International Journal of Applied Business and Management Studies Vol. 6, No.

1; 2021 ISSN 2548-0448

Waterfall Process Operations in the Fast-paced World: Project

Management Exploratory Analysis

Harkirat Kaur Aroral1

Received: 19/10/2020 Online Published: 22/04/2021 Accepted: 13/01/2021

Abstract
The software development processes must follow some specific system development life cycle. There are many SDLC
methodologies proposed and are in working according to the developing software. The system development life cycle has
been studied and investigated by many researchers and they have developed their own model which has own strengths and
weaknesses. This analysis paper concentrated on the traditional methodology namely waterfall model as if it can be used in
this new e-business era and for which type of business this model is suitable. It explains about the waterfall model and
how this model works. The paper begins with explain about waterfall methodology. This paper also discusses the model’s
pros and cons. It also discusses about waterfall methodologies SWOT analysis. The paper concluded with summary.
Keywords: System development life cycle, waterfall, SWOT, requirements
JEL Classification: M11, M19, O22, O29

1. Introduction
Software and system development have a lot of challenges in this rapid change in markets
(Bassil, 2012). A software development methodology means to the framework, which is use for
planning, managing, and controlling of processes. The software development methodology is
known as software development life cycle and it is used in many fields such as several
engineering, industrial field, etc. this has been studied and investigated by many of the
researchers and practitioners over the world and they have developed numerous models which
have their own strengths and weaknesses. There are many such as the waterfall, agile, etc. They
all share basic properties, and they have sequence of steps that should be followed to attain some
results and deliver final products. The waterfall model comprises of five consecutive phases such
as business analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. This method was a
success and many development firms and industrial manufactures have adopted this as their
prime development framework. Moreover, besides this many people were hired to run different
departments and the departments were its phases. It was very optimal to find out number of
resources which should be assigned to complete the specific phases so, this created much fuss
among project managers and the directors. This paper talks about waterfall method of software
development.
Problem Statement
The problem statement is waterfall methodology still in use or the modern methodologies have
replaced waterfall methodology. The system development life cycle methodologies are fall short
in the new business world (Yourdon, 2000).
Aim
The aim of this analysis paper is to investigate whether waterfall methodology is still in
operations in this new business world where customers are changing with fast pace.

