Combatting Cult Mind Control
Combatting Cult Mind Control
CULT MIND
CONTROL
STEVEN HASSAN
IIIIIIIHII
Park Street Press
/ dedicate this book to people all over the world who have ever experienced the
loss of their personal freedom, in the hope that it might help ease their suffering.
Park Street Press
One Park Street
Rochester, VT 05767
Copyright © 1988, 1990 by Steven Hassan
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Hassan, Steven.
Combatting cult mind control / Steven Hassan,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0892813113
1. Cults—Controversial literature. 2. Cults—Psychological
aspects. 3. Hassan, Steven. I. Title.
BP603.H375 1990
306'. I—dc20 9043697
CIP
Printed and bound in the United States
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Park Street Press is a division of Inner Traditions International, Ltd.
Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Book Center, Inc., Montreal, Quebec
Contents
Chapter 1 ExitCounseling: The Background 1
Chapter 2 My Life in the Unification Church 12
Chapter 3 The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 35
I
Acknowledgments
With heartfelt gratitude, I thank my parents, Milton and Estelle Hassan, for all
their love and support. Whenever I needed them, they were there for me. They
risked everything to rescue me from the Moonies and I will be forever grateful
that they did.
I wish to thank my sisters, Thea and Stephanie, as well as my brothersin
law, Doug and Ken, for all they have done throughout the years. My aunt and
uncle, Phyllis and Mort Slotnick, have always been a strong support.
In addition I wish to thank Gary Rosenberg, Michael Strom, Nestor
Garcia, and Gladys Rodriguez for their willingness to spend five very difficult
days in 1976 counseling me back to reality. Without their help, 1 might have
spent many more years in the Moonies.
Special acknowledgments go to Aureet BarYam who for more than seven
years has put up with the incredible demands that my work has required. Her
parents, Drs. Zvi and Miriam BarYam, have been a source of much love,
inspiration, and help in ways too numerous to recount.
I would also like to thank just a few special friends: Gary Birns, Marc and
Elyse Hirschorn, Monica Weiss, Lenny Harris, Dr. Karen Magarian, Joan
Lebach, Michael Lisman, Russell Backer and Susan Mayer, Michael Stone,
Chris and Lee Benton, Steve and Nell Morse, and others too numerous to
mention here. They know who they arc
Some individuals have been my teachers and, at times, my inspiration. I
would like to thank Robert Jay Lifton, M.D; Milton H. Erickson, M.D.;
Margaret Singer, Ph.D.; Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman; John Grinder, Ph.D.;
and Richard Handler, Bill and Lorna Goldberg, David Gordon, and Stephen
Lankton.
Warm thanks go to those people who were instrumental in making this
book happen. My best friend Chris Kilham helped me find my publisher, Ehud
Sperling, who had the boldness, vision, and integrity to bring out this book. I
also wish to thank Leslie Colket, managing editor, who believed in this book,
made innumerable contributions, and oversaw its development from infancy to
completion.
I would like to acknowledge Ed Conroy for his editorial contribution,
reworking my manuscript. He approached this project with vigor and insight
and made it a much stronger book.
xii Acknowledgments
xiv
(preferably one's that you do believe are destructive), and really allow yourself Chapter 1
the opportunity to understand the process of mind control and the characteristics
of destructive cults. Be sure to make notes as you read, writing down everything
you agree with or disagree with, as well as things you will want to research
further. Then do all the followup research necessary to fully answer the
questions!
Once you have finished the book, give yourself at least a few days before
reading it again. When you pick it up a second time, read it objectively, as though
it may or may not apply to your own personal situation. Make a new set of notes
on what you agree with, what you disagree with, and what you need to research
further. On completing this second reading, go find the answers to the issues that ExitCounseling:
are raised pertaining to your group! Take some time off (if possible, a minimum
of a few weeks) and go to a restful place away from other group members and The Background
gather more information from other sources. Remember, if the group is a
legitimate, valid organization, it will stand up to any scrutiny. It is far better to
find out the truth now than to invest more time, money, energy, and resources
only to discover years later that the group is very different from it's idealized
image.
Truth is stronger than lies, and love is stronger than fear. If you are involved
with a religious organization, keep in mind that God created us with free will and
that no truly spiritual organization would ever use deception or mind control or
take away that freedom. Finally: a chance to relax, forget about work, and enjoy some social time off
• If you are a family member or friend of a loved one who is involved in with my friends. Maybe meet some new people at this party.
what you suspect is a destructive cult: "Hi. My name is Steve Hassan. Nice to meet you." (I just hope no one asks
It is best to approach the problem in a systematic and methodical manner. me to talk about work.)
Avoid overreacting and getting hysterical! Don't jump the gun and tell the The question: "So, what do you do?" (Oh no, not again!)
individual that you have bought this book or are reading this book. Wait until
you and other significant people in your family have had a chance to read and The dodge: "I'm self-employed."
get prepared before planning an intervention strategy. Unfortunately, there have "Doing what?" (No escape.)
been cases in which people have bought the book and impulsively mailed it to
the cult member only to find that it increased that person's mistrust of the outside "I'm a cult exit-counselor." (Here come the fifty questions.)
world. "Oh really? That's interesting. How did you get into that? Can you tell me
Most cult groups fear exitcounseling, and this book may tip them off that why. . . ."
you are thinking about taking some action. Instead of sounding the alarm, adopt
a curious yet concerned posture. Try to avoid confrontations and ultimatums. Since February 1974,1 have been involved with the problems caused by
Read the book as many times as you need to in order to clearly explain to others destructive cults. That was when I was recruited into the "One World Cru
the characteristics of mind control, the criteria of a destructive cult, and the sade," a front group for the Unification Church, also known as the "Moonies."
1
for days at a time. I call these intensive periods "interventions." Usually I am The next morning I taped a television show on cults, something I do
able to assist a person in making a dramatic recovery to his original identity. frequently in various parts of the country. After the taping, I canceled all my
Since only a handful of people in the world do similar work with members of appointments for the day. Brace's parents called from the Boston airport. They
destructive cults, this book reveals, for the first time, most of the significant had arrived and were about to leave for their son's house. We reviewed our
aspects of this unique profession. strategy one more time. I crossed my fingers.
Having seen that destructive cults deliberately undermine the democratic Two hours later the phone rang. They had managed to bring Bruce to a
way of life, I am also an activist to protect people's rights. I am especially Chinese restaurant not far from my house. Bruce had agreed to meet me. I
concerned with everyone's right to know about the highly sophisticated tech grabbed whatever I thought I might need to show him—file folders, photo
niques used by destructive cults to recruit, keep, and exploit highly talented, copies of articles, and books—and threw them into the car and drove to the
productive people. For the past twelve years, my activism and work as a restaurant.
therapist have been focused on these problems. When I arrived and met the family, the parents' faces were full of worry
My life as a cult exitcounselor often makes me feel as though I'm in the and concern. Brace tried to smile at first and shook my hand. But it was clear to
middle of a war zone. In the seven years we've been together, Aureet has had to me that he was thinking, "Can I trust this guy? Who is he?"
put up with all sorts of incredible situations blowing through our household. I sat down with them in the booth. I asked Bruce about himself and why he
Even though I try to regulate my case load, see only a reasonable number of thought his parents were so concerned that they flew from Minneapolis. Within
clients each week, and plan one or two interventions a month, my careful plans an hour, after asking him enough questions to get a good handle on his state of
are always disrupted by unexpected events. mind, I decided to risk a big question.
Aureet and I came home late one Friday night with friends. I checked the "Did they tell you about pledge service yet?" I asked.
answering machine. There were four calls. When I played back the messages, He shook his head and looked surprised. "What's that?"
they were all from the same family in Minnesota. "Call us any time of night, "Oh, that's a very important ceremony members do every Sunday, on the
please," said a woman's voice on the tape. "Our son has gotten involved with first day of every month, and on four holy days the group observes," I started.
the Moonies. He's going on a threeweek workshop with them in Pennsylvania "Members bow three times with their face touching the floor before an altar
on Monday. He's a doctoral student in physics at MIT. Please call us back." with Sun Myung Moon's picture on it and recite a sixpoint pledge to be faithful
I called right away and talked with the mother and father for about an hour. to God, to Moon, and to the fatherland—Korea."
The parents had heard that their son had become a member of an organization "You're kidding."
called C. A.R.P. (Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles). They At that moment I knew Brace would be all right. Because I could see that
had done some investigation and found out that C. A.R.P was the international he was not yet fully under the group's mind control, I knew he would respond
student recruiting arm of the Unification Church. We agreed there was no time
2
well to hearing more information about the group's leader, multimillionaire
to lose. Korean industrialist Sun Myung Moon. I began telling him facts about the
I discussed the situation with his parents and we decided on a course of Moonies unrelated to mind control—Moon's taxconspiracy conviction, the
action. They would take a 6:45 A.M. flight to Boston the next day. They would Congressional report on the Moonies' connections to the Korean CIA, and their
go to his apartment, take him out to a restaurant, and assess his situation. suspected illegal activities.
Success or failure depended on how close Bruce was to his mother and father "You know, I've been looking for someone like you for a few months,"
and how far the Moonies had already indoctrinated him. Had they gotten to the Bruce said after hearing me out. "I went to the priest at MIT to ask him for
point where they could make him reject his family as "satanic"? His mother and information. He didn't have anything."
Exit-Counseling: The Background 5
Combatting Cult Mind Control
4
liberal arts education at Queens College, which is where I first encountered the and other activities which aid causes, candidates, and public office holders
Moonie recruiters. Before I even knew what was happening, my world altered supported by Moon and his organization. If they snap from the pressure and
13
dramatically. begin to challenge their leaders' authority or otherwise fall out of line, they are
accused of being influenced by Satan and are subjected to even greater pressure
in the form of reindoctrination. I know these things are true. I was a leader in
the Moon cult.
WHO ARE THE MOONIES?
The Unification Church (whose formal name is The Holy Spirit Association for
the Unification of World Christianity) is one of the largest, and certainly most WHAT IS MIND CONTROL?
visible destructive cults in the United States. The organization is completely There are many different forms of mind control, and most people think of
dominated by its absolute leader. Sun Myung Moon, a Koreanborn business
5
brainwashing almost as soon as they hear the term. But for the purpose of this
man who in 1982 was convicted of tax fraud and served thirteen months in the book—which is to help you recognize it and protect yourself and others from
federal penitentiary in Danbury, Connecticut. 6
these conditions, members are required to work long hours; exist on little sleep;
eat boring junk food, sometimes for weeks on end; and endure innumerable
hardships for the sake of their "spiritual growth." They are discouraged from
forming close relationships with members of the opposite sex, and may be
11 THE MANY FACES OF THE UNIFICATION CHURCH
married only under arrangements made by Sun Myung Moon himself or his How did this group start out? One of the best summaries of the story of the
proxy. They are sometimes asked to participate in political demonstrations
12
early years of the Unification Church is in the Fraser Report, published on
Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: The Background 9
8
October 31, 1978, by the U.S. House of Representatives' Subcommittee on to detail here, the most important feature of it is the church's position that Sun
International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations. Myung Moon is the new Messiah and that his mission is to establish a new
Chaired by Rep. Donald Fraser, a Democrat from Minnesota, the committee "kingdom" on Earth. Yet, many exmembers like myself have observed that
conducted the investigation which unearthed many previously unreported facts Moon's vision of that kingdom has a distincdy Korean character. During my
twoandahalfyear period in the church, I understood that the highest posi
about the Moon organization, among them the Unification Church's links to the
tions of membership (closest to Moon) were available only to Koreans, with the
Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA). That investigation brought to
Japanese coming in a close second. American members like me were third
public attention the fact that the Unification Church is not only a body of
down on the ladder. Members believe, as I did, that their donation of time,
believers but also a political organization with an active political agenda. The money, and effort is contributing to the salvation of the world. What they do not
Fraser Report tells the story of the Moon organization's beginnings: realize is that they are the victims of mind control. 1 9
"In the late 1950s, Moon's message was favorably received by four young, English It is impossible to gain a full picture of Moon and his influence in the
speaking Korean Army officers, all of whom were later to provide important United States, however, by looking only at the Unification Church, although
contacts with the post1961 Korean government. One was Bo Hi Pak, who had there is plenty there to see. In fact. Moon has developed a complex organiza
joined the ROK (Republic of Korea) army in 1950. Han Sang Keuk . . . became a tion, which embraces both businesses and nonprofit organizations in his native
personal assistant to Kim Jong Pil, the architect of the 1 % 1 coup and founder of the Korea, here in the United States, and in many other countries, with a special
KCIA. Kim Sang In retired from the ROK army in May, 1961, joined the KCIA and
emphasis on Latin America. Moon has founded enterprises ranging from
became an interpreter for Kim Jong Pil until 1966. At that time, [Kim Sang In]
ginseng exportation to the manufacture of M16 rifles, and in the United
20
returned to his position as KCIA officer, later to become the KCIA's chief of station
in Mexico City. He was a close friend of Bo Hi Pak and a supporter of the States has started several think tanks and organizations to promote a variety of
Unification Church. The fourth, Han Sang Kil, was a military attache at the ROK conferences and cultural interchange programs (scientific, academic, and reli
embassy in Washington in the late 1960s. Executive branch reports also link him to gious as well as legal). Perhaps the most visible Moonconnected enterprise in
the KCIA. On leaving the service of the ROK government, Han became Moon's the United States is The Washington Times, a newspaper with a respectable
personal secretary and tutor to his children. circulation of about 100,000 and considerable clout in Washington. President
21
Immediately after the coup, Kim Jong Pil founded the KCIA and supervised Ronald Reagan has repeatedly said it is his favorite newspaper and that he reads
the building of a political base for the new regime. A February 1963 unevaluated it every day. Han Sang Keuk and Bo Hi Pak are both top executives of the
22
CIA report stated that Kim Jong Pil had 'organized' the Unification Church while Times.
he was KCIA director and has been using the Unification Church as a 'political
The thread running through all the activities of the Moon organization,
tool.' "
I 6
both within and without the Unification church, is Moon's strong antiCommu
Fred Clarkson, who quotes this report in the Spring 1987 issue of Covert nist position. To put it simply, the Moonies believe that Christians and the
citizens of the nonCommunist world are locked in a mortal struggle with the
Action Information Bulletin, a magazine which covers the politics of intel
satanic forces of materialistic Communism. To the extent that America and
ligencegathering organizations and extremist political groups, goes on to say:
other countries do not fight Communism, they will grow weak and fall. The
"Though the Fraser Report noted that 'organized' is not to be confused with world's only salvation lies in Moon and in the establishment of a theocratic form
'founded.' since the Unification Church was 'founded' in 1954, [the Fraser Report of government which will replace secular democracies.
goes on to state that] '. . . there was a great deal of independent corroboration for Had it not been for the Congressional Subcommittee Investigation and the
the suggestion in this and later intelligence reports that Kim Jong Pil and the Moon
work of Rep. Donald Fraser, Moon would very likely have recruited even more
organization had a mutually supportive relationship, as well as for the statement
Americans in recent years and would have increased his power even faster. I
that Kim used the Unification Church for political purposes.' " 1 7
was glad to give staff members of Fraser's subcommittee a copy of Master
Speaks, a set of private speeches by Moon reserved for Unification Church
It is remarkable that so many people become involved with the church
leaders and members, which was submitted as evidence in the Investigation.
while knowing absolutely nothing about it or about Moon's background. Cer
One speech which entered the record quoted Moon as saying, in 1973, that
tainly, if I had learned that it was connected with the KCIA or that in 1967 "when it comes to our age, we must have an automatic theocracy to rule the
Moon had forged an organizational link with Yoshi Kodama, a leader of the world. So we cannot separate the political field from the religious. . . . Separa
Yakuza, the Japanese organized crime network,' I would have never become
8
involved. While the story of the Unification Church's theology is too involved
10 Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: The Background 11
sent money each month. I had decided that writing was probably my most
Chapter 2 important pursuit, and so I wrote. Still I felt it wasn't enough. I looked out at the
world and saw so much in the way of social injustice, political corruption, and
ecological problems that it seemed I could offer little. I knew that I wanted to
change things, but I didn't know how to go about doing it.
One day, as I was reading a book in the student union cafeteria, three
attractive women of Japanese background and an ItalianAmerican man
approached me. They were dressed like students and carried books. They asked
if they could share the table. I nodded, and was engaged in a friendly conversa
tion within minutes. Since I had a threehour break between classes, I stayed
and talked. They told me they were students too, involved in a small community
My Life in the of "young people from all over the world." They invited me to visit them.
most of the situation and avoid creating a scene. We climbed the stairs and
When I said this, a silent alarm seemed to go off among the people in the entered a room that I later learned had once been an artist's studio. A large
house. As I walked out and got into my car, a dozen people came running out blackboard was at the other end of the room. Metal folding chairs were stacked
into the icy February air in their stocking feet (it was the custom to remove neatly in a corner.
shoes in the house) and surrounded my car. They said they wouldn't let me Within a few minutes we were divided up into small groups. The leaders
leave until I promised to come back the following night. "These people are handed us sheets of paper and crayons and asked us to draw a picture with a
crazy," I thought, "standing outside in the freezing cold without shoes, without house, a tree, a mountain, a river, the sun, and a snake. Nobody asked why;
jackets, holding me hostage because they like me so much." After a few everyone just obeyed. (Much later I learned that the excercise was a form of
minutes I relented, mostly because I didn't want to feel guilty if one of them projective personality testing used to probe people's inner thoughts.)
caught a cold. Once I had given my word, 1 wouldn't think of not following We took turns introducing ourselves while seated crosslegged on the floor
through, even though I didn't really want to go back. of the handsome wooden structure, all part of a large estate with an enormous
When I returned on Thursday night, I was barraged with flattery from all mansion which I later learned had been purchased from the Seagram family. We
sides all evening. This practice, I would later learn, is called "love bombing." I were led in singing folk songs while sitting on the floor. I was embarrassed by
was told over and over what a nice person I was, what a good person I was, how the childishness of it all, but no one else seemed to mind. The atmosphere of the
smart I was, how dynamic I was, and so forth. No fewer than thirty times they event, with lots of enthusiastic young people all together, brought back warm
invited me to go with them for a "weekend away from the city for a retreat in a memories of summer camp. That night we were escorted to bunk beds above a
beautiful place upstate." converted garage, and the men and women were put in separate rooms. As it
Over and over I told them that I had to work as a waiter on weekends and turned out, getting a good night's sleep was nearly impossible. Not only was it
could not go. Before I left, I was pressured to promise that if I was ever free on a crowded, but there were two loud snorers! So much for imagining I was at
weekend, I would go. I had not had a free weekend for a year and a half, so I was summer camp. The other newcomers and I spent a wakeful night.
certain not to have to keep my promise. When morning came, an intense young man from the group house in
The next day I phoned my boss at the Holiday Inn banquet office to get my Queens sat down and talked with me. He told me that he too had been put off at
schedule for the weekend. He said, "Steve, you're not going to believe this, but first by some of the strange things he had heard and seen at his first workshop.
the wedding was called off this afternoon. Take the weekend off!" I was He begged me not to have a closed mind but to give "them" a chance to present
flabbergasted. Was this a sign that I was supposed to go to this weekend outing? what he called the Divine Principle. "Please don't judge them until you've had a
I asked myself what Gurdjieff or Ouspensky would have done in my situation. chance to hear the whole thing," he pleaded. He told me that if I left now, I
They had spent years searching for greater knowledge. I called the people at the would regret it for the rest of my life.
house, and off I went that Friday night. His voice was so full of mystery and intrigue that it offset my suspicions
and engaged my curiosity. "Now," I said to myself, "I'll finally get all my
questions answered." Or so I thought.
MY INDOCTRINATION: HOW I BECAME A MOONIE In the morning we were led in calisthenics before breakfast. Afterward, we
sang more songs. As we sat on the floor a charismatic man with iceblue eyes
As we drove through the tall, black, wroughtiron gates of a multimilliondollar and a penetrating voice introduced himself and the ground rules for the week
estate in Tarrytown, New York, someone leaned over and told me, "This end. He was the workshop director. We were told we had to spend all of our time
weekend we'll be having a joint workshop with the Unification Church." My together in the small groups to which we were assigned. There was to be no
mental reaction was an immediate series of questions, which at the time I didn't walking around the estate alone. Questions were to be asked only after a lecture
verbalize "Workshop? Church? What is going on here? Why didn't anyone tell was over, when we were back in our small group. He then introduced the
me this before? How can I get back to Queens?" lecturer, Wayne Miller.
We were herded from the van into a small wooden structure nestled in An American in his late twenties, dressed in a blue suit, white shirt, and
some large trees. I had a feeling of dread. "Listen, I really think I would like to red tie, Mr. Miller exuded the charm and confidence of a family doctor. As he
go back to Queens," I told one of the members, a smiling young man with blond lectured for hour after hour, I became very uncomfortable. The workshop was
hair and a smile pasted to his face all too weird. I liked almost everyone there as people: they were bright, good
"Oh, come on, you'll have a good time!" he said patting me on the back. hearted college students like myself. But I disliked the overly structured
"Anyway, there's no one driving back to the city tonight." I decided to make the
Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life in the Unification Church 17
16
environment, the childishly religious atmosphere, and having been misled Restoration." It claimed to be a precise and accurate map of God's method for
about the nature of this weekend retreat. Whenever I started to object, however, directing mankind back to His original intention. "It is scientifically proven
I was told to save my questions until after the lecture. In the small group I was that there is a pattern of recurring cycles in history," Mr. Miller declared.
always told, "That is a very good question. Hold onto it because it will be Throughout hours of lecturing, these cycles all pointed to an incredible conclu
answered in the next lecture." Again and again I was told not to judge what I sion: God had sent His second Messiah to the earth between 1917 and 1930.
was hearing until I had heard it all. Meanwhile, I was listening to an enormous Who was this new Messiah? No one at the workshop would say.
amount of material about mankind, history, the purpose of creation, the spiri By the time we were ready to drive back to the city, I was not only
tual world versus the physical world, and so forth, much of which presumed an exhausted but very confused. I was elated to consider the bare possibility that
acceptance of what had been said earlier. God had been working all of my life to prepare me for this historic moment. At
The entire weekend was structured from morning until night. There was other moments, I thought the whole thing was preposterous—a bad joke. Yet,
no free time. There was no possibility of being alone. Members outnumbered no one was laughing. An atmosphere of earnest seriousness filled the crowded
newcomers three to one and kept us surrounded. We newcomers were never studio. I remembered the final moments of Mr. Miller's lecture.
permitted to talk among ourselves unchaperoned. Day one came and went, "What if?. . . what if?. . . what if. . . it is true? Could you betray the Son
leaving my sense of reality more or less intact. Before we went to bed we were of God?" Mr. Miller had questioned with passion in his voice, his eyes moving
asked to fill out "reflection" sheets to reveal all we were thinking and feeling. slowly upward as he concluded. Finally, the workshop director had stepped up
Naively, I filled them out. I had another restless night but was so exhausted and prayed a very emotional prayer about how we were God's lost children and
emotionally and physically that I did manage to get a few hours' sleep. needed to be openminded to follow what God wanted in our lives. On and on
Day two, Sunday, began in exactly the same way. But now we had all been he went, praying that all of mankind would stop living such selfish materialistic
in this crazy, intense environment for thirtysix hours, which felt more like a lives and return to Him. He apologized over and over for all the times in history
week. I started asking myself, "Is something wrong with me? Why do / seem to that God called people to do His will and was forsaken. He pledged himself to a
be the only person questioning this stuff? Is it more profound than I am able to higher level of commitment and dedication. His sincerity was overpowering.
grasp? Am I not spiritual enough to understand what they are teaching?" I One couldn't help but be moved.
started listening to Mr. Miller more seriously and began to take notes. When the van finally returned late that night to the One World Crusade
By Sunday evening I was more than ready for the ride back home. But it house, I was completely exhausted and wanted only to go home and sleep. But I
grew later and later, and nobody made any move to depart. Finally I spoke up was still not permitted to leave. Jaap Van Rossum, the house director, insisted
and said I had to leave now. "Oh, please don't go!" several people pleaded. that I stay and talk with him for a while. I wanted desperately to go. He was
"Tomorrow is the most important day!" emphatic. He sat me down in front of a crackling fire and read me the biography
"Tomorrow? I have classes on Monday!" I explained that it was impossible of a humble Korean man I had never heard of before, Sun Myung Moon. The
for me to stay another day. story was that Moon had suffered through tremendous hardships and tribula
tions to proclaim the truth of God and to fight Satan and communism. When he
The workshop director took me aside and told me that everybody else had
had finished, Jaap begged me to pray about what I had just heard. He told me
decided to stay for the third day. "No one told you this was a threeday
that I was now responsible for the great truth I had been taught. If I turned my
workshop?" he asked.
back on it, I would never forgive myself. He then tried to persuade me to stay in
"No," I responded. "I never would have come if I'd known it would make the house overnight.
me miss a day of school."
"Well, since you've heard the first twothirds, don't you want to know the My insides were screaming at me, "Get out! Get out! Get the hell away
conclusion?" he asked, intriguingly. Tomorrow, he promised, everything from these people! You need time to think." In order to escape I yelled, "No!
would become clear. Get off my case!" and charged out into the night. Nevertheless, I felt guilty for
Part of me was really curious to hear the whole thing. But also I was being rude to those sincere and wonderful people. I drove home, almost in
dependent on these people for transportation. I didn't want to bother my friends tears.
or family with an emergency call to drive all that way to get me, or worse, start When I arrived home, my parents (as they told me later) thought I had been
hitchhiking in a strange part of the state at night in the middle of winter. drugged. They said I looked awful: my eyes were glassy, and I was obviously
On the third day, we were lifted up to an unprecedented emotional high. very confused. I tried to explain to them what had just happened. I was
The most powerful of Mr. Miller's lectures that day was called "The History of exhausted and incoherent. When I told them the workshop was affiliated with
18 Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life in the Unification Church 19
had heard of the Moonies. set myself up to begin deceiving others.
Ceaseless questions ran through my mind. Had God been preparing me Although the workshop was almost identical in content to the one I had
throughout my life for the mission of setting up the Kingdom of Heaven on taken the previous week, I felt that I needed to listen this time with an open
earth? Was Sun Myung Moon the Messiah? I prayed earnestly to God for Him mind and take notes. "Last weekend I was too cynical," I thought.
to show me a sign. Was the Divine Principle the new truth? What should I do? This time Miller gave a lecture on Communism. He explained that Com
It didn't dawn on me in my agitated state of confusion that I had been munism was Satan's version of God's ideal plan, yet it denied the existence of
subjected to mind control —that whereas one week earlier, I had had no belief
1 God. It was therefore Satan's own religion on earth and must be vehemently
in Satan, now I was afraid that he was influencing my thoughts. opposed. He said the final world war would be fought within the next three
My parents told me to stay away from the group. They didn't want me to years between Communism and democracy (at that time, by 1977), and that if
abandon Judaism. I didn't want to abandon Judaism either; I wanted to do the members of the movement didn't work hard enough, incredible suffering would
right thing. If Moon is the Messiah, I reasoned, then I will be fulfilling my result.
Jewish heritage by following him. Even though my parents opposed the group, I By the end of those three days the Steve Hassan who had walked into the
believed that as an independent nineteenyearold person, I was capable of first workshop was gone, replaced by a new "Steve Hassan." I was elated at the
making my own decision in this matter. I wanted to do what was right. In doing thought that I was "chosen" by God and that my life's path was now on the only
so, I had been told by members of the group, I could later intervene on my "true track." I experienced a wide range of other feelings too: I was shocked
parents' behalf and save them spiritually. and honored that I had been singled out for leadership, scared at how much
After several earnest days of prayer, I received what I thought was the responsibility rested on my shoulders, and emotionally high on the thought that
"sign." Unable to concentrate on my schcolwork, I was sitting on the edge of God was actively working to bring about the Garden of Eden. No more war, no
my bed. I reached down, picked up one of my philosophy books, and opened it more poverty, no more ecological destruction. Just love, truth, beauty, and
to a paragraph at random, which said that history goes through certain cycles to goodness. Still, a muffled voice deep within was telling me to watch out, to
help human beings evolve to a higher plane. At that moment I thought I had had keep questioning everything.
a spiritual experience. How could I have chanced to open the book to that After that workshop, I returned to Queens. I decided to move into the local
paragraph? I thought that God was surely signaling me to heed Mr. Miller's Moonie house for a few months to get a feel for the lifestyle and to study the
lectures. I felt I had to go back and learn more about this movement. Divine Principle before I made a lifetime commitment. Within the first few
weeks of my residence there, I met a powerful leader, Takeru Kamiyama, a 3
Japanese man in charge of the Unification Church throughout New York City. I
was instantly drawn to him. He struck me as having a very spiritual, humble
TYING THE KNOT: I BECOME AN "INSIDER" character. I wanted to learn everything I could from him.
