 into a savings account that gives a compound
interest assuming no withdrawal or addition of the balance. Find the value
of the balance after seven years if constant interest rate 8.5 in the first four
years, and constant interest rate 9.25 in the last three years. Find

Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the savings account at time 𝒕𝒕. 𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
The account increases with an interest which is proportional with the initial
deposit and the proportional constant 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 in the first four years
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
From Equation(1), − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎 , which is both linear and separable.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Its solution is

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� = � 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑵𝑵
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝒄𝒄
𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍[𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)] = 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝒄𝒄 = 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 . 𝒆𝒆𝒄𝒄
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝟒𝟒
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓; hence,

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟎𝟎) = 𝒄𝒄
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Page 28 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Which refers to the deposit at any instance , through four years, put 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒 we
get the deposit after four years
𝑵𝑵(𝟒𝟒) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟒𝟒) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓(𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 $
This value represents the initial deposit for the last three years.
After three years with deposit rate 9.25 We have
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟎𝟎 , 𝟒𝟒 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝟕𝟕
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Its solution is
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 , 𝟒𝟒 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝟕𝟕
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝑵𝑵(𝟒𝟒) = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕; hence,

𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟒𝟒) = 𝒄𝒄(𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝒄𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 , 𝟒𝟒 ≤ 𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝟕𝟕

Put 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟕𝟕
𝑵𝑵(𝟕𝟕) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟕𝟕) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗) = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 $

Example:
What is the interest rate required to make the initial capital deposited in a bank
account which gives a continuous compound interest doubled after six years.
Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the savings account at time 𝒕𝒕.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
And its solution is

Page 30 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
The initial deposit was not mentioned at the beginning so we will denote it by
𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 (𝒕𝒕) , at 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 substitute we get
𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒌𝒌(𝟎𝟎) = 𝒄𝒄
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
So what is the value of 𝒌𝒌 which makes 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟐𝟐𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 when 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌(𝟔𝟔)
𝒆𝒆𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝟐𝟐
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐧 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒌 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟔𝟔

Page 31 of 42
Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Example :
The rate of growth of Bactria in Bacterial culture with the number exists in it. It
was noticed that after one hour the Bacteria was 1000 species and after four
hours it became 3000 species, then find
a) An expression represent the number of species at any time 𝒕𝒕.
b)An approximate number for the existing species.
Solution:
a) Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the number of Bacteria species at time 𝒕𝒕.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
And its separable D.E its solution is
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌

At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒌 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒆𝒆−𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑
Substituting for 𝒌𝒌, 𝒄𝒄 we get :

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒕𝒕

As an expression for the number of Bacteria species at any time 𝒕𝒕.
b) To Know 𝑵𝑵 when 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 (𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

Example :
The rate of increasing of a population in a certain country is proportional with
the number of people living in it. If the population doubled after two years and
become 20000 after three years. Find the initial population.
Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the number of population at time 𝒕𝒕. 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 is the initial population
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
And its separable D.E its solution is
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎

𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌(𝟎𝟎) then 𝒄𝒄 = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒌 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑,
𝟐𝟐
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒕𝒕
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 (𝟑𝟑) = 𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝑵𝑵𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕.

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

Example :
The rate of decay of a radioactive element is proportional with the mass of that
element, it is fond in the beginning that 50 mg of that element and noticed that it
lost 10% of its initial mass after two hours find:
a) An expression for the remaining mass at any instance 𝒕𝒕
b)The mass of the element after four hours
c) The half life time of that element (lose half its mass)
Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the mass of the radioactive element at time 𝒕𝒕.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
− 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
And its separable D.E its solution is
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝒄𝒄 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌(𝟎𝟎)
Or 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
At 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐, 10% of 50 mg which is 5 mg was decayed ,
Then at 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒌𝒌 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = −𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
Apply in the solution of the differential equation
𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆−𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 where 𝒕𝒕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
b) for 𝑵𝑵 when 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒 substitute

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆−𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟒𝟒) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓(𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
d)To get the half life time 𝒕𝒕 when 𝑵𝑵 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 put 𝑵𝑵 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 in the solution
𝟐𝟐

of the D.E. i.e.,

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒆𝒆−𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏
−𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐
Or 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉

Example :
Five people was infected by COVID-19pandemic in a population consisting of
500 Student. If the rate of variation of the infected population proportional

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

with the product of infected Students with the non-infected Students. Find
when half of the population will be infected.
Solution:
Let 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕) denote the number of infected students at time 𝒕𝒕. 𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟓, then the
non-infected students at time t is 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵(𝒕𝒕)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌(𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
And its separable D.E its solution is
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑵𝑵(𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵)
Apply partial fractions

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏� 𝟏𝟏�
= 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑵𝑵(𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵) 𝑵𝑵 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
� + � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
�� + � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒌𝒌 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵
𝑵𝑵
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 � � = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 + 𝒄𝒄
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵

𝑵𝑵
� � = 𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝑵𝑵
𝟓𝟓
� � = 𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌 (𝟎𝟎)
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
Type equation here.

𝟏𝟏
𝒄𝒄 =
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

For halfe the population to be infected

𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏 = 𝒆𝒆
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝒆𝒆𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌 𝒕𝒕
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒕𝒕 = ( in terms of 𝒌𝒌 )
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3
 Basic Science Department

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Dr. Khaled El Helow BAS 111 Mathematics 3 Fall 2020 Lec 3