1
Yorkville University, Canada, [email protected]

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2. Literature Review
The Waterfall approach was introduced by Winston Royce in 1970, adopted by software project
managers and further developed through lessons learned from software projects (Harrison, 2003,
cited from Ruël et al. 2010). Modern project management methodologies, such as PRINCE2 and
PMBOK, evolved from the Waterfall approach (Harrison, 2003) and are the most widely used
project management methodologies in Europe and North America. The Waterfall approach treats
a project as a linear process consisting of a series of basic sequential stages, each of which needs
to be formally validated before moving to the next stage, thus reducing the complexity of an ES
implementation process (Jurison, 1999; Khalifa, 2000; Huo et al., 2004)
The Waterfall systems development life cycle, or simply, the Waterfall model or Waterfall
method, is one of the first development life cycles instituted and is still widely used today for
systems development (Sasankar & Chavan, 2011). The Waterfall model was first recorded in
1956 by Herbert D. Benington where he proposed that software be enhanced in stages, but the
model was revised by Winston Royce in 1970 by presenting a feedback loop so that each stage
within the model could be re examined (Ruparelia 2010). Many researchers commend the
Waterfall model because of it simplicity compared to other systems development life cycle
models and share that it has even strengthened other system development life cycles. Waterfall
steps have varied in name over the years, but still consists of five distinct areas: system
conceptualization, systems analysis, system design, coding and testing (cited from McClinton,
2012).
3. Research Methodology
This part of the report discusses about the procedures of gathering information through secondary
sources. Research methodology is the way research is carried out. It is to provide justification of
the types of instruments and techniques taken into consideration for research (Haque et al. 2017;
Imran et al. 2018a; Imran et al. 2018b; Imran et al. 2018c; Javed et al. 2018a; Javed et al. 2018b;
Ślusarczyk, & Haque, 2019; Urbański et al. 2019; U-Hameed et al. 2019; Rahman et al. 2020;
Ślusarczyk et al. 2020). Observation is a method to explain concepts into meaningful results
(Gusakov et al. 2020; Hussain et al. 2019; Faizan & Haque, 2015; Faizan & Haque, 2016; Haque
et al. 2015; Haque & Yamoah, 2014; Faizan et al. 2018, Faizan et al. 2019; Faizan & Haque,
2019; Haque & Yamoah, 2014; Haque & Aston, 2016; Haque et al., 2016; Haque et al. 2018;
Haque & Oino, 2019; Haque et al. 2019; Haque, Kot & Imran, 2019; Haque et al. 2020; Haque et
al, 2020; Kot et al. 2020; Kot et al. 2019; Kot et al. 2019).
Observations
This is a well-known method in the social science research (Gusakov et al. 2020; Hussain et al.
2019; Faizan & Haque, 2015; Faizan & Haque, 2016; Faizan et al. 2018). It has been observed
that the waterfall methodology is the traditional methodology which requires a sequence of steps
in which the progress flows downwards as a waterfall. It has several steps which should be
completed before starting another phase. It is a sequence of logical flow of phases for the
software development process. The basic steps of waterfall methodology include analysis phase
where the software development process is analysed, followed by design phase when the design
of the software is decided then implementation when the steps are being put into effect, testing
phase when the software is tested and it ends with the maintenance phase when the output is
refined (Bassil, 2012).
Library research
Many various papers have been read and observed in order to study the SDLC methodologies and
read about waterfall methodology. This is common in the social science research papers (Haque
et al. 2017; Imran et al. 2018; Imran et al. 2018; Imran et al. 2018; Javed et al. 2018; Javed et al.
2018; Ślusarczyk, & Haque, 2019; Urbański et al. 2019; U-Hameed et al. 2019; Rahman et al.

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2020; Ślusarczyk et al. 2020).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Secondary resources are included which were peer reviewed and were 20 years back.
Observations are the part of the report. Primary research methods have been excluded because of
financial constraints. Besides this, advanced statistical tools are also excluded.
4. Findings and discussions
This part of the reports contains findings and discussions.
4.1. Waterfall model
The waterfall model is a software development life cycle model which was originally defined by
Royce in 1970’s (Sherrell, 2013). Before agile software developments projects were relying on
waterfall approach to software development. The waterfall method was like a series of logical
phases in which the progress use to flow from one phase to another. The basic assumption was
like the requirements must be defined upfront for the software to be designed, build, and tested
(Gray & Larson, 2017, pp.578). The waterfall model is sequential software development process
which progress in downward direction like waterfall (Bassil, 2012). It defines several
consecutive phases that should be completed one after another and it moves to the next phase
only if the preceding phase is completely done.

Analysis
Design

Implementation
Testing

Maintenence
Figure 1: Waterfall approach
As we can notice the figure 1., which depicts a waterfall model. According to Dima & Maassen
(2018), the classical waterfall approach models start with the analysis stage which includes the
analysis for requirements. The model is considered offering well-defined set of criteria and the
requirements indications before even starting the designing and implementation phase of the
project, so it provides a basic plan of the project before starting in orderly sequence of the project.
She also states that this type of method does not ensure quickly changes according to the
stakeholders unless the project is finished or nearly finished. This type of method is suitable for
those projects whose requirements are going to be stable for longer time or till the finish of the
project. Waterfall methods comprises of following steps (Bassil, 2012):
Analysis phase: Analysis phase is also known as software requirement specifications (SRS)
which is a complete description of the behaviour of the software which is going to be developed.
This phase wants business analyst to define both functional and non-functional requirements.
Functional requirements include requirements such as purpose, scope, perspective, functions,

