The World Wide Web From Its Origins

The World Wide Web from its origins
Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.
1. 'Information Management: A Proposal'. That was the bland title of a document written
in March 1989 by a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who
was working at CERN, Europe’s particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal,
modestly called the World Wide Web, has achieved far more than anyone expected at
the time.
2. In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN
was planning one of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron
Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the
discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the question "Yes, but how will
we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an answer to such
questions.
3. The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking
electronic documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But
among all the changes it has brought about, from personal social networks to political
campaigning, it has also transformed the business of doing science itself, as the man who
invented it hoped it would.
4. It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to
another. It also permits professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give
them a hand. One project of this type, called GalaxyZoo, used these unpaid workers to
classify one million images of galaxies into various types (spiral, elliptical and irregular).
This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how galaxies evolve,
was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project
called Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants
stored in British museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution
of species in response to climate change.
5. Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory.
It is allowing social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible.
In one project, scientists made observations about the sizes of human social networks
using data from Facebook. A second investigation of these networks, produced by
Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's research arm in Pato Alto,
California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people to post
short messages to long lists of friends.
6. At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80
friends each, on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000.
Closer statistical inspection, however, revealed that the majority of the messages were
directed at a few specific friends. This showed that an individual's active social network
is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web
surfing, including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web
page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and
the rest get very little.
7. Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have
not been so effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open
up scientific discussion and encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now
used to having their articles commented on by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers
develop and refine their essays as a result of these comments.
8. Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way,
most researchers only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one
of the world's most respected scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in
2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5% of the authors it spoke to agreed to have
their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct turned out to be right,
because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an expert on
quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change
this. He thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack
incentive.
adapted from The Economist
 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides
particle beams. It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.
Little - known (adj) Less famous

Physics laboratory Phò ng thí nghiệm vậ t lí
Proposal (n) Đề xuấ t
Journals (n) Bà i bá o/ tạ p chí
Permit (v) s.o to do s.t = Allow s.o to do s.t
Recruit (v) = employ
Give s.o a hand (v) = help/ support/ assist
Classify (v) = sort out
= the next generation which
Successor (n)
take advantage of the previous
To track (v) = follow
Để đố i phó vớ i
Ex: social distancing is an
In response to + N
effective solution in response
to the outbreak of coronavirus
Make observation about
= investigate
s.t (v)
Most = the majority of
Uncover = discover
Web-based social- Cô ng cụ mạ ng xã hộ i trên nền
networking tool tả ng web
Develop and refine laws/ Phá t triển và điều chỉnh luậ t /
essays / findings bà i viết / kết quả nghiên cứ u
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading
passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Tim Berners-Lee was famous for his research in physics before he

invented the World Wide Web.
2. The original intention of the Web was to help manage one extremely
complex project.
3. Tim Berners-Lee has also been active in politics.
4. The web has allowed professional and amateur scientists to work
together.
5. The second galaxy project aims to examine more galaxies than the first
6. Herbaria@home’s world will help to reduce the effects of climate change.
Questions 7-10
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use

Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the 7
………………….. of social networks.
Most 8 ………………… intended for limited number of people - not everyone on
list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:
 9 ………………….to discover how long people will spend on a
particular website,
 why a small number of sites get much more 10 ………………..
than others on same subject.
Questions 11-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11 Whose writing improves as a result of feedback received from readers?

12 What type of writing is not reviewed extensively on the Web?
13 Which publication invited authors to publish their articles on the World
Wide Web?

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The World Wide Web from its origins

adapted from The Economist

Little - known (adj) Less famous

1. Tim Berners-Lee was famous for his research in physics before he

Social networks and Internet use

11 Whose writing improves as a result of feedback received from readers?

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