DIgSILENT

PowerFactory

Advanced Tutorial

Over-current Protection

I N T E G R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I S S O F T W A R E F O R
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distributed in any form without written
permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

February 2017
Version: 1
Edition: 3
Contents

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Network Modelling 1

3 Using Standard Protection Elements from the Library 1

4 Modelling Protective Elements in Cubicles 2

5 Modelling the Motor Protection 5

6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay 8

7 Modelling the Transformer Protection 14

8 Modelling the Feeder Cable Protection 14

9 Creating an Overcurrent Path 15

10 Exporting Settings to a Tabular Output 16

11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace 18

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Over-current Protection
3 Using Standard Protection Elements from the Library

1 Introduction

This tutorial demonstrates the modelling and setting of over-current protective devices typically
found in distribution and industrial networks. The tutorial has been designed for a user who has
already used, and is familiar with the basic functions and structure of PowerFactory .

2 Network Modelling

A network model has been prepared for use. The tutorial is imported as one .pfd file, which
contains four individual .pfd files, where each one file represents a specific stage of the tutorial.
The first model includes all primary elements, but does not include CT’s, VT’s or any other
protective devices. First of all, import the .pfd project files to PowerFactory , and then activate
the “OC Prot Tut Start” project from the Data Manager.

Once activated, note that short sections of cables have been modelled between the transformer
terminals and the buses that they are connected to. Not only is this a more realistic model, it
also presents the opportunity of simulating faults between protective devices of the respective
transformer HV and LV relays and the transformer itself. Similarly, cables have been added for
loads. The user should first perform a load flow of the network to check that all model elements
are defined (this is a normal ’first order of business’ step for any newly opened project).

3 Using Standard Protection Elements from the Library

Before we continue, it is important to point out that DIgSILENT offers PowerFactory users with
an extensive protection relay model library, which you can download from http://digsilent.
de/index.php/downloads.html under Protection Library as shown below. The relay library
contains detailed models for many commercially available protection relays from various man-
ufacturers. Once you have downloaded the relay library zip file, you can then import individual
protection relay models into PowerFactory where a folder called Relay Library will automatically
be created. Unfortunately, there is no way to import the entire relay library in one import process.

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4 Modelling Protective Elements in Cubicles

Now we will continue with the tutorial.

The PowerFactory files for this tutorial come with protective elements stored in the local project
Library under the folder called Protection.

A number of standard protective devices will be used from the library. These devices are:

• an ABB SPAJ 140C type relay, used as the Feeder Cable protection relay.
• a GE Alstom MCGG-63 type relay, used as the Transformer HV protection relay.
• a Siemens 7SJ70 type relay, used as the 100 kW Asynchronous Machine protection relay.
• a 250A fuse, used as the LV Load protection located in the Fuses folder.

The above relays will be used in the tutorial for the protection analysis.

4 Modelling Protective Elements in Cubicles

Relay elements, Fuses, Current and Voltage Transformers are located in a Cubicle in the same
way that Circuit Breakers and isolator Switches are. These cubicle elements are in turn either
located within station models (for busbars) or within Terminals.

To demonstrate this we will start with the modelling of a Load Fuse element:

• Right click on the cubicle for the cable feeding the General Load on the 415 V busbar
named Industrial/B2 (the cable is named Load Cable). The cubicle itself is not a selectable
object on the canvas, but the area of the line between the busbar/ terminal and the results
box is the defined ’cubicle area,’ and right clicking on this area will produce the relevant
menu.
• This drop down menu now appears, as shown.
• Select New Devices → Fuse

Note: That if these options do not appear on the drop down menu, the right click was probably
not within the cubicle area. It is sometimes better to first enlarge the view of the cubicle
area in order to perform the right click action on the cubicle and not the line or the
background.

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4 Modelling Protective Elements in Cubicles

• A fuse element dialog appears.

• Name the fuse element “Load Fuse”.
• The fuse type must be defined. Using the selection button at Type, go to Select Project
Type.
• In the Fuse sub-folder of the Protection folder, select the gL-250 A fuse type.
• Press OK.
• Tick the box Open all 3 Phase Automatically.
• Below the option Compute Time Using, select Total Clear Curve.
• Press OK.

Note: The Device Number is used for documentation and is an unique identifier for the protec-
tion devices stored in the cubicle. To see the fuse characteristic, press the Plot button.

Initially we would want to make sure that the fuse has been properly selected with respect to the
nominal load current. For this we need to display the load current in a time-current plot where
the fusing characteristic of the fuse is also shown. We can use a standard time-overcurrent plot
for this, but first we must calculate the nominal current for the load.

