The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

1-760-451-3655 Fax 1-781-207-2421

Email: [email protected] http://www.foa.org

FOA Technical Bulletin

Guide To Fiber Optic Network Restoration

Guidelines For Designers And Users Of Fiber Optic Communications Networks: What
problems can be covered in planning fiber optic networks? How does the user
determine the cause of the problem? How is the best and fastest way to restore
communications? This document is based on the FOA books (see references) and the
FOA Online Reference Guide. You should also download a copy of the NECA/FOA 301
fiber optic installation standard as a reference.

1. Introduction
All networks are susceptible to problems that affect communications. A
consequence of fiber optic systems’ high bandwidth, long distance capability and
security is the extreme dependence of users on the non-stop operation of these
systems. They can transmit large amounts of data long distances with immunity from
signal degradation and extremely high reliability, so these systems usually carry the
most critical data. By critical data, we’re not talking telephone conversations, Internet
access or TV signals (although some viewers would question that conclusion during the
Super Bowl or the finals of “American Idol,”) we’re talking about utility network
monitoring and control signals, surveillance CCTV systems, traffic control systems,
airport monitoring and security, and the like.
In outside plant fiber optic installations, the biggest cause of network failure is
likely to be electronic problems or, if it’s in the cable plant, what is usually called
“backhoe fade” for buried cables and “target practice” for aerial cables, both of which
are self-explanatory. Cables in premises installations are unlikely to be dug up
accidentally, but are susceptible to damage when any personnel are working around
the fiber optic cables in trays or conduit. With the current push by landlords to remove
abandoned cables to comply with the NEC, the likelihood of damage is much higher as
installers cut out the old cables. Inside telecom closets and computer rooms, it’s
possible to damage cables, patchcords and connectors as equipment is moved or
connections changed.
Sooner or later, the end user will likely be faced with restoring the system. By
planning for restoration from the beginning of the project, the impact of problems can
be minimized. These are general guidelines for restoration planning and execution.
Each network is unique, so this can only be used as the basis for a complete plan
based on any individual system.

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2. Designing For Non-Stop Operation As Well As Restoration
Efficient fiber optic communication network restoration depends on rapidly
finding the problem, knowing how to fix it, having the right parts and getting the job
done quickly and efficiently. Like any type of emergency, planning ahead will minimize
the problems encountered.
If possible, design a network with backup options. Telcos and military users often
run dual links, one transmitting data and one on “hot back-up” ready to switch over in
milliseconds. Electronics must be installed with duplicate links and all power must be
backed up with batteries or fuel cells. Critical systems often add in geographic diversity,
two links available running paths that are as widely separated as possible to ensure
that if one suffers a failure due to damage to the fiber optic cable plant itself, the other
can be switched in immediately. Even with backup, a failure requires immediate
restoration, as one should never depend on a single link any longer than necessary.
All cables should have spare fibers, especially since fiber is extremely
inexpensive compared to installation or restoration costs. Fibers tend to get broken at
the ends where terminated or inside splice closures during splicing or re-entry. Having
spare fibers makes it easy to simply switch fibers to restore operation. Whenever
possible, store extra cable in service loops that can be pulled together for splicing. This
can save immense amounts of restoration time for cables installed indoors or pulled in
conduit outdoors.
It may be prudent to install critical indoor fiber optic cables inside bright orange
“innerduct” to protect it. The additional initial cost of the innerduct may be offset by the
simplification of the installation saving worker time. Patch panels where backbone
cables are terminated should be enclosed and even locked if possible to prevent
damage by unqualified personnel. Patchcords may be exposed and susceptible to
damage, so replacements should be readily available.

3. Documentation Is Extremely Important

The biggest single help in troubleshooting starts with producing good
documentation during the installation and keeping it current. Documentation is the most
helpful thing you can have when trying to troubleshoot a fiber network.

3.1. Components
Start with the manufacturer’s datasheets on every component you use:
electronics, cables, connectors, hardware like patch panels, splice closures and even
mounting hardware. Along with the data, one should have manufacturer’s “help line”
contact information, which will be of immense value during restoration.

3.2. Mark Every Component And Keep All Data

During installation, mark every fiber in every cable at every connection and keep
records using cable plant documentation software or a simple spreadsheet of where
every fiber goes. If possible, attach tags identifying the cable as a fiber optic cable ande
where the ends are terminated. When tested, add loss data taken with an optical loss
test set (OLTS) and optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) data when available.
Someone must be in charge of this data, including keeping it up to date if anything
changes.