As soon as I called the center, I was whisked off to another threeday workshop. In retrospect, I realize that Mr. Kamiyama appealed to me because he had
When I asked a member why I hadn't been told the truth about the religious qualities different from those I had been exposed to as a child. He was a
quality of the movement, he asked, "If you knew in advance, would you have visionary. He had a great deal of power and status. My father, a simple
come?" I admitted that I probably wouldn't have. He explained that the world businessman, had repeatedly told me that no one person could ever change the
was controlled by Satan after he had deceived Adam and Eve into disobeying world. Kamiyama very much believed that one person could make a big
20 Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life in the Unification Church 21
difference. He was very religious and emotionally expressive. My father, drop out of school, quit my job, and move into the center. My hair was cut short
though a sincere man in his own quiet way, was not. In looking back and and I started to wear a suit and tie. At the request of an older member I had
analyzing the relationship, I see that I allowed Kamiyama to take the place of performed a fortyday "condition," a selfsacrificing penance exercise, giving
my father. The kind of verbal approval and physical affection I sought from my up my friends and family for forty days—not seeing them or communicating
father was given to me by this man, who used this emotional leverage to with them in any way.
motivate and control me. I donated my bank account to the center and would have given my car
As it turned out, I had been the first new person to join the center in except that my parents had the title. I had to abandon my Chilean foster child
Queens. Just a month earlier, the big center in Manhattan had been divided into because I had no way to earn money to send her. I was asked to sacrifice my
eight satellite centers spread out in different boroughs. Since I was the first, Mr. "Isaac," a term used by the Moonies for something the members hold very
Kamiyama said it was a sign that I was meant to become a great leader. He made dear. In my case it was my poetry. I threw out everything I had written—some
me one of his twelve American disciples and oversaw everything I did. four hundred pieces.
Although I had never liked being in groups before, my elite status in this Once I had officially dropped out of college, I was sent back onto the
group made me feel special. Because of my relationship with Kamiyama, I had campus to recruit new members. The leaders told me I could go back to finish
access to the Messiah himself—Sun Myung Moon—who was the ultimate my degree the following year. When I told them about my desire to teach, they
father figure. informed me that the "Family," as members refer to the movement, was
planning to start its own university in a few years and I could be an instructor
there.
I was ordered to set up an official student club at Queens College even
LIFE WITH "FATHER": I GET CLOSER TO MOON though I was no longer a student. The club was to be called Collegiate
Sun Myung Moon is a short stocky man who has more than an average share of Association for the Research of Principles, or C.A.R.R Within a couple of
charisma. He was born in 1920 in what is now North Korea. He carries himself weeks I had done so and was made C.A.R.P director. Although I told students
like a small sumo wrestler in a $1,000 business suit. He is a shrewd manipulator that C.A.R.P had no affiliation with another group, I received all of my
and an effective communicator, particularly with those who are indoctrinated instructions and funding from the director of the Unification Church in Queens.
to believe he is the greatest man ever to walk the face of the earth. Moon usually We put on free lectures, poetry readings, antiCommunist political rallies, and
spoke either Korean or Japanese and used a translator. I was told he did so for free movies, all the while seeking to meet potential converts. We were then the
"spiritual" reasons. During my membership, I was present at more than one most successful C.A.R.P chapter in the country.
hundred of his lectures, and participated in approximately twentyfive leader I was in a highspeed daze of exhaustion, zeal, and emotional overload. I
ship meetings with him. generally slept between three and four hours a night. Almost all my time that
Mr. Moon and Mr. Kamiyama knew how to cultivate their disciples to be first year was spent recruiting and lecturing. Occasionally I went out with
loyal and well disciplined. Members of the core leadership were trained to others "fundraising"—selling flowers or other items on the street for dona
follow his orders without question or hesitation. Once I had become totally tions—to support the house and the operations of the New York Church. I
indoctrinated, all I wanted to do was to follow my central figure's instructions. I learned how to fast for three days only drinking water. Later I was to do three
was so committed that I had suppressed the real me with my new identity. separate sevenday fasts on water, having been told it was part of the purifying
Whenever I look back now, I am amazed at how I was manipulated and how I process.
manipulated others "in the name of God." I can also see very clearly that the During my time in the group, I was directly involved in numerous political
higher I rose in the hierarchy, the more corrupt I became: Moon was making us demonstrations, although they were usually organized under the names of front
over in his image. Once he actually told the leaders that if we remained faithful groups. (The Moon organization has, over the years, used hundreds of such
and carried out our missions well, we would each be President of our own groups. ) For example, in July 19741 was sent to the Capitol steps with several
4
country one day. We too would have Mercedes Benz automobiles, personal hundred Moonies under the name "National Prayer and Fast for the Watergate
secretaries, and bodyguards. Crisis" to demonstrate on behalf of Richard Nixon.
I learned how to present the introductory lectures of the Divine Principle Before joining the Moonies I had had long debates with my father at the
within the first three months of my membership. By that time I had recruited dinner table about Nixon. My father, a businessman, was at that time a diehard
two more people, who became my "spiritual children," and was instructed to Nixon supporter. I had always felt strongly that Nixon was not to be trusted and
22 Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life in the Unification Church 23
in fact had often referred to him at dinner as a crook. Now, in the heat of my Leadership had other benefits, too. On one occasion Moon gave me an
Mooninspired prayer vigil for Nixon, I called my parents from Washington to Italian handblown glass figurine and $300 in cash as a present. I was often
tell them about the fast. Because my father had always been so staunchly behind permitted to play softball with his son and heir apparent, Hyo Jin Moon (now
Nixon, I thought he would be pleased. head of C. A.R.P.). Twice I ate with Moon at his lavish dinner table. I came to
When I told him the news, my father said to me, "Steven, you were right. love the feeling of getting up in front of hundreds of people and giving a Sunday
Nixon's a crook!" service or a Divine Principle lecture, of having members look up to me as a
"But Dad, you don't understand; God wants Nixon to be President!" I wonderful and spiritual person.
exclaimed. There were even "miracles" in my life. At one point I learned that all
"Now I know you are brainwashed," my father said, exasperated. "The American members had been ordered by Moon to undergo a 120day leadership
guy's a crook." training. Much to my surprise, Kamiyama interceded with Moon to keep me
It was only when I left the group that I laughed at the irony in this sudden from being sent to that training session. I was brought before Moon—referred
role reversal. to by members as "Father"—and before I knew what had happened, he put his
Later in 1974,1 was part of a sevenday fast in front of the United Nations
5
hand over my head and announced that I had just graduated from the 120day
the week the U.N. voted on whether to withdraw its troops from South Korea program! When I asked Kamiyama why he had requested my exemption from
because of human rights violations. We were personally instructed by Sun the training, he told me that I was too important where I was in New York and
Myung Moon not to tell anyone that we were members of the Unification that he didn't want to lose me. I had gotten the approval of a man who, I
Church or had any political motivation. We established a front group called The thought, was God's representative on Earth.
American Committee for Human Rights for Japanese Wives of North Korean
Moon had a novel style of motivating leaders. He would be nice to us at
Repatriates, and successfully shifted the delegates' focus from human rights
first, buying us gifts and taking us out for dinner or a movie. Then he would
abuses in South Korea to those perpetrated by North Korea. The vote to
bring us back to his estate and yell and scream about how poorly we were
withdraw was defeated. The Moonies claimed a victory and we were told the
performing.
South Korean government was pleased. 6
world, many of his strategies foster jealousy and spite among leaders, virtually
else). I always did what I was told, and then some. I wanted to prove my loyalty, insuring a lack of unity.
and I was tested many times by Kamiyama and other leaders.
When I knew him, Moon was a movie junkie. One of his favorite movies
As a leader, I was able to see and hear things that rankandfile members was Rocky, which he watched repeatedly, he told us. On one memorable
never could. Once, in late 1974, Moon took a few of us to inspect some new real occasion he told us that we had to have the same determination as Rocky Balboa
estate he had acquired in Tarry town. As usual, he gave an impromptu talk. to defeat our enemy. Later he was to spend $48 million in making a film of his
However, this one stuck in my mind. "When we take power in America," he own, Inchon, about General Douglas Mac Arthur's landing in Korea to stop the
said, "we will have to amend the Constitution and make it a capital offense for Communist invasion. Even though Moon bought top talent in Laurence Olivier
anyone to have sexual relations with anyone other than the person assigned to and Jacqueline Bisset, Inchon was a failure. It was the most expensive movie
him." He went on to explain that sex that was not Godcentered was the greatest ever made at the time, and received roundly bad reviews from the critics. 8
sin a person could commit; therefore, if a person couldn't overcome temptation,
it would be better to take away his physical body. In that way we would be doing Looking back on it all now, I believe one of Moon's major problems as a
him a favor and making it easier to restore him to righteousness in the spirit leader was his shortsightedness. He seemed always to be more concerned with
world. I thought of all the married people not in the movement who were immediate results than with the future. For example, his disregard for legal and
destroying their spiritual bodies by having intercourse. I never stopped to think accounting advice eventually landed him in jail. His use of deception in order
9
national spotlight, but also alerted people to his background and unethical I could for "Father." Fortunately for me, though, my family had not forgotten
practices. This lack of foresight has caused his organization tremendous prob about me and was greatly concerned for my welfare.
lems over the years. After my time on the model fundraising team in Manhattan, I was told that
Eventually I became the main lecturer in Manhattan and experienced a my family was trying to kidnap and deprogram me. I was sent "underground"
strange twist in my relationship with another American in the group. I was to Pennsylvania. I was instructed not to tell my family my whereabouts and to
made assistant director of the Unification Church at national headquarters and have all my mail forwarded through another city. Years later, after I left the
was told to work with Neil Salonen, then president of the Unification Church of group, I suspected I had been sent out of town as a distraction. The Moonies
America. Mr. Kamiyama told me that Salonen needed to learn how to submit to wanted to keep me from pursuing some disturbing questions about the validity
the Korean and Japanese leadership in the church, and that I had been placed in of the "time parallels" used in the "History of Restoration" lecture. I had
the headquarters to teach him the "Japanese standard." That month the head discovered some glaring inconsistencies. It was dangerous for someone in my
quarters had been moved from Washington, D.C., to New York to bring the position in the organization to ask questions that couldn't be answered. The
American staff under stricter Oriental control. other group leaders filled me with so much fear about deprogrammers that my
In my new position, it was my job to recruit newcomers to workshops. questions simply disappeared. I believed my spiritual survival was at stake.
There had been a good deal of public exposure to the group's activities, and we I had been repeatedly told horror stories about deprogramming. I had come
felt the full brunt of public "persecution." We truly identified with the early to believe that group members were brutally kidnapped, beaten, and tortured
Christians: the more people opposed us, the more committed we felt. At that by deprogrammers—Satan's elite soldiers committed to breaking people down
time the media carried some sensational articles and television shows about the and destroying their faith in God. A couple of members were sent around to
10
After all, every person but us was being controlled by Satan, and it was up to slow down and think, being away from the group's constant reinforcement.
the "Heavenly Children" to claim money back from Satan for God's Messiah, Fourth, my parents decided to have me deprogrammed. Fifth, I had a cast on
Sun Myung Moon. We truly believed that we were saving the world from Satan my right leg from my toes to my pelvis, so I couldn't move without crutches. I
and Communism by selling those products, and that we were giving people the could neither fight nor run away.
opportunity to help the Messiah create the Garden of Eden on earth. I was sitting on the living room couch at my sister's home when my father
At about 5:30 A.M. on April 23, 1976,1 was driving the van to pick up the appeared unexpectedly. He sat down next to me and asked me how I was doing.
last member of my group who had been out all night fundraising in front of a When I said "fine," he stood up. He took my crutches to the other side of the
twentyfourhour convenience store. I hadn't slept at all in the previous two days room and said, "That's great!" Then seven more people appeared and
and was driving alone. Usually I had someone ride "shotgun" position to announced that they had come to "talk to me about my affiliation with the
protect me from being attacked by evil forces, the "sleep spirits." As ridiculous Unification Church." I was shocked, and realized I was trapped.
as it seems now, I actually believed that spiritual entities were all around me, By now I was thoroughly programmed and immediately "knew" that the
waiting to invade me and possess me. This was all part of the mind control deprogramming team had been sent directly by Satan. In my terror, their faces
indoctrination. Staying focused on the True Parents was the only way to ward looked like images of demons. It was very surprising to me, then, when they
off the evil spirits. If my attention wavered, I could be taken over. Phobias such turned out to be warm and friendly. They spent several hours talking to me
as this kept me and other members dependent and compliant. about what they knew to be wrong with the Moonies. As a committed member, I
This time I was overconfident. I fell asleep and awoke abruptly. All I could fought to keep from hearing their words. After all, I had been told all about
see was the red back end of the eighteenwheeler I was driving into at high deprogramming by leaders of the group. I wasn't going to allow my faith in God
speed. I hit the brakes, but it was too late. The impact was awful. The van was to be broken by Satan.
crushed and I was pinned. The pain was excruciating, but I could do nothing— The next morning my father said that we were going to go for a drive to see
I was trapped. The door had to be sawed off. It took an emergency team about my mother. What had actually happened, I learned later, was that the Moonies
thirty minutes to set up a winch and pull the steering column forward to make had called to see why I hadn't reported in and were on their way to rescue me.
enough room to free me. Believing that my mother would be sympathetic and put an end to the
All I could think then was "Father, forgive me" and "Crush Satan." Over deprogramming, I eagerly hobbled on my crutches and got into the back seat of
and over I chanted those lines to try to focus my mind on God and beg His the car, with my broken leg outstretched. My father was driving, and two of the
forgiveness. I thought what had happened was "spiritual"—that I had been deprogrammers sat next to him. I became angry, though, as my father passed
tested by Satan in the spirit world and had been defeated, and that this was what the exit from the Long Island Expressway to my parents' home. While it might
caused the accident, not the fact that I hadn't slept in days. Like any dedicated seem hard to believe, my first impulse was to escape by reaching over and
cult member I blamed myself for not being "pure" enough. It didn't dawn on me snapping my father's neck. I actually thought it was better to do that than betray
that I should have been sleeping at least my normal three or four hours a night. I the Messiah! As a member I had been told many times that it was better to die or
felt that I had been chosen by God for this holy mission but had failed. kill than to leave the church. 1 2
At that point, however, I was still confident that they could never break me.
I knew I would have other chances to escape, so I decided not to kill my father.
DEPROGRAMMING: HOW I FOUND MY WAY When we arrived at the apartment in which the deprogramming was scheduled
BACK TO MYSELF to continue, I refused to get out of the car without a fight. I threatened my father
After two weeks in the hospital and an operation for my broken leg, I got with extreme violence and told him that I would break my leg again and let it
permission from my Moonie superiors to visit my sister Thea. I was able to do bleed until I died.
this for two reasons: Thea had never openly criticized my involvement in the My father turned around from the driver's seat and started to cry. I had seen
Moonies, and I had been a trusted leader—someone whose faith in God and in my father cry only once before: when I was fifteen and my grandmother died.
the group was believed to be absolute. Then, as now, I felt a big lump in my throat and an ache in my heart. "This is
The accident, however, subtly began breaking the Moonies' hold over me crazy," he pleaded. "Tell me, what would you do, if your son, your only son,
in several ways. First, I could sleep, eat, and rest. Second, I could finally see my went away for a weekend workshop and all of sudden disappeared, dropped out
family. My parents and my other sister Stephanie had been judged "satanic" by of college, quit work, and got involved with such a controversial organization?"
the Moonies, but I still loved them and wanted to convert them. Third, I could That was the first time since I had joined that—for even a moment—I
28 Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life in the Unification Church 29
Moonies. The report found that the Moon organization "systematically violated
I DECIDE TO GO PUBLIC U.S. tax, immigration, banking, currency, and Foreign Agents Registration Act
Meeting Lifton changed my life. Instead of looking at myself and seeing a laws, as well as state and local laws relating to charity fraud." It called for an
college dropout, a poet with no poetry (I sorely regretted throwing those four interagency task force to continue to gather evidence and to prosecute Moon
hundred poems away when I joined), and a former cult member, I saw that and other Unification Church leaders for their criminal violations. The subcom
perhaps there was a higher purpose for me. At that time, although I was no mittee's Republican minority included its own statement, reading in part, "It is
longer a Moonie, I was still thinking somewhat in black and white terms: good difficult to understand why the appropriate agencies of the Executive Branch
versus evil, us versus them. The world's most renowned expert on brainwashing have not long since taken action against those activities of the Moon organiza
thought that I had an important contribution to make, that what I had experi tion that are illegal." Little did I know that events would soon induce me to take
enced could be useful in helping people. By this time I had started attending cult a more visible position.
awareness meetings of people affected by the problem and was approached by The report was released October 31, 1978. Three weeks later, California
many parents of people in the Moonies. They asked me if I would talk to their Congressman Leo J. Ryan, a member of the Koreagate investigation, was
children. I agreed. gunned downed at an airstrip near Jonestown, Guyana, while trying to help
32 Combatting Cult Mind Control My Life In the Unification Church 33
members of another cult, the People's Temple, escape the horrors of Jim Jones' ship with John Grinder. By this time, too, I had fallen in love and gotten
camp. I watched the news bulletins about the nine hundred people who were married. I moved back to Massachusetts when my wife, Aureet, was given a
dead because a cult leader had gone insane. Chills went down my spine. I had scholarship to work for her master's degree at Harvard.
never heard of the People's Temple before, but I completely identified with the However, I became concerned about the ethics of what seemed to me to be
mindset of its members. I remembered listening to Moon harangue us and ask if a massmarket campaign to promote NLP as a tool for power enhancement. I
we were willing to follow him to our deaths. I remembered hearing Moon say eventually left my association with Grinder and began to study the works of
that if North Korea invaded South Korea, he would send American Unification Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir, and Gregory Bateson on which NLP is based. I
members to die on the front lines, so that Americans would get inspired to fight learned a great deal about how the mind functions as well as how to communi
another land war in Asia. cate with a person more effectively. These studies gave me a way to move
I spent days thinking about the cult problem. More than anything else, the forward and apply what I had learned to help people trapped in cults. It was
Jonestown massacre motivated me to become a public activist again. I accepted possible, I discovered, to analyze and create a model for the process of change
several invitations to appear on television. I was asked to speak at Senator that occurs when a person goes into a cult group and then successfully leaves it.
Robert Dole's public hearing on cults on Capitol Hill in 1979. But at the last What individual factors make a person able to move away from the mind
moment, all the excult members who had been invited to speak were taken off controlled psyche? Why are certain interventions successful and others not?
the program. The hearing was a disaster. What goes on in the thought processes of people who simply walk out of cults?
After that, Moon's political influence began to grow. When Ronald Reagan Patterns began to appear. I found that "walkaways" were people who had been
became president, Mooncontrolled groups began funding the New Right polit able to maintain contact with people outside the destructive cult. It was clear
ical movement in Washington. When it was clear the federal government would that if such people could maintain communication with outsiders, valuable
do nothing about the Moonies, I decided to organize. I started a group called information that could change a person's life could penetrate cultcontrolled
ExMembers Against Moon, later ExMoon, Inc. I sponsored press confer mental walls.
ences, edited a monthly newsletter, and gave numerous interviews. I had I knew how important my father's tears had been for me. More importantly,
considered starting a group of former members from many different cult I realized that he had been able to invite me to look at myself from his
groups, but I decided that with the release of the Congressional investigation, it perspective and resort my information from his viewpoint. In analyzing my
would be more effective for me to focus on the Moonies. I filed a Freedom of own experience, I recognized that what helped me the most was my own
Information Act request with the Department of Defense, asking why a Moon internal voice and my own firsthand experiences, buried beneath all of the
owned company, Tong II Industries, was permitted to make American M16 thoughtstopping rituals of chanting and praying and all the emotional repres
rifles in Korea when only the South Korean government had legal permission to sion. Underneath, the real me wasn't dead. Maybe it had been bound and
do so. Was the Moon organization part of the Korean government? Was the gagged, but I was very much alive. The accident and deprogramming had
Department of Defense giving it favored treatment? The request was turned helped move me physically and psychologically to a place where I was able to
down on the grounds that revealing the information I asked for would compro get in touch with myself. Indeed, it was my ideals and my own fantasy of an
mise the security of the United States. To this day I do not know the truth. ideal world that had lured me into the Moonies. Those ideals ultimately enabled
I knew that I didn't want to do any more deprogrammings. I had to find a me to walk out and publicy condemn cult mind control.
way to help people out of cults that would be less traumatic and less expensive, Since receiving my master's degree in counseling psychology from Cam
and would not violate the law. I had read dozens of books and thousands of bridge College in 1985,1 have begun a new phase of my life. While practicing
pages—everything I could get my hands on—about thought reform, brain psychotherapy and conducting my public education activities, I have also
washing, attitude change, persuasion, and CIA recruitment and indoctrination. worked as the national coordinator for FOCUS, a support group of former cult
The next and most important area to research was the field of hypnosis. members who want to help each other. Above all, I have worked to increase
In 1980, I attended a seminar by Richard Handler on hypnosis that was public awareness of the fact that the problem of destructive cults did not go
based on a model he and John Grinder had developed, called NeuroLinguistic away as the idealistic youth of the 1970s became the young professionals of the
Programming (NLP). I was impressed by what I learned, because it gave me a 1980s. Destructive cults are going after many different kinds of people and
handle on techniques of mind control and how to combat them. I spent nearly gaining many more members, as I will show.
two years studying NLP with everyone involved in its formulation and presenta Yet, while destructive cults continue to grow, so too does our understand
tion. At one point I moved to Santa Cruz, California, to undergo an apprentice ing of the process of unethical mind control. The field of exit counseling is
34 Combatting Cult Mind Control
Chapter 3
expanding as more mental health professionals, social workers, doctors, law
yers, and people from all walks of life, many of them people who have lost
family members to destructive cults, become aware of the dynamics of mind
control. There are some basic ways to identify destructive cults, protect your
self from mind control, and help others shake free of its influence. Giving you
the keys to that knowledge is what this book is all about.
IMAGINE, if you will, the following scenes.
Saffronrobed men on street corners dancing and chanting with cymbals
and drums. Bedraggled teenagers running from car to car selling flowers in the
pouring rain. Highstrung men in suits and ties confronting people in airport
lobbies for money to quarantine AIDS victims and build particlebeam
weapons. Over nine hundred people—men, women, and children; white and
black—lying face down in the mud at Jonestown, Guyana.
Mention "cults" to someone and these are the images you'll evoke. Many
of us have seen such images ourselves, either through personal experience or
through the mass media.
Yet these images do not represent the overall destructive cult phenomenon
as it has become today. They are only its most visible aspect.
Imagine, then, a different set of images.
Business executives in threepiece suits sitting in hotel ballrooms for
companysponsored "awareness" training, unable to get up to go to the bath
room. Housewives attending "psychup rallies" so they can recruit friends and
neighbors into a pyramid sales organization. Hundreds of students gathering at
an accredited university being told they can levitate and "fly" through the air if
they only meditate hard enough. Highschool students practicing satanic rituals
involving blood and urine directed by an older leader who claims he will
36 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 37
control techniques are used to recruit and control followers, then people's rights
been found to be a major supplier of money and guns to the contra forces in are being infringed upon.
Nicaragua. They also invested between $70 and $100 million in Uruguay,
4 5
"Cults" are not new. Throughout history, groups of enthusiasts have
perhaps in an attempt to turn that country into the cult's first theocratic state—a sprung up around charismatic leaders of every possible description. But in
springboard from which to pursue its declared goal "to conquer and subjugate recent years, something has been added: the systematic use of modern psycho
the world." 6
logical techniques to reduce a person's will and gain control over his or her
In the United States, cults exert tremendous economic clout by buying up thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
huge blocks of real estate and taking over hundreds of businesses. Some enter While we usually think of "cults" as being religious (the first definition of
corporations under the pretense of offering executive leadership training, while "cult" in Webster's Third New International Dictionary is "religious practice:
harboring a covert agenda to take over the company. Some seek to influence the worship"), actually they are often completely secular. Webster's also defines
judicial system by spending millions of dollars annually on top attorneys to try "cult" as "a usually small or narrow circle of persons united by devotion or
to bend the law to their will. allegiance to some artistic or intellectual program, tendency, or figure (as one
Since all destructive cults believe that the ends justify the means, they of limited popular appeal)." That second definition begins to come close to the
believe themselves to be above the law. As long as they believe that what they meaning of a modern cult but falls a bit short. Modern cults have virtually
are doing is "right" and "just," many of them think nothing of lying, stealing, unlimited popular appeal. For the sake of brevity, I will refer to many groups
cheating, or unethically using mind control to accomplish their ends. They from now on as simply "cults." You may assume, though, that I use that term
violate, in the most profound and fundamental way, the civil liberties of the only for groups which fit the criteria for being destructive.
people they recruit. They turn unsuspecting people into slaves. In times past, cult or sect leaders could be very compelling, often abu
What right do I have to call a group a destructive cult, anyway? My right to sively so. Charges of mind control against them have a long history. But the
freely express my opinion short of libeling someone is, of course, guaranteed leaders gained their dominance over followers in a relatively hitormiss way,
38 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 39
learning as they went along. Cult leadership was an art practiced by a very few. newspaper publishers, William Randolph Hearst III, transformed into "Tania,"
In some cases, groups which were originally considered cults in their earliest a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, a leftwing terrorist cult?
days have grown to become respected, mainline religions, such as Christian As public awareness of the destructive potential of cult membership began
Science, which came into prominence around the turn of the century. Yet even to grow, we saw the birth of deprogramming. Professional deprogrammers like
mainline religious organizations can have destructive aspects and can have Ted Patrick hired by a cult member's family would forcibly abduct the person
elements shared by newer destructive cults. and, often in a secluded motel room, try to reverse the cult's "brainwashing." 9
cally and sexually abused. These people become slaves to the "company" and
Rajneesh. 13
turn over their money in order to pay for "living expenses."
Political cults often make the news, usually with the word "fringe" or "extre
mist" attached, but most people do not hear about the deceptive recruitment
and mind control practices that distinguish them from runofthemill fanatics. RECRUITMENT: HOW IT'S DONE
These groups are organized around a particular political dogma. One such As you can see, there are many different ways people can be ensnared into a
group's leader, Lyndon LaRouche, has run for President in the past three group which uses mind control. Since destructive groups deliberately seek out
elections and claims to advise top government and business leaders. Another
14
number of sincere, committed members whom a newcomer meets is probably
ist" training camps to uphold a white supremacy doctrine, with plans to take far more attractive to a prospective convert than any doctrine or structure. The
over the United States or die trying. It would be possible also to point to the
16
are taught to suppress any negative feelings they have about the group and
always show a continually smiling, "happy" face.