Perform a Balanced Load Flow, ensuring that you have selected all from the list next to Consider
Protection Devices, on the Advanced Simulation Options submenu.

For the time-overcurrent plot:

• Right click on the cubicle containing the newly created fuse.

• Select Create Time-Overcurrent Plot.
• A new graphic should be created, showing the calculated load current as a vertical line
(the default colour of this line is normally red) and the fusing characteristic of the fuse.

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4 Modelling Protective Elements in Cubicles

Should we decide that the fuse curve appears too close to the load current value we could then
select a new fuse type from the library, however, this would be time consuming. Instead we can
easily and quickly select an appropriate fuse by following the next few steps:

• Double left click anywhere in the plot, but not on the fuse curve or load current value.

• The plot editing dialog opens. At the bottom of the plot, under the heading Relay, we
notice the Load Fuse.
• Double click in the box Split Relay so that a tick appears in the box.
• Press OK.

Note: This action may also be achieved by right clicking on the envelope (that is, the
edge) of the fusing characteristic, but accurate mouse positioning is required.

• Now left click on the fuse curve, making sure you either click on the melting curve or total
clearing time curve (on the envelope).
• It is now possible to change the curve tripping value by holding the cursor down on the
curve and moving it side-ways. Notice how the curve will ’jump’ from one position to the
next. The reason for this is that you are effectively selecting different fuses from the library.
Since these have discrete fusing characteristics the envelope must jump from one to the
other. This method is used later to adjust settings on protective relays as well.
• Once the appropriate fusing characteristic is selected double click on the shifted fuse
curve to reveal that the Load Fuse element now has a new Fuse type. This new Fuse type
has been selected from within the range of fuses that are located in the Fuses sub-folder
of the Protective Devices library.

• Note that the load vertical line has disappeared when we shifted the fusing characteristic-
this is because PowerFactory interprets this as a change to the system, making the
calculated results invalid. Say we want to keep the load value as a fixed reference to
enable us to better select the fusing characteristic.

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5 Modelling the Motor Protection

• Perform a load flow with Consider Protective Devices enabled again (this can be done
directly from the overcurrent plot by pressing on the Calculate Load Flow button in the
toolbar).
• Now right click on the vertical current line. A drop down menu appears.
• Select Set User Defined and Yes to the question that follows.

It is now possible to change the fuse value while the load current indication line remains. Also
notice that if the fuse curve is moved left over the current line the time value at which the two
curves intersect appears automatically.

Notice that the load current indication line and the fusing characteristic are both the same colour.
When several overcurrent plots are laid above one another this tool is used to distinguish which
current each device is looking at.

5 Modelling the Motor Protection

The next element to model is the motor protection relay. As stated before, we will use a Siemens
7SJ70 relay for this protection element.

You can insert a relay, CT or VT graphically into the single line diagram by using the ,
and icons that are available in the drawing toolbox. Further information on this feature is
discussed in section Protection single line diagrams of the User Manual.

The following steps need to be performed:

• Click on and place the relay element on the Motor Cable by clicking on the cubicle
element at the beginning of the cable.

• Click on and connect the CT element to the relay by clicking on the beginning of the
cable and secondly clicking on the newly created relay element.

• Double click on the newly created relay element and call is “Motor Relay”.
• Click on the arrow down next to Relay Type. Press Select Project Type. The library
automatically opens and shows the list of available relays.
• Left click on the 7SJ70 relay and click OK. The relay data dialog now appears as shown
below.

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5 Modelling the Motor Protection

• We will now link the newly created CT to the relay model. To do this, right-click on Ct slot
and click on “Select Element/Type...”, navigate to the relevant cubicle under the Industrial
substation to select the newly created CT.
• The only data required is the CT type and if the type is a multi-ratio CT, the selected CT
ratio. To select the CT type, press the selection arrow, next to Type on the CT element
dialog, and Select Project Type on the drop down menu that appears.
• The data manager automatically opens the project library looking for CT types, but finds
none. Press the New Object button in the data manager while making sure the object
is created in the Protective Devices folder (meaning that you must ensure that the folder
“Protective Devices” is the focus of the Data Manager ).

• A CT type dialog opens. Name the CT type “Multi-Ratio CT Type”.

• Right click on the first (and only) row inside the Primary Taps dialog. Select Insert Row(s).
There will now be two rows of Primary Tap cells. Repeat this two create three rows of
Primary Tap cells- the Append n Cells could also be used.

