Chapter 3 Solutions 9

Chapter 3 Solutions

3.1 Comparing the given waveform with the standard form

E y  A cos[2 (t  x /v)   /2]
(a) (i) Frequency = v = 1014 Hz
(ii)Velocity = v = c
c 3  108
(iii) Wavelength      3  106 m moving in positive x-direction.
v 1014
(iv) Amplitude A = 4 V/m.
(v)    /2 linearly polarized in the y-direction.
(b) Bx = 0, By = 0, Bz = Ey/c.
3.2 Ez  0, Ey  Ex  E0 sin (kz  t ) or cosine; Bz  0, By   Bx  E y /c, or if you like,
E0 ? E0
E (i  j )sin(kz  t ), B ( ?j  i )sin(kz  t ).
2 c 2
3.3 First, by the right-hand rule, the directions of the vectors are right. Then
kE   B and so (2 / )E   B  2 B, hence E   B  cB.
3.4 E /x  kE0 sin(kx  t ); B /t   B0 sin(kx  t );
kE0   B0 ; E0  ( /k )B0 and Eq. (2.33)  /k  c.
3.5 (a) The electric field oscillates along the line specified by the vector
6i?  3 5 j. (b) To find E 0 , dot E0 with itself and take the square root, thus
36  45 104 V/m  9  104 V/m. (c) From the exponential
k  r  ( 5x  2 y)( /3)  107 , hence k  ( 5i?  2 j )( /3)  107 and
because the phase is k  r  t rather than k  r  t the wave moves in the
direction of k . (d) k  k  (  107 )2 , k    107 m1 and
  2 /k  200 nm. (e)   9.42  1015 rad/s and
   /2  1.5  1015 Hz. (f)     3.00  108 m/s.
3.6 (a) The field is linearly polarized in the y-direction and varies sinusoidally
from zero and z  0 to zero at z  z0 . (b) Using the wave equation
 2 Ey  2 Ey  2 Ey 1  Ey
2

    0,
x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 t 2
 2  2 2  z
 k  2  2  E0 sin cos(kx  t )  0
 z0 c  z0
and since this is true for all x, z, and t each term must equal zero and so
k  ( /c) 1  (c / z0 )2 . (c) Moreover,    /k  c / 1  (c / z0 )2 .

(10 v/m)
3.7 B (cos 0.5  )ˆj
c
3.8 (a) c   , so   c /  (3  108 m/s)/(500  109 m)  6  1014 Hz.
(b)   2  2 (6  1014 Hz)  3.78  1015 rad/s;
k  2 /  2 /(500  109 m)  1.25  107 m 1.
10 Chapter 3 Solutions

(c) E0  cB0 , so B0  E0 /c  (700 V/m) / (3  108 m/s)  2.33  10 6 V-s/m 2  2.33  10 6 T.

(d) E( y, t )  E0 sin(ky  t   ); E(0, 0)  0  E0 sin( ),   0;
B(y, t)  B0 sin(ky  t   ); B (0, 0) = 0  B0 sin( ),   0;
E (y, t)  (700 V/m) sin((1.25  107 m 1 ) y  (3.78  1015 rad/s) t );
B (y, t)  (2.33  106 T)sin((1.25  107 m 1 ) y  (3.78  1015 rad/s)t ).

E
3.9 B  (?i  j) sin(kz  t   /6)
c
E
B(0, 0)  (?i  j) sin( /6)
c
3.10 E  (?i  j)E0 sin(kz  t   /6)
E( /2,0)  (?i  j)E sin(  0   /6)
0

E( /2,0)  (?i  j)E0 sin(5 /6)

E( /2,0)  (?i  j)E (0.5)
0

3.11 At y  0 and t  0, E  E0 ˆi. The wave travels in the  y(ˆj) direction. As a result, B must be in the kˆ
direction. Then,
1 ˆ
B( x, y, z, t )   E0 k exp[i(ky  t )]
C

3.12 At z  0 and t  0, B  B0 ˆj. The wave travels in the  z (kˆ ) direction. As a result, E must be
in the iˆ direction. Then,
E( x, y, z, t )  cB ˆi exp[i(kz  t )]
0

3.13 By Gauss’ law, E   / 0 , where   q /A is the surface charge density. Putting the average value of
this electric field into uE   0 E 2 /2 gives uE   2 /8  0 .

