Lesson 3

Objectives:
 Define the following terminologies:
 Tribe - a social group composed chiefly of numerous families, clans, or generations having a
shared ancestry and language
 Culture - the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time
 Ethnic - of or relating to races or large groups of people who have the same customs, religion,
origin, etc.
 Dialect - a variety of a language used by the members of a group
 Language - the system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each
other.

 Enumerate and describe the cultures and practices common to the different Igorot tribes.
Tribes Cultures and Practices
Bontoc - traditionally covered their bodies with
elaborate tattoos for women.
-  traditional animists who had resisted
conversion under the Spanish
Ibaloi - cultivate rice in terraced fields
- traditionally practiced mummification.
Isneg - The Isnegs are aesthetically-inclined. In
ceremonies, women wear a lot of
colourful ornaments and clothings, and
men wear G-strings (usually of blue
color), abag, and bado (upper garment).
Men don’t wear pendants but they wear
an ornament called sipattal, made of
shells and beads, used only on special
occasions. They also practice tattooing
which is done by rubbing soot on the
wounds caused by the needles.
- The Isnag wrap the deceased person in a
mat (ikamen), and is then carried on the
shoulders of the immediate male family
members.
Kalinga - They continue to enforce the “bodong”
or peace pacts within the sub-tribes to
resolve tribal conflicts. Scholars and
enthusiasts worldwide now flock to the
province to learn the ancient method of
“batok” or hand-tapped tattoo.
Traditional clothing are still produced
by the backstrap weavers and hand-
embroidered by local artisans.
Kankanaey - Kankanaey built sloping terraces to
maximize farm space in the rugged
terrain CAR.
- Hanging coffins are one of the funerary
practices among the Kankanaey people.
 Tinguian - Pagpagada/Palpalubos/pakpakada/Death
is accepted with a belief in the afterlife.
Palpalubos is performed the eve of the
burial. Everyone gathers around the
deceased and enact the rite of the
palpalubos or farewell. Members ofthe
immediate family chant their farewell
words.
- An atang is a traditional food offering in
the Philippines to ward off evil spirits.

 Enumerate and describe the cultures and practices common to the different Lumad tribes.

Atta
Bagobo - practicing agriculture as well as
hunting and fishing.
Banwaan - Among the sacred ceremony of the
Banwaons is tud-om, which is a
succession of sacred verses that is
instituted not only during harvest or
thanksgiving but also during
community or tribal conflicts and in
establishing a new chieftain.
B’laan - Weaving tradition : The Blaans have a
system of weaving using abaca fiber.
Blaan weavers do not use spinning
wheels. Instead, they join together by
hand strands of the abaca fiber, which
are then used to weave the tabih.
Bukidnon - Men practice polygamy but the
women are expected to be
monogamous.
- The traditional method of farming is
still being practiced by the farmers in
planting palay, corn, sugarcane,
pineapple, coffee, cassava, abaca, and
vegetables.
Dibabawon - They practice slash-and-burn
agriculture.
Higaonon - An ancient ritual for making peace or
for settling modern-day conflicts is the
tampudas hu Balagun, or the treaty of
the green vine branch. Literally it
means the cutting of the vine, and is
symbolic of the act of cutting short
feuds among the ethnic groups.
Tampudas, according to oral traditions
of the Higaonon, are re-enacted
whenever feuds rise between groups.
- The main economic activity is slash
 and burn cultivation of upland rice and
corn.
Mamanwa - As food gatherers, they use a variety
of traps and hunting methods.
- Hunting intensifies during reiny
season from November to April. In the
forest, Mamanwas set up the bayatik
(spear traps) and the gahong (pit traps)
for animals like deer, wild pigs,
monitor lizards, iguanas, monkeys and
large birds.
Mandaya - They celebrate festivals to invite
"diwatas" or spirits and ask for good
health and healing for those who are
sick. They use an assortment of
bamboo musical instruments. The
dead are buried with the coffin upright
along with some food for the
"journey".
Manguwangon -
Manobo - The most common lifestyle of the
Manobo is that of rural agriculture.
Unfortunately, their farming methods
are very primitive.
- Each culture believes in one "great
spirit." This "great spirit" is usually
viewed as the creator figure.
Mansaka - Rituals, as performed by the baylan
(ritual practitioner), are done during
planting and harvesting season. This
activity is done to ask Magbabaya to
give them bountiful harvests, and to
drive away bad spirits or pests that
will damage their plants/farms.
- The baylan also performs a ritual or
ceremony to heal a sick member of the
community. If a member becomes sick
or is purportedly being punished by
the spirit of the river, the ceremony
will also be done at the river.
Subanon - The Subanons are farmers and
regularly move from one location to
another to clear more forest for fields.
- They cultivate crops, with rice as the
most important crop, but they are also
known to raise livestock including
pigs, chickens, cattle, and water
buffaloes.
Tagakaolo - A major part of their culture is the
datu who leads civic and labor duties.
Tasaday - They are food-gathering cave dwellers
 with a Stone Age culture.
Tiboli - In T'boli belief, a spirit or force lives
in all objects, animate and inanimate.
- is richly connected with and inspired
by nature, their dances are a mimick
from the action of animals such as
monkeys and birds.
Teduray - Indigenous beliefs and practice,
customs and rituals are animistic.
- Their basketry are among the most
intricately woven in the country, often
profusely covered with characteristic
design motifs.
Ubo - Known for their intricate casting, the
Ubo fashion fine weaponry and
jewelry that they believe possess
souls, making it harder for the maker
to part with them.
- Agriculturally, they practice swidden,
a slash-and-burn farming, oft planting
and harvesting rice, root crops, and
vegetables for consumption.