Psychotherapy/educational cults hold workshops and seminars for hundreds Likewise, they are taught to size up the newcomer, and package the group
of dollars to provide "insight" and "enlightenment," usually in a hotel meet in a form that will be easy to sell to him or her. In the Moonies, I was taught to
ingroom environment. These cults use many basic mind control techniques to use a fourpart personality model to help recruit new members. People were
provide participants with a "peak" experience. That experience may be all that categorized as thinkers, feelers, doers, or believers. Thinkers are people who
happens to most customers, but others will be manipulated to sign up for the approach life with their minds, like intellectuals. Feelers lead with their emo
more expensive advanced courses. Graduates of the advanced courses may then tions. Doers are actionoriented and very physical. Believers are spiritually
become enmeshed in the group. Once committed to the group, members are oriented.
told to bring in friends, relatives, and coworkers, or cut them off. But recrui
If a person was categorized as a thinker, we would use an intellectual
ters are not allowed to disclose much about the program. Many of these groups
approach. We would show him pictures of Nobel Laureates at one of the group
have caused nervous breakdowns, broken marriages, and business failures, not
sponsored science conferences, or philosophers discussing a variety of interest
to mention some welldocumented suicides and deaths by reckless accidents.
ing topics. A deliberate misimpression was given that these giants of the
The people who run these groups sometimes have questionable personal back
scientific and academic communities were supporters of the movement. In fact,
grounds and often few or no credentials.
to my knowledge, none of them actually support the Moon cause. They were
interested in meeting with professional colleagues and friends. Of course, their
Commercial cults believe in the dogma of greed. They deceive and manipulate expensepaid trips and the thousands of dollars paid to them as honorariums
people to work for little or no pay in the hope of getting rich. There are many were added incentives.
pyramidstyle or multilevel marketing organizations that promise big money Feelers would always respond well to a loving, caring approach by cult
but fleece their victims. They then destroy their victims' selfesteem so that they members. With these people, my group would accent our emotional wellbeing,
will not complain. Success depends on recruiting new people who in turn as well as the extended family aspect of the group. We would always talk about
recruit others. Other commercial cults include those that browbeat people into love with such people, and how there wasn't enough of the "real" kind of love
hawking magazine subscriptions or other items door to door. These cults take in the world. Feelers automatically long to be accepted by others in group
out ads in local newspapers promising exciting travel and lucrative careers. Cult situations, so we would go out of our way to provide the person with a warm and
recruiters set up "interviews" inside their hotel rooms, preying on high school enticing feeling of unconditional approval.
and college students. When people are "accepted," they usually have to pay
money to be "trained" and then are sent in vans far away to sell merchandise. Doers tend to like challenges and strive to accomplish a great deal with
Salespeople are manipulated through fear and guilt and are sometimes physi their lives. They are actionoriented people. Perhaps they see poverty and
suffering in the world and want to make it end. We would tell them how much
42 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 43
we were doing along these lines. Perhaps they are concerned about war, or are based) that man is a rational being, responsible for, and in control of, his
Communism. We would always make it sound as though we were the only every action. Such a world view does not allow for any concept of mind control.
organization with a plan of action that worked. (Even if it was objectively Second, we all have a belief in our own invulnerability. It is too scary to think
untrue, we believed it was true.) We would tell such people about all of the that someone could take control of our mind. Third, influence processes start
hundreds of programs we were sponsoring to fix and heal a "broken" world. from the moment we are born, so it is easy to take the position that everything is
We saw believers as people searching for God, or looking for spiritual mind control. It's easy, then, to simply say "Why worry about it?"
meaning in their lives. They typically would tell us about their spiritual Let's start with the idea that man is a rational being. If people operate from
experiences—dreams, visions, revelations. For the most part, these people such a viewpoint, they simply believe that members have rationally "chosen" to
were "wide open," and really recruited themselves. It was always amazing to live a deviant lifestyle. If that person is an adult, goes the argument, then he or
me to realize how many people in this category told us they had just been she has a right to live any way he or she chooses. That argument would be true
praying to God to show them what He wanted them to do with their lives. Many if there were no deceptive techniques used to unduly influence a person's
believed they were "spiritually" led to meet one of our members. With them it "choice."
was simply a matter of sharing our "testimonies" with them to convince them Though it might be obvious, we human beings aren't totally "rational"
they had been led to us by God. creatures. Complete rationality denies our emotional and physical nature. We
Contrary to public perception, most of the people we recruited did not fall can't function without our emotions. We all need love, friendship, attention, and
into the bel iever category. Most were either feelers or doers. Many of the people approval in our lives. Most of us would agree, for example, on the wonderful
who were socalled thinkers eventually became leaders within the organization. ness of falling in love. Neither would anyone argue that our bodies have a
With this personality model to guide recruiters, and hundreds of front tremendous impact on the way we function. Have you ever gone for a few days
groups to operate behind, the Moon organization casts a broad recruitment net with little or no sleep? If so, I doubt that without sleep you were functioning
that draws in a diversity of people. Indeed, members regard themselves as
18
rationally and in total control of your every action. Have you ever fasted (no
"fishers of men," a term taken from Jesus' metaphor for his disciples in the New food) for days? The mind begins to hallucinate when the body doesn't have
Testament. enough to eat. In such circumstances, our physiology undermines our ratio
The fishers' work, though, is made considerably easier by the fact that nality.
most people have no idea of the major destructive cults' considerable resources. Then, of course, we have the problems that stem from our belief in our own
Many of the larger ones have grown quite wealthy through public fundraising invulnerability. We all need to feel that we are in control of our lives. We don't
techniques and strategies as well as by tapping their own members' bank like feeling that events are out of control, so we put reality into an order that
accounts and property. They reinvest a great part of their capital back into makes sense to us. When we hear that something bad has happened to someone
recruiting more members. Today, it is also quite common for some cult groups (perhaps being mugged or raped), we usually try to find a reason to explain why
to spend huge sums of money on public relations firms. They pay top dollar to that person was a victim. Was he or she walking at the "wrong" time in a "bad"
experts to help them make a positive "image" which will enable them to be neighborhood? People try to ascribe a direct causeandeffect relationship to
more effective in pursuing their hidden agendas. They hire marketing special what happened: if something bad happened to her, then she must have done
ists to design their recruitment campaigns. They will use anything that works. something wrong. This kind of behavior is called blaming the victim.
The average person doesn't stand much chance. He doesn't understand Although there is value in trying to assess possibly careless behavior
mind control. He doesn't know how different cult groups operate. He doesn't (indeed, we must learn from life's tragedies), the reality is that the person just
know what questions to ask and what behaviors to watch out for. The average might have been in the wrong place at the wrong time. Blaming the victim plays
person assumes he could never be sucked in. an important psychological role in allowing us to distance ourselves from the
person who was hurt. In this way, we say to ourselves, "Such a thing couldn't
happen to me because I am different. I know better." Often people look at a cult
victim and say mistakenly, "What a weakminded person; he must have been
WHY DO THEY HAVE SO MUCH SUCCESS? looking for a way to escape responsibility and have someone control his life." In
Why is there a pervasive complacency concerning the threat of mind control that way people deny the reality that the same thing could happen to them.
cults? First of all, accepting that unethical mind control can affect anybody People believe that "it can never happen to them" because they want to
challenges the ageold philosophical notion (the one on which our current laws believe they are stronger and better than the millions who have fallen victim to
44 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 45
cult mind control. Our need to believe that we are invulnerable, though, is Icnow anyone who has ever had a phobia? Yourself, perhaps? The most common
actually a weakness that can easily be played upon by cult recruiters. For phobias include fears of flying in airplanes, public speaking, taking elevators,
example, a recruiter could say, "Now, Bill, you strike me as a very intelligent, driving in tunnels or over bridges, and certain animals like snakes, spiders, and
worldly type of person. You would never allow anyone to force you to do even dogs.
something you wouldn't want to do. You like to make up your mind for yourself. Basically, phobias are an intense fear reaction to someone or something. A
So you won't let the biased media scare you with bizarre claims of mind phobic reaction can range from very mild to very severe. An intense phobic
control. You're too smart for that. So what time do you want to come over for reaction can cause physical responses like racing heartbeat, dry mouth, sweat
that lecture?" ing, and muscle tension. Phobias can immobilize people and keep them from
Last, what about the philosophical position that "everything is mind doing the things they truly want to do. Indeed, phobias can rob people of free
control?" Well, it is certainly true that we are influenced throughout our lives. choice.
Yet, there is a continuum of influence processes that starts at one end with Ordinarily, people develop phobias as a result of a traumatic life experi
benign influences (a friend suggesting that we see a particular movie) and ends ence. For example, a friend dies in a plane crash. An elevator someone is
at the other extreme with destructive influences such as indoctrinating a person traveling in gets stuck for hours without light. Someone is bitten by a snake. We
to kill himself or harm others (Jonestown). Most of the groups I'm concerned learn to associate extremely negative feelings with the object. After such an
with fall near this destructive end of the continuum. experience, our fears can then take on a life of their own and, in minutes or over
What do I really mean by mind control? The term refers to a set of several years, can become a fullblown phobia.
techniques that influences how a person thinks, feels, and acts. (See chapter 4.) The structure of a phobia involves several internal components which
Like most bodies of knowledge, it is inherently neither good nor evil. If mind interact and cause a vicious cycle. These components include worrisome
control techniques are used to empower an individual to have more choice, and thoughts, negative internal images, and feelings of dread and being out of
the authority for his life remains within himself, the effects can be very control. Just thinking about the object can sometimes trigger the cycle into
beneficial. For example, people have used hypnosis to enable them to quit action. The person may say to himself, "Oh, I hope the teacher doesn't call on
smoking. However, if mind control is used to change a person's belief system me to give my report," and that thought is enough to cause him to start getting
without informed consent and make him dependent on outside authority figures, tense and anxious. He sees (usually unconsciously) a picture of himself going to
the effects can indeed be devastating. the front of the room and freezing up. In this vivid "motion picture," he sees
Some destructive groups essentially make addicts out of their members. himself sweating and fidgeting, and his mind becoming a blank slate. Everyone
With alcoholism and substance abuse treatment so much in the national spot is laughing at him and the teacher starts yelling at him. This imagined ridicule
light today, it is important that mental health professionals pay attention to this causes him to feel even more upset and fearful that he will be the one called on,
former cult member population. People indoctrinated to perform excessive and he is well on the way toward having a fully developed phobia. People who
(hourslong) meditation or chanting techniques daily can become psycho were sexually abused as children often have crippling phobias about sex even as
logically and physiologically addicted to the mind control technique. Such adults, unless they get proper therapy.
mindstilling generates strong releases of brain chemicals which cause not only What do phobias have to do with cult groups and mind control? In some
a dissociated mental state but also a "high" similar to that created by illegal cults, members are systematically made to be phobic about ever leaving the
drugs. Some former members who have used these techniques for several years group. Today's cults know how to effectively implant vivid negative images
report a wide variety of deleterious side effects, including severe headaches, deep within members' unconscious minds, making it impossible for the mem
involuntary muscle spasms, and diminution of cognitive faculties like memory, ber to even conceive of ever being happy and successful outside of the group.
concentration, and decision making ability. When the unconscious is programmed to accept the negative images, it behaves
as though they were true. The unconscious mind is made to contain a substan
tial imagebank of all of the bad things that will occur if anyone should ever
betray the group. Members are programmed either overtly or subtly (depending
PHOBIAS: THE FORCE THAT ROBS on the organization) to believe that if they ever leave, they will die of some
CULT MEMBERS' FREEDOM horrible disease, be hit by a car, be killed in a plane crash, or perhaps even cause
Although I will go into great detail about the mind control process in chapter 4, the death of loved ones. Some groups programjnembers to believe that if they^
one very important subject should be discussed on its own: phobias. Do you
19 ever leave the group, planetary nuclear holocaust will be the result.
46 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 47
Of course, these thoughts are irrational and nonsensical. However, keep in We have a certain degree of conscious control, but many more matters are
mind that most phobias are irrational. Most planes don't crash, most elevators controlled unconsciously. The conscious mind has a narrow range of attention.
don't get stuck, and most dogs aren't rabid. In many ways, cultinduced phobias The unconscious does all the rest, including regulating all body functions.
are so cleverly created and implanted that people don't even know they exist. Imagine having to tell your heart to beat 72 times every minute. You would
Members are so conditioned to suppress their real selves that they aren't even never have time for anything else. The unconscious mind is the primary
aware of their desire to leave. They think they are so happy in the group that manager of information.
they would never want to leave. Such people can't generate positive images of
It is our creative unconscious that allows us to make mental pictures and to
themselves after leaving the group.
experience them as "real." Try this experiment. Take a moment and allow your
Imagine what it would be like if you believed that mysterious persons were mind to transport you to a beautiful tropical paradise. Feel the warmth of the
determined to poison you. If this belief were implanted deep within your sun, a cool breeze, and the smell of the ocean. Even if you have never been to
unconscious, do you think you would ever be able to go to restaurants and enjoy such a place, it is still possible to perform this experiment. Did you go
your meal? How long would it be before you ate only the food that you bought somewhere else for that moment? Our imagination can be channeled in other
and prepared yourself? If, by chance, someone with whom you were eating in a ways too. For example, professional basketball players visualize the ball leaving
restaurant suddenly became violently ill, how long would it be before you their fingers and going through the net before they shoot. These capacities to
stopped eating altogether? fantasize and visualize exist within everyone and are an essential component of
Such a belief would substantially limit your choices. Of course, you might being human. We all have dreamed about happier times in our lives—perhaps
try to cover it up or even rationalize your behavior by telling your friends that meeting the "perfect" person, perhaps winning the lottery. But hypnosis can
you don't like eating out because you are on a diet, or even by trying to convince also be used to create in our unconscious minds a fantasy world that can be used
them that restaurants are unsanitary and dangerous. Actually, your choices of to enslave us.
ways to eat no longer include simply going to a restaurant and enjoying a good
As we grow, the mind does not erase previous memories: it layers new
meal.
experiences over them in a very systematic way. It is amazing how easily we can
In the same way, cult phobias take away people's choices. Members truly shift back into past memories. For example, try to remember playing with your
believe they will be destroyed if they leave the safety of the group. They think favorite toy when you were a child, or eating your favorite food. Our memories
there are no other ways for them to grow—spiritually, intellectually, or emo of childhood form a vast storehouse which can be tapped and exploited by
tionally. They are virtually enslaved by this mind control technique. hypnotic techniques. It is not accidental that many destructive cults tell their
members to "become like little children." Adults can easily be ageregressed to
a time when they had little or no critical faculties. As children, we were
helplessly dependent on our parents as the ultimate authority figures.
THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND: THE KEY TO
CREATIVITY—AND VULNERABILITY The mind, despite all of its strength and ability, has weaknesses too. It is
dependent on a stream of coherent information for it to function properly. Put a
What makes us all so vulnerable to these influence processes? The answer lies person in a sensory deprivation chamber, and within hours he will start to
in the nature of the mind itself. The mind has been described as an unbelievably hallucinate and become incredibly suggestible. Likewise, put a person into a
sophisticated biocomputer which is constructed for survival. It is remarkable in situation where his senses are overloaded with noncoherent information, and
its ability to creatively adapt and respond to a person's needs as well as to the the mind will go "numb" as a protective mechanism. It gets confused and
environment. Our mind filters out floods of information every second, so that overwhelmed, and critical faculties no longer work properly. It is in this
we can cope with those things that we consider important. weakened state that people become very suggestible to others.
Our minds are huge reservoirs of information, stored as images, sounds, The mind needs frames of reference in order to structure reality. Change
feelings, tastes, and smells. Systematically, all this information is connected in the frame of reference, and the information coming in will be interpreted in a
meaningful ways. Our sense of self develops over years of life experience. As different way. Take, for example, the Jewish rite of circumcision. If you take
we grow and change, our beliefs about ourselves and the world change, too. Our away the cultural meaning and the medical advantages, it becomes an attack on
beliefs serve as the major means of processing information as well as determin a defenseless male child. Our belief system allows us to interpret information,
ing our behavior. make decisions, and act according to our beliefs. When people are subjected to
48 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Threat: Mind Control Cults Today 49
a mind control process, most do not have any frame of reference for the opposite sex), or through a cultsponsored event, such as a lecture, symposium,
experience, and consequently they often accept the frame of reference given to or movie.
them by the group. Very often an individual does not suspect he is being recruited. The friend
When we make decisions, we usually base them on information we believe or relative has just had some incredible insights and experiences and wants to
to be true. We don't have the time to verify every piece of information that share them, or says he or she "just needs your opinion," pretending he needs
comes at us. When we shop, we tend to believe it when we are told that a your help but intending to trick you into an indoctrination session. If the
particular item is cheaper here than at any other store. After all, why would the recruiter is a stranger, more often than not you think you've made a good friend.
person lie, particularly if you could come back and complain? If we distrusted Surveys of present and former cult members indicate that the majority of
everything, we would be paranoid. If, at the other extreme, we were to trust people recruited into destructive cults were approached at a vulnerable time of
everything and everybody, we would be naive and taken advantage of for the
stress in their lives.™ The stress is often due to some kind of major transition:
rest of our lives. Therefore, we strive to live our lives in a balance between
moving to a new town, starting a new job, breaking off a relationship, experi
skepticism and trust. A person with an open mind seeks to live within that
encing financial instability, or losing a loved one. People in such situations tend
healthy balance.
to have defense mechanisms that are overloaded or weakened. If they don't
Con artists are professional liars. Their greatest assets are their looks and know how to spot and avoid destructive cults, they are easy prey.
their ability to act. Most victims of con artists remark that they trusted the It is important to recognize that recruitment doesn't just happen. It is a
person because he (she) "didn't look like a criminal." The successful ones process imposed on people by other people. Highpowered business executives
never do. They convey a "humanness" that allows a person's defenses to be pressured by competition and driven by a need to succeed are recruited by
bypassed. They are usually great talkers but do not appear to be too slick. colleagues who tell them about the incredible benefits to be obtained from
"Slickness" would give them away. A criminal wants to size the "mark" up, taking the "course." College students pressured by academic work and a need
make the con, get the money, and leave.
for acceptance will make friends with a professional cult recruiter, or go to the
Cult recruiters use many of the same skills, but they want you to join. group's lecture on some current social issue. A housewife driven by the need to
Almost all of them were victims themselves at one point. They believe that what "do something with her life" follows the example of a friend and buys into a
they are doing is truly beneficial for you. However, they want something more pyramidstyle home supplies company. A high school student is dared by peers
valuable than your money. They want your mind! Of course, they'll take your into dabbling in satanic rituals.
money too, eventually. But they don't run away like common criminals. They Other people are initially brought into contact with a cult through an
want you to move in with them. Not only that, they want you to go out and do
impersonal medium. Some people begin by buying a cult book advertised on
the same to others.
TV as a best seller, while others receive in the mail an invitation to a seemingly
Everyone, like it or not, is vulnerable to mind control. Everyone wants to harmless "Bible study" session. Some people answer a want ad. Some are
be happy. Everyone needs affection and attention. Everyone is looking for recruited when they take a job with a cultowned business.
something better in life: more wisdom, more knowledge, more money, more Whatever the approach, the personal contact is eventually made. The
status, more meaning, better relationships, or better health. These basic human recruiter starts to learn all about the potential recruit—his hopes, dreams,
qualities and needs are exactly what cult recruiters prey upon. It is important to fears, relationships, job, interests. The more information the recruiter can
remember that for the most part, people don't join cults. Culls recruit people.
elicit, the greater his chance of manipulating the person. The recruiter strategi
cally plans how to bring him step by step into the group. The plan might include
effusive praise and flattery, introducing the person to another member with
similar interests and background, deliberate deception about the group, and
BASIC CULT RECRUITMENT APPROACHES evasive maneuvering to avoid answering questions.
Today, anyone can be recruited into a destructive cult. In the 1970s and
How can one become more aware of cult recruitment? The best way is to be able early 1980s, the typical member was collegeaged, but by the late 1980s it
to instantly recognize the ways in which cults make their appeals for member became commonplace for people of all ages to fall victim. An elderly person is
ship. People are approached in three basic ways: by a friend or relative who is also likely to be recruited. Of course, most cults would not engage an elderly
21
be solicited for heavy financial contributions or public relations statements. hospital or free clinic. People who worked devotedly for years, sometimes
Many middleaged people are recruited for their professional expertise to set up making hundreds of thousands of dollars for the group, have been told that the
or run a cultowned business. Young people, for the most part, still represent group couldn't afford to pay their medical bills and were asked to leave the
the core workers. They can sleep less, eat less, and work more. group until they were better. A person who requires expensive treatment will
Although the white middle class is still the main target of recruitment, often be asked to go back to his family so that they will pay the bills. If the
several groups are now actively seeking out blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. As person doesn't have a family who will help, he may even be driven to a hospital
they gather individuals from these communities, they use them to design and abandoned. These statements are based upon my personal experience and
programs that will bring in others. The big cults have already developed upon many reports of excult members.
indoctrination programs in Spanish, for example. Another target population is Some cults advocate faith healing as the sole treatment for medical prob
made up of Europeans visiting or working in the United States. After a few lems. The outcome can be suffering and even death. People are told that their
years of training and indoctrination (usually with expired visas), they are sent illness has a "spiritual" cause and are made to feel guilty for not totally
back to recruit in their own countries. devoting themselves to the group. Some cults tell members that going to a
It is of interest that cults generally avoid recruiting people who will burden doctor proves their faithlessness and even threaten to excommunicate them if
them, such as those with severe emotional or psychological problems. They they do.
want people who will stand up to the grueling demands of cult life. If someone Along with medical neglect is the problem of child abuse. Many children
is recruited who uses drugs, he is told to either stop using them or leave. To my have died or been scarred for life because of their parents' involvement in a
knowledge, there are almost no people with handicaps in cults, because it takes destructive cult. As a public, we have largely forgotten that nearly three
22
teachers, counselors, inventors, artists. Imagine what cult members could Chapter 4
accomplish if they were all set free to develop their Godgiven talents and
abilities! What if they channeled their energies into problem solving, rather
than trying to undermine America's freedoms with some warped totalitarian
vision?
In the meanwhile, destructive cult groups continue to grow more numerous
and powerful, operating with virtual free license to enslave people. It is ironic
that the United States, a country that cherishes freedom and liberty, does more
to protect a person from sales pressure at a usedcar lot than from organizations
whose intent is to cripple a person's ability to act for himself. Until the law is
able to set workable guidelines on such practices by individuals and organiza Understanding Mind Control
tions, and recognizes the existence of modern mind control techniques, people
are left to protect themselves.
Perhaps the single most important thing to realize in dealing with destruc
tive cults is that we are all vulnerable. The most we can do to protect ourselves
is inform ourselves thoroughly about the ways in which destructive cults
operate, and be "good consumers" when approaching any group we might be
interested in joining. Friends or relatives of people seeking some kind of major
group involvement or passing through times of unusual stress should remain W HEN I lecture at colleges, I usually challenge my audience with the
alert to sudden personality changes in those people. If you do suspect that question "How would you know if you were under mind control?"
someone you know is beginning to come under the influence of a mind control After some reflection, most people will realize that if one were under mind
organization, act quickly to seek competent help. Most medical problems control, it would be impossible to determine it without some help from others.
respond better to early detection and treatment, and the same principle holds In addition, one would need to understand very clearly what mind control is.
true for the problems of destructive cults. When I was under mind control, I didn't really understand what it was all
about. I assumed that mind control would involve being tortured in a dank
basement somewhere, with a light bulb shining in my face. Of course, that
never happened to me while I was in the Moonies. Whenever people yelled at
me and called me a "brainwashed robot," I just took it as an expected persecu
tion. It made me feel more committed to the group.
At that time, I didn't have a frame of reference for the phenomenon of mind
control. It wasn't until my deprogramming that I was shown exacdy what it is
and how it is used. Since I was a member of the Moonies and we regarded
Communism as the enemy, I was very interested in the techniques that the
Chinese Communists used to convert their opponents during the 1950s. I didn't
resist, then, when my counselors asked to read me parts of Dr. Robert Jay
Lifton's book Thought Reform and the Psychology ofTotalism. Since the book
1
had been published in 1961, I could not accuse Lifton of being antiMoon.
That book had a major effect on my understanding of what had happened to
me in the Moonies. I learned that Lifton had identified eight basic elements of
the process of mind control as practiced by the Chinese Communists. My
counselors pointed out that no matter how wonderful the cause, or how attrac
tive the members, if any group employed all eight of Robert Jay Lifton's
elements, then it was operating as mind control environment. I was eventually
54 Combatting Cult Mind Control Understanding Mind Control 55
able to see that the Moon organization uses all eight of those elements: milieu behavior exists in nearly every organization. Many kinds of influence are at
control, mystical manipulation or planned spontaneity, the demand for purity, work on us all the time, some of them obvious and benign (such as "Fasten Your
the cult of confession, sacred science, loading of the language, doctrine over Seat Belt" billboards) and others subtle and destructive. I cannot emphasize too
person, and dispensing of existence. (A fuller description is given in the strongly, then, that when I use the term "mind control," I am specifically
Appendix.) referring to the destructive end of the spectrum. Therefore, as I have stressed
Before I could leave the Moonies, though, I had to wrestle with several before, the term "mind control" in this book will not apply to certain technolo
moral questions. Does the God I believe in need to use deception and mind gies (biofeedback, for example) that are used to enhance personal control and
control? Do the ends truly justify the means? I had to ask myself whether the promote choice. It will refer to only those systems that seek to undermine an
means determine the ends. How could the world become a paradise if people's individual's integrity in making his own decisions. The essence of mind control
free wills were subverted? What would the world truly look like if Moon is that it encourages dependence and conformity, and discourages autonomy
assumed total power? Through asking myself these questions, I decided I could and individuality.
no longer participate in an organization that used mind control practices. I left Even so, it's worth noting, a mind control group's purpose may not be at all
behind the fantasy world I had lived in for years. bad. For example, many drug rehabilitation and juvenile delinquency programs
Since leaving the group, I have come to believe that millions of people have use some of these same methods to destroy a person's old identity as an addict or
actually been subjected to a mind control regimen but don't even know it. criminal. But such programs, successful as they may be, are fraught with
Hardly a week goes by that I don't talk with several people who are still danger. After the person is "broken" and given a new identity, he must have his
experiencing negative side effects from their experience of mind control. autonomy and individuality restored—a process that depends entirely on the
Often, it is a great relief for them to hear that they are not alone and that their altruism and responsible behavior of the group's directors. One drug rehabilita
problems stem from their involvement with such a group. tion program, Synanon, has apparently conducted its activities in such a
Perhaps the biggest problem faced by people who have left destructive manner as to have drawn repeated allegations that it has abused the most basic
cults is the disruption of their own identity. There is a very good reason: they rights of its members. 2
terrorist cult, in 1974. She was locked in a dark closet for weeks and was things as "She hypnotized him with her smile."). Actually, hypnosis is little
starved and raped. Later she seemingly became an active member of the group. understood by most people. When the term is mentioned, the first image that
She passed up chances to escape and participated in a bank robbery, for which may come to mind is of a bearded doctor dangling an old pocket watch by its
she was convicted and served a jail term. chain in front of a droopyeyed person. While that image is certainly a stereo
Unfortunately, Hearst was the victim of an ignorant judge and jury. type, it does point to the central feature of hypnotism: the trance. People who
The SLA may have succeeded in brainwashing Patty Hearst, but, on the are hypnotized enter a trancelike state which is fundamentally different from
whole, the coercive approach hasn't had an outstanding success rate. Once normal consciousness. The difference is this: whereas in normal consciousness
people are away from their controllers and back in familiar surroundings, the the attention is focused outwards through the five senses, in a trance one's
effects tend to dissipate. The SLA succeeded with Patty Hearst because they attention is focused inwards. One is hearing, seeing, and feeling internally. Of
gave her a whole new identity as "Tania." They convinced her that the FBI was course, there are various degrees of trance, ranging from the mild and normal
out to shoot her on sight. She was convinced her safety lay in remaining with trance of daydreaming to deeper states in which one is much less aware of the
the group rather than seeking rescue. outside world and extremely susceptible to suggestions which may be put into
Brainwashing is effective in producing compliance to demands, such as one's mind.
signing a false confession or denouncing one's government. People are coerced Hypnotism relates to the unethical mind control practices of destructive
into specific acts for selfpreservation, and once they have acted, their beliefs cults in a variety of ways. In many cults which claim to be religious, what is
change to rationalize what they have done. But these beliefs are usually not well often called "meditation" is no more than a process by which the cult members
internalized. When the prisoner escapes the field of influence (and fear), he is enter a trance, during which time they may receive suggestions which make
usually able to throw them off. them more receptive to following the cult's doctrine. Nonreligious cults use
Mind control, also called "thought reform," is more subtle and sophisti other forms of group or individual induction. In addition, being in a trance is
cated. Its perpetrators are regarded as friends or peers, so the person is much usually a pleasant, relaxing experience, so that people wish to reenter the
less defensive. He unwittingly participates by cooperating with his controllers trance as often as possible. Most importandy, it has been clinically established
and giving them private information that he does not know will be used against by psychological researchers that people's critical faculties are diminished in
him. The new belief system is internalized into a new identity structure. the trance state. One is less able to evaluate information received in a trance
Mind control involves little or no overt physical abuse. Instead, hypnotic than when in a normal state of consciousness.
processes are combined with group dynamics to create a potent indoctrination The power of hypnosis to affect people can be considerable. People can be
effect. The individual is deceived and manipulated—not direcdy threatened— put into a trance in minutes and perform remarkable feats. Perhaps the best
into making the prescribed choices. On the whole, he responds positively to known example is that a hypnotized person may have a long needle inserted
what is done to him. through thick muscle and register no pain. Hypnotic subjects have been made
It is too bad that the word "brainwashing" is used so loosely by the news to dance like Fred Astaire, lie down between two chairs and assume a board
media. It evokes a picture of conversion by torture. Those inside a cult know like rigidity, behave as though their hands were "glued" to their sides, and so
they haven't been tortured, so they think critics are making up lies. When I was forth. If they can be made to perform such feats, getting hypnotic subjects to
in the Moonies, I "knew" I hadn't been brainwashed. I do remember, however, believe that they are part of a "chosen few" is also easily achievable.
Moon giving us a speech in which he said a popular magazine had accused him Destructive cults commonly induce trances in their members through
of brainwashing us. He declared, "Americans' minds are very dirty—full of lengthy indoctrination sessions. Repetition and forced attention are very condu
selfish materialism and drugs—and they need a heavenly brainwashing!" We 3
cive to the induction of a trance. Looking at a group in such a setting, it is easy
all laughed. to see when the trance has set in. The audience will exhibit retarded blink and
swallow reflexes, and their facial expressions will relax into a blank, neutral
state. With people in such a state, it is possible for unscrupulous leaders to
implant irrational beliefs. I have seen many strongwilled people hypnotized
A NOTE ON HYPNOTISM and made to do things they would never normally do.