3.14 uB  B2 /20 ; c  1/  0 0 , so c 2 0  1/0 . uB  c 2 0 B 2 /2; E  cB, so uB   0 (cB)2 /2   0 E 2 /2  uE .

t T
3.15 cos2 (k  r  t )  (1/T ) cos2 (k  r  t ) dt . Let k  r   t   x; then
t

cos2 (k  r  t )  (1/T ) cos2 x dx  (1/2 T ) (1  cos 2 x) dx   (1/2T )[ x  0.5sin 2 x]kk rr t( t T ) .
Similarly use sin 2 (k  r  t )  (1/2) 1  cos 2(k  r  t ) and
sin(k  r  t ) cos (k  r  t )  (1/2) sin 2(k  r  t ) .

1
3.16 Using the identity cos2   (1  cos 2 ) we have
2
1 1 1
cos2  t  [1  cos 2 t ]  1  cos 2 t T   [1  (sinc T )cos 2 t ].
T 2 T 2 2

1
3.17 Using the identity sin 2   (1  cos 2 ) we have
2
1 1 1
sin 2 t  [1  cos 2t ]  [1  cos 2t T ]  [1  (sinc T )cos 2t ].
T 2 T 2 2
Chapter 3 Solutions 11

3.18 I S T
 c2 0 E0  B0 cos2 (k  r  T ) 
c 2 0 E0  B0 cos2 (k  r  t )  c 2 0 E0 B0 /2; E0  cB0 , c  1/ 0 0 , so
 0 c  1/0 c. I  E02 /2c0 .
If E0  12.0 V/m, I  (12.0 V/m) 2 /2(3  108 m/s)(4  107 m-kg/C2 )  0.6/ W/m2  0.191 W/m2 .

3.19 Start with the following relationship for the irradiance:

c 0 2
I E0
2
P 1  10 3 W c 0 2 3  108 m/s  8.85  10 12 C  V 1 m 1 2
I   E0  E0
A 1  10 4 m 2 2 2
2  10 W/m 2
 E02
2.7  10 3 C  V 1s1
Using the definition of a Volt (V  J/C):
E02  7.4  103 V 2 /m 2
E0  86 V/m
2
 1 
3.20 A   r2      1.0 cm
2

 
40J/s  60 s/min  2.4  103 J/min

 1.80  1015
3.21 (a) Since E   B, Then use     1.50  108 m/s, to obtain:
k 1.20  10 7

B  (1.50  108 m/s)(100 V/m) ˆi exp[i(kz  t )]

c
(b)   kE   1.5


(c) kE  , then   kE  0  (1.5)2  0  2.25 0  1.99  10 11 F/m
0
 (1.99  1011 F/m)(1.50  108 m/s)
(d) I  E02  (100 V/m)2  14.9 W/m2
2 2
3.22 Total Power  10 W; Total area at 0.5 m  4  0.25 m 2   m 2 ;
Power 10 W 10
I   W/m2  3.2 W/m2 .
Area  m2 
1 1
3.23 (a)     2 107 s,   c,   c/  c  2 107  3 108  60 m.
 5 106
(b) E y  0.05 cos[2 (t  x /c)], Bz  E y /c.
(c) By Eq. (3.44), S  c 0 E02 /2 where E0  0.05 V/m.

3.24 Will find I, then E0 using Eq. (3.44). Total Power  L  4.0  1026 W. Total area at
1.5  1011 m  4  (1.5  1011 m) 2  2.8  1023 m 2 .
I = Power/Area  (4  1026 W) / (2.8  10 23 m 2 )  1.43  103 W/m 2 .
12 Chapter 3 Solutions

From Eq. (3.44) I  (c 0 /2) E02 , so E0  2I /c 0

2(1.43  103 W/m 2 )

E0  ;
(3  108 m/s)(8.85  1012 s 2 -C2 / m-kg)
E0  1.04  103 V/m.

3.25 E0  (E0 / 2)(i?  j ), k  (2 / 2 )(i  j ), hence

E  (8/ 2)(i  j ) cos[( 2 / )( x  y)  t ] and
I  c 0 E02 /2  0.083 W/m 2 .

3.26 (a) L  ct  (3  108 m/s)  (3  109 s)  0.9 m

(b) The volume of one pulse is V   LR 2  0.9  (2 103 ) 2    11.3 106 m3
5.0 J
 Energy density =  4.4  105 J/m3 .
11.3  106 m3
3.27 Irradiance is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the electric field.
E2
From Eq. (3.44), I  c 0 0 and so
2
E0  2 I /c 0  15  1022  3.87  1011 V/m.