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 For the electronics, if possible one should have data on the optical power at
transmitters and receivers. If that data is not taken during installation and setup, typical
data should be available in the equipment manuals.

3.3 Mapping The Route

Outside plant cabling should have maps and photos detailing the routing of the
cable, with GPS locations if possible. For premises cabling, drawings of the building
noting all cable runs, again with photos if possible, are needed. One needs lists
describing the types of cable on each run, installation hardware and test data for
restoration to facilitate identification. Knowing where every cable goes will keep you
from blindly searching for the cables when you try to locate problems. Having original
test data will make it much easier to find bad cables.

4. Restoration Equipment And Supplies

4.1. Test Equipment

Every system needs some basic test equipment for troubleshooting.
Every work crew should have a connector inspection microscope with
magnification of 100-200X and fixturing for proper connectors. Video microscopes are
recommended. Connectors should be inspected with a microscope for dirt or damage.
The protective caps on connectors protect the ends of the connector ferrules but are
inadequate to keep the connectors clean, so connectors should be inspected and
cleaned before testing or connecting to equipment.
Any optical loss test set (OLTS) should have a power meter to use to test the
optical power of signals in the transmission link, needed to determine if the problem is
the cable plant or the transmission equipment. Total failure of all fibers in the cable
plant usually means a break or cut in the cable. For premises cables, finding the
location is often simple if you have a visual fault locator or VFL, which is a bright red
laser coupled into the optical fiber for visual tracing or fault location. Coupling the VFL
light into the cable allows testing continuity. If there is a break or cut, the laser light
should be visible at the location the fiber is cut and allow locating the damaged point.
VFLs also can be used to find bad connectors at patch panels.
For longer cables, an OTDR will be useful. Outside plant networks should use
the OTDR to document the cable plant during installation, so during restoration a
simple comparison of installation with current traces will usually find problems. OTDRs
generally do not have adequate resolution for short cables, say less than 30-50 meters,
so a VFL will be needed. OTDRs can also find non-catastrophic problems, for example
when a cable is kinked or stressed, so it only has higher loss, which can also cause
network problems. Remember that OTDRs measure fiber length, not cable length,
which is usually 1-2% shorter than the fiber due to the excess fiber in the cable.
Every test set should have cleaning supplies available. Every cable end should
be cleaned before testing and before reinsertion. Dirty connectors are a big problem in
fiber optic networks but are unlikely to be the cause of a sudden system failure. Fiber
optic components are designed to keep dirt out after termination, so if a component
becomes dirty, it’s usually because it is opened to outside air or contaminated by
human intervention, e.g. being touched by a finger. Needless to say, fiber optic
components should never be disturbed after installation and/or testing.

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4.2. Tools and Supplies
Once you find the problem, you have to repair it. Repair requires having the right
tools, supplies and trained personnel available. Besides the test equipment needed for
troubleshooting, you need tools for splicing and termination, which may include a fusion
splicer for outside plant cables. You also need fiber optic components matching those
used in the cable plant. It is always recommend that for every installation, a reasonable
amount of excess cable and installation hardware be set aside in storage for
restoration. Some users store the restoration supplies along with documentation in a
sealed container ready for use. Remember that the fiber optic patchcords that connect
the electronics to the cable plant can be damaged also, but are not considered
repairable. Just keep replacements available.
What else besides cables and cable plant hardware should be in a restoration
kit? You should have a termination or mechanical splice kit and proper supplies. For
splices, you need splice closures with adequate space for a number of splices equal to
the fiber count in the cable. All these should be placed in a clearly marked box with a
copy of the cable plant documentation and stored in a safe place where those who will
eventually need it can find it fast. And you need to know where to find the test
equipment you need.
Remember also that spares are needed for the electronics. If many of the same
types of equipment are used, several spares should be stocked.
Any supplies that have a shelf life (termination or splicing adhesives, for
example) should be noted and alert systems provided to ensure timely replacement.

4.3. Personnel Training

Personnel must be properly trained to use this equipment and do the
troubleshooting and restoration. And, of course, they must be available on a moments
notice. The biggest delay in restoring a fiber optic communications link is often the
chaos that ensues while personnel figure out what to do. Having a plan that is known to
the responsible personnel is the most important issue.