If the term "brainwashing" is commonly confused with "mind control," the
term "hypnotism" is often misused, also. The use of the term "hypnotism" in
various forms is very common in our normal speech (we sometimes say such
58 Combatting Cult Mind Control Understanding Mind Control 59
found that over 90 percent of his subjects would obey orders, even if they
believed that doing so caused physical suffering to another person. Milgram
SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY wrote, "The essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to
AND GROUP DYNAMICS view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and
The political experience of World War II, in which thousands of apparently therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his own actions." 6
normal people were involved in projects such as the operation of concentration
camps where millions of Jews and others were killed, provoked considerable
interest among psychologists. How was it that people who had led ordinary
4
discoveries of social psychology is that in our attempts to find the most components are control of behavior, control of thoughts, and control of emo-
appropriate response to a social situation, we sometimes respond to informa tions.
tion that we receive unconsciously. Each component has a powerful effect on the other two: change one, and
For example, a class of psychology students once "conspired" to use the others will tend to follow. Succeed in changing all three, and the individual
behavior modification techniques on their teacher. As the professor lectured, will be swept away. However, from my experience in researching destructive
the students would smile and act attentive when he moved toward the left of the cults, I have added one additional component which is vital: control of informa-
room. When he moved to the right, the students appeared to be bored and tion. If you control the information someone receives, you restrict his free
listless. Before long, the professor began to drift to the left, and after a few ability to think for himself. I call these factors the four components of mind
classes he spent each lecture leaning against the left wall. control, and they serve as the basic reference points for understanding how
But here is the key point: when the students let the professor in on the joke, mind control works.
he insisted that nothing of the sort had happened at all—that they were just Cognitive dissonance theory is not as forbidding as its name might sound.
pulling his leg! He saw nothing odd about leaning against the wall, and angrily In 1950, Festinger summarized its basic principle thus: "If you change a
insisted that it was merely his personal lecturing style—something he had person's behavior, his thoughts and feelings will change to minimize the disso
chosen to do of his own free will. He was clearly unconscious of how he had nance." 8
waiting all night to be picked up by flying saucers before a flood destroyed the leader through his lieutenants to their subleaders down to the rank and file. In
world the next morning. such a wellregulated environment, all behaviors can be either rewarded or
When morning came with no saucers and no flood (just a spate of satirical punished. It serves the leadership to keep their members off balance. If a person
performs well, he will be given public praise from higherups and sometimes
news stories about the group), the followers might have been expected to
gifts or a promotion. If the person performs poorly, he may be publicly singled
become disillusioned and angry. A few did—fringe members who had not
out and criticized, and forced to do menial labor like cleaning toilets or
invested much time or energy. But most members became more convinced than
polishing the other members' shoes.
ever. The leader proclaimed that the aliens had witnessed their faithful vigil and
decided to spare the Earth. Members wound up feeling more committed to the Other forms of punishment may include "voluntary" fasting, taking cold
showers, staying up for an allnight vigil, or doing remedial work. A person
leader after they took a dramatic public stance that resulted in public humilia
who actively participates in his own punishment will come to believe he
tion.
deserves it.
Cognitive dissonance theory explains why this new commitment occurred.
According to Festinger, a person needs to maintain order and meaning in his or Each particular group has its own distinctive set of ritual behaviors that
help bind it together. These can include mannerisms of speech, posture, and
her life. He needs to think he is acting according to his selfimage and values. If
facial expressions as well as the more traditional ways of representing group
his behavior changes for any reason, his selfimage and values change to match.
belief. In the Moonies, for instance, we followed many Oriental customs such as
The important thing to recognize about cult groups is that they deliberately
taking off our shoes when entering a Moonie center, sitting on our knees, and
create dissonance in people this way and exploit it to control them. bowing when greeting older members. Doing these little things helped make us
Let's take a closer look at each one of these components of mind control. feel we were special.
If a person is not behaving "enthusiastically," he may be confronted by a
Behavior Control leader and accused of being selfish or impure, or of not trying hard enough. He
will be urged to become like an older group member, even to the extent of
Behavior control is the regulation of an individual's physical reality. It includes
mimicking the tone of his voice. Obedience to a leader's command is the most
the control of his environment—where he lives,what clothing he wears, what
important lesson to learn. The leaders cannot command someone's inner
food he eats, how much sleep he gets—as well as of the jobs, rituals, and other thoughts, but they know that if they command behavior, hearts and minds will
actions he performs. follow.
This need for behavior control is the reason most cults prescribe a very
rigid schedule for their members. Each day a significant amount of time is
devoted to cult rituals and indoctrination activities. Members are also typically Thought Control
assigned to accomplish specific goals and tasks, thus restricting their free time
Thought control, the second major component of mind control, includes indoc
and their behavior. In destructive cults there is always something to do.
trinating members so thoroughly that they internalize the group doctrine,
In some of the more restrictive groups, members have to ask permission
incorporate a new language system, and use thoughtstopping techniques to
from leaders to do almost anything. In some groups, a person is made so
keep their mind "centered." In order to be a good member, a person must learn
financially dependent that choices of behavior are narrowed automatically. A
to manipulate his own thought processes.
member must ask for bus fare, clothing money, or permission to seek health
In totalistic cults, the ideology is internalized as "the truth,"the only
care, choices most of us take for granted. He must ask permission to call a
"map" of reality. The doctrine not only serves to filter incoming information
friend or relative not in the group. Every hour of his day has to be accounted for.
but also regulates how the information can be thought about. Usually, the
In these ways the group can keep a tight rein on behavior and therefore on
doctrine is absolutist, dividing everything into "black versus white," "us
thoughts and feelings.
versus them." All that is good is embodied in the leader and the group. All that
Behavior is often controlled by the requirement that everyone act as a
is bad is on the outside. The more totalistic groups claim that their doctrine is
group. In many cults people eat together, work together, have group meetings,
scientifically proven. The doctrine claims to answer all questions to all prob
and sometimes sleep together in the same room. Individualism is discouraged.
lems and situations. A member need not think for himself because the doctrine
People may be assigned a constant "buddy" or be placed in a small unit of a half
does the thinking for him.
dozen members.
A destructive cult typically has its own "loaded language" of words and
The chain of command in cults is usually authoritarian, flowing from the
62 Combatting Cult Mind Control Understanding Mind Control 63
expressions. Since language provides the symbols we use for thinking, control praying, chanting aloud or silendy, meditating, "speaking in tongues," singing,
ling certain words helps to control thoughts. Many groups condense complex or humming. These actions, many of them ordinarily useful and valuable, are
situations, label them, and thereby reduce them to cult cliches. This label, perverted in destructive cults. They become quite mechanical because the
which is how the loaded language is verbally expressed, governs how one person is programmed to activate them at the first sign of doubt, anxiety, or
thinks in any situation. uncertainty. In a matter of weeks the technique becomes ingrained. It becomes
In the Moonies, for example, whenever you have difficulty relating to so automatic, in fact, that the person is usually not even aware that he had just
someone either above or below you in status, it is called a "CainAbel prob had a "bad" thought. He is only aware that he is chanting or ritualizing all of a
lem." It doesn't matter who's involved or what the problem is, it's simply a sudden. By using thoughtstopping, members think they are growing when in
"CainAbel problem." The term itself dictates how the problem must be reality they are just making themselves into addicts. After leaving a cult that
resolved. Cain must obey Abel and follow him, rather than kill him as was employs extensive thoughtstopping techniques, a person goes through a diffi
written about in the Old Testament. Case closed. To think otherwise would be cult withdrawal process before he can overcome the addiction.
to obey Satan's wish that evil Cain should prevail over righteous Abel. A critical Thoughtstopping is the most direct way to shortcircuit a person's ability
thought about a leader's misconduct cannot get past this roadblock in a good to test reality. Indeed, if someone is able to think only positive thoughts about
member's mind. his involvement with the group, he is most certainly stuck. Since the doctrine is
The cult's cliches, or loaded language, also put up an invisible wall between perfect and the leader is perfect, any problem that crops up is assumed to be the
believers and outsiders. The language helps to make members feel special and fault of the individual member. He learns always to blame himself and work
separates them from the general public. It also serves to confuse newcomers, harder.
who want to understand what members are talking about, and think they merely Thought control can effectively block out any feelings that do not corre
have to study hard in order to "understand" the truth. In reality, by incor spond with the group doctrine. It can also serve to keep a cult member working
porating the loaded language they learn how not to think. They learn that as an obedient slave. In any event, when thought is controlled, feelings and
understanding means believing. behaviors are controlled as well.
Another key aspect of thought control involves training members to block
out any information which is critical of the group. A person's typical defense
mechanisms are twisted so they defend the person's new cult identity against his Emotional Control
old former identity. The first line of defense includes denial ("What you say Emotional control, the third part of mind control, attempts to manipulate and
isn't happening at all"), rationalization ("This is happening for a good reason"), narrow the range of a person's feelings. Guilt and fear are necessary tools to
justification ("This is happening because it ought to"), and wishful thinking keep people under control. Guilt is probably the single most important emo
("I'd like it to be true so maybe it really is"). tional lever for producing conformity and compliance. Historical guilt (e.g., the
If information transmitted to a cult member is perceived as an attack on fact that the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima), identity
either the leader, the doctrine, or the group, a hostile wall goes up. Members are guilt (e.g., a thought such as "I'm not living up to my potential"), guilt over
trained to disbelieve any criticism. Critical words have been explained away in past actions (e.g., "I cheated on a test"), and social guilt (e.g., "People are
advance as "the lies about us that Satan puts in peoples' minds" or "the lies that dying of starvation") can all be exploited by destructive cult leaders. However,
the World Conspiracy prints in the news media to discredit us, because they most cult members can't see that guilt and fear are being used to control them.
know we're onto them." Paradoxically, criticism of the group confirms that the They are so conditioned always to blame themselves that they respond grate
cult's view of the world is correct. The information presented does not register fully whenever a leader points out one of their "shortcomings."
properly. Fear is used to bind the group members together in two ways. The first is
Perhaps the most widely used and effective way to control cult member's the creation of an outside enemy who is persecuting you: the FBI who will jail
thoughts is thought-stopping rituals. Members are taught to use thought
9
or kill you, Satan who will carry you off to Hell, psychiatrists who will give you
stopping on themselves. They are told it will help them grow or be more electroshock, armed members of rival sects who will shoot or torture you, and,
effective. Whenever a cult member begins to experience a "bad" thought, he of course, deprogrammers. The second is the terror of discovery and punish
uses thoughtstopping to drown out the "negativity" and center himself, thus ment by the leaders. Fear of what can happen to you if you don't do your job
learning how to shut out anything that threatens his reality. well can be quite potent. Some groups claim that nuclear holocaust or other
Different groups use different thoughtstopping techniques: concentrated disasters will result if members are lax in their commitment.
64 Combatting Cult Mind Control Understanding Mind Control 65
Even while lightly dozing, a person is still more or less hearing the material and entirely different cults were doing the same thing. We thought we had invented
being affected by it, with his normal intellectual defenses down. the technique.
Another potent technique for change is the induced "spiritual experience." But the changing process involves much more than obedience to a cult's
This is often contrived in the most artificial manner. Private information about authority figures. It includes numerous "sharing" sessions with other ordinary
the recruit is collected by his closest buddy in the group and is secredy passed members, where past evils are confessed, present success stories are told, and a
to the leadership. Later, at the right moment, this information can be pulled out sense of community is fostered. These group sessions are very effective in
suddenly to create an "experience." Perhaps weeks later in another state, a teaching conformity, because the group vigorously reinforces certain behaviors
leader suddenly confronts the recruit about his brother's suicide. Knowing that by effusive praise and acknowledgement, while punishing nongroup ideas and
he didn't tell anyone in this new place about it, the recruit thinks the leader has behaviors with icy silence.
read his thoughts or is being informed directly by the spirit world. He is Human beings have an incredible capacity to adapt to new environments.
overcome and begs forgiveness for not being a better brother. Destructive cults know how to exploit this strength. By controlling a person's
Destructive religious cults are not the only ones to engineer "mystical" environment, using behavior modification to reward some behaviors and sup
experiences. One martial artist and selfprofessed "mentalist" who was form press others, and inducing hypnotic states, they may indeed reprogram a
ing his own cult would secredy pay hoodlums to violendy "mug" several of his person's identity. Once the person has "changed," he is ready for the next step.
students on the street, in order to heighten their fear of the "outside" world,
train harder, and consequently become more dependent on him. A psychothera
pist (cult leader) manipulated one of his clients by confronting her inability to Refreezing
stay on her diet. He didn't tell her that he had seen her earlier that day eating an After someone has been broken down and indoctrinated into the new belief
ice cream sundae. She believed that he had unusual powers. system, he must be built up again as the "new man" (or "new woman," as the
A common technique among religious cults is to instruct people to ask God case may be). He must be given a new purpose in life and new activities that will
what He wants them to do. Members are exhorted to study and pray in order to solidify his new identity. Again, many of the techniques from the first two
know God's will for them. It is always implied that joining the group is God's stages are carried over into the refreezing phase. Cult leaders must be reasona
will and leaving the group is betraying it. Of course, if a person tells the cult bly sure the new cult identity will be strong when the person leaves the
leader that God is warning him to leave, this will not be accepted as valid. immediate cult environment. So the new values and beliefs must be internalized
Perhaps the most powerful persuasion is exerted by the other cult members by the new recruit.
themselves. For the average person, talking with an indoctrinated cultist is The first and most important task of the "new" person is to denigrate his
quite an experience. You have probably never met anyone else, friend or previous self. The worst thing is for the person to act like himself—unless it is
stranger, who is so absolutely convinced that he knows what is best for you. A the new cult self, which is fully formed after several months. An individual's
dedicated cult member also does not take no for an answer, because he has been memory becomes distorted, minimizing the good things in the past and maxi
indoctrinated to believe that if you don't join, he is to blame. This creates a lot of mizing the sins, the failings, the hurts, the guilt. Special talents, interests,
pressure on him to succeed. hobbies, friends, and family must be abandoned—preferably in dramatic pub
When you are completely surrounded by such people, group psychology lic actions—if they compete with commitment to the cause. Confession
plays a major role in the "changing" process. People are deliberately organized becomes another way to purge the person's past and embed him in the cult.
into specific small groups (or cells). People who ask too many questions are During the refreezing phase, the primary method for passing on new
quickly isolated from the main body of other members. In the Moonies, we information is modeling. New members are paired with older members who are
would set up small group teams at the beginning of a workshop to evaluate the assigned to show them the ropes. The "spiritual child" is instructed to imitate
recruits. We would divide them into "sheep" and "goats" and assign them to the "spiritual parent" in all ways. This technique, too, serves several purposes.
groups accordingly. The "sheep" were the ones who were "spiritually pre It keeps the "older" member on his best behavior while gratifying his ego, and
pared." "Goats" were stubborn individualists who were not expected to make it whets the new member's appetite to become a respected model so he can train
good members. If they couldn't be "broken," their "negativity" was safely junior members of his own.
confined to a goat team where sheep couldn't see it, until the goats could be The group now forms the member's "true" family; any other is just his
asked to leave. Once again, after I left the group I was amazed to learn that outmoded "physical" family. Some cults insist on a very literal transfer of
72 Combatting Cult Mind Control Understanding Mind Control 73
family loyalty. Jim Jones was far from the only cult leader to insist his followers "best" should be one's own, not someone else's. In a mind control environment,
call him "Dad." In my own case, I ceased to be Steve Hassan, son of Milton and freedom of choice is the first thing that one loses. The reason for that loss is
Estelle Hassan, and became Steve Hassan, son of Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja essentially simple: the cult member is no longer operating as himself. He has a
Han, the selfstyled "True Parents" of all creation. In every waking moment I new artificial cult identity structure which includes new beliefs and a new
was reminded to be a "small Sun Myung Moon." As my cult identity was put language. The cult leaders' doctrine becomes the master "map" for reality of
into place, I wanted to think like him, feel like him, act like him. the new cult member.
To help refreeze the new identity, some cults give the person a new name. A member of a mind control cult is at war with himself. Therefore, when
Many change the person's clothing style, haircut, and whatever else would dealing with a cult member, it is extremely important to always keep in mind
remind him of his past. As mentioned, members often learn to speak a distinc that he has two identities.
tive jargon or loaded language of the group. At first, identifying these dual identities is often confusing for relatives of
Great pressure is usually exerted on the new member to turn over his bank cult members, especially in the early weeks or months of the involvement when
account and other possessions. This serves two purposes besides enriching the the new identity is most dominant. One moment the person is speaking cultic
cult. Donating one's life savings freezes a person to the new belief system. It jargon with a hostile or elitist knowitall attitude. Then, without warning, he
would be too painful to admit a mistake, and it also makes financial survival in seems to become his old self, with his old attitudes and mannerisms. Just as
the outside world appear harder if the person ever does consider leaving. suddenly, he flips back to being a stranger. This behavior is very familiar to
Sleep deprivation, lack of privacy, and dietary changes are sometimes anyone who works with cult members, as I do.
continued for several months or longer. Relocation of the new member away For the sake of convenience, I call these dual identities "JohnJohn" (when
from familiar surroundings and sources of influence, into a new city where he "John," to pick a name, is most "himself") and "Johncultist" (when "John" is
has never been anything but his new self, fosters a more total dependency on being a cult "clone"). Ordinarily, only one of these two selves occupies the
cult authority figures. consciousness at a time. The personality on duty most of the time is the cult
The new member is typically assigned to proselytizing duty as soon as identity. Only intermittently does the old identity replace it.
possible. Research in social psychology has shown that nothing firms up one's It is essential for family members to sensitize themselves to the differences
beliefs faster than trying to sell them to others. Making new members do so between the two identity patterns, in terms of both content (what the person
crystallizes the cult identity quickly. talks about) and communication patterns (the ways he speaks and acts). Each
Some groups finance themselves by difficult and humiliating fundraising one looks and sounds distinctively different.
methods, such as allday and allnight begging. These experiences become a When Johncultist is talking, his speech is "robotlike" or like a tape
form of glorious martyrdom that helps freeze commitment to the group. recording of a cult lecture—what I call a "tape loop." He will speak with
Running around a supermarket parking lot selling overpriced flowers in the inappropriate intensity and volume. His posture will typically be more rigid,
pouring rain is a powerful technique for making you really believe in what you his facial muscles tighter. His eyes will tend to strike family members as glassy,
are doing! cold, or glazed, and he will often seem to stare through people.
After a few weeks of proselytizing and fundraising in the outside world, On the other hand, when John John is talking he will speak with a greater
7
experiences and positive memories rarely disappear entirely. Of course, the cult believe that God does work through people and is able to signal people to leave
identity will try to bury former reference points and submerge the person's past. destructive cult organizations.
Yet, over time, the old self exerts itself and seeks out ways to regain its freedom. My belief that God works through other people is based, in part, on one of
This process is speeded up by positive exposure to nonmembers and the my own experiences. After I had been out of the cult for over four years, I
accumulation of bad experiences he has while in the group. accidentally overheard my mother speaking to another person. She said, "And
It is the "real" identity deep down inside that sees and records contradic don't tell Steven, but I was praying for a whole year that God should break his
tions, questions, and disillusioning experiences. It still always amazes me, even leg! I said, dear God, don't hurt him too much. Just enough so we can find him
though I had this experience myself during my deprogramming, that during the and rescue him." I was amazed and asked my mother why she hadn't told me
later stages of an intervention, my clients are able to verbalize very specific this after so many years. She answered, "It's not nice to pray that someone
negative incidents that occurred while they were members. People are able to should hurt himself. I didn't want you to be angry with me." I wasn't. I thought
recall horrible things, like being raped by the cult leader or being forced to lie, back to what the emergency technicians told me as they were prying me out of
cheat, or steal. Even though they knew at the time that they were doing the wreckage: "It's a miracle you weren't killed!"
something wrong or were being abused, they couldn't deal with the experience In my own life of faith, I believe that God did answer my mother's prayers.
or act on it while the cult identity was in control. It was only when their "real" My leg was indeed broken. I believe that on some deep unconscious level, the
self was given permission and even encouragement to speak that these things "real" me was influenced from above to fall asleep and wake up at precisely the
came into consciousness. Indeed, an essential part of exitcounseling involves right moment. Of course, there is no way I can prove this, but I have heard of
bringing a person's own experiences into the light, so that he or she can process others being involved in "accidents" which led them eventually to freedom.
them.
No matter how long a person has been involved with a destructive cult,
I have seen time and again in my exitcounseling work that the "real" self there is stdl hope that he or she can be helped. This past year I talked with an
holds the keys to what it will take to undo the mind control process. Indeed, this eightyfiveyearold grandmother who left a destructive cult in New Jersey after
"real" self is responsible for creating the frequent psychosomatic illnesses that fifteen years of membership. Tears came to her eyes when she described how
cult members experience. I have met people who have developed severe skin wonderful it was to be free again. I cried as she spoke. I knew exactly what she
problems which excused them from the grueling work schedule and gave them a meant.
chance to sleep. I have seen people develop asthma as well as severe allergic
reactions in order to seek outside medical attention and help. The "real" self
exerts itself in other ways, too. It can exert pressure on the cult self to go home
to the family for a visit, using as an excuse the desire to collect clothes or funds
or make new recruits. It can also drop hints when speaking to family members
or friends that the person wants to be rescued. I have had several families
contact me after their cult son or daughter told them not to get a professional
counselor to get them out. Before the cult member made that remark, the
families hadn't even known that there was someone they could contact to help
them.
The "real" self has also been responsible for generating thematic dreams. I
have met hundreds of former members who reported having nightmares over
and over again while a member of a cult. These dreams typically involve
themes of being lost, hurt, or trapped. People have told me about having cult
dreams of being lost in a dark forest, of being choked or suffocated, of being
imprisoned in a concentration camp.
Some people have told me of receiving a "revelation" that they were meant
to leave the group. They reported that at the time, they (in their cult identities)
didn't want to leave the group, but their "spiritual" experience was so powerful
that they followed instructions and eventually were able to get counseling. I
Cult Psychology 77
Chapter 5 Outsiders who deal with the leadership of destructive cults never cease to
be amazed that they aren't scatterbrained kooks. A cult will generally target the
most educated, active, and capable people it can find. I hear comments such as
"I never knew there were so many brilliant people in these types of groups" or
"That leader is really a very nice, kind and insightful person—how could he
ever join a group like this?"
Occasionally I am asked whether there is some kind of typical "problem
family" from which cult members tend to come. The answer to that question is
no. Anyone, regardless of family background, can be recruited into a cult. The
Cult Psychology major variable is not the person's family but the cult recruiter's level of skill.
Participation in destructive cults does provide some people with an outlet
for various aspects of themselves that they did not find in their family life or
other social activities^ Many men and women have a genuine impulse to work
together with others as a team for a variety of social or religious causes.
Relatively few communities, though, offer such organized activity to idealistic
people. Cult life gives them just such an opportunity, along with the apparent
benefits of the "togetherness" that comes from an intense group experience I
support anyone's search for more meaningful ways to develop relationships with
SlNCE my departure from the Moon cult, I have counseled or spoken with other people, but I have learned that people who are engaged in that search are
more than one thousand former members of cults of all kinds. These people often more vulnerable than others to recruitment into destructive cults.
have come from every sort of background and ranged in age from twelve to
eightyfive. Although some of them clearly had severe emotional problems I have also noticed that many idealistic young people recruited into cults
before becoming involved, the great majority were stable, intelligent, idealistic are struggling to assert their individuality, and some are going through a period
people who tended to have good educations and come from respectable fami of rebellion. For these people, cult membership can be a way of substituting cult
authority figures become a substitute family while they move away from home
lies.
I have occasionally come across more serious problems, such as alcoholism or
This fact hardly surprises me, for when I was a leader in the Moonies we
drug addiction within the family, which made the person feel a strong desire to
selectively recruited "valuable" people—those who were strong, caring, and
get away from the dysfunctional family as soon as possible. However, there
motivated. People with emotional problems, on the other hand, always had does not appear to be a consistent pattern in the type of family that recruits
trouble handling the rigorous schedule and enormous psychological pressures come from. The majority seem relatively normal.
we imposed on them. It took lots of time, energy, and money to recruit and
indoctrinate a member, so we tried not to waste our resources on someone who So what makes a person vulnerable to cults? How does a nice, kind,
seemed liable to break down in less than a year. insightful human being become a member of a destructive cult? If he is like
Like any other business, all the large cult organizations watch these cost/ most cult members, he is probably approached during a time of unusual stress,
perhaps while undergoing a major life transition.
benefit ratios. They fear that otherwise they may fold within a few years. Those
that endure for more than a decade must have competent individuals managing Intense stress is commonplace in the modern world. Many people experi
the practical affairs that any organization with longterm objectives must ence great pressure at work or school, or tension from family problems, socia
handle. relationships, health concerns, new jobs, new homes, money crises, or combi
nations of several of these stresses at once. Usually our defense mechanisms
The big groups can afford to hire outsiders to perform executive and
help us cope, but we all have vulnerable moments.
professional tasks, but a hired professional is never trusted as much as someone
who is emotionally committed to the group. Moreover, a cult member doesn't Although we may succumb to mind control in weak moments, it is by no
have to be paid for his services. Cults try to recruit professionals to run their means permanent. Whenever recruits leave the group environment long enough
affairs, to put a respectable face on their organizations, as well as insure to discover revealing books, articles, or testimonies by former members, they
almost always break away. The problem occurs when people rely on the group
success.
for all key information. Not knowing any better, they give the cult members or
78 Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Psychology 79
possession. Members were afterward told that they too would become pos A cultist's entire sense of reality becomes externally referenced: he learns
sessed like that if they ever left the group. The movie was a wonderful tool for to ignore his inner self and trust the external authority figure. He learns to look
phobia indoctrination. to others for direction and meaning. I have observed that rankandfile cult
members universally have trouble making decisions, probably because of the
overemphasis on external reference. In this state of extreme dependency, mem
Elitist Mentality bers need someone to tell them what to think, feel, and do.
Members are made to feel part of an elite corps of mankind. This feeling of Leaders of different cults have come up with strikingly similar tactics for
being special, of participating in the most important acts in human history with fostering dependency. They transfer members frequently to new and strange
a vanguard of committed believers, is strong emotional glue to keep people locations, switch their work duties, promote them and then demote them on
sacrificing and working hard. whims—all to keep them off balance. Another technique is to assign impossi
As a community, they feel they have been chosen (by God, history, or some bly high goals, tell members that if they are "pure" they will succeed, and force
other supernatural force) to lead mankind out of darkness into a new age of them to confess impurity when they fail.
enlightenment. Cult members have a great sense not only of mission but of their
special place in history—they will be recognized for their greatness for genera
tions to come. In the Moonies we were told that monuments and historical
Strict Obedience: Modeling the Leader
markers would someday be erected to commemorate us and our sacrifices. A new member is often induced to abandon his former behavior patterns and
Ironically, members of cults look down on anyone involved in any other become "dedicated" by being paired with an older cult member who serves as a
cult groups. They are very quick to acknowledge that "Those people are in a model for him to imitate. The newcomer is urged to be this other person. Mid
cult" or "They are the ones who are brainwashed." They are unable to step out level leaders themselves are urged to model their superiors, the cult leader
of their own situations and look at themselves objectively. himself being the ultimate model at the top.