Power舳 ime 2  103 W(t ) 2 103 W

3.28 Energy density (u )   
Volume [( r )(c t )] 3 10 ( ) (103 ) 2  (0.5) 2
2 8

 0.848  105 J/m3  8.48  106 J/m3 .

3.29 Volume covered = Area × Length = AL
N nV 120  5
so that    10 m2s1.
At At 60
3.30 I /E  I /h  (19.88  102 )/(6.63  1034 )(200  106 )  1.5  1024 photons/m2s.
n  (1/c)( I /E )  5 1015 photons/m3.

N P P 1 550 109
3.31     2.77 1018 s1 .
t h hc 6.626 1034  3 108
3.32 Pe  iV  0.25  4.0  1.0 W. This is the electrical power dissipated.
The power available as light is PL  (0.01) Pe  0.01 W.
(a) The photon flux is PL /h  PL  /hc  2.8  1016 photons/sec.
(b) There are 2.8  1016 in the volume (3  108 )(1s) (103 ) m 2 . Therefore, 2.8  1016 /3  105  0.93  1011
is the number of photons per cubic meter.
(c) I  0.01 W/10  104 m2  10 W/m2 .

P 200
3.33 I   15.9 W/m 2
4 r 2
4 (1m) 2
E0  2 I / 0 c and B0  E0 /c.
E0  110 V/m and B0  3.647 107 T.
Chapter 3 Solutions 13

3.34 Imagine two concentric cylinders of radii r1 and r2 surrounding the wave. The energy flowing per
second through the first cylinder must pass through the second; that is, S1 2 r1  S2 2 r2 , and so
S 2 r  constant and S varies inversely with r. Therefore, since S  E02 , E0 varies as 1/r .

E h 6.626  1034  1020

3.35 p    2.2  1022 kg m s 1
c c 3  108

3.36 dp/dt  dW /dt /c, with area A, P  dp/dt /A  dW /dt /Ac  I /c.

 V
3.37 (a) E( z, t )  i  6.0  cos k ( z  ct )
 m
E0 E
(b) Since B0  , thus B( z, t )  ˆj cos k (z  ct )
c c
0
(c) P  kˆ E02 cos2 k (z  ct )
c
3.38 From Eq. (3.52) the force exerted by the beam of light, AP  p/t, where p(incident) = j /c.
For reflected light at normal incidence, p  twice the incident momentum  2(j /c)
j
AP  2(j /c)/t, but, I  , so P = 2I/c.
Area tim e
At an angle  with respect to the normal, only the component of momentum normal to the surface
changes, so p (normal)  p cos , so, P ( )  2 I cos  /c.

3.39 E  (100 W)(10 s)  1000 J

E 103
p   3.3 106 kg m/s
c 3 108
3.40 (a) P  2 S /c  (2  1.3  103 W/m2 )/(3  108 m/s)  8.6  10 6 N/m 2
(b) S and P both drops off with the inverse square of the distance, hence
S  [(0.7  109 m)2 /(1.5  1011 m)2 ] (1.3  10 W/m )  6.0  10 W/m
3 2 7 2

P  0.395 N/m2 .

3.41 I (absorded)  I and I (scattered)  (1  ) I; the pressure arises from both contributions, viz.
P   I/c  2 (1 −  ) I/c  (2   ) I/c.
3.42 The reflected component has a momentum change and thus a pressure of twice the incident momentum,
while the absorbed component has a momentum change of the incident momentum.
P (reflected)  2(70.0%) I /c  2(0.7)(2.5  106 W/m 2 )/(3  108 m/s)
 1.16  102 N/m 2 .
P (absorbed)  2(30.0%) I /c  2(0.3)(2.5  106 W/m 2 )/(3  108 m/s)
 0.25  102 N/m 2 .
P  P (reflected)  P (absorbed)  1.41  102 N/m 2 .

3.43 Considering S  1400 W/m2 , P  2(1400 W/m2 )/(3  108 m/s)  9.3  106 N/m2 .
Force, F  P A  9.3106 N/m2  2500 m2  2.33102 N.

3.44 S  (100  103 W)(500  2  106 s)/A(1 s),

F  A P  A S /c  3.4  107 N.
14 Chapter 3 Solutions

3.45 F  A P  A S /c  20 W/(3  108 m/s)  6.6  108 N,

a  6.6  108 N/100 kg  6.6  1010 m/s 2 ,
  at  6.6  1010 t  10 m/s. Therefore t  1.5  1010 s = 475.64 years.