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software attributes, user characteristics and database requirements. On the other hand, non
functional requirements include constraints, limitations, requirements on design and operation of
the software. It has properties like the reliability, scalability, testability, performance, and quality
standards, etc.
Design phase: This phase includes the process of planning and problem solving for software
solution. It means that the software developers and the designers are going to define the plan for a
solution, and it includes algorithm design, software architecture design, logical diagram scheme,
data structure definition, etc. The phase is about designing the software which includes
furthermore efforts to design the software.
Implementation phase: It refers to the understanding of business requirements and designing
requirements into a solid execution program, database, website through programming and
deployment. This is where the real code is written and compiled into operational application,
from where the database and text files were created. In a nutshell, it means conversion of the
process phase into production phase.
Testing phase: This phase is also known as verification and validation which includes a process
for checking that the software expectations meet the original performance and specifications and
it completes its intended purpose. Verification refers to the process where the process of
evaluation of software is done to determine whether the product at the given phase satisfies the
conditions which were there in the start. Validation, on the other hand refers to the process of
evaluating he software during and at the end of development process to find that the software
satisfies the specified requirements. In this phase the bugs and system glitches are found, and
they are corrected, redefined accordingly.
Maintenance phase: this phase includes the process of modifying a software solution after
delivery and deployment to refine the output, correct the errors and improve performance and
quality. This can also include adaption of software to its environment, accommodating new user
requirements and increasing its reliability, etc.
Advantages of waterfall
According to Kannan, Jhanjhari es. el. (October 2014), the major advantage of waterfall model is
that it provides a structure for organizing and controlling a software development project. The
design details and errors are captured by the method before any software is written so, we can
save time in developing process. In waterfall method, we have proper technical document which
made is easy for customers to know what they should expect from the software. Moreover, the
documentation also helps in process of maintenance. Whenever a new person enters the team it is
easy for them to catch because of the documentation. If the procedures are followed correctly
then we can accurately estimate cost and time.
Besides this, as this process includes a sequence or series of steps which helps in finding faults in
one phase which can be detected before we move to another. This method is best for small
projects and it requires less resources as compared to others. When we use this method, we can
have departmentalization and managerial control which allows the product to be completed on
time by setting a schedule for every phase. This method for those projects that are service
oriented and nonphysical deliverables like the code, copywriting and designing projects.
Disadvantages of waterfall method
As every coin has two sides the waterfall method of project management comes with
disadvantages. In waterfall methods all the requirements need to be specified at the start which is
not possible for real life projects and customers always change their requirements frequently. The
software is required to be highly flexible and adaptive because a consideration has been
considered

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that the requirements are subject to change. The model is not much flexible because everything is
decided at phase 1 only. Real projects are rarely sequential and hence the waterfall model is not
proper for large projects. It does not accommodate risks and uncertainties. It is difficult to
measure progress at every stage of the model and the time, cost is not determined. Moreover, the
integration is done at the end which does not even explain the identification of challenges and
business bottlenecks in business life cycle. As the steps are interrelated and dependent on each
other a lot of time is wasted. Coordination is very important which is not possible in simple
method like waterfall (Kannan, jhanjhari es. el., October 2014).
When to use waterfall
Waterfall project is best when there is clear picture of the final product and the requirements are
well defined which will not change frequently. When the time is not an issue and final product is
main concern. It works well for those projects where design can be change or new can be added
and still the development process goes on without requirement of customers or competitors. The
waterfall method is hard because when some new content is added, or many uncertainties are
there to resolve and if the testing fails then the developed product at the end may seem a waste
(Kannan, jhanjhari es. el., October 2014).
Table 1: Summary of advantages, disadvantages and when to use
Model Advantages Disadvantages When to use Reference

Waterfall Method The major advantage is It is difficult to have When we have Kannan,
it provides a structure specifications for final picture of Jhajharia es.
for organizing and everything because the final el. (2014)
controlling the project. the projects product, when
It has proper procedure requirements are the requirements
which should be subject to change. It are well defined,
followed. It allows does not work well and they will not
departmentalization and for larger projects. change. When
managerial control time is not an
issue.