This feeling of elitism and destiny, however, carries a heavy burden of One reason why a group of cultists may strike even a naive outsider as
responsibility. Members are told that if they do not fully perform their duties, spooky or weird is that everyone has similar odd mannerisms, clothing styles,
they are failing all of mankind. and modes of speech. What the outsider is seeing is the personality of the leader
The rankandfile member is humble before superiors and potential passed down through several layers of modeling.
recruits but arrogant to outsiders. Almost all members are told when being
recruited that they too will become leaders one day. However, advancement will
be achieved only by outstanding performance or by political appointment. In
Happiness through Good Performance
the end, of course, the real power elite stays small. Most members do not One of the most attractive qualities of cult life is the sense of community that it
become leaders but stay among the rank and hie. fosters. The love seems to be unconditional and unlimited at first, and new
Nevertheless, they consider themselves better, more knowledgeable, and members are swept away by a honeymoon of praise and attention. But after a
more powerful than anyone else in the world. As a result, cult members often few months, as the person becomes more enmeshed, the flattery and attention
feel more responsible than they have ever felt in their lives. They walk around are turned away toward newer recruits. The cult member learns that love is not
feeling as though the world sits on their shoulders. Cult members don't know unconditional but depends on good performance.
what outsiders mean when they say you shouldn't try to escape reality and Behaviors are controlled through rewards and punishments. Competitions
responsibility by joining a cult. are used to inspire and shame members into being more productive. If things
aren't going well—poor recruitment, media exposds, defections—it is the
Group Will over Individual Will members' personal fault, and their ration of "happiness" will be withheld until
the problem is corrected. In some groups people are required to confess sins to
In all destructive cults the self must submit to the group. The "whole purpose" be granted "happiness" and, if they can't think of any, to make some up.
must be the focus; the "self purpose" must be subordinated. In any group that Ultimately they come to believe they really committed these madeup sins.
qualifies as a destructive cult, thinking of oneself or for oneself is wrong. The Real friendships are a liability and are covertly discouraged by leaders. A
group comes first. Absolute obedience to superiors is one of the most universal cult member's emotional allegiance should be vertical (up to the leader), not
themes in cults. Individuality is bad. Conformity is good. horizontal (toward peers). Friends are dangerous, in part because if one mem
82 Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Psychology 83
tional. predicted World War III would occur in 1977. When that didn't happen, all eyes
Most groups don't allow the "lows" to last very long. They typically send were on 1981. People recruited around 1977 have told me how clearly they
remember the magical, whispered excitement of the words "1981!" on their
the member back through reindoctrination to charge him up again. It is not
lecturers' lips. When 1981 produced nothing more dramatic for the Unifica
3
other single group. "These complaints," he says, "are consistent with our
understanding of the effects of cultism. My contention is that Werner Erhard is
No Way Out
exploiting people's desire for higher consciousness and marketing a kind of
In a destructive cult, there is never a legitimate reason for leaving. Unlike non 'instant enlightenment.' I feel that by creating a firsttime experience of
cult organizations that recognize a person's inherent right to choose to move on, extended consciousness, he gains control over people who believe that he and
mind control groups make it very clear that there is no legitimate way to leave. his seminars are the source of that experience. In my opinion, this profoundly
Members are told that the only reasons why people leave are weakness, insan manipulates and distorts the meaning of enlightenment." 6
ity, temptation, brainwashing (by deprogrammers), pride, sin, and so on. Carol, a lively woman in her midforties, met Noel when he was still
Members are thoroughly indoctrinated with the belief that if they ever do recovering from his divorce after twentyfive years of marriage. They fell in
leave, terrible consequences will befall them, their family, and/or mankind. love, and were married. Noel, a retired elementary school counselor, had taken
Although cult members will often say "Show me a way that is better than mine the est training and recommended it to Carol. Together, they became "work
and I will quit," they are not allowed the time or mental tools to prove that shop junkies," taking seminar after seminar.
statement to themselves. They are locked in a psychological prison. During the time of their involvement, Noel's daughter from his previous
marriage became associated with the Hare Krishnas. At first, the Giambalvos
were very openminded and supported their daughter's involvement. But then
SOME OF THE PEOPLE WHO'VE BEEN THERE they started noticing drastic personality changes and started to do research on
cults and mind control. They tried to have her exitcounseled, but the attempt
People who join destructive cults have some experiences that are too painful to was unsuccessful and she returned to the group. Later, she had a nervous
remember. Even after counseling, exmembers may not wish to communicate breakdown and was expelled by the Krishnas. However, because of what they
their experiences in a public way. Others have come to believe that people in had learned, the Giambalvos became concerned about the cult problem and
general should understand the suffering they went through while under mind began to give lectures on the subject. "It is incredible to think," Carol says
control, and are not afraid to use their names. While I certainly understand the now, "that we were out there warning the public about the dangers of other
reticence of people who wish to remain anonymous, I also admire the courage groups, and yet were not aware of how deeply entrenched we were in est."
of those who come forward with their stories. Such people are stronger for The Giambalvos, like many others, had mistakenly assumed that people
being able to share their personal stories and also give us an invaluable source must live together in a closed community to be adversely affected by a group
of insight into the experience of being recruited, living in a destructive cult, involvement. Although their participation in estrelated activities was exten
and leaving it. sive, they lived in a comfortable home on Long Island. Only when they started
examining the specific techniques and processes used in est seminars and
Hunger Project organizational meetings did they recognize the organization's
Carol Giambalvo and est deceptive and mindcontrolling elements. They renounced their affiliation and
7
In the past decade, large numbers of people have experienced the hardsell began the difficult process of analyzing their experiences.
recruiting tactics of the largescale awareness training programs such as est, While speaking at a Northeast regional meeting of the Cult Awareness
now renamed the Forum. Werner Erhard estimates that more than 750,000 Network, Carol described her moment of "caving in" during her indoctrina
people have taken the est training/Forum and more than five million people tion. She told the audience, "I remember asking a question of the seminar
8
have been enrolled in the Hunger Project. Most people who pay hundreds of leader, and his response was something like 'How would you know! You are
dollars to attend Erhard's programs do not go on to become involved in the sitting in the victims row!' When he asked why I was sining there, I explained it
numerous "graduate" seminars, which are vigorously promoted. Still fewer was because I had diabetes. In a matter of moments he accused me of creating
people become staff members or unpaid volunteers. In the experience of some my own diabetes in order to get my father's attention when I was a little girl—he
exmembers I have counseled, the more intensive est programs exhibit certain embarrassed me in front of two hundred and fifty people. He more or less stated
qualities which I have defined above as characteristic of a cult. 4
that if I just wanted to 'uncreate' my medical condition, I could do so because I
While many est graduates report positive results from the training, others had the power to create reality. It was a good thing I never stopped taking my
warn of its dangers—among them, psychiatric disturbances. Robert Tucker,
5
insulin. I could have died."
executive director of Toronto's Council on Mind Abuse says that the Council Nevertheless, Carol remained in the seminar and took many others. Ulti
has received and continues to receive more complaints about est than about any
86 Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Psychology 87
Elizabeth Rose and the Lyndon LaRouche Organization Patrick Ryan and Transcendental Meditation
Have you ever been at an airport and passed a table filled with literature and Patrick Ryan, now a successful entrepreneur, was involved in Transcendental
signboards that read "Feed Jane Fonda to the Whales," "Quarantine AIDS Meditation for ten years. He is a graduate of Maharishi International University
victims," or "Build particle beam weapons to defend America"? If so, then you (MIU) in Fairfield, Iowa, an accredited institution. Most people think of TM as
have seen members of the LaRouche political organization. Currently under a harmless way to relax through meditation. But for those who plunge deeply
indictment for credit card fraud (taking people's credit card numbers used to into the TM organization, it takes on cult qualities.
purchase the group's periodicals and allegedly charging unauthorized amounts) Pat has since founded a support group called TMEx for former members,
and obstruction of justice, several members of the LaRouche organization are and talks openly about the movement's darker side. "It has all of the characteris
facing criminal prosecution. LaRouche, who has run for President in the past
9
tics of a destructive cult," he says. "A lot of my friends and I have been gready
three elections, asserts that Henry Kissinger acts as a Russian spy, that Queen damaged by our involvement with it."
Elizabeth tolerates drug pushing, and that only he can save America. 10
Like most destructive cults, TM uses a good deal of deception. Its public
14
repentant any more for the 'sins' they had fabricated about me. I noticed that no members' time and energies. "We used to have to go to group meetings three or
one was happy and smiling any more. Everyone was afraid to talk to one four times a week, not to mention the hours we would spend each day chant
another because they might not be speaking 'in the Spirit.' Yet, even after 1 was ing" Relationships between members were manipulated to make sure that
thrown out, I still believed they were right and held the exclusive key to doubters were muffled and conformity was rewarded.
salvation. It wasn't until my parents had me deprogrammed that I started to Eventually Gary had several confrontations with his leaders in NSA and
understand that I'd been struggling with the mindcontrol abuses, not with my was threatened with expulsion. Deep down inside, that was exactly what he
relationship with God." A few months after Gretchen left, the group began to had hoped for. He was tired of the pressure and manipulation, and his chiro
practic work was suffering because of all the time and energy he was putting
use physical beatings, especially on women and small children, to eradicate
into NSA.
"satanic spirits."
"It has taken me years to fully understand how deeply they controlled my The two of them were eventually kicked out of the group, but Ann spent the
emotions and thought processes," Gretchen told me. "If I hadn't received good next year on a couch thinking she was dying of terminal cancer. At the time she
counseling I probably would have kept trying to return to the group." From didn't realize that she was simply acting according to her indoctrination. She,
like many other members, had come to fear that if she ever left NSA and
what I learned of the group, I would venture to say that the leader probably
stopped chanting, terrible consequences would follow. 19
would have allowed her to do so, once he felt she would more fully submit to his
will. Gary and Ann Porter's story is not as dramatic as that of some cult
members. Their life in a destructive cult was relatively ordinary to all outward
appearances, and certainly they were never asked to stand vigil over a dying
member. Fortunately, they were able to leave the cult together. Once Gary and
Gary Porter and Nichiren Soshu of America Ann started to study material on mind control and destructive cults, they
realized that NSA was using essentially the same techniques of mind control as
Currendy a chiropractor in Philadelphia, Gary Porter met and fell in love with
groups that require members to live together fulltime. It took them several
Ann, a woman involved with NSA, or Nichiren Shoshu of America. (Although years to piece their lives back together.
the organization originated in Japan and claims Buddhist lineage, it has been
gaining membership in the United States for over twenty yearsj Members of
this cult believe that if they chant mystical words repeatedly in front of a rice Wendy Ford and The Way International
paper scroll—the gohonzon—they will gain the power to get whatever they
wish. Ann had been involved for over two years when she began to chant "Nam Some people have experienced destructive cults which combine the charac
myoho renge kyo" for hours a day in order to meet and marry a doctor. "People teristics of small, fundamentalist Bible sects with the sophisticated "training"
would chant for parking spaces, a new job, good grades in school, whatever," techniques of groups such as the Forum and the radical politics of purely
Gary told former members at a FOCUS supportgroup meeting. political cults. Wendy Ford had an experience of this kind during a sevenyear
Gary, who had grown up as a Methodist, was at a low point in his life when involvement with The Way International.
he met Ann. "I was burned out from four years of chiropractic college, my best Wendy is a graduate of The Way Corps, a fouryear intensive indoctrination
friend was killed in a car accident, my siblings were pressuring me to go home course for top leaders in the group. She was originally attracted to The Way by
and take care of my mother who was ill—I was a sitting duck for anything that an introductory course called "Power for Abundant Living." At first, she
promised the keys to solving life's problems." thought she was merely being taught the Bible.
"I thought the group was weird," he said, "but I agreed to try the "They referred to themselves as a Biblical research and teaching ministry
chanting. It gave me an incredible high. I bought a gohonzen and married Ann founded by Dr. Victor Paul Weirwille," she tells audiences today. "I didn't
and remained in the group for over five years." know till my deprogramming that his doctorate was from a mailorder house, 2 0
tongues, which was supposed to be a manifestation of the Holy Spirit. We were did, and that he seduced me as a way of gaining control over me," she says
to do it whenever we started to think for ourselves or question anything." wryly. "Actually, the sexual involvement was minimal—I think the challenge
Like many other Bibleoriented groups, The Way emphasizes the power of of seeing how effectively he could manipulate me was what really turned
the Devil in daily affairs, instilling deep fears in members that they must obey him on."2 2
1986. Members number over 100,000, and The Way is still one of the stronger "I should have gone on the show to oppose him, but I just wasn't sure I was
destructive cults in America. However, highlevel infighting has caused some
21
ready to see him close up again," Linda said. "Now, I wish I had. I did and said
leaders to leave. These people have begun to expose The Way's Biblical some stupid things at times when I was emotionally overwrought—both in the
inaccuracies and corrupt leadership, but very few of them understand the cult and after I got out—and he could use that to humiliate me. But it would be
dynamics of mind control. worth it for a chance to expose him. Still there is something pathetic in the
"I can only hope that more former leaders can get together to share personality I see on that screen—pompous, distant, cold, aloof, and emo
information and resources," said Wendy, "so we can figure out the best way to tionally deadened. And you can have it."
help others leave this destructive organization." "I saw the other side of Michael because of our personal relationship. My
feeling is that he desperately needs his 'magic' to escape from some inner
despair that I perceived in him, and to give him control and power over others. I
Linda Blood and the Temple of Set think it is tragic what he has done to himself."
Satanist rituals involving teenagers have become a favorite subject for journal As Gini Scott points out in her study of the group The Magicians (and as
ists throughout the country in the past few years. Yet, not every person who Arthur Lyons has also noted in his book Satan Wants You), one of Aquino's aims
becomes involved in these activities is an adolescent rebelling against authority. is to control people without their knowing how they are being controlled. "He 24
Linda Blood's involvement with a Satanist cult, the Temple of Set, demonstrates controls members by their belief in his alleged magical status and powers, and
that such groups often have a powerful appeal to adults. by their own need to believe that they, too, can gain such powers," Linda
25
Linda, a professional knitter and writer, was involved in the Temple of Set observes. "We were all supposed to be in awe of him and the rest of the high
for several months. During that time she was under the direct influence of the level members."
group's leader, Michael Aquino, a highranking officer in the United States Although the Temple of Set is openly Satanist, Linda did not take part in
Army. She had read a science Action article by him in a magazine and had any rituals that included animal or human sacrifices. I asked Linda if she was
written him a letter. After several months of correspondence, she joined the afraid for her life. "Not from the Temple of Set, because there has never been a
group, met and fell in love with Aquino, and became involved in a complex, murder of an exmember that I know of," she said. "The Temple of Set operates
emotionally traumatic relationship with him. openly and basically functions like most other 'public* cults, without apparent
"He has since declared that he never really had any romantic or sexual violence," Linda notes. "But hardcore, violent Satanist cults are much more
interest in me, so I can only assume that he was lying when he told me he frightening than the average destructive group."
94 Combatting Cult Mind Control
Chapter 6
In fact, there is no evidence linking the Temple of Set with illegal activity.
But the more violent satanist cults operate more secretively, and delight in an
evil image. Some use rituals calculated to horrify and impress—often involving
ritual sex, bloodletting, and the killing of animals. There have even been cases
of ritual murder. Former participants in such activities can't talk about their
experiences without setting off intense emotional reactions in their listeners
and, possibly, legal action.
These groups are on the rise because young people are being emotionally
set up by books, movies, and even heavy metal music to think that Satan
worship will give them power. Although that was not her experience, Linda
thinks most of these people are recruited by being invited to parties, given
Cult Assessment: How to Protect
hallucinogenic drugs which render them more suggestible and compliant, and
subjected to sexual rites of initiation. Step by step, the recruiter gains control
Yourself
over the recruit by winning trust and loyalty. Only when the person is deemed
ready is the worship of Satan introduced direcdy. At that point the new member
Nobody joins a cult. They just postpone the decision to leave.
usually can't get out because of involvement in illegal acts. If people have seen
and participated in ritual murder, it is made very clear that they will be killed by —Source unknown
the group if they ever leave it.
I am frequently asked to help people who are involved with a group I have
never heard of before. Over the years I have had to develop a way to evaluate a
group and assess its negative impact. Many organizations, I have found, which
may appear to be unorthodox, or even downright bizarre, are not damaging to
their members. I have received occasional calls from concerned relatives and
friends about groups that did not, in my opinion, practice mind control.
I have gotten a dozen or so calls from parents who didn't like the man their
daughter was marrying and accused him of practicing mind control. In one case
the accusation turned out to be true, but in most personal instances, I have
simply refused to intervene or become involved in any way. I firmly believe
people are entitled to make their own decisions, even bad ones, if they are
legally adult. While I am always interested in working to enhance people's
opportunities for choice, perspective, and good communication, I will not take
every case put before me.
Many groups have certain destructive aspects but are not destructive in
and of themselves. These groups fall into what I consider a "gray zone." For
some individuals, membership may be regarded as having a destructive effect,
while the organization as a whole may not meet the criteria of being a truly
destructive cult.
How does one learn how to discern whether or not a group is a destructive
cult? What are the crucial elements that separate benign organizations from
dangerous ones? In this chapter I attempt to point out in greater detail the
96 Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Assessment: How to Protect Yourself 97
general characteristics of destructive cults so that you can protect yourself from Many people eventually succumb to constant pressure. With your address
their influence. In doing so, I try to answer some of the more frequently asked or phone number group members can apply that pressure in a very direct way.
questions about cults. Last, I include a list of questions which anyone can use to Once you become a member of a destructive cult, you lose your right to privacy
begin evaluating a group. completely, and more serious damage can be done to you later.
In examining and evaluating any group I suspect of being a destructive I became involved in exposing destructive cults because of my own experi
cult, I operate primarily in the realm of psychology and not theology or ence, not because I believe that our government should restrict new, unes
ideology. My frames of reference for thinking about destructive cults are the tablished religions or legislate the beliefs of any type of group whatsoever.
influence processes of mind control, hypnosis, and group psychology. I look at What I do believe is that groups can and should be held accountable for their
what a group does, not what it believes. I try to analyze how destructive cults actions.
and their members communicate (or fail to communicate), whereas other The groups that I label destructive cults have very specific characteristics
analysis and critics approach a cult member with the belief that their interpreta that undermine individual choice and liberty. In this chapter I will describe my
tion of the Bible or political outlook is the right one. It seems to me that they model for evaluating the destructiveness of any group or organization. The
want to convert the cult member into their own belief system. My orientation, three basic areas are leadership, doctrine, and membership. By examining these
though, is to encourage the individual to sort things out for himself by research three areas, you will quickly be able to determine whether a particular group
ing a multitude of perspectives. has the potential to be a destructive cult.
A person's right to believe, however, does not grant an automatic license to
act indiscriminately on those beliefs. If it did, white supremacy groups would
either deport or murder every nonwhite person in the country, or satanic cults
would start openly murdering people for their ritual sacrifices.
If a group believes it is good to lie to nonmembers in order to advance its LEADERSHIP
cause, and that lie infringes on people's constitutionally guaranteed rights, it Even though destructive groups try their best to cloak the true nature of their
violates their freedom. Likewise, if a group hiding behind First Amendment organizations, a good starting point for information gathering and assessment is
privileges, daily violates its members' civil rights as it works to destroy democ leadership. Who is the leader of the group in question? What is his or her life
racy, then freedom is not served. There must be equal protection of liberties history? What kind of education, training or occupation did he have before
under the law. People have a right to be free from undue influence from starting the group? One cult group's leader (Eugene Spriggs) was a carnival
destructive cults, both socially and as individuals. barker—the person whose job it is to convince people to go see particular
Of course, some people may respond by saying something like "Why shows. Another cult leader (Werner Erhard of est and The Forum) sold used
1
comes to membership in a group. By preventing others from violating your cult leader (Victor Paul Weirwille of The Way International) received his Ph.D.
individual rights, you can keep them from damaging you as a person. After all, in theology from a mailorder degree mill. 5
what mind control cults destroy are people's lives!
Contrary to public perception, not all cult leaders start a group because
Here's an example. Suppose you meet someone whom you suspect is a they greedily want money or political power. Even the Reverend Jim Jones, who
recruiter for a destructive cult. Perhaps you might not have even given this ordered the People's Temple massacre in Jonestown, was a highly respected,
person the time of day except for the fact that he or she is particularly attractive. ordained church minister who had a long history of helping the poor. His
This person keeps trying to get you to come to a certain place for a meeting. original intentions were in fact quite admirable. However, along the way, he
You aren't really interested, but are toying with the idea of trying to get to know reportedly started to use amphetamines, presumably so he could work longer
the person better. In a situation like this, one cardinal rule to follow is this: hours and care for more people. He started to meet others involved in fake faith
Don't give him or her your phone number or address until you know more. Hold healings, and began experimenting with these and other techniques to "fire up"
back, even if it's hard to do so, because you might be on the verge of having your his congregation. As his power grew, he became more and more deranged.
right to privacy violated by someone who represents a very organized group
that doesn't give up easily. Interestingly, many of today's cult leaders were themselves once victims of
a mind control cult. Whenever a person is subjected to mind control processes
18 Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Assessment: How to Protect Yourself 99
and leaves the group without any counseling, it is easy for him to take what he Be warned that a destructive cult will not always have a leader who is
has learned and practice it on others. Clearly, not every former member starts glorified (to outsiders) or who enjoys great personal wealth. Since many
his own cult, but certain personalities are disposed to do so. It seems obvious to contemporary destructive cult leaders were themselves once in a cult, they may
me that some cult leaders have an inferiority complex and a somewhat anti be acting out of delusion and mind control, not out of a deliberate scheme to
social personality. Although many cult leaders want and need material opu make money and use people. I have counseled people out of several groups
lence, what they require, in my opinion, is attention and power. In fact, power whose leaders were not "in it for the money" but who were, in my opinion,
can and does become an extreme addiction. Over time, cult leaders develop a addicted to personal power. Many destructive Bible cults have leaders who are
need for more and more power. One thing that makes these people so dangerous not conspicuous consumers and who appear to hold God and the Bible above
is their psychological instability, and the fact that they actually believe their them in authority; yet, their interpretation of the Bible and God's will is used to
own propaganda. They are not just cunning con artists who want to make manipulate and control people.
money. From my experience, I think that most actually believe they are "God,"
or the "Messiah," or an enlightened master.
Does the group leader have any known criminal background? If so, what
was he charged with? Were there any convictions? For example. Moon was
DOCTRINE
reportedly arrested at least twice while in Korea—with conflicting reports as to Since the Constitution protects people's right to believe whatever they wish to
the reasons why. In 1985 he served 13 months in a United States federal prison
6
believe, close scrutiny of a group's particular doctrine is unwarranted and
for conspiracy to commit income tax fraud. 7
unnecessary. However, I believe that a group's beliefs should be freely disclosed
Although a leader's background does not necessarily indicate that he is a to any person who wants to join it.
huckster or charlatan, where there is smoke, there is often fire. It is amazing just Does the group's doctrine claim publicly to be one thing when it is in fact
how many leaders of destructive cults have questionable backgrounds. otherwise? I refer to this structural factor as insider doctrine and outsider
By looking at the leader's background and lifestyle, you can draw some doctrine. For a group to have integrity, it is important that group members truly
general conclusions about the level of trust you may want to give him. For believe what the group says it believes. However, destructive groups change the
example, if a person is teaching a course on how to have a successful relation "truth" to fit the needs of the situation because they believe that the ends justify
ship, the fact that he has been divorced three times is significant. If a leader has the means. Helping to "save" someone is a rationalization used to justify deceit
a background of drug use and bizarre behavior, like L. Ron Hubbard, 1 would 8 or manipulation. Legitimate organizations don't change their doctrine to
recommend caution in listening to his claims of being able to solve all of deceive the public.
mankind's problems. When Sun Myung Moon says he is working toward world
peace, keep in mind that he reportedly owns an M l 6 gun factory in Korea. 9
A destructive group will recruit new members through the use of mind
work on them. As soon as family members and friends express their concerns
control techniques, as already discussed. Control of the individual's experience
and announce they will never join the group, cult leaders urge the new member
is essential in order to break him down, indoctrinate him, and build him up
to stop wasting time with nonbelievers. Ultimately, if the family of a new
again in the cult image. During a cult recruitment, the person's identity frame
member is critical enough, he will be instructed to break off all contact.
work makes a dramatic shift. Sometimes the person doesn't contact family and
Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Assessment: How to Protect Yourself 103
102
Destructive cults cannot tolerate opposition of any kind. Either people agree convince outsiders that they are autonomous, once you probe beyond the
with them (or are seen as potential converts), or they are the enemy. surface it becomes obvious that they cannot make important decisions without
Once a person becomes a member, his sleep patterns often change signifi first asking permission from superiors. This kind of dependency is evident on
cantly. Sleep deprivation is common in many destructive cults. Anyone who all levels of cult membership except the top leadership. One mother of a cult
has ever experienced several sleepless nights or has had to stay up all night to member I knew was happy when she thought that her son had decided on his
work or study will remember the difficulty of functioning normally without own to come home for Christmas, but crestfallen when she heard her son's
adequate sleep. Many cult groups make sure that members have only three to explanation of the visit. "No, mom, the yogi told me that my place was to be
five hours of sleep each night. It is not that such groups have a written policy to with you over the holidays," he remarked. I told her that the only reason he was
that effect—most groups don't. They merely make sure that the person is so allowed to come home was that she had behaved as though she approved of his
overworked as to have little time to sleep. They also make sure constantly to involvement, inviting members to dinner often and never openly criticizing the
praise leaders who are sleeping very little and belittle people who are sleeping group.
too much. In time, members learn to sleep a minimum amount. Family members are frequently told by cult members that they "will see" if
Dietary changes also frequently occur with cult recruitment. Some groups they can come home for important family events like marriages, deaths, and
practice strict vegetarianism but use excessive amounts of sugar to give mem even birthdays. What this means is that they will ask their leader. Likewise,
bers a "high." Some groups encourage long and frequent fasts, with little or no members have to ask permission to do anything that most people take for
care given to the body before and after. A couple of groups even make members granted. It is nearly impossible to imagine a person having to ask permission of
forage in garbage cans for their meals. Drastic weight shifts occur. Although
13
a priest to visit a sick relative. However, a member of one of these groups who
most people lose weight during their membership in destructive cults, some just goes and does what he feels is necessary is seen as "selfish," "indepen
become significantly overweight. dent," "rebellious," and antagonistic to "positive growth." In fact, the more
What people eat, their attitude toward food, and how they eat all contribute controlled the group is, the less likely a person is to be able to go and visit a sick
to a person's sense of self. If a member is made to feel that he has to "die to relative or attend a wedding, funeral, or any other "outside activity." Some
himself and his human needs, he may agree to fast a good deal of the time and groups go so far as to control all social relationships, telling members not only
deny himself any pleasure in eating. If a person is very unhappy and isn't having whom they can or can't date, but also whom they can or can't marry. Some of
his emotional needs met, overeating can result. People who are grossly over the more extreme groups actually regulate sexuality, telling members when
weight are usually ridiculed by cult members and made to feel guilty and they can have sex and what positions for lovemaking are acceptable, and even
powerless, unless the cult leader happens to be fat or likes fat people. Contrary taking children away from their parents in an effort to indoctrinate them more
to public misconceptions, most mind control cults do not systematically deprive completely.
members of decent food. If they did so for long, the members' bodies would Life in a destructive cult can vary a great deal. Some people may live with
break down and they would not be able to work. other members in an "ashram," center, or house, while other members may
Destructive cults are characterized, however, by doing little to maintain have their own living arrangements. Some members may have quite menial
their members' good health in other ways. Psychosomatic illnesses abound in jobs, demanding little or no thinking (as janitors, maintenance men, cooks,
members, perhaps as a reflection of their unconscious need for help and cleaners), while others are engaged in quite demanding work (e.g., recruiting,
attention. Medical treatment is minimal, and in some groups it is virtually public relations, operating cult businesses). One group, the Children of God,
absent. actively encourages its female members to become prostitutes, acting as
"Happy Hookers for Jesus," using sex to make money and gain converts.
14
In the daytoday lives of members of destructive cults, there is often a with the intent to keep information detrimental to them out of public circula
wide variation in the degree to which they suffer from thought control, emo tion.
tional control, behavior control, and information control. Those persons who One question I frequently hear is whether all destructive cults are equally
are forbidden to think "negative thoughts" or have contact with critics or dangerous. The answer is a simple "no," as any commonsense look at cults
former members, even though they may have outside jobs and live separately, would prove. Not every group is as destructive, for example, as the People's
may still be under mind control, though perhaps not as highly controlled as Temple, or as extreme as the terrorist cults of the Middle East. Nor is every
someone who is a fulltime, completely devoted member. group as deceptive, as demanding, and as dangerous to an individual, his
The final criterion for judging a group is the members' freedom to leave. family, or society as is the Moon organization. In talking about destructive
To put it simply, members of destructive cults are psychological prisoners. As I cults, we should realize that they fall at the extreme end of the spectrum of
have explained, destructive cults plant phobias into members' minds so that influences in our daily lives.
they fear ever leaving the group. By doing this they shut the door on free choice. Another question I occasionally encounter is whether destructive cults
People had the freedom to join, but people don't have the freedom to leave a change over time in significant ways. The answer is yes. Groups that use mind
destructive group. In fact, in the eyes of a destructive cult, there is no "legiti control may start off with extremely good intentions but end up manipulating
mate" reason for a person to ever leave the group. their members and deceiving the public. That was certainly the case in the
Legitimate groups treat people as adults, capable of determining what is in People's Temple, which was originally an innercity ministry oriented toward
their best interest. Although every organization wants to retain its membership, helping the poor. The tragedy is that the people whom the cult tried to help
legitimate groups never go to the extremes of control through fear and guilt that eventually became the group's own victims and made victims of others. The
destructive cults do. People's Temple is a group that selfdestructed, but others simply fade away or
Some of the most destructive cults will actually try to hunt down and disband. An example of such a "fadeout" is the Democratic Worker's Party of
silence former members through either overt violence, legal harassment, or California, which decided to disband after its members became extremely
emotional intimidation and blackmail. Paul Morantz, a lawyer litigating against disillusioned with its leader. The Center for Feeling Therapy disbanded when
19
meditation is good for everybody, a person who complains of negative effects group, you will often receive less than direct responses. Among the more
may be told that he is simply "unstressing" and should continue meditating. common strategies of cult recruiters are vague generalities, evasive remarks,
Unfortunately, the results of ignoring such problems may lead to serious health and attempts to change the subject. Vague generalities such as "We're just
problems, nervous breakdowns, and even, suicidal tendencies. 21
trying to help people to overcome their problems" or "We're having a free
Large group awareness training programs such as est (now The Forum), dinner tonight to discuss some world problems" or "We're just getting together
Lifespring, and others have been strongly criticized for their lack of profes to study the Word of God" should make you suspicious. Evasive remarks such
sional screening systems to identify people likely to be particularly vulnerable. as "I understand you are feeling skeptical; I was too, before I really came to
As a result, many of these organizations have been the subject of a number of understand" or "Is that what you really want to know?" should also ring
serious lawsuits by damaged participants. 22
warning beds for you.