4.4. Preparing For Restoration

Besides the tools and test equipment noted, the user needs the same types of
equipment used in the installation, for example trenching equipment to be able to dig up
cables or bucket trucks to work on aerial cables. Large users will have such equipment
available but smaller users may find this is another reason to have arrangements with
an installation contractor who will do the restoration work.

4.5. Optional Arrangements

Major users of fiber optics have restoration plans in place, personnel trained and
kits of supplies ready for use. It’s doubtful that most premises users are ready for such
contingencies. Smart contractors doing fiber installations ask their customers about
restoration plans, noting they can assist in the planning and be available on short notice
for such work when needed. The end user may find that the cost of having all this
equipment is not economic, as OTDRs cost more than $10,000 and fusion splicers can
cost twice that. It may be preferable to keep an inexpensive test set consisting of a VFL

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and OLTS at each end of the link and having an experienced contractor on call for
restoration.

5. Troubleshooting Problems
The first step in troubleshooting is to determine the problem. A sudden loss of
communications may indicate the loss of the link, which can be caused by either the
transmitting or receiving electronics or the cable plant. Intermittent problems are much
harder to diagnose, but can usually be traced.
Before starting troubleshooting, review the Restoration Plan and documentation
to see what has been determined to be the most expeditious method of determining the
problems and solving them, plus it will be much faster and easier with documentation
covering the routing of the cable plant and information on the system as installed.

5.1 Check Patchcords

Since patchcords are usually open to the outside world, they are the first thing to
check. Visually check for kinks or stress on any patchcord. Use a Fiber Tracer or VFL
to see it the patchcords transmit light. If not, test and/or replace them and check the
link. If good, check the electronics next.

Note: Patchcords are often a problem. Patchcords purchased on price alone are often
of poor quality and cause problems. Patchcords should be tested if the performance is
questionable.

5.2 Troubleshooting Electronics

Like all electronic systems, it’s important to first determine that all electronic
devices have proper power available, are turned on and in the correct operating mode.
If the equipment has a self-test mode that is used for diagnostics, it should be
determined that the failure is not that it has been inadvertently chosen rather than the
operating mode.
Troubleshooting electronics is straightforward; start at the receiver and measure
the optical power, which may require putting the remote transmitter into a test mode.
The power at the receiver is the first piece of data you need. If the power level is
correct, the transmitter is transmitting and the fiber in the cable plant is good for that
link, so the problem is likely a data level problem. If the power is bad, you must test the
remote transmitter to see if it’s power level is correct, in which case the problem is the
cable plant, or if transmitter power is low, you have a bad transmitter that needs
replacing. If both are OK, but the link communications is bad, you have a data level
problem and the electrical input or output from the fiber optic electronics is suspect.

5.3 Troubleshooting The Cable Plant

Begin by visual inspection of all sections of the cable that is available. Look for
any signs of physical damage, especially evidence of construction near the cable or
kinking, bundling, or other possible stress at the ends. If any suspicious areas are
noted, clear the faults and test the loss of the cable plant.
If the power meter testing says the cable is bad, try testing the cable plant with
the VFL for continuity if it’s short or an OLTS using a known good source. If one fiber is
bad, test to see if others in the cable are bad. If all are bad, a cable failure is indicated.

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If only a few fibers are the problem, the issue may be damage at termination or splice
points and one should be able to switch to spare fibers. Whenever personnel re-enter
splice closures or change patch cables, the possibilities of making mistakes that cause
problems are raised, so make sure only trained personnel enter hardware.
If the cable is bad, the location of the problem must be found. Often the quickest
way to find the problem is simply looking along the cable route for workers who may
have caused the problem. Driving along the route of OSP cables often finds the
problem before test equipment can be located and set up. On short cables, VFL tracing
may find the problem. On long cables, an OTDR can be used to locate the problem. Be
wary of using OTDRs on short cables as “ghosts” in the trace can confuse the location
of real problems.