5. SWOT Analysis of Waterfall Methodology

(Ashish B. Sasankar, Dr. Viny Chavan, 2011), these researchers found SWOT analysis for
waterfall methodology and following is the SWOT analysis:
Strengths
This method can be even used by those people who are not from IT.
This is the easiest model that even nonexperience team members can work on it.
This is best option for small organization who have stable and clear requirements.
Weakness
The terms of requirement should be collected earlier and should be arranged.
It does not support problem solving techniques since there are no overlapping phases for
verifications.
The chances for customer decrease to preview the system which is in progress.
Opportunities
Used technology can be understood.

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There is stable definition of product.

Requirements are already in front.
Threats
The technological environment changes rapidly. The waterfall model is not practical to meet up
the changes because the rapid changes in strategies that have increased the concentration on reuse
and by implementing reusing of frameworks. For this reason, it is used as restricted model.
6.Waterfall Use in Today Business World
Traditional methods in today business world are no longer efficient. In traditional method we
have lengthy timeline to complete the project. The traditional methodology also does not allow
us to request timely changes which usually occurs at the end of project. This method is approach
is complex which do not allow meeting customers targets. Modern methods had brought new
vies to a project delivery. It approves that success that can be achieved quickly by delivery of
actual product. Traditional method is different from modern method which makes difference in
choosing a software development methodology (Kisielnicki, Misiak, 2017, pp. 273).
Traditional methods used to focus on project scope using them to determine cost and time
schedule. The waterfall method is well suited for predictable environment whereas, modern
method can be used in unpredictable environment. In today world scenario waterfall
methodology is used very less because they are often teams which spend a long time on critical
tasks which leads the project progress behind, and it ends up with a long list of unfinished tasks
at the end of the project. In today’s unpredictable world we do not have any predictable
environment so traditional method is not much in use (Kisielnicki, Misiak, 2017, pp. 274).
A case study had been conducted to compare the modern and traditional methods in business
intelligence implementation then in traditional managed projects, project organization included
people from all departments which are involved in the implementation like different departments
would be sales, marketing, finance, and administration. Time of the concept design had doubled
as compared to the planned. The main reason was the extension of the schedule that had lack of
clear direction and common goal of various departments. Moreover, the requirements were
changing, and the projects could not familiarize the concept of document to move to further.
Finally, when researchers observed everything then they concluded that with traditional methods
the goals were not achieved. The main cause was the lengthy time of solution delivery and the
less flexible product at the end of implementation (Kisielnicki, misiak, 2017, pp. 284).
Traditional method today is not much popular because of the following reasons.
7.Conclusion
This analysis paper was about waterfall methodology. Software development follows a system
development life cycle and many researchers have found different methodologies which included
waterfall approach in it. The purpose of this paper was to find out about the waterfall
methodology and search that whether today we still use this method. Waterfall methodology is
like the series of logical phases in which the progress flows downwards in waterfall form.
Waterfall methodology has five phases namely: analysis phases, design phase, implementation
phase, testing phase and maintenance phase. This method has some advantages but as everything
comes with its disadvantages then it also has some disadvantages. This analysis paper also
explained when to use this methodology. It also followed by SWOT analysis. This ends with
whether waterfall methodology is useful according to the today’s business world.
Managerial Implications
Waterfall methodologies can be very useful for project managers. Waterfall methodology
included

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several steps from the analysis to maintenance. (Banica, Radulescu, et. Al., 2017). According to
PMBOK (project management body of knowledge), there are five stages of project management:
Initiation, Planning, execution, performance/monitoring, and project closure. When we consider
the general requirements and establishment of the project which is based on the feasibility study
then the project begins. Project planning is main concept and it involves planning of activities,
resources, deadlines, etc. In this stage the project managers can divide the duties among the
project team. The next two steps explain the deliverables achieved and controlled like the budget.
When evaluating the key performance indicators ten project managers can observe the deviations
from designed phase and they can check whether the changes are needed to adjust the schedule
and resources or not. Project closure means that they can oversee the project and can evaluate its
performance by identifying its failures. Waterfall methodology helps project managers in
evaluating the overall project with step-by-step evaluations too.

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