3.46 B surrounds  in circles, and E is radial, hence E  B is tangent to the sphere, and no energy radiates
outward from it.
3.47 (a)  = 5 × 1014 Hz
(b)  = v/ = 0.60c/ = 3.6 × 10–7 m = 360 nm
(c) n = c/v = 1.667
3.48 c /  2.42;   1.24  108 m/s.

3.49 0  550 nm; n  0 /; 0 /n    413.5 nm.

3.50 n  c /  1/0.85  1.176.

3.51 n  c /  (3  108 m/s)/(1.24  108 m/s)  2.42.

(3.00  108 m/s)(2.00 s)

3.52 l  t  (c /n)t   4.5  108 m.
1.33
3.53   0 /n  (550 nm)/1.60  343.75 nm;
(1.00  102 m)/(343.75  109 m)  2.9  104 waves.

3.54 t1  (25.0 m)/(c /1.47) and t2  (25.0 m)/(c /1.63). Hence, t2  t1  4/c  1.33  108 s.

3.55 The number of waves is vacuum is AB /0 . With the glass in place, there are ( AB  L)/0 waves in
vacuum and an additional L / waves in glass for a total of ( AB/0 )  L(1/  1/0 ). The difference
in number is L(1/  1/0 ), giving a phase shift of  of 2 for each wave; hence,
2 L(1/  1/0 )  2 L(n /0  1/0 )  2 L /20  2000 .
3.56 Thermal agitation of the molecular dipoles causes a marked reduction in K e but has little effect on n. At
optical frequencies n is predominantly due to electronic polarization, rotations of the molecular dipoles
having ceased to be effective at much lower frequencies.
3.57 From Eq. (3.70), for a single resonant frequency we have
1/ 2
 Nqe2  1 
n  1   2  ;
  0 me  0  
2
 

since for low-density materials n  1, the second term is  1, and we need only retain the first two terms
of the binomial expansion of n. Thus 1  x  1  x /2 and n  1  Nqe2 /[2 0 me (02   2 )].

3.58 (a) The polar molecule, water, in the liquid state, is relatively free to move in response to the incident
radiation. In the solid state, the molecules are not free to move. (b) The radar (microwave) interacts
strongly with the liquid water in the droplets.
3.59 The normal order of the spectrum for a glass prism is R, O, Y, G, B, V, with red (R) deviated the least
and violet (V) deviated the most. For a fuchsin prism, there is an absorption band in the green, and so
the indices for yellow and blue on either side ( ny and nB ) of it are extremes, that is, nY is the maximum,
nB the minimum, and nY  nO  nR  nV  nB . Thus the spectrum in order of increasing deviation is
B, V, black band, R, O, Y.
Chapter 3 Solutions 15

3.60 Since ( Nqe2 / 0 me )1/ 2 has dimensions of frequency, the right-hand side is dimensionless and the units
check.
3.61 With  in the visible, 02   2 is smaller for lead glass and larger for fused silica. Hence n( ) is larger
for the former and smaller for the latter.
3.62 Subtract 1 from each side of Eq. (3.70) and then invert both sides: 1/(n 2  1)  ( 0 me /Nqe2 )(02   2 );
since   2 c / the desired result follows.
3.63 C1 is the value that n approaches as  gets larger.

3.64 The horizontal values of n ( ) approached in each region between absorption bands increase as 
decreases.
n1  1.54 1  400nm
n2  1.50 2  800nm
1.54  n1  C1  C2 /12
1.50  n2  C1  C2 /22
 1 1 
n  .04  C2  2  2 

 1  2 


C2  n12 22 / 22  12 
C2  8.53  103 nm 2
C1  n1  C2 /12  1.45

3.65 Subtracting the two equations, 1.557  n1  C1  C2 /12 and 1.547  n2  C1  C2 /22
n  0.01  n1  n2  C2 (1/12  1/22 )
n12 22 4  108
So that C2    4.44  103 nm 2 .
(2  1 ) 9  10 4
2 2

Then C1  n1  C2 /12  1.5292 and n (610 nm)  C1  C2 /32  1.541.

3.66 Binomially expanding n 2  1  A /(1  02 / 2 ) gives n 2  1  A(1  02 /  2 )

or n 2  (1  A)[1  A02 /(1  A) 2 ]. Taking the square root and expanding
again gives n  (1  A)1/ 2 [1  A02 /2(1  A) 2 ]. This has the Cauchy
form with C1  (1  A)1/ 2 and C2  A02 /2(1  A)1/ 2 .

E 1.6  1019  8
3.67    1.93  1015 Hz.
h 6.6  1034