6. Repairing Damage
Faulty electronics can be replaced quickly if spares are available. If several units
of similar types are in use, having a spare or two is easy to justify. If no spares are
available, using replacements from less-critical links may get the more important
system operational quicker. Sometimes it is more expeditious to do a temporary repair,
getting only enough fibers operational to restore communications, allowing more time
for a complete, neat, permanent repair.
Short cables may be easier to replace than repair, especially in indoor
applications. Patchcords should be replaced from spares, but it may be a good idea to
check them for continuity or loss before replacing the defective ones.
Cable cuts or breaks generally can be spliced or re-terminated. In the outside
plant, the splices will usually be fusion splices just like the initial installation and sealed
in a new splice closure. Sometimes in premises cabling, temporary mechanical splices
placed in an enclosure can used, the fibers can be terminated with connectors or a new
cable can be pulled, whichever is more efficient.
One big problem is pulling the two cable ends close enough to allow splicing
them together. You need about 1 meter of cable on each end to strip the cable, splice
the fibers and place them in a splice closure, which is the reason service loops are
recommended for all cables. If the cable ends are too short , you have to splice in a
new section of cable, which hopefully you kept from the leftovers after installation. On
singlemode cable, at least 10 m of cable is necessary to prevent modal problems.
Once the cable plant is repaired, it should be tested to confirm the repair. If the
repair is temporary, arrangements for protection of the components should be made
immediately until permanent repairs are possible. If the repair is permanent, all
components should be returned to the original state immediately.

7. Post Restoration
Once the restoration is complete, it is important to prepare for the next time a
problem arises, including updating documentation and replenishing supplies.

7.1 Updating Documentation

The documentation should be updated to reflect changes in the cable plant after
repair. This includes any new components, new splices or splice closures, or especially
any fibers that are no longer serviceable. New test data (loss measurements and
OTDR traces) should be recorded, preferably compared to pre-restoration data for

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comparison. Inventories of restoration supplies which are left over and or are reusable
should be updated. Required supplies should noted and ordered and inventories
updated when received.

7.2 Updating and Replenishing Restoration Supplies

As soon as possible, all supplies used in a restoration should be replaced with
proper supplies and components. Inventories should be updated to reflect new
quantities. While awaiting replenishment, restoration kits should be marked as
incomplete.

8. Network Maintenance
A final word, no, a warning, is needed. Fiber optic cable plants do not generally
need maintenance! Inspecting and/or testing them requires bringing the network
down,exposes components to contamination and is more likely to cause damage than
provide useful information or prevent failures. Install fiber optic cable plants and leave
them alone, unless a failure occurs.

References
There are other FOA Technical Bulletins that should be used as references for the
design and planning of the network. These documents can be downloaded from the
FOA Tech Topics website. In addition to those, we recommend:
The FOA Reference Guide to Fiber Optics

The FOA Reference Guide to Fiber Optic Testing

The FOA Reference Guide to Fiber Optic Network Design

The FOA Reference Guide to Premises Cabling

The FOA Reference Guide to Outside Plant Fiber Optics

FOA Online Reference Guide, FOA website, www.thefoa.org

NECA/FOA-301 Standard For Installing And Testing Fiber Optic Cables

(NECA/FOA-301), Download from FOA website
FOA Tech Bulletins (Printable Reference Documents)
Designing and manufacturing fiber optic communications products for manufacturers of
products using fiber optics . (PDF, 0.2 Mb)
Choosing, installing and using fiber optic products for communications network users.
(PDF, 0.1 Mb) (this document)
Designing Fiber Optic Networks - for contractors, designers, installers and users and
the reference for the FOA CFOS/D Design Certification (PDF, 1.3 MB).
Installing Fiber Optic Cable Plants. (PDF, 0.2 Mb)
Troubleshooting fiber optic cable plants and communications systems. (PDF, 0.1 Mb)
Fiber Optic Restoration - how to plan ahead and restore networks quickly. (PDF, 0.1

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Mb)

Note: This information is provided by The Fiber Optic Association, Inc. as a benefit to
those interested in designing, manufacturing, selling, installing or using fiber optic
communications systems or networks. It is intended to be used as a overview and
guideline and in no way should be considered to be complete or comprehensive. These
guidelines are strictly the opinion of the FOA and the reader is expected to use
them as a basis for creating their own documentation, specifications, etc. The FOA
assumes no liability for their use.

Do you have comments on this technical bulletin, corrections or information to

add to it to make it more complete. Please send them to the FOA at [email protected].

The Fiber Optic Association, the professional society of fiber optics, has
available on its website, www.foa.org, guides for end users on fiber optic network
design and installation. The FOA also has a website offering free online self-study
programs, www.fiberu.org.

The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

1-760-451-3655 Fax 1-781-207-2421
Email: [email protected] http://www.foa.org

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