• Enter the values “75”; “150”; and “300” A respectively for the Primary Taps. Change the
Secondary Tap from “5” A to “1” A. The CT Type dialog should appear as shown below.

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5 Modelling the Motor Protection

• Press OK to return to the Select Current Transformer Type dialogue and notice that the
new Multi Ratio CT Type has been created in the library, and that it is highlighted for
selection, and press OK again to return to the Current Transformer Element dialogue.
• In this CT element dialogue box, select the ratio to be 150/1 as shown next.

• Press OK.

• Press OK on the relay element dialogue and OK again on the cubicle dialogue.

Your motor protection relay and CT should now look like this:

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

The motor protection has now been completely modelled, but not yet set.

6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

First a load flow is performed, considering all Protective Devices. Now the following steps are
followed:

• Left click on the Open Network Model Manager... button . A dialog window appears
with all models used in our project.

• Left click on the Relay Model (*.ElmRelay) symbol. A list of all used relays will appear.
Note that there is only one relay in our current list.
• Double left click on the relay symbol next to Motor Relay. Note that you can also get to
this point by right clicking on the cubicle where the relay is and then select Edit Devices.
• The relay editor appears again. Double click on the field to the right of the (look under
The Relay Model in the help index for more information on how relays are modelled) I>
symbol (in the net elements column) and set the relay Pickup Current to “3.9” p.u. and
Time Setting to “5.0” seconds.

The convention used for the overcurrent symbols is fairly universal and is explained below for
clarity:

The “>” symbol is used to indicate the designed chronological sequence of the tripping charac-
teristics used by the relay, so that increased use of the “>” symbol may mean, for example:

’’I>’’ overcurrent with inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) tripping

characteristic (slowest acting tripping element)
’’I>>’’ definite time tripping (mid term tripping element)
’’I>>>’’ instantaneous tripping without time delay (fastest acting tripping
element)

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

Where a relay has only a moderate inverse characteristic and an instantaneous characteristic
the “>>”indicates the instantaneous characteristic since this is of course the fastest character-
istic that the relay has.

• Press OK.

• Double click on the I>> field and set the Pickup Current to “15” p.u. Press OK.
• Lastly double click on the IE> symbol and set the earth fault Pickup Current to “0.5” p.u.
Press OK to return to the relay dialogue box and OK again on the relay editor/ dialogue
box to return to the Object Filter. Close the Object Filter.

• Perform a load flow with the consideration of all Protective Devices (see Advanced Simu-
lation Options tab of the Load Flow command).
• Right click on the cubicle containing the newly created motor protection.
• Select Add to Time-Overcurrent Plot.

• The time-overcurrent plot should appear as shown below.

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

The red current value and red curve represent the current and characteristic fuse curve for
the LV load. The green current and green curve represent the current and curve/s of the newly
created motor protection. To be able to see a larger current range on the time-overcurrent curve,
the following steps are taken.

• Double click anywhere on the plot, but making sure it is not on either protection curve or
current values.

• The time-overcurrent curve editor opens as shown below.

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

• Change the Maximum Limit value on the x-Scale to 100,000.

• Press OK.

• A larger section of the green curve is visible.

• You can also instruct the program to automatically scale the axes by pressing the Scale
x-Axes automatically, or, Scale y-Axes automatically, buttons.

Next we want to make sure that the motor protection relay will not trip under motor starting
conditions.

• Go to the network view and right click on the motor.

• On the drop down menu, select Show → Add to Time-Overcurrent Plot.

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

A blue motor starting curve appears on the time-overcurrent plot. We can see that the protection
setting is higher than the motor starting plot. However, we may wish to increase the time setting
for the I> part of the curve.

• Double click anywhere on the plot, but not on any curve or current value.
• The plot editor opens.

• Click in the Split Relay box next to Motor Relay and press OK. This may also be achieved
by right clicking the relay time characteristic line and selecting Split.
• Left click on the horizontal part of the I> curve (hover the cursor over the line to determine
which one is the I> curve if you are unsure). Note that the relay curve can be moved by
holding down the cursor on it and dragging the curve up and down. Drag the curve to the
maximum time setting available- this maximum time is determined by the relay type that
we have selected.
• Double click on the plot again (or right click on the I-t characteristic line) and “unsplit” the
Motor Relay. Press OK.

Now we want to ensure that the protection can operate for fault conditions. To do this:

• Right click on the terminal to which the motor is connected.

• Select Calculate → Short Circuit as shown below.

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6 Setting the Motor Protection Relay

A three phase short circuit is modelled with the same values that were selected before when
the 250 A fuse was tested. Set the fault resistance to Rf = “0” ohm.