Last, there is the consideration of a groups size. Does the degree of a cult's Another common technique used by cult recruiters is to change the sub
destructiveness stand in some relationship to its size? Not at all. I have seen ject. For example, when you ask a question about whether or not a cult leader
oneonone mind control relationships that have been as destructive in their has a criminal background, you may hear a long monologue about how all the
effects as those of big groups. In researching the batteredwife syndrome, I world's great religious leaders have been persecuted. You may be told about
have found many similarities and parallels with members of mind control Socrates having been accused of child molestation, or about Jesus having been
cults. Some battered women were forced into a nearly totally dependent
23
accused of associating with prostitutes, and so forth. Make sure you don't allow
relationship, often kept away from family and friends critical of the husband's the individual to get you into a debate about Socrates or Jesus—you want a
behavior. Some women were not allowed to have access to money, to learn how direct answer about the leader of this group. If the recruiter does not answer in a
to drive a car, or to work outside the home. Whenever they tried to communi clear, concise, direct way, you may be sure that there is something wrong with
cate their wants or needs, they were beaten. They were made to feel that any his answer. There is always one reply that no recruiter can respond to: you can
problem in their marriage was entirely their fault, and that if they only worked simply walk away.
harder to please their husbands, everything would be fine. Such women's self As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, you should never give your
esteem became so low that they came to believe there was no future for them address or phone number to someone you suspect might be involved with a cult.
without their men. Some women had husbands who not only planted phobias in Instead, take the individual's name number and address, and initiate contact
their minds that they could never leave the marriage but told them that they yourself if you wish. Stay in control! Don't allow yourself to be pressured into
would be hunted down and killed if they ever left on their own. revealing personal information. People who have released their addresses and
phone numbers have learned the hard way the unbelievable nuisance that can
result.
Most of all, though, you will find that the best possible advantage over a
ASKING QUESTIONS: THE KEY TO PROTECTING cult recruiter is the ability to ask him direct, penetrating questions. The
YOURSELF FROM DESTRUCTIVE CULTS following are some that I have found to be most effective:
Learning to be an educated consumer can help save you time, energy, and
money. In the case of destructive cults, being an educated consumer can help • How long have you (the recruiter) been involved? Are you trying to
save your mind. If you are ever approached by someone who tries to get recruit me into any type of organization?
information from you or invites you to participate in a program, you can ask
some very specific questions which will help you avoid over 90 percent of all I like to find out very quickly who I am dealing with. A person who has
cult recruiters. These questions work best if you ask them in a very direct yet been involved in a destructive cult for less than one year is usually very
friendly manner and demand very specific answers. inexperienced. He is less likely to lie, and his lies are not as convincing as those
Although most groups use deception, it is important to realize that most of a more experienced recruiter. If the person has been involved for many years,
cult members don't realize they are lying in the process of recruitment. For that I expect to get concrete answers to all my questions, and will confront the
reason, by asking these direct questions one after another, you can usually person with an exclamation such as "You've been a member for X number of
discover that either you are not being told a straight story, or the cult member years and you don't know the answer!"
doesn't have the straight story to begin with. When confronted about recruitment, very often the recruiter will answer,
Because members have been trained to avoid thinking negatively about the "No, I just like you and want to share this with you. What you decide to do with
Combatting Cult Mind Control Cult Assessment: How to Protect Yourself 109
108
this information will be totally up to you." Fine. Just keep this question in mind, find out later that this description was a gross distortion filled with inac
because if the group is a destructive cult, it will become obvious to you at some curacies, you have every right to get angry and leave. The cult members will
point that you are indeed being recruited. At that point, you can remember that most assuredly try to convince you that they had to lie to you because you have
the recruiter lied to you. Get appropriately angry and walk away. been brainwashed by the media against them, and you would have never
listened if they told you the truth. Don't buy this "ends justify the means"
• Can you tell me the names of all other organizations that are affiliated rationalization. No legitimate organization needs to lie to people in order to help
with this group? them.
You may or may not get a straight answer to these questions. The recruiter This is a nice openended question, something to probe just how much the
may or may not tell you the name of the head person of the group. He might use person knows or is willing to discuss. If you ask this question politely and with a
the name of the subleader in America, the state, or the city in an effort to cover smile, you will be surprised at how many times you will hear "Oh, some people
up. He also might not know anything about the leader's background or criminal think that we are a cult and that we are all brainwashed! Isn't that silly? Do I
record, because he may never have found out himself. You may then ask the look brainwashed?" To that question I will usually respond, "Oh, how are
person, "How could you have gotten involved with a group without checking people supposed to look if they are brainwashed?" I generally find that the
these things out first?" Remember, a destructive cult tries to get a person's person I'm speaking to then gets very uncomfortable and, if I continue to probe,
commitment first, before disclosing important information. A legitimate group finds some excuse to leave.
will always give information first, and ask for commitment only when the
person feels ready. • How do you feel about former members of your group? Have you ever
sat down to speak with a former member to find out why he left the
• What does your group believe? Does it believe that the ends justify the group? If not, why not? Does your group impose restrictions on com
means? Is deception allowed in certain circumstances? municating with former members?
leaders—and because these former members were talking to the media and
Chapter 7 revealing details of the cults' operations. Unlike "walkaway" exmembers,
who tended to be ridden with guilt and kept their involvement very quiet,
deprogrammees had a support network that understood what they had been
through and gave them the strength and encouragement to speak out.
By the late 1970s, the question of cult mind control had become inter
twined in the public eye with the issue of forcible deprogramming. This
occurrence was partly the result of public relations campaigns financed by
certain major cults to discredit critics and divert the debate from the cults
themselves. 1
ExitCounseling: Freedom The propaganda labeled deprogramming as "the greatest threat to religious
liberty of all time." Deprogrammers were falsely portrayed as beating and
Without Coercion raping people to force them to recant their religious beliefs. Influenced by this
campaign, at least one movie portrayed deprogrammers as moneyhungry thugs
who were just as bad as cult leaders.
For the record, I know of no instance of deprogramming (and I've met
hundreds of deprogrammees) that involved any physical abuse such as beating
or rape. No family I have ever met would go to the extreme of rescuing a loved
one through deprogramming and allow anyone to harm their child in any way.
Nevertheless, the truth is that deprogramming is extremely risky in legal
terms, and often emotionally traumatic. In a classic deprogramming, a cult
W H E N most people begin to search for ways to release friends or relatives member would be located and physically snatched off a street corner, hurled
from cults, they know little or nothing about mind control, the characteristics of into a waiting car or van, and driven to some secret location, perhaps a motel
destructive cults, or how to go about rescuing someone in a cult. They may room. There the security team would guard him twentyfour hours a day while
think the only available option is "deprogramming," without knowing that the deprogrammer, former cult members, and family members presented infor
deprogramming involves forcible abduction of the cult member, a fee of from mation, and argued with him. Windows would be nailed shut or barricaded,
$18,000 to $30,000, and lengthy sessions intended to restore the person to because members had been known to dive out of a secondstory window to
himself. avoid the socalled "faithbreaking" process. The member would sometimes be
Non-coercive ways to help now exist. Exitcounselors such as myself are accompanied to the bathroom in an effort to prevent suicide attempts. He would
now using therapeutic techniques that are well established in the mental health be held for days, perhaps weeks, until he "snapped out of" the cult's mind
profession, along with the latest techniques in counseling. In addition, at control or, in some cases, pretended to do so.
present almost all exitcounselors are themselves former cult members.
In the deprogrammings I participated in during 1976 and 1977, the cult
This chapter is intended to serve as a guide to understanding how exit
member was usually confronted while visiting home rather than grabbed off a
counseling works, through three case histories of interventions I have con
sidewalk. Even so, when the cult member was told he or she couldn't leave,
ducted. The dialogues in this chapter are reconstructed from memory, but they
there was almost always a violent reaction. I have been punched, kicked, and
are a faithful reflection of real events which occurred with real people in my
spat on; had hot coffee thrown in my face; and had tape recorders hurled at me.
counseling work. I hope to help people understand that there is an effective
Indeed, if I hadn't had a cast on my leg from toes to groin during my own
alternative to deprogramming.
deprogramming, I'm sure I would have done the same. Cult members are
Because I experienced deprogramming I am familiar with its drawbacks. indoctrinated to behave that way: to stay "faithful" to the group no matter
When I was deprogrammed in 1976, very few options were available to my what. At first the cult member often becomes even more convinced that his
parents and concerned relatives of other cult members. Either they tried to keep family, which has resorted to such extremes, is the very embodiment of evil.
in contact with the member and hoped he or she would leave unassisted, or else
they hired a deprogrammer. Cult leaders saw deprogramming as a terrible In such situations the cult member's anger and resentment can take years to
threat because they were losing many longterm, devoted members and dissipate, even if the deprogramming is successful. I knew one woman who.
Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion 115
114 Combatting Cult Mind Control
Mr. O'Brien told me he had grown more and more worried about his son's
several years after she was deprogrammed from a shortterm membership in the involvement. George had lost a great deal of weight, was always exhausted,had
Moonies, rejoined the group for over a year and then quit on her own—as if, she abandoned his plans to graduate from a small liberal arts college in upstate New
told me, she had to prove she could do it by herself. Unfortunately, during that York, and was becoming more and more incapable of making simple decisions.
time in the group she was paraded around, denouncing deprogramming all over He always had to get his "discipleship" partner's advice before doing almost
the United States. anything.
There is nothing so terrifying as being held prisoner thinking you are about
Mr. O'Brien asked about my own background and whether I thought this
to be tortured or sexually abused—the experiences that cult leaders drill mem
particular group was a destructive cult. I told him about my background, and
bers to expect in a deprogramming. As you can imagine, good counseling in
that I had successfully counseled some thirty people out of this particular group
such a situation is difficult at best. The member immediately clams up, chanting,
in the past five years. He was very happy to hear this.
praying, or meditating to shut out any external influence. It may be hours or days
before he sees that the cult leader was wrong—that he isn't going to be tortured, The O'Briens wanted to know what makes a group a destructive cult, and
that the deprogrammers are caring, sensitive people, and that there really are asked several probing questions about my own values and ethics. I told them
legitimate questions to be looked at. Only then does he start to respond. that, for me, encouraging the person to think for himself was paramount and
that I was careful not to impose my own belief system on a client. My role was
I decided not to participate in forcible interventions, believing it was to present information, to do individual and family counseling as needed, and
imperative to find another approach. Legal and voluntary access to the cult to facilitate family communication.
member had to be found; family and friends were the key. But they needed to
We talked for about half an hour, and I agreed to mail information on my
become knowledgeable about cults and mind control, and they needed to be
approach as well as a background questionnaire and photocopies of articles on
coached in how to communicate with a cultist effectively.
the Boston Church of Christ. I also gave them phone numbers of some other
families I have worked with. I told them to answer the questions on my form as
completely as possible. The more information the family and friends could
NON-COERCIVE EXIT COUNSELING: supply about themselves, the better.
THREE CASE HISTORIES Getting written information from a family is a good place to start. It forces
the family to think through a variety of issues about the individual, themselves,
The noncoercive approach I have developed attempts to accomplish with
the cult involvement, and how they have responded to it so far. It also gives me a
finesse what deprogramming does with force. Family members and friends
good starting point for persontoperson discussions.
have to work together as a team and plan their strategy to influence the cult
member. Although the noncoercive approach will not work in every case, it It matters to me how much effort a family will make to do a thorough job.
has proved to be the option most families prefer. Forcible intervention can be The questionnaire elicits different responses from oneline answers to a forty
kept as a last resort if all other attempts fail. fourpage, singlespaced typewritten response. Normally, six to eight pages are
filled out.
The noncoercive approach requires excellent information in order to
Several areas are of special interest. What are the family relationships like
succeed. At the first phone call, the informationgathering and information
between siblings and between them and the parents? What kind of person was
disseminating begins.
the individual now in the cult? Did he have many friends? Use drugs? Have
clearcut life goals? Did he suffer any particular trauma or stress during his life
The O'Brien Family 2
such as the death of a close friend or relative, parental divorce, or a difficult
move to a new city? Did he have a wellformed political or social value system?
In December 1987, a Mr. O'Brien called me and expressed his concern about The healthier his family relationships and the healthier his sense of identity
his son's involvement with a group known as the Boston Church of Christ (Also before he was in the cult, the easier my job usually is.
known as Multiplying Ministries, the Boston Church of Christ should not be
confused with the mainline Church of Christ or with the United Church of In particular, I wanted to know about George. Who was he before he
Christ, an inheritor of the New England Congregational tradition. ). He had
3 joined, and how had he changed, aside from weight loss and listlessness? I
gotten my name from Buddy Martin, an evangelist with the Cape Cod Church wanted to know who in the family he was closest to. I wanted to know his state
of Christ (a mainline church) who strongly denounces the authoritarian "shep of mind just before joining. I also wanted to know about bis education, interests
herding/discipleship" cult tactics used by the group in Boston. 4 and hobbies, work experience, and religious background.
Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion
116 117
I coached the family extensively on what to say and how to say it. I wanted
back in the 1970s. It was there that McKean may have learned to use the mind
them to make sure he didn't phone the group, and to try their best to talk him out
control methods he now uses. George had never heard of Crossroads. We
of running away. They needed to reassure him that they were not trying to take
showed him a letter written by McKean in March 1986 to Crossroads Church
him away from God, nor were they trying to hurt him. Indeed, all they wanted
leaders, and printed in their bulletin, saying he "owed his very soul" to them. 6
was for him to have access to information about the group that he would
George was shocked. We produced a letter by the elders of the Memorial
otherwise have never heard. They were to ask him to pray, and tell him they
Church of Christ in Houston, Texas, written in 1977 to announce why they were
trusted that his faith in the power of God is stronger than his fear of Satan.
firing McKean as one of their ministers because of his unBiblical teachings. 7
I instructed the family to ask George to agree to a threeday period of
research in which he would be free to come and go, to take as many breaks as he With that as a starting point we could begin discussing the characteristics
wanted, and to decide what areas he wanted to concentrate on. of destructive cults and mind control in general. Without this frame of refer
ence it would be impossible to show George what had happened to him. At this
Monday morning found me in a Cape Cod coffee shop with Buddy Martin
point in the discussion I always talk about other groups. In my experience, most
and Ellen Queeney, a former member I had counseled out of the Paris branch of
modernday cultists have a negative view of the Moonies (Moonies excepted, of
the group last summer. We sat around a table and waited for four hours.
course), so I usually begin with my own story.
Meanwhile, the family was trying to persuade George to agree to their terms.
They called me half a dozen times for support and advice. The family tried This point of departure helps to minimize thoughtstopping and defensive
everything I told them to do. George was adamant. He would agree to nothing ness. I lay out the specific behavioral components of mind control, making sure
beyond meeting us for a few hours. We decided to go ahead and do the best we to point out Lifton's study of Chinese Communist thought reform. Next I
could. Before we left the coffeeshop, a bunch of locals told us that we had just describe what it's like inside another, similar group. In this way the parallels
120 Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion 121
between groups become blatantly apparent, and it is more effective because the has a much better understanding of the Bible. Since leaving, he has spent a good
person makes the connections himself. deal of time helping others understand the destructive aspects of this group.
The information was very intense for George. He needed to regulate the Although George's parents would probably prefer that he attend their
flow of what he was hearing. Every couple of hours or so, he would stand up Unitarian church with them, they respect his right to choose his own way. His
and announce that he needed to go for a walk and pray. This happened several father has been attending a Bible study group with his son on Tuesday nights in
times each day for the three days. At night I stayed at a nearby bedand order to learn and get closer to him. Indeed, the O'Briens were willing to
breakfast place where I was able to rest and map out strategy. Each time George intervene in his life only to the point where he would be able to recognize and
walked out the door, we were never quite sure whether he would return. It understand the mind control practices of destructive cults. I have never
would be easy for him to stick his thumb out as he walked along the road and accepted clients who indicate that their reason for making an intervention is at
hitchhike back to Boston or phone the cult for a ride. But to try to stop him all selfserving. Their commitment must be to help the individual think for
would have ensured his lack of trust in us thereafter. We were in this for the long himself.
haul. If he walked out now, the family would simply have to continue the
information giving process each time they saw or spoke to him. We had to trust
that he wanted to do the right thing. Besides, the family knew that I would not
participate if they tried any type of forcible intervention. THE BELIEFS UNDERLYING MY APPROACH
When George complained about the deception his parents had used to get Since cults lure people into what amounts to a psychological trap, my job as an
him to his grandmother's house, they apologized profusely. I asked him to put exitcounselor is to show a cult member four things.
himself into their shoes and suggest any other course of action they could have First, I demonstrate to him that he is in a trap—a situation where he is
taken that would have been effective. He could think of none. He knew that if he psychologically disabled and can't get out. Second, I show him that he didn't
had received any advance warning, he would indeed have gone straight to his originally choose to enter a trap. Third, I point out that other people in other
superiors and they would have dissuaded him. groups are in similar traps. Fourth, I tell him that it is possible to get out of the
His parents told him he had turned down a previous offer to meet former trap. While these four points might seem very obvious to people outside a cult,
members and read critical information. He was astonished; he didn't even they are not at all immediately apparent to anyone under mind control. It takes
remember it. They reminded him he had met his cousin Sally a month earlier. someone who understands what it really means to be caught in the trap of a
At the parents' request, she had made just such an offer. George had turned her destructive cult to convey this message with the necessary strength and deter
down cold. His parents told him they felt they had no other choice but to mination. This last reason is why former members, especially former cult
proceed with this approach. leaders, make the best exitcounselors.
During those three days, I was able to do a good deal of counseling with the My approach rests on several core beliefs about people. One is that people
family on ways to communicate more effectively and work on some of their need and want to grow. Life is everchanging, and people inherently move in a
own issues and concerns quite separate from the cult involvement. In this way direction that will support and encourage growth.
George could see that the whole family was learning and growing together and It is important that people focus on the here-and-now. What has been done
that his involvement could now be a stepping stone to developing closer in the past is over. The focus should not be on what they "did wrong" or "didn't
relationships with everyone. do," but on what they can do now. The past is useful only insofar as it provides
Even after the three days were over, George was not willing to say he would information that may be valuable to the present.
never return to the group. He did say that he wanted more time to study and It is also my observation and belief that people will always choose what
think about what he learned. He decided not to return to his apartment but stay they think is best for them at any given time. In my experience, people will
with his parents. There he would read books and articles, watch videotapes of always do what they believe is best for them on the basis of their information
shows on cults, and continue to speak with and meet other former members. and experiences. The member permitted himself to be indoctrinated in the first
Within a month, George declared to his family that he would never return place only because he believed that the group was wonderful and that he had
to the Boston Church of Christ. He had attended services and Bible studies at something to gain from it.
the Burlington Church of Christ, one of the eighteen thousand mainline I also believe that everyone is unique and every situation is different. Each
Churches of Christ, where he met some sixtyfive other refugees from the person has a special way of understanding and interacting with reality. There
Boston group. He now says he feels far happier than when he was in the cult and fore, my approach is totally clientcentered. I adjust myself to fit the client's
Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion 123
122
steady money. The cult's colony in Mexico was scattered, and member families
Margaret Rogers was a member of Moses David Berg's Children of God cult 9 had been told to work on their own.
(now renamed the Family of Love) for some ten years. During most of that time Bob next convinced the husband to follow up the offer of a job interview.
her two sisters and brother had received only half a dozen letters. Margaret, Bob would accompany him to Mexico City for a few days to give us time alone
who then went by a name assigned to her by the cult, traveled all over the world with Margaret.
with this unusual group. Her family generally had never known how to contact The plan was to assess Margaret's state of mind and try to convince her to
her, except once when they were able to visit her in the Philippines. At that time come back to the United States with her children. We hoped that after the
she was married to another member and had three children. previous visit she might be more homesick, and that if she didn't really love her
During that visit, her family pleaded with her to take some time away from husband, as we suspected, we had a good chance of succeeding.
the group and talk with former members. She showed a distinct willingness to Everything started out smoothly. When we arrived, Margaret and her
do so, and in fact badly needed food and rest as well as a thorough medical husband showed little or no sign of anxiety. We all spent the first day together,
examination. They didn't mention that they knew the group was making her do and our group painted a rosy picture of ourselves. In no way did we indicate that
"flirty fishing," the Children of God term for a form of prostitution. This is a
10
we were bothered by their lifestyle. We went out to eat lots of good food, went
major way the cult earns money and tries to attract male converts. The Rogers shopping and bought the whole family new clothes, and had a good time. We
family knew they wouldn't have the stomach to discuss it. were interested to notice that Margaret and her husband did not try to sell the
At that meeting, all of them witnessed instants when Margaret momen group to us in any way.
tarily returned to "herself"—her face and demeanor relaxing and becoming Bob left with the husband the next day, and we invited Margaret to our hotel
like the person they once knew—particularly when her brother and sisters and took a room for her and the kids. We volunteered to take the kids out and
talked about memories of childhood, or people and events back in their home recommended that she lie down and catch up on some sleep in the meanwhile
town. It was also clear that her husband was a hardcore cult member who When we returned five hours later, she was still asleep. She was obviously
showed no such flashes of his former identity. Furthermore, he always made the exhausted. When she got up, her face had a lot more color. We ordered up room
decisions for her. Margaret's family returned to the United States glad to have service. It was clear that she was not used to eating so well or to being served in
seen her and their grandchildren—and committed to trying to rescue her. such a nice hotel. And she was thoroughly enjoying it!
Her parents attended one of my communications workshops for family After dinner we started up a conversation. It began with talk of pleasant
members and asked me to help. They told me they wished they had had the childhood memories. Then her sisters started talking more and more about how
workshop's guidance before their trip to the Philippines, or even that they had they missed her, and how they felt robbed of a sister they loved so much. Tears
taken me along. I told them to keep learning all they could about the group: its started to flow and long hugs were shared. Then the discussion turned to the
buzz words, lifestyle, and beliefs. To this end I put them in touch with several children, and their future. Was this the way she always envisioned raising a
former members. I also encouraged them to continue practicing the communi family? Was Tom her vision of an ideal husband?
cations techniques I taught them. Within a year, Margaret contacted them from The time seemed ripe. "Hey, listen, Margaret," said one of her sisters.
Mexico and asked if they could again come to visit. "How would you like to come back with us to Connecticut?"
Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion 127
126
Her sisters and I went over and the four of us stood there in one massive Alan Brown and the Foundation for Human Understanding 11
hug. "Don't worry," I reassured her. "We'll help you in every way we can. Trust Herbert and Julia Brown's son Alan had' been involved in Roy Masters' group,
God." the Foundation for Human Understanding, for over two years. Masters is a
We acted as if that settled the matter. Now was the time to get moving. professional hypnotist who has a national radio show called How Your Mind
Within two hours we were on our way to the airport. We phoned ahead to her Can Keep You Well in which he attracts new followers. Alan got involved by
parents and told them the good news. Margaret left a long letter to Tom saying listening one night, and sent in his money to order Masters audiotapes on
that we were on our way to the States, that she wanted to be alone with the kids "meditation." Having listened to the tapes myself, I was able to understand that
and her family for a few weeks, and that she would contact him and let him Masters was doing a powerful hypnotic induction—not meditation—as it was
know when he could come visit, if he wanted to. She assured him that she had claimed. Later, as I studied Roy Masters, I learned that he had gotten into the
decided on this voluntarily—that she had been very unhappy for a long time, "exorcism" business: discovering people in his audience who he claimed were
and felt that God wanted her to do it. possessed and then liberating them—for pay. His place of work was normally a
There were no hitches at the airport. In a situation like this I'm always hotel ballroom packed with people. 12
apprehensive that some crazy thing will go wrong, such as all the planes being
Unlike most of my clients, the Browns had serious psychological prob
full or members of the cult showing up in the waiting area. We talked on the
lems. Unfortunately, I didn't realize that until I came to Michigan to do an
plane ride home, and I told her that I had a few friends who were former
intervention with their son before he went away for a onemonth residential
members of the Children of God. But I decided that I wasn't going to explain
course at Masters' ranch in Oregon.
my role until a couple of weeks had passed so she would have time to stabilize.
There are a couple of other clients who do not know to this day that I was I knew something was seriously wrong when I walked in the door. The
brought in to counsel them at their family's request. family dog was virtually uncontrollable: jumping, barking, running all over the
furniture. The Browns apologized to me, but it was evident that they were at
When she walked into her house for the first time in ten years, she saw their wits' end. They were constantly undermining each other's authority with
balloons and a huge WELCOME HOME! sign hanging from the ceiling. The the dog: one would tell him to go lie down, and then the other would encourage
house was filled with relatives and friends. Tears came streaming down her the dog to sit on his lap. The dog was past being spoiled—the dog was ruined.
face. She had forgotten how wonderful life had been for her there. She told me
later that she felt like a prisoner of war who had just been released from ten Later, when I met Alan, I observed an only child who was obviously
years of captivity. So many people had grown up and changed. The neighbor spoiled and overprotected. He was also slowly being driven crazy because he
hood had changed a lot. And she was totally unaware of the national and world was constantly receiving conflicting messages from his two parents, messages
events of the last decade. She had plenty of catching up to do. they were unaware they were sending. One minute his mother would praise him
for mowing the lawn, and the next his father was criticizing him for taking two
Within a couple of days I arranged for her to sit down with some former weeks to actually do it. The father would tell Alan he should get a job, but the
members. I was lucky enough to locate someone she had known while in the mother would tell him he should wait a few more weeks.
group. Margaret improved dramatically day by day. She put on weight, started
to make jokes, and had color and expression in her face. Her children adapted It was obvious to me that Alan was desperately trying to get away from his
quickly and joyfully to their new life. Arrangements were made later to help her parents' influence. He wanted to be independent, but he didn't know how to
husband with the support of his family. begin to do so. He wanted to prove to his parents that he was capable, but his
selfesteem was so low that he seemed to be always on the verge of depression.
No one can come out of a longterm experience like that without emotional
Alan had difficulty socially and had no friends outside of the group when I met
problems, and she was no exception. Not all cases, though, are successful.
him.
Especially in the early years of my counseling work, I took on several cases in
which I was not able to help the person to come out of the cult. In retrospect, In this case, AlanAlan was not happy or successful. He was truly miser
some cases had just too many factors going against success, but I tried anyway. able. From an exitcounseling point of view, there was little from the past that
Some cases involved the psychopathology of the individual in the group, or in could be used for him to connect with.
family members themselves. Other cases involved families who neglected to Despite disturbing traits of his cult group, as long as his parents contin
13
tell me everything about their family history, while in others, there was inten ued their dysfunctional style of relating and communicating with him, it
tional sabotage by one of the family members. seemed that staying in the group at that time was the better choice for him. At
Combatting Cult Mind Control Exit-Counseling: Freedom Without Coercion 131
130
least the group offered him an opportunity to socialize with other people, as is no question that belonging to a destructive cult changes you forever. You
well as the hope that he would get better by following his savior. Masters. realize how many things you've taken for granted: family, friends, education,
Clearly, understanding mind control and destructive cults was not enough your abdity to make decisions, your individuality, your whole belief system.
for Alan. He needed a safe, supportive environment and a good deal of personal Cult withdrawal affords a unique opportunity to sit "naked" with yourself and
analyze everything you ever knew or believed in. Such a process can be
and family counseling. Unfortunately, although his parents loved him, they
liberating and also quite terrifying. It is a chance to start your life all over again.
were unwilling to get the help they needed. They wanted me to "get Alan out of
the cult," and that was all. On top of that, the Browns also didn't want to invest
the money required in a good rehabilitation program for Alan. He absolutely
needed to have the experience of being somewhere healthy—not at home or in
the cult.
Despite all my efforts, the intervention was doomed from the start. The
parents did not understand cults and mind control thoroughly, nor were they
willing to examine their own behavior and take the necessary steps to change.
At that time, Alan was getting too much from the cult (hope, attention,
connection with people) to even consider giving it up. However, rarely do
people like him "make it" within a cult. More often than not, they get pushed to
their limit, burn out, and either walk out or get kicked out. Perhaps when that
day came he would remember some of the things I told him.
When I left that case in 1980, I learned several valuable lessons. First, I
learned that meeting with, screening, and preparing the family is vital. If the
family is not willing to invest the time, energy, and money necessary for a
successful intervention, I should not take the case. Second, if the family isn't
willing to address its own problems and make an effort to change and grow, it
will undermine the cult member's progress.
Over the years, I have certainly had my share of unsuccessful cases.
Recendy, however, I have come to understand the critical variables for success
and will only attempt an intervention if I am sure it will be a positive step for the
individual and his family In addition, three full days of exitcounseling seems
to insure success. In the past three years or so, the only people I have been
unsuccessful with went back to the group without giving their families three
days' time.
These are just three examples of the many hundreds of people I have
worked with since my exit from the Moonies. From my own experience I
learned the incredible lengths to which people will go for a cause they believe is
great and just. I have also learned that no one wants to sacrifice his time, energy,
and dreams for a cause that is harmful and untrue. Once the phobia against
leaving is addressed and I can make contact with a person's true self and let that
person know what has been done to him, he almost always chooses to be free,
because people will choose what they believe is best for them.
Finally, it is important that former cult members and their families not view
everything that happened in the cult as negative. I always encourage people to
remember the good and take it with them when they decide to leave. Still, there
How to Help 133
Chapter 8
when she phoned her parents to tell them about her difficulties with her job, she
surprised them by sounding emotionally cool, as though she didn't have a care
in the world. Knowing Nancy to be a gogetter, Bill and Lorna would have
expected their daughter to sound frustrated and anxious. Something wasn't
right, but they couldn't put their finger on it.