• Press Execute and look at the time-overcurrent plot.

We have to set the relay such that it trips for maximum fault conditions and is stable during
motor starting and load flow conditions.

Note: This concludes the second stage of the tutorial. Now, please activate the project named
OC Prot Tut Step 3.

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Over-current Protection
8 Modelling the Feeder Cable Protection

7 Modelling the Transformer Protection

For this project, we model only the transformer HV protection, using a MCGG-63 type relay. The
steps should by now be familiar, but are briefly repeated.

• Right click on the cubicle feeding the HV side of the transformer from the Industrial/B1
substation busbar.

• Select New Devices → Relay Model.

• Name the new relay element “Transformer Relay”.
• Select the MCGG-63 relay type from the project library.

• Press Create CT and name the CT “Transformer CT”.

• Select the “Multi-Ratio CT” type from the project library.
• Choose the CT ratio to be 75/1.
• Press OK.

• Double click on the Toc Ph element and set it to a Current Setting value of “2.2” p.u. and
Time Dial of “0.8”. Use the “Standard Inverse IEC 255-3” Characteristic. Press OK.
• Double click the Ioc Ph element and set the Pickup Current to “7” p.u. and the Time
Setting to “0.095” s. Press OK.

• Press OK on the relay editor and OK on the cubicle editor.

8 Modelling the Feeder Cable Protection

As stated before, the Feeder Cable protection that we will use is an ABB SPAJ140C type relay.
This is modelled as follows:

• Right click on the cubicle feeding the Feeder Cable from the Intake/Incomer substation
busbar.
• Select New Devices → Relay Model.
• Name the new relay element “Feeder Relay”.

• Select the SPAJ140C relay type from the project library.

• Press Create CT and name the CT “Transformer CT”.
• Select the “Multi-Ratio CT” type from the project library.

• Select the CT ratio to 300/1.

• Press OK.
• Double click on the I> element and set it to a Current Setting value of “1” p.u. and Time
Dial of “1”. Use the “Normal Inverse” Characteristic. Press OK.

• Double click the I>> element and set the Pickup Current to “5.3” p.u. and the Time Setting
to “0.36” s. Press OK.

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9 Creating an Overcurrent Path

• Double click the Io> element and set the Current Setting to “0.2” p.u. and the Time Dial
to “0.3”. Use the “Normal Inverse” Characteristic. Press OK.
• Double click the Io>> element and set the Pickup Current to “0.4” p.u. and the Time
Setting to “0.4” s. Press OK.
• Press OK on the relay editor and OK on the cubicle editor.

9 Creating an Overcurrent Path

It is useful to create paths for ease of creating and editing overcurrent relay settings. To do
this, multi-select all busbars, lines/cables, terminals etc. in the desired path and right click the
multi-selection as shown below.

• Select Path → New.

• In the path dialog, name the path “Red Path”. Click OK.
• We can now right click anywhere on the path and select Path → Create Time-Overcurrent
Plot (the path must first be de-selected by clicking anywhere outside of the path).

A new time-overcurrent plot appears. We can again reset relays by first splitting relay curves
and then by dragging the curves. If we would like to confirm that the transformer is adequately
protected from thermal damage due to overcurrents, follow the next steps:

• Right click on the transformer.

• Select Show → Add to Time-Overcurrent Plot.

• A window appears listing the two curves created so far. We can now select on which plot
the transformer damage curve should be added.
• Select the second plot- Time-Overcurrent Plot(1), and press OK.

• We note that the transformer damage curve is only just above the transformer protection
relay curve.

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Over-current Protection
10 Exporting Settings to a Tabular Output

10 Exporting Settings to a Tabular Output

PowerFactory version 15 and higher introduces a completely new tabular reporting format which
vastly improves the protective device setting reporting capability of the software. With the
previous approach ASCII reports for protection settings were generated in the output window
which were not able to deal with the structure of complex relay models. Furthermore the settings
could not easily be exported to other software environments like Microsoft Word or Excel. The
new tabular report command (ComTablereport) overcomes these problems by generating pre-
configured tabular outputs customised to the protective device class.

A report command specifically for protection can be accessed by either clicking on the Output of
Protection Settings icon on the Protection toolbar or alternatively selecting from the main menu
Output → Protection→ Output of Protection Settings, as is shown below.

A dialog will appear, showing the options to generate several reports. By default, PowerFactory
comes with the selection of the Instrument Transformers and Overcurrent Protection reports.
For each option selected, PowerFactory will generate a dialog, including all the chosen data.
For now, please leave only the Overcurrent Protection box ticked.

In the field of Protective Devices are two options presented: you could rather choose to have a
tabular report of all the protection devices or to make a selection of them. To do this:

• Left click on the Network Model Manager icon ( ), and select the green Relay Model
(*.ElmRelay ) symbol. A list of all used relays will appear. Note that there should be 3
relays on the list.
• Select the “Transformer Relay” and the “Feeder Relay”, holding the CTRL button while
doing right click on the corresponding green icons.

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10 Exporting Settings to a Tabular Output

• Left click on any part of the selection and choose Define → General Set.

• A dialog appears. Right click on Close button and close the Object Filter dialog.
• Return to the Output of Protection Settings dialog, as stated before.
• Select User Selection in the Protection Device field.

• Select the down arrow button next to Selection and right click on Select.
• On the dialog, go to Study Cases → Study Case and make sure to select the item General
Set on the right pane. Press OK.

Now go to the Common Options submenu. Here you can specify the number of decimal digits
you want to have in the tabular output, as well as the Layout Options for the report. The three
selected columns in the Layout Options field will appear at first of the tabular output dialogue.
You can rearrange the order of the columns by means of using the >> and << buttons. For
the last four options below, please tick on the Show Instrument Transformers box and leave
the others as is. This will result in having the information about the Instruments Transformers
which are associated with each corresponding relay, while showing only the settable blocks in
a vertical arrange for each protection stage. If you want the ANSI codes to be shown together
with IEC codes, you can also tick this box. For now, leave it as is. Press Execute.

Now we have a tabular output for the relays, including the Instrument Transformers information.
Please note that the settings information are listed horizontally while the relay models are listed
vertically. This data can be copied and pasted if required, with or without column headers, or
also can be exported to HTML format or in excel spreadsheet format, by means of clicking the
downward pointing triangular icon and selecting the option desired.

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11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

You can also access to the main dialog of the relay element through the tabular output. Left
click on the cell “Transformer Relay”. As you can see, a new dialog is shown but is the same
dialog from which you can access to the relay settings.

11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

Sometimes it is desired to have a quick look over the performance of the protection scheme,
taking into account the discrete behavioural steps of relay tripping under short circuit conditions.
PowerFactory introduces a new tool named Short Circuit Trace based on the calculation of the
fault currents through the complete method for single or multiple faults in order to determine the
relay tripping time due to the measured current that flows through the associated branches at
each step.

Note: Please activate the project named “OC Prot Tut Step 3”

Now, as you can see below, there has been a slight change on the topology of our test sys-
tem. We have added a new “Feeder Cable” with its corresponding relay, which has the same
settings as the relay created before (“Feeder Relay”). Our goal is to simulate a fault near the
“Intake/Incomer” busbar, in order to observe what happens with the behaviour of the protection
scheme.

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11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

To perform the Short Circuit Trace, please do the following:

• Left click on the centre of the “Feeder Cable”. A menu appears. Select Calculate → Short
Circuit Trace.
• A new dialog is shown. Right click on the “Short-Circuit Event” cell and select Edit.
• You will notice that the “Feeder Cable” is already selected as the element to be faulted.
Left click on the arrow button right next to the “Feeder Cable” element.
• Go to the Complete Short-Circuit submenu and enter “5” in the Short-Circuit Location
field. Press OK.

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11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

• Now the Fault Location is defined to be at “5”% from the Intake/Incomer busbar. Press
OK.
• Press Close.
• The Short Circuit Trace dialog appears. Left click on the arrow next to Command. Go to
the Advanced Options submenu and select Mixed Mode from the Calculate relay tripping
with field. Define the Sub-Transient Time to be as “0,5” s.
• Press Close.
• Now, we have all prepared for the Short Circuit Trace calculation. Press Execute. The
first stage of the fault calculation is shown as next.

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11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

As you would notice, the simulated 3-Phase fault is not only being fed through the Feeder Cable,
but also from the New Feeder Cable as well. For the Next Time Step, please left click on the left
arrow icon shown below, in the Protection toolbar.

Now the Feeder Cable relay has tripped at 0.36𝑠, as you will notice a red circle surrounding the
cubicle area. Nonetheless, the fault is still being fed, but now all the current is going through the
New Feeder Cable. At this point, PowerFactory has recalculated the 3-Phase fault, using the
initial conditions which are the same as the final values at the end of the first stage, but with a
new topology condition, thus showing the new current distribution.

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11 Performing a Short Circuit Trace

For the last step, observe that the relay associated to the New Feeder Cable has now tripped.

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