Several weeks later they received a telephone call from Leslie, one of
Nancy's close friends. Leslie told Bill and Lorna that she had just received a
disturbing letter from Nancy. Leslie had hesitated before calling her friend's
parents—she didn't want to betray her confidence. But the content of the letter
How to Help was so unlike Nancy that she felt she had to risk alienating her friend.
The letter read, in part: "I have truly found my place in the world, Leslie.
God has summoned me to be part of the Brethren who are the only true
Christians on Earth. I have thrown away my blue jeans, for I realize that they
were part of my Satanic past. . . .A woman's place is beneath a man . . . the
Word of God says so, and I am learning to destroy this vain ego of mine that
longs to be part of this wicked world."
Nancy's favorite clothes had always been her blue jeans. Normally a very
IF someone you know and love becomes a member of a destructive cult, you happygolucky person, Nancy was always easy to get along with because she
will probably find yourself facing one of the toughest situations of your life. In was so iniiijinlj:mental. Also, she had been something of a feminist. Such
helping a person you love return to being himself, it's easy to fall into mistakes subservient sentiments were very uncharacteristic of her. All these things had
that could make your job even harder. Yet, if you respond to the challenge in a bothered Leslie. Nancy's parents were even more disturbed, though, because
planned, emotionally balanced way, the chances are good that your effort will Nancy had apparently been hiding her involvement from them. Why hadn't
be successful, and it will be a very rewarding and ultimately joyful experience. Nancy even mentioned this group to them? She had always been so open and
That, at least, is what I have seen time and time again in the families I've honest with them. It was unlike her to lie deliberately to them about her
worked with as an exitcounselor. involvement with a religious group. When they asked her what was new, she
answered, "Not much." From her letter, a lot seemed to be new.
This chapter is intended to give you some basic, practical ideas of what
people should and should not do when trying to help a cult member leave, what The Johnsons immediately got on the phone to ask their minister's advice.
to do for yourself and the other members of your family, while involved in this He came right over. He agreed that Nancy was indeed acting strangely, and said
effort. Taking a few basic precautions can save you a lot of frustration. that maybe she had gotten involved in a religious cult. At the mention of the
The best place to start is with examples of the contrasting responses of two word "cult" the Johnsons began to panic. Mr. Johnson came close to making a
families to the problem of losing a child to a destructive cult. The following are typical mistake. His first impulse was to call Nancy and confront her about the
composite stories based on real people whom I have counseled. Their names, name of the group, her letter to Leslie, and her lies to them. Fortunately, he
and the names of the cults with which they were involved, have been changed. didn't.
Mrs. Johnson started to sob uncontrollably. She felt she had failed as a
parent. Something must have been lacking in Nancy's life that would allow her
The Johnson Family and the World Brethren to get into one of these groups. She began to review in her mind every detail of
When Bill and Lorna Johnson first noticed that their daughter Nancy was acting every significant incident in Nancy's life that had made her so susceptible. She
strangely, they simply wrote it off as the growing pains of a nineteenyearold decided to ask Neil to drop whatever he was doing and come over.
girl away from home for the summer. Her older brother Neil had gone through When Neil walked into the living room, his father was pacing back and
his own share of episodes of strange and atypical behavior when he was about forth, his mother was still in tears, Leslie was sitting near her on the sofa with
the same age. Nancy was then in the Midwest, selling books door to door to her hands clasped on her lap, and the minister had a bewildered expression on
earn extra money for college, but she was experiencing a slump in sales. Yet, his face. "What's going on here?" Neil asked as he sat down and put his arm
around his mother. Mr. Johnson said, "We think that Nancy has gotten into
134 Combatting Cult Mind Control How to Help 135
some type of religious cult." "Nancy? Never; no way," Neil declared. "She transpired to the former member of the group I had brought along for this
would never fall for something like that." Then they told him everything they intervention.
knew. He was astonished. We didn't have to wait long. As instructed, the Johnsons waited until they
Fortunately, the minister was able to persuade the Johnsons to do nothing were settled in their room before telling Nancy that they had flown out because
for the moment. He assured them that he would do his best to try to find more they were concerned about the group she was involved with. At first Nancy
information about the group called the Brethren and get some advice on what denied any involvement. Then Mr. Johnson produced her letter to Leslie. They
they should do to help. That was the first of many sleepless nights that lay ahead told me that her face turned beet red and then she started to cry. "Why did you
for the Johnsons in the next few weeks. Through the minister's knowledge of he to us?" Mr. Johnson asked sternly. "That's not like you, honey," Mrs.
the Cult Awareness Network, he was able to get my name and telephone number Johnson added. More tears from Nancy.
and give it to the family. "We're here because we love you and we are worried about you," Neil said,
As soon as we were able to get enough concrete information to go on, the wiping the tears from his face. "Why don't you tell us all about it?" Mr. Johnson
Johnsons asked their friends and relatives to come over the next Saturday to be asked. "Why don't you start from the beginning," he suggested.
part of a oneday counseling and training program. I advised them to try to get As Nancy recounted what had happened, she reached a point where she
as much help and support as they could find. I was able to arrange for a former became very cultish and started quoting from the Bible and from her leader.
member of the group in another city to make a videotape describing as much as This scared the Johnsons, they told me later. Her faced changed and she became
he could remember about the group, its leaders, its beliefs, and its practices. like a different person. They asked Nancy if deep down in her heart she loved
With this as the foundation, we were able quickly to arrange an intervention. them and trusted them. She thought for a moment and said, "Yes."
Since Nancy and the group were unaware that her family knew about her "WU1 you stay with us for the next three days and not talk to or see people
involvement, it was relatively easy to plan a surprise intervention. The family from the group?" Mrs. Johnson asked.
agreed that we should all fly out the following week. We staked out the cult "Why?" Nancy wanted to know.
house the morning after we arrived and waited for Nancy to leave. We figured "Because there is important information we think you will want to hear,
that it would be much easier to talk with her if she was off the group's property and we've arranged for some people to come to share what they know with
and away from other members. you," Mrs. Johnson continued.
Within a couple of hours, she and another woman got into a station wagon Nancy thought about it for what must have seemed like an eternity. She
and drove off. We followed them to a supermarket in a nearby shopping mall wanted to know who these people were and why it had to be for three days. Mr.
where they were apparently buying groceries. I coached the Johnsons exten Johnson said, "Honey, you can find out for yourself. They're waiting next door.
sively on what to say and do. The plan was to try to wait until Nancy was by All that we ask is that you trust us and that you give them a chance to tell you
herself if possible. At that point, they were to walk right up to her and give her a facts the group might not want you to hear."
big hug. Naturally, we counted on Nancy's being totally surprised and shocked. The intervention took only two days. Nancy listened eagerly to us once she
Since she hadn't told her family about the group, it would be more difficult for saw we were sincere and didn't have horns on the tops of our heads. She was
her to resist their insistent invitation to go out to eat. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson immensely grateful for all the concern and love shown to her. She had had her
would tell her that they needed to discuss very urgent family business, and doubts about the group but, like most new cult members, thought that she just
nothing more. They would be affectionate and friendly, but firm. Neil would wasn't spiritual enough to criticize what the older members were telling her.
make sure that the other woman would not interfere with their leaving.
I watched through the outside window. Nancy put up no resistance at all.
She seemed really happy to see her family and yet very shocked and confused.
When Nancy said "Let me go tell Claire," Neil volunteered to do that and WHY THE JOHNSONS SUCCEEDED
walked off. "I think she is in the produce department," Nancy called out to Even though their daughter had been recruited into a destructive cult, the
him. "Don't worry," Neil said as he looked back. His parents were already Johnsons were very fortunate. First, since they talked with Nancy weekly, they
walking towards the door. Neil waited around the corner for a minute and then were able to notice some of the changes in her voice and in her personality very
came running out. "She said fine," Neil told her as he got into the car—a early on. They instinctively knew that they should stay in close touch, because
fabrication. I would take a cab back to the hotel and wait in the second room we Nancy was young, half way across the country, and experiencing a great deal of
had taken next door until the family was ready for me. I reported what had stress in her sales work. While the Johnsons could have made sure that Nancy
Combatting Cult Mind Control How to Help 137
136
term. Besides, he was thinking of changing his major. Marketing no longer
knew about destructive cults before she left, they didn't realize that the problem interested him. He wanted to become a religious studies major.
could affect anyone, even a member of their family. Once they understood the
Henry had always been a headstrong, independent kid. His parents rea
techniques and effects of mind control, they were able to move toward con
soned that he knew what he was doing. Of course, they wanted him to be able to
structive solutions rather than allow the guilt of having "failed" as parents to
support himself. Yet, if he was feeling a spiritual calling, who were they to
cripple their decisionmaking abilities.
question it? He was almost twenty years old. Another semester came and went,
Leslie turned out to be a hero. She was able to overcome her fear of and still the Marlowes didn't understand what was going on. Henry managed to
angering Nancy and acted like a true friend by contacting her parents. Because pull his grades up to a B, still well below his average
she had done so, the Johnsons were able to identify and resolve the problem
That summer he told them that he was planning to go to Kansas for a
quickly. As soon as Nancy was out of the group, she thanked Leslie profusely.
"onceayear gathering of believers." However, once he was there, he phoned to
The Johnsons were also quite fortunate in getting good advice from their say that he had felt "called by the Lord" to take a leave from college He was
minister, who quickly came to their aid. Not only did he help them to put a going to make a oneyear commitment to go wherever they sent him, take a
finger on the problem, but also he was able to keep them from making the parttime job to cover expenses, and evangelize at least twenty hours a week.
classic mistakes that make the exiting process much more difficult and compli
His father was infuriated. "Why don't you finish your senior year and then
cated. Unlike most clergymen, their minister had attended a workshop earlier
evangelize?" he said with considerable irritation.
that year on destructive cults and was able to be of great help. He realized that
the family should not do anything rash. Knowing that too many people try to Henry got angry at his father's tone of voice. "Because, Dad, I feel like this
exitcounsel a friend or relative on their own, he was aware that they needed to is the right thing for me to do!" he said, imploring his father to support him.
slow down and map out a plan with experts. Since his workshop had been At that point, Henry's mother intervened. "Why don't you come home and
sponsored by an affiliate of the Cult Awareness Network, he knew where to turn we will discuss this," said Mrs. Marlowe. She had been listening on the
for information and help. extension phone.
"Mom, trust me. I know what I'm doing," Henry said.
Roger and Kitty could now hear mumbling on the line. It sounded as
The Marlowes and The Word though someone was standing next to Henry, telling him how to handle them.
"Is there someone telling you what to say?" his father demanded.
Roger and Kitty Marlowe were not as fortunate as the Johnsons. Their son was "What?" Henry asked.
recruited into The Word while he was away at college. They too noticed some "Is there someone there telling you what to say to us?" his father repeated.
very drastic changes in his personality and his disposition, but for the most part "Uh, er no," Henry stammered.
they thought those changes had been quite positive. Henry had stopped using "Son, have you gotten sucked into one of those religious cults?" his father
swear words, and he told them that he had given up smoking and drinking. demanded.
When they came to visit him on parents' day, they were delighted to see his "We're a Bible research and teaching fellowship," Henry said in a defen
dormitory room so neat, and his once favorite magazine. Playboy, noticeably sive tone, repeating the words as though he had just read them from a brochure
absent. "I want you to come home right now, young man!" his father ordered,
Henry introduced his parents to several of his friends from the group. They getting angrier every moment. "If you don't, I'll never respect you again," he
thought it was odd he had become so religious. He had never before expressed threatened.
an interest in Christianity. On the whole, they were impressed by many of the "Now calm down, Roger. Henry, your father is very upset. Henry, you're
people in the fellowship. They seemed to be groomed nicely, were obviously not in a cult, are you?" his mother asked naively.
very intelligent, came from apparently good homes, and were extremely "No mom, of course not," Henry answered.
friendly. The Marlowes didn't even think to check up on The Word. On the "You see, Roger, Henry's not in a cult," she repeated, as if repetition of
surface, it seemed fine with them. these words would magically make them true
They did become concerned when they saw his grades at the end of that Henry did not return home to discuss anything with his parents. Instead, he
semester. Henry's A minus average had plummeted to a C plus. When they went to St. Louis to work for the group, recruiting other members for The
confronted him about his grades, Henry was very defensive. He told them that Word. He asked his parents to put some of his belongings in boxes, and they
he was doing the best he could, but he felt he had gotten really bad teachers that
Combatting Cult Mind Control How to Help 139
138
because they devoted too much ineffective energy to Henry. They wound up to create the positive conditions necessary to help a person trapped in a cult to
exhausted and hopeless. No matter how long a person has been involved with a grow beyond the shackles of mind control.
destructive cult, there is never cause to give up hope. I have met people who The best way for you to help the cult member leave his group is for you to
have been in a group for thirty years but have come out and resumed a happy be adequately prepared to undertake the job. Here are some ways to make sure
and successful life. Learning how to cope with your needs and those of your that you're able to handle the stress you'll inevitably encounter.
family will enable you to be more helpful to the person in the group.
Another mistake is that people emotionally overreact to the cult involve-
ment. This can be even more dangerous than doing nothing. A person can get
driven further into a cult by hysterical tirades and inappropriate uses of words PREPARING FOR A SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTION
like "cult" and "brainwashing." Getting emotionally aggressive with a cult Take Care of Your Emotional Needs
member almost always backfires.
A common mistake is that relatives try to argue the person out of an Learning not to expect instant results and pacing oneself for the long haul will
involvement by using a condescending, confrontational approach. Unless you help you keep a balanced perspective. Particularly if the cult member has been
are extremely knowledgeable, a gifted communicator, and very lucky, trying to involved for many years, efforts to help him should not be done at the expense
argue a person out of a group with a direct approach is doomed to failure. of another's health or wellbeing. One of my clients, from Germany, flew to the
Rational discussions are simply not effective with someone who has been United States against his doctor's advice to try to see his son in the Moonies,
indoctrinated with mind control. and had a heart attack and died. Imagine the guilt the son will have to live with
after he leaves the group.
Someone who is recruited into a destructive cult should not be blamed.
Famdy members and friends should regard what happened as an example of Remember that you are in a kind of war with the cult. As part of the
destructive mind control. I have been told time and again that a person who preparation process, identify and address everyone's concerns and emotional
comes out of a destructive cult feels psychologically raped. Get angry with the needs whenever possible. Good individual and family counseling can be enor
cult. Get angry at all mind control cults. But don't get angry at the person who mously helpful.
has been victimized. It isn't his fault! Parents and other family members should try to keep the cult problem in a
If you want to get even with the group, get the person out first. Then do balanced perspective. Life for them and their family has to go on, particularly if
as much as you can to expose the group to the public. Take it to court, if pos the person has been a member for a long time.
sible. In the past, destructive cults have appeared to dominate the legal
system because of their financial clout. It's time to use the law to ensure
Consolidate Your Resources
justice.
Focus on helping the person who was recruited. To this end, information Following the example of the Johnsons, involve as many family members and
and strategy are your two most important tools. The overall objective should be friends in the intervention as you feel comfortable with, and help educate them.
this: Do everything within your power to create the necessary conditions to Try to invite them to participate in a preparatory workshop. Contact knowledge
help the cult member change and grow. able clergy, mental health professionals, former cult members, families who
Family members and friends should keep this objective in mind at all times have had a cult problem, and anyone who might be able to offer any assistance.
when deciding what to do or say. Notice that I have omitted saying that the If there isn't anyone locally, then find someone wherever you can. Also, find
objective should be "getting the person out of the group." I make that omission local people who are willing to learn. Coordination, teamwork, and good
deliberately, because I have found that people get out of destructive cults as a communication all combine for success.
natural consequence of changing and growing. If people are focused on positive If a key member of your family is very close to the individual in a cult, do
growth, there wdl be less resistance and everyone will be happier and more everything within your power to get that person involved. Coundess times, I
effective. have found a situation in which a brother or sister who had a lot of clout with the
It is essential to adopt the positive attitude that the individual is going to cult member did not want to help effect a rescue because they didn't understand
leave the group. The only question is whether it will be sooner or later and cult mind control and felt a loyalty to the sibling. If necessary, plan a mini
whether the transition will be easy and smooth or difficult and painful. People intervention with that person first. Then, with that person on your side, it will
can do only that which is within their control to do. People can help be much easier to get the person out of the group.
Combatting Cult Mind Control How to Help 143
142
They have written poems and short stories, put together elaborate photo
objective is using specific techniques and skills to plant seeds of doubt about the albums, and painted pictures and portraits. They have sent shoes, winter
cult and promote a new perspective. jackets, and tickets to performances that they know the person wdl love. Some
people have even invited the cult member to go with them for a trip overseas,
Build Rapport and Trust and in some cases were able to induce the person to be away from the group
long enough to be counseled.
When you first become aware of a problem with a cult member, try to act as
though you do not know he is in a cult. Don't tip your hand. Don't tell the
member that you are in contact with anticult information or people. If you do, Collect Valuable Information
the result will be breakdown of trust. Once rapport is established, information gathering will become much easier.
A curious yet concerned posture is the most effective stance anyone can The more information you collect, the better will be your ability to know what
take in relating to the cult member. It is relatively easy to elicit rapport and trust is going on inside the mind of the member. Communicate as regularly as
when you are acting curious because all you are doing is asking questions in a possible. If you can see each other, try to do it oneonone. It is nearly im
nonjudgmental way. You care about the person, therefore you want to know possible to get anywhere while talking to two or more cult members at a time.
everything that is important to him. Expect at some point that you will be invited to talk with older members or
Show approval and respect of the individual and his ideals and talents. leaders. Stall for as long as you can. Tell the person that you care about him and
However, be careful to show only conditional approval of his participation in the trust him. You are not interested in talking with strangers. You want him to
group. Let him know that you are withholding final judgment on the group until explain everything to you. If he says that he doesn't know the answers to your
all of the facts are in. In some cases, it might be appropriate for you to tell him questions, you can gendy point out that you are concerned that if he doesn't
you have a feeling in the pit of your stomach that something is not right about know the answers, he may have made a commitment to the group before he was
the group, but you are not sure. If the cult member tries to give credit to the ready to do so. Suggest that he take a step back, and spend a few weeks
group for good aspects of his life, like not using pot or alcohol anymore, tell researching the group objectively. If the group is legitimate, what does he have
him you think that is great, but remind him that he deserves the credit for the to lose?
good things, not the group.
Information can also help one understand just how fully indoctrinated a
Evaluate your present relationship with the person in a cult. Do the two of person is. When I was speaking with Bruce, I was able to ascertain his stage of
you have a great deal of rapport and trust? If not, start thinking about ways you involvement, so I knew that to tell him about the Moonie pledge service would
can rebuild the relationship. Remember, the more people he feels connected to be very disillusioning to him. If a family can determine what a member knows
who are outside of the cult, the better off he will be. He will always be closer to and doesn't know, then that makes the exitcounselor's job much easier and
some people than others, but everyone should be making a natural effort to get raises the chances of success.
closer to the person. Coordinate the flow of communication to him. It wouldn't
seem natural if ten people wrote him at one time. You don't want him to get
suspicious. Develop Specific Skills to Promote a New Perspective
Avoid sending money, particularly cash, because it will most likely be When you are able to establish good rapport and accumulate a good deal of
turned over to the group. It is far better to send clothes, pictures, books, and information, the last step is actually developing the skills and strategies to
other objects with a more personal and longlasting meaning. Grandma's home undermine or side step the mind control used by the group. Too many people
made cookies go a long way towards establishing rapport and are much better try to jump to this step before they have accomplished the first two. This is a big
than a card and a check. mistake. Only when you have laid the groundwork can you really be effective.
Ask the member what you can do to get closer to him. Try to get him to be Remember that you want to connect and empower the person's real self and
specific. Try your best to accommodate his needs, but act sensibly. If he asks not his cult self. Reminding him of earlier positive life experiences is the most
you to read one of the group's books, tell him that you would be willing to do a effective way to do this. For example, a friend calls up the member and says
swap and ask him to read a book you recommend. If he tells you he wants you to "Hi! It's been a long time. You know I was down visiting the old school today,
stop criticizing the group, ask him how you can communicate your questions and I remembered when you and I used to go early, so we could play handball
and concerns without his getting defensive. on the school wall. Do you remember the time when the gym teacher chased
People have done many creative things to help build trust and rapport.
146 Combatting Cult Mind Control How to Help 147
us across the field demanding the ball because we accidentally cracked his
window?" Since every situation is different, no one book can possibly cover every
A father could try an approach such as this: "You know, son, 1 was flipping one's particular needs. Under ideal circumstances, someone who recognizes
through the channels on TV the other day and I saw a show on bass fishing. We that a friend or loved one is becoming a member of a destructive cult will
haven't done that in years. I sure would love to go back up to the lake with you immediately seek out professional assistance. The important point is this: don't
sometime this summer. It would be so good to spend some time with you, just delay.
you and me and the fish." Evoking these kinds of feelings and memories can be If you know of someone who has been in a cult for many years, start to
a powerful way to undermine the cult programming. However, be cautious work now. What would you do if you received a call tonight from the cult
about overusing this technique and arousing suspicion. member and he told you he wanted to come home for a long visit tomorrow? As
By being in close contact with the member and pooling information surprising as it is, this kind of sudden event (perhaps an appeal for help)
gathered by family members and friends, you can give strategic messages. For happens time and time again.
example, if the member tells one of his old friends that he really misses skiing, Usually, at that point it is too late to do all of the necessary groundwork to
and that friend tells the family, then they can plan a family ski trip and invite the insure a successful intervention. The best thing is simply to start preparing for
friend along. The cult member may think it is coincidental or perhaps even such a possibility. Talk with other families who have been through the cult
spiritually destined. Even if he isn't allowed to go, it will help to stir a strong problem. Meet and talk with former members. Talk with exitcounselors and
desire within him. other professionals. If you do your homework and get involved in this process,
Whenever you communicate, make sure to concentrate on just one or two it will be one of the most challenging and rewarding things you will ever do in
points each time. It is better to make one point thoroughly than to try a your life.
"shotgun" approach. Again, the followup is critical. For example, if you write
the member that you saw one of the leaders of the group on television saying
that members could come home to visit whenever they wanted to do so, you
might mention that you remember a conversation with him just a few months
earlier when he told you that he "had to ask permission to visit." If he neglects
to answer that point in the next letter or phone call, ask him again about it. Ask
him gently, but firmly, why there seems to be a contradiction: "Was the leader
lying? Were you the one who was lying? Help me to understand because I am
confused." Too many people make really good points but don't follow up with
them. Perhaps they find it difficult to ask the followup question in a non
threatening tone—one that forces the cult member to have to think about the
contradiction.
Don't send unsolicited critical articles, as Mr. Marlowe did. Such informa
tion actually does more harm than good. If you feel your rapport is very good
with the member, try to have a personal discussion. If it will be some time
before you can see the person, talk with him on the telephone, first about the
article and what it says. If he expresses an interest in seeing it, tell him you will
send it, if he promises to go over it point by point with you. Too many people
don't get the person's permission first, and then if they do, they don't follow up
on it.
Remember to stay in your normal character. The member will be sus
picious if you are very different from your usual self. Also, don't worry about
making mistakes. If you feel you must weigh every word and action, you will
incapacitate yourself. Keep learning from your mistakes, and over time you will
become effective.
Unlocking Cult Mind Control 149
"Anything else?" I asked. "I don't remember," he said, staring at the pavement.
" Yeh, well I liked to hang out with my friends and I was also into animals. I "So the person who got you involved left the group four years ago?" I
had two dogs, a cat, some tropical fish, and a rabbit," Gary told me. A warm repeated.
smile lit up his face as he recalled his friends and his pets. "Uh huh."
"You certainly were into pets. Was any one your favorite?" I asked. "And you have never really sat down with her to find out why she left after
"Well, my dog, Inferno, was pretty special. He and I used to be best belonging to the group for three years?" I asked one more time for emphasis.
buddies," Gary said. "Why are you looking at me like that?" Gary said, looking up at me.
"What made him so special?" I asked. I smiled, then looked down, and then looked him right in the eye. "Well, I
"He was an independent spirit. He loved adventure. He loved to go with me don't understand, Gary. If my exgirlfriend left the group that she introduced
into the woods," Gary stated. It was obvious to me that he missed his dog a me to, I would certainly want to sit down with her and find out everything I
great deal. could from her. She must have had some really good reasons why she left after
three years. And she obviously cared enough about you to contact you and let
"So, you love an independent spirit. Do you admire anyone who stands up
you know her decision."
and does what he feels is right no matter what others say?" I was trying my best
to empower Gary by reminding him of the qualities he used to admire. I paused for a couple of minutes as Gary stood there, silent. Then I
"That's right. Inferno did what he wanted to do. And I loved him for that, continued, "I suppose there is no way for you to get in touch with her
too," Gary said in a somewhat defensive, selfrighteous tone. anymore."
"So Gary, tell me, what was it that made you decide that the Divine Light "Actually, her parents probably live at the same address. I could look it up
Mission was the group that you wanted to spend your life in?" I asked. in the directory."
"I never thought of it that way," he said, his face growing sullen. "Might be a good idea. Well, I wish you good luck, Gary. It was really
"Well then, what was it that got you involved?" I asked in an upbeat voice. good talking to you. Thanks." I said as my bus arrived.
"At the time, my girlfriend Carol started going to satsang, you know— He waved to me as my bus pulled away.
group meetings—and I went along. We listened to the people all talk so
glowingly about their experience of knowledge, and how high it made them The preceding conversation demonstrates how much can be done to help
feel," Gary explained. someone in a mind control cult in just a few minutes. During that time I was
"Did you decide to get initiated first or did Carol?" I continued to probe. able to quickly establish rapport, collect very valuable information about Gary,
"She did. At first, I thought the whole thing was a bit strange. But after she and use what I learned to help him take a very important step away from his cult
started meditating, I got curious and decided to do it too," he said, sounding as group.
though he had been very skeptical. As stated before, rapport building is essential for gaining influence. If I had
"What year was this?" I asked for clarification. used a threatening or even condescending tone of voice, I would never have
gotten to first base. Because I used a curious, interested tone, Gary was happy
"In 1973," he answered.
to kill some time and chat with a friendly stranger.
"And at the time, what did you think of Guru Maharaj Ji?" I inquired.
"I thought he was this young dude from India who was going to usher in an Once I found out how long Gary had been involved, I was able to quickly
age of world peace," he said, with a touch of sarcasm. ascertain that he wasn't gungho for a sevenyear member. It was relatively easy
"Were you at that big meeting at the Houston Astrodome?" I asked. for me to get Gary to reminisce about his precult life. When he remembered
"Yes," he answered. what he had done before, he was able to reaccess his real identity and get in touch
with how he thought, felt, and acted before being indoctrinated into the cult. He
"And what ever became of Carol?" I asked.
not only remembered his favorite dog but talked about how he used to value an
"I don't know. We sort of broke up a few months after we got involved,"
independent and adventurous spirit—a valuable resource needed to help him
Gary said, his face darkening again.
walk away from a sevenyear commitment to Guru Maharaj Ji.
"When was the last time you spoke to her?" I asked.
"About four years ago she wrote me that she had decided to go back to Gary also remembered what he had first thought of the group before
school and wasn't going to practice the knowledge anymore," he told me. becoming involved. He stepped back into time and looked at the group with his
precult eyes, thinking that it was a bit weird. Back then he certainly never
"Why did she say that she wasn't going to be part of the group anymore?" I
intended to join the group for life. An important strategy for reality testing is to
asked, increduous.
154 Combatting Cult Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 155
go backward in time from the present viewpoint and ask, "if you had known person. But since my main job was recruiting, and I had been sent out on
then what you know now, would you have made the same decision?" For Gary, Saturday to fundraise, I thought maybe it was okay to spend a few extra minutes
apparently the answer would have been no. with him.
Then, as I was fishing for more information, Gary stunned me by telling I must have spent at least half an hour with him. He got me to do most of
me that Carol, his exgirlfriend who initially recruited him, had left the group. the talking. During that time I became incredibly homesick, not only for my
Since everyone under mind control has been made to be phobic about leaving family and friends, but for playing basketball, writing poetry, and reading
the group, it didn't surprise me that Gary didn't know why she had left. Four books. Before I left, he insisted that I call home and walked me to the phone and
years before, he was probably not able to consider talking with her, even if she put in the dime himself. I remember feeling that this man reminded me of my
had been a close friend. However, it was clear to me that Gary was still curious grandfather, someone I loved dearly. I didn't have the will power to refuse.
about why Carol left the group. He was now at a point in his life where he was Besides, it would look bad for the group if I refused to talk to my parents. I
more open to this possibility. I gave him a nudge to go and talk to Carol. spoke with my mom for a few minutes.
After that I felt that I had to pry myself away from this man. My cult
identity was starting to exert itself strongly. I started to feel guilty that I hadn't
An Early Experience of a Mini-Intervention been out raising money and allowing people to "pay indemnity" and connect
When I first got out of the Moonies and searched my memory for times I had themselves to the Messiah.
questions or doubts, I remembered several occasions when I was momentarily I was spaced out and couldn't sell for the rest of the day. Eventually, a
thinking outside the Moonie framework. Even though these experiences Moonie leader told me that I had created a bad condition by going inside for a
weren't enough to get me to leave, they proved significant when I was cold drink, that Satan had tempted me, and I had failed. He told me that at that
deprogrammed. One of these involved a caring person I accidentally met one moment I had crucified Jesus on the cross one more time. That evening I prayed
day. During my first year as a member, I was fundraising on a steamy summer and repented and tried to quash any memory of what had happened. I never
day in Manhattan. I approached a man who must have been in his sixties, and thought of that experience again until after I was deprogrammed.
asked him if he wanted to buy some flowers.
"What are you selling flowers for, young man?" he asked with a warm
Another Intervention: Phil and the Hare Krishna Sect
smile.
"For Christian youth programs," I answered, hoping I could sell him a The following is a description of part of an intervention I made with Phil, a
dozen carnations. member of the Hare Krishna sect for over three years. Phil had gotten involved
"My, my, you look very hot," he commented. with the group about six months after his twin brother was killed in an
"Yes sir. But this cause is very important, so I don't mind," I answered. automobile accident. The death hit his family hard and sent Phil into a severe
"How would you feel if I took you inside this coffeeshop and bought you depression, in which he contemplated suicide. Despite medication and therapy,
something cold to drink?" he asked. nothing seemed to help Phil. Then one day, while walking downtown, he was
I thought to myself, "This guy is nice, but he has got to buy some flowers, approached by a person from the Krishnas.
otherwise he will not have a connection to 'Father.' " Then I remembered Jesus I met Phil during one of his infrequent visits home and was introduced as a
saying that anyone who gives water to a thirsty person is doing the will of God. family counselor who had been working with his parents and his two sisters for
"Just for five minutes. It will refresh you so you will be able to sell even many months. I told him that I felt I needed to speak with him alone before I
more flowers," he said, with a twinkle in his eye. would do any family sessions. I told him that in my view he was a very
"Okay. Thank you very much," I answered as we walked into the air significant member of the family and that his participation was appreciated and
conditioned shop. It felt so good to be out of the sun. badly needed.
When we sat down at a table, he said, "So tell me a little about yourself." After introducing myself to him, I suggested we go outside for a walk so
"Well, I grew up in a Jewish family in Queens," I started. that we could get acquainted. He was dressed in full Krishna clothes and wore
"Oh, so you're Jewish. Me too," he said with a warm smile. sandals. I spent the first few minutes explaining my background as a counselor
I thought to myself that perhaps God had sent this person to me to "witness who specialized in communication strategies and family dynamics and was
to" (the term we used in the group to recruit). We had been instructed that while committed to helping everyone grow and enjoy better relationships with their
fundraising, we should never spend more than a couple of minutes with any loved ones. He used the name Gorivinda.
156 Combatting Cult Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 157
"So Gorivinda—Phil—would you mind telling me about how you feel "No, never," Phil said definitively. "Tom was never into religion much at
toward your family now?" I asked, my hands in my pockets and my eyes all, although he was very spiritual."
directed toward the pavement. "So what do you think he would have been doing?" I repeated.
"I don't know," he responded, shrugging his shoulders slightly. "He always said that he wanted to go into the media—to work in televi
"Well," I continued. "Are you happy with your present relationship with sion," Phil explained. "He wanted to be an anchorman for the six o'clock
your mother? your father? your siblings?" news."
He answered, "Things have gotten a lot better since they stopped criticiz "So he liked news. Did he like investigative journalism?" I asked. I knew
ing my religious commitment." that if he said yes, I would have another angle to work on later with Phil.
"How do you feel when you come home for a visit?" I asked, trying to be "That was his favorite!" he said.
as gentle as possible. This had hit home. I decided to explore another angle first, though. I asked,
"To be honest, it's a bit strange," he said. "Back then, what did you see yourself doing?"
1 was glad at his response. "What do you mean?" I probed for more "Back then? I wanted to become a musician," he said with enthusiasm.
information. "That's right," I said. "Your sister mentioned to me that you used to play
"Well, its like coming to another world. It's so different from devotional electric guitar—used to write songs, too." I felt that Phil was making some of
life at the temple," he responded. the important connections I was hoping he would make.
"Are there any good feelings that you are aware of when you come home?" "Yeah."
I continued. "So did you want to have your own band and make records—the whole
"Yes," he said warmly. "I love my parents and my sisters and brother very bit?" I asked, wanting to get Phil to remember as much detail as he could.
much." Then he caught himself and added, "But they are living in the material "Sure. I loved music so much. I remember singing my songs with Tom. He
world." would help me with the lyrics sometimes, too," he said with considerable pride.
"I see," I said, a bit disheartened that he had caught himself and injected "So you could imagine being a successful musician, living a happy and
the cult perspective. "Would you mind telling me about your twin brother and spiritually fulfilled life?" I asked, nodding my head. I wanted him to make as
what his death meant to you?" I asked, hoping to steer him back into his pre powerful a mental image as he could. I wanted to anchor it.
cult identity. "You bet!" Phil said, his eyes defocused. He was obviously enjoying what
"Why?" he asked suspiciously. he was experiencing.
"Because as a mental health professional, I believe that your whole family "Can you imagine how good it feels to be up on stage, singing your songs,
is still suffering from that tragedy," I stated, hoping he would buy it. touching people with your creativity, making them happy?" I asked. I wanted
When I said that, Phil started to cry and choke up. I was struck by the Phil to get in touch with how good he would feel as a musician.
power of his feelings. Then he put his hands together and started rocking back "Yes! It's a wonderful feeling," he said.
and forth. I thought to myself, "He's chanting to shut himself down." After a "Great. Just imagine enjoying your music, and perhaps see your friends
few minutes he was recomposed. there, too. They must admire and respect your talent a great deal. Perhaps you
"Tom and I were very close," he said, beginning to lose control of himself are even happily married, maybe have kids," I continued. I knew that I was
again. taking a risk, but he seemed to enjoy adding the wife and kids to his fantasy. I
"Tell me about him when he was alive," I asked. "What was he like? What waited a few minutes in silence and waited for Phil to return from his pleasant
did he like to do?" voyage.
Phil's face started to shine as he reminisced about his brother. "Tom was "Now I have another question." I paused for a deep breath. "What do you
bright, energetic, had a great sense of humor. He was the more aggressive of the think Tom would say now if he saw you in the Hare Krishnas?"
two of us. He helped motivate me to do things all of the time." Phil looked stunned. Then he said, "He'd laugh at me and tell me to rejoin
"Tell me, Phil, what do you think he would be doing today if he hadn't had the real world. He wouldn't understand at all!"
the car accident?" I was hoping to get Phil to think again about the kind of life That response was just what I was hoping for. I decided to press the point.
Tom would have had. "If Tom were sitting right here, right now, how would you explain to him
"That's a hard one," Phil answered. why you went into the Krishnas?" I asked.
"Do you think he would have joined the Krishnas?" I asked with a smile. I have to admit I was caught off guard when Phil burst into intense sobbing,
158 Combatting Curt Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 159
which continued for a full five minutes. By this time we were sitting together in anyway, and how I should be happy that Tom left his material consciousness so
a quiet park. Phil clutched his chest and rocked back and forth. The loud crying that he could come back as a more highly evolved being in his next life."
seemed to echo from deep within. I debated with myself whether or not to put "I see—so the devotee helped you understand what had happened to Tom
my arm around Phil and console him; I decided not to interrupt. Eventually, he in a way that took away your fear and confusion," I said.
stopped and collected himself once more. I looked compassionately at Phil and "And guilt," he added.
decided to try the question again. "And gudt?" I asked.
"Really, what would you tell Tom?" I asked. "Yes, you see, I had asked Tom to go to the store that day to buy me another
Phil wiped his eyes and stated quite categorically, "I don't want to talk guitar string. He was on his way there when he was Idlled," Phil said.
about it anymore, okay?" "So you blamed yourself for his death because you figured that if you
I nodded and remained silent for a while. I decided to let him think about hadn't asked him to go to the store he never would have been in the accident?" I
the question some more, hoping he would answer it within himself. I suggested asked.
we get up and walk some more. I wanted him to shift his frame of mind. "I guess so," Phil said, sadly.
"There are a few more things I would like to discuss with you before we go It occurred to me that I had better try to offer PhU some other perspectives
back to the house," I started up again. "If you could put yourself in your on the incident. I began by saying, "If Tom had been killed in a swimming
parent's shoes, how would you feel to lose a son?" accident at the far end of the lake, would you have blamed yourself for not
"What?" he asked looking up at me. staying closer to him?"
"Imagine being your mother," I said. "She carried Tom and you, gave He thought for a moment. "Maybe."
birth to both of you, nursed, diapered, washed both of you. Cared for you when "Can you imagine any way Tom could have died that wouldn't have been
you were sick. Played with you, taught you, watched you grow to adulthood. your fault?" I asked.
Can you feel what it must have been like for her to lose Tom?" He paused again before answering. "I guess not. But the fact remains that
"Yes. It was horrible," he said. He was indeed talking as though he was his he was going to the store for me."
mother. "Is it possible that he also had some other things to buy, or some other
"And your father. Can you stop and think about what it was like for him?" I errands to run? Is it possible that he decided to take a different route to the store
added. than he ordinarily took, and that was where the accident occurred?" I asked.
Phil said, "Dad was always the closest to Tom. It hit him real hard." Phil seemed nonplused.
"Yes," I said. "Now can you imagine what it felt like to watch your other "How would Tom feel now, if it had been you who had gone to the store one
son become suicidally depressed and then a few months later, change his name, day and were Idlled in a car accident?" I asked. "Would he get depressed, think
shave his head, and move away to a group which is considered to be very about committing suicide, and then join the Hare Krishnas?"
controversial?" Phil laughed.
"It would be horrible," he repeated. "I would feel angry. I would feel like I I knew this was a bullseye. Within a few minutes it was PhU who started
lost two sons." asking me questions.
"That's exactly how they told me they felt," I said. "Can you see that now? "How do you feel about the Krishnas, Steve?" Phil asked.
That is why they were so critical of the group when you got involved." I thought he was genuinely trying to test his "reality," not just trying to
I paused and let him think for a few more moments before I went on. find fault with me and write me off.
"I'm curious to know what was going on in your mind when you first met "Boy. That's a tough one," I said, scratching my head.
the member of the group. What was it that caught your attention and attracted He then said, "I want to know."
you to learn more?" I asked. "My role as a professional, Phil, is to do counseling and not to make value
Phil looked up at the sky for a moment, looked down at the ground, took a judgments on what people do with their lives. I do have personal feelings
deep sigh, and said, "Well, when he asked me why I looked so depressed, I told though," I said.
him about Tom's death. I told him that I just couldn't understand why it would "I want to know what you think personally," said Phil, quietly.
happen to such a wonderful person like him. It just didn't seem right. He began "Well, to be honest, I am very concerned. You see, fourteen years ago I
to explain the laws of karma to me, and how this material world is just illusion myself joined a religious group which my family disapproved of. I too had been
Combatting Cult Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 161
160
I decided to give the long answer first. "The Holy Spirit Association for the there?"
Unification of World Christianity. It is also known as the Unification Church," I "Yes," Phil said. "Amazing. How did you get out?"
said. "Anyway, I was a devoted member of the group for more than two years. I "Well, I was in an automobile accident in which I was almost killed," I
slept three hours a night, and even did several sevenday fasts drinking just said. "After two weeks in the hospital and an operation on my leg, I was able to
water." get permission to go visit my sister. She had given birth to my nephew over a
"That's a long fast," Phil said admiringly. I could tell that he was listening year earlier, but I had never seen him. I had never been able to get permission
to every word I said. from my central figure. Anyway, my parents hired some former Moonies to
come talk with me."
"Yeah. I lost an average of fifteen pounds at the end of the week. Anyway,
in my group we revered the leader as one of the greatest spiritual masters who "Didn't you try to resist?" asked Phil.
has ever lived. In fact, we believed that he had met with Jesus, Buddha, "Of course. I had been taught in the group about deprogramming," I said.
Muhammed, Krishna, and every other great spiritual leader." 1
"I was told that they would torture me and try to break my faith in God. Of
"You believed that?" He was amazed. course I tried to get away, but with a broken leg and no crutches I couldn't get
"Yes. We believed in a spirit world. In fact, we believed that whenever very far."
someone died, like Tom, it was to pay indemnity for some past sin in the "So then what made you decide to leave?" said Phil. I could see he really
person's lineage. In this way, another member of the family could join the wanted to know.
group, serve the man we revered as the living Messiah, and then later intervene I explained to him all the things I had learned during my intervention. I told
to save the person who had passed on to the spirit world. In this way, God could him I had realized the former members still loved God and were genuinely good
not only restore the whole world back to its original state of goodness, but people. I described them as people who had decided to leave the group because
restore all of the spiritual beings in the spirit world who were unable to advance they no longer wanted to follow a demagogue who was interested in creating a
without earthly 'vitality elements' provided by those on earth." world in which everyone was identical in thought, feeling, and action. The ex
members told me of their belief that God gave them free will so that they could
Phil's jaw hung open a bit. He asked, "You really believed that?" choose to do the right thing, and not be forced by mind control to do what the
"At the time, absolutely," I said. "You see, in the church, members were leader thought was the right thing. I told him that any group that told its
not allowed to ask critical questions of anything the leader said or did. We were members not to think, but rather to obey their leaders blindly, was dangerous. I
taught to believe that anything that challenged the leader or the group's beliefs told him that any organization that told members not to talk to former members
was 'negative' and was caused by evil spirits. We were taught to do thought or read critical information was exercising information control—an essential
stopping to shut down our minds. In my group we did this by praying intensely component of mind control.
as well as chanting whenever we started to doubt, or whenever we felt home
sick." 2
I told him that during my counseling I began to remember specific ques
"What was the name of the group again?" he asked. tions I had had, and specific contradictions that I had observed but had never
"The Unification Church," I said. "You probably know it as the Moonies." had time to ponder while I was surrounded by members because as a "good"
"You were in the Moonies? No—I don't believe it!" Phil exclaimed. member I had to use thoughtstopping nearly all the time. Once encouraged to
"It's true. In fact, I was a devoted follower of Sun Myung Moon. I would get in touch with who I really was and rethink my entire experience objectively,
have gladly died on command if he had told me to," I replied. I was able to see that I had really been very unhappy in the group: I had given up
"That's incredible!" Phil said. my individuality, my creativity, my autonomy.
"Not only that, but we were literally made to feel that if we ever left the "I was also involved in bringing others in the group and forcing them to be
group our lives would fall to pieces," I continued. "We were told that we would the same way. I had a lot of guilt over things that I had done while a member,
be betraying God, the Messiah, ten generations of our ancestors—the whole Phil."
world, in fact—if we ever left. We were told that all of our relatives now in the We talked for a long time before we went back to the house. I told the
spirit world would accuse us throughout eternity for betraying God. It was
3
family that maybe we should take a few hours out before we started family
162 Combatting Cult Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 163
had been affected. Indeed, his parents had felt that they had to hold themselves
together in order to help the children. They had never been able to go fully
through the stages of mourning. KEY NO. 6: SIDE-STEP THE THOUGHT-STOPPING
Helping Phil to remember and process his experience of being recruited PROCESS BY GIVING INFORMATION IN AN
into the cult was another important perspective for him. By asking him to INDIRECT WAY
verbalize what he was thinking and feeling when he first met the member, Phil's Every person in a cult has been programmed to stop all "negative" thoughts
longsuppressed guilt feelings about asking Tom to buy him the guitar string on about the leader, the doctrine, or the organization, and has also been indoctri
that fateful day came to the surface for the first time in years. Not only that, but nated to believe that this group is superior to all other groups and different from
by remembering his recruitment, Phil was able to remember some of the all other groups.
questions and doubts he must have had then. He remembered how important
the devotee's explanation of karma was to him. It helped him to put an ideologi This thoughtstopping process is triggered whenever there is a "frontal
cal box around his brother's death and say to himself that Tom was one step attack," or, in other words, whenever the person perceives that someone is
closer to enlightenment. He remembered that when he first started chanting, it attacking the validity of the group. In this way, thoughtstopping acts as a shield
made the pain go away. He remembered thinking to himself at the time, "This is to be held up against any perceived enemy.
a whole lot better than feeling suicidal." However, a cult member does not use thoughtstopping when there is no
perception of "danger." Since a cult member believes that he is not in a cult, but
In other interventions, it is important to introduce different perspectives. that there are other groups which are cults, it is relatively easy to have long
Each time a cult member takes a different perspective, the cult hold is weakened detailed conversations with the cult member without his ever feeling that you
somewhat. In addition to asking a person to remember who he was before the are attacking his leader or his group. Therefore, the way to communicate with a
group, it can also be quite valuable to ask him to imagine the future. What will cult member is through an indirect approach.
he be like in a year, two years, five years, or even ten years? What does he
If he is a member of The Way International, he will not be threatened in the
realistically see himself doing then—selling flowers on street corners? If not,
least if you tell him about the Moonies. If you are talking with a member of the
how would he feel if he still is unable to do anything else but sell flowers on the
Moonies, he will not be threatened if you tell him about The Way. He thinks his
street, ten years down the line?
group is so different, so superior to these other groups. In this way one can
Another valuable perspective can also be that of the cult leader. I asked one outline the specific mind control processes and techniques used by this other
woman, "If you were the Messiah, would you live the way Rev. Moon is group in a soft, subtle manner. You will be providing the person's unconscious
living—in a palatial mansion, with two $250,000 personal yachts, limousines, (his "JohnJohn" identity) with the essential frames of reference to begin to
etc.?" She answered, "Definitely not. I would give all my money to help the analyze what has happened to him.
poor. I would live very simply." At this, I was able to ask her why she thinks he
Notice that in Phil's case I was careful not to attack the Krishnas. If I had
does it. She told me, "It troubles me. It has always troubled me!"
done so, he probably would have become defensive and started chanting, and if
When I told Phil what it felt like to be in the Moonies, I especially tried to I had kept it up, he would have walked away. All the information was based on
convey what it felt like to be around Mr. Moon—the excitement, the honor, the the Moonies and other groups. This indirect method of conveying information
awe. I could have asked him to imagine what it feels like to be a Moonie who bypasses the thoughtstopping mechanism.
believes that Moon is ten times greater than Jesus Christ, to feel the incredible
honor of living on earth and seeing the Messiah in person. When Phil stepped
into the shoes of a Moonie, his experience as a Krishna devotee was altered
forever. KEY NO. 7: VISUALIZE A HAPPY FUTURE OUTSIDE
Each time the member is able to step out of his shoes and into the shoes of THE CULT TO UNDO PHOBIA INDOCTRINATION
another—whether a member of a different group, or even his parents or his Phobia indoctrination—fear of ever leaving the group—is usually accom
leader—he is weakening his psychological rigidity. Indeed, encouraging a cult
plished on an unconscious level. The cult identity never thinks of leaving the
member psychologically to take another perspective enables him to test his
group. Indeed, he is perpetually happy, enthusiastic, and incredibly obedient to
reality. In this process, the information he was programmed with takes on a new
his superiors. It is "JohnJohn" who has been enslaved.
light.
I helped Phil to begin to unlock the phobia indoctrination by asking him to
The way to undo blind faith is to introduce new perspectives. visualize a picture of the future that he would really enjoy—playing music,
Combatting Cult Mind Control Unlocking Cult Mind Control 167
166
the picture" and enjoy the experience. By doing this, I was helping Phil open a tarian manner as is the Unification Church, I had believed that the Moonies
door out of the Krishnas. This one visualization technique began to dismantle were different from all other groups.
the phobia indoctrination. It became a bridge to another possible life. I was also able to explain some of the Moonies' beliefs to Phil to show him
In other cases, I often ask the member, "If you had never met this group, and that, as strange as they sounded, some of them did seem to make sense, if you
you were doing exactly what you wanted to be doing, what would that be?" After believed in the whole doctrine. I made sure to include the Moonies' view on why
some moments of confusion and resistance, I usually have to repeat the question "accidental deaths" happen, so that he could see that there were alternative
several times. "Really, just imagine, if you were doing exactly what you wanted belief systems that offered another explanation. It was also important for him to
to be doing, so that you were totally happy, spiritually and personally fulfilled, see that there are other groups who are led by people claiming to be spiritually
and you never knew the group even existed, what would you be doing?" superior. When I eventually told him that there were some three thousand cult
groups, and that if one of them was in fact led by the one legitimate great leader
The answers vary. "I'd be a doctor and work in a clinic serving poor
(which I seriously doubted), then the odds that he would have found the right one
people." "I'd be a tennis pro." "I'd be sailing around the world." Once the
on the first pick were three thousand to one. Not very good odds.
person verbalizes the fantasy, I try to get him to step inside his visualization of
this new life and encourage him to emotionally involve himself in it. I also showed him that I was a dedicated member, and that I chose to leave
By taking this step, I am able to begin neutralizing the cult member's the group for the "right" reasons. I wanted to challenge his indoctrination that
programmed negative feelings about doing anything other than being a mem people who leave the group do so for the wrong reasons—because they are
ber. Once a positive personal reference point is established, the cultgenerated weak or undisciplined or want to indulge in materialism. I wanted him to know
picture of a dark, disasterfilled life outside the group begins to be altered. that I left the group out of strength and integrity.
When a positive picture is in place, a bridge to other possibilities opens. People I left the group because I came to see objectively what I had been doing. I
outside the group can be seen as warm and loving. There are a lot of interesting had devoted myself to a "fantasy" created in the Moonie indoctrination work
things to learn outside the group. There are lots of enjoyments to be had. shops. I thought I was following the Messiah, the person who would be able to
Religious and spiritual fulfillment can be accomplished. Once the outside end war, poverty, disease, and corruption, and establish a Kingdom of Heaven
world becomes filled with positive experiences, the group loses full control on Earth. I didn't mind sacrificing myself for these noble causes. I thought that
over the cult member's sense of reality. A cult member can then be in a better as a member, I was teaching people the ultimate standard of love and truth, and
position to decide whether he wants to stay where he is or cross the bridge and living an exemplary life.
do something personally more valuable and fulfilling. Instead, I realized to my horror that I had learned to compromise my
integrity in the name of God. I realized that the higher I rose in the organiza
tion, and the closer I got to Moon, the more obsessed I had become. Power
became almost an addiction, and I began making choices based on what would
KEY NO. 8: OFFER THE CULT MEMBER CONCRETE protect and enhance my power, not on what was morally right.
DEFINITIONS OF MIND CONTROL AND I left when I realized that deception and mind control can never be part of
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DESTRUCTIVE CULT any legitimate spiritual movement: that through their use, the group had created
My intervention with Phil shows the importance of giving a cult member a virtual "Hell on Earth," a kingdom of slaves. Once I was able to realize that
specific information about cults. Because I was able to establish good rapport even though I wanted to believe it was true (Moon as Messiah, Divine Principle
with Phil, I was able to get a lot of information from him and help him. In the as Truth) my belief didn't make it true, I saw that even if I remained in the group
process, Phil became curious about me and wanted to know what I thought. for another fifty years, the fantasy I was sacrificing myself for would never
At that point, I was able to begin conveying specific information about come true.
cults and mind control through my own story of being in the Moonies. I was By being given some clear definitions of mind control, I was able to see
able to explain what happened during my deprogramming and show how it clearly how I had been victimized and how I had learned to victimize others. I
enabled me to understand that I had been subjected to mind control and that, in personally had to come to terms with my own values, beliefs, and ideals. Once I
fact, I was in a destructive cult. In my own case, until my counselors taught me did that, even though I had invested so much of myself in the group, become a
what the Chinese Communists of the 1950s were doing, I did not truly under leader, and developed close bonds with many members, I had to walk away. I
stand the process of "brainwashing." Until they were able to show me how could never go back to becoming a "true believer" again.
Strategies for Recovery 169
wanted to have children ever since she was a little girl. Now she was in her early
Chapter 10 thirties and realized that she was in a race against time to have children, but she
still couldn't get over her fear.
As we talked, I learned that she had been recruited into the Moonies in
1969—more than twelve years prior to our conversation—but had stayed in the
group for only three months.
"When they started making too many demands on me, I left," she told me.
It was clear that she had brushed off her encounter as simply a close call.
"Did it ever occur to you that your fear of having children might be related
to your experience in the Moonies?" I asked.
She looked puzzled. "What do you mean?" she said.
Strategies for Recovery "Do you remember ever being told anything about having children, when
you were in the Moonies?" I asked.
She rolled her head up slightly, as if her eyes were scanning the ceiling.
After a few moments, her face became flushed and she shrieked.
"Yes! I do remember something!" she said. To my surprise, she took hold
of me by the shoulders and shook me back and forth.
"I remember being told that if anyone ever betrayed the Messiah and left
the movement, their children would be stillborn!" she exclaimed.
1
control and how it was used to recruit and indoctrinate them, they will never be violation is indescribable. I myself came to realize that all of the love and
able to live as full a life as they could if they did. These people may have devotion I felt towards Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han as my "True Parents"
temporarily managed to put their cult experience on a shelf and forget about it. was totally onesided. I realized after I left that they didn't care about me
At some point, though, it could burst back into their lives. personally at all. If they had, they would have tried to contact me to try to find
Rick was one of these people. He had walked out of the Children of God out why I had left. Instead, I was automatically labeled "Satanic" and a traitor. 4
with his wife and three kids after a sixyear membership. Five years later, a When people are depressed, they tend to only see the bad side of things.
piece of cult literature turned up in his mailbox. All his cult indoctrination was Their pain can be so great that it blots out the hope of a positive future. It is
triggered by this one letter from the leader, and his mind started racing out of essential that former members acknowledge and work through their pain, and
control. At one point, he said he started hearing a voice in his head that told him go through the necessary grieving period. What seems to help the most is to
to go upstairs and choke his children. Fortunately, he didn't listen. Rick was enable people to realize that positive things did come out of their involvement,
able to receive exitcounseling and is today a successful computer consultant. and to show them how they can now be much stronger because of the experi
ence. Also helpful is encouraging them to put their experience in a manageable
and hopeful perspective. There are always examples of people whose experi
ence was much worse than their own, and who were able to not only survive but
COUNSELED-OUTS thrive after coming out.
For those people who were counseled out of a group, most were fortunate that Another common problem is an overwhelming tendency toward continued
they were able to get the help and information they needed. However, many dependence on others for direction and authority. In groups where members
people, particularly some who were deprogrammed in the 1970s and even lived communally, most life decisions were made by leaders. Members were
1980s, are still carrying around cultrelated psychological baggage. Just encouraged to be selfless and obedient. This form of dependency creates low
because a person has been out of the group for years, does not mean that all of selfesteem and retards the desire and ability for individual development.
the issues are resolved. Nothing could be further from the truth. One specific form taken by this dependency is difficulty in decision mak-
Much more is now known about mind control and exitcounseling than ing. I have worked with people who didn't know what they wanted to eat at
even a few years ago, and there are many more counselors to help. The FOCUS restaurants, what clothes to wear, what book to read, what movie to go to, or
support organization for former cult members has groups in several major what they should do next with regard to education or employment. For those
cities. Meeting and talking with former members of one's particular group and who always had to ask their superiors for permission to do ordinary things,
other groups is most effective in helping one to identify and resolve these being thrust back into the world of personal responsibility can be quite over
problems. whelming.
When I first left the Moonies, I didn't seem to have that difficulty. My
deprogrammers told my parents that I would have trouble making decisions.
My parents were quite confused when we went out to eat, because I easily knew
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF EX-CULT MEMBERS what I wanted. They told me later that they thought, in some twisted way, that
Former members report a variety of psychological difficulties after they leave a this meant that I hadn't been deprogrammed. What they hadn't taken into
cult. Probably the most common is the depression they feel during the first few account was that I had not been a rankandfile member. I had been a leader and
months after leaving. It is difficult to describe the pain of realizing that you have was used to making certain kinds of decisions for myself as well as for others.
been lied to and enslaved in a mind control cult—when you discover your Daytoday decisions were easy for me; bigger decisions, like where to go back
"dream" is really a nightmare. to college, were more difficult.
Many of the people I have met described the experience as having fallen Like most skills, decision making becomes easier with practice. In time,
deeply in love, giving every ounce of love, trust, and commitment to someone, people learn how to resume control over their lives. This process can be
and then finding out that person was a false lover and was just using them. The speeded up by the gentle but firm insistence by family members and friends that
pain and sense of betrayal is enormous. exmembers make up their own mind about what they want to eat or do. By
Others describe the realization in more graphic terms: feeling as though bolstering the exmember's self esteem and confidence, the dependency prob
they had been spiritually and psychologically raped. The sense of personal lem is usually overcome.
174 Combatting Cult Mind Control Strategies for Recovery 175
meditation, chanting, "decreeing," speaking in tongues and so forth, one may
7
If an exmember starts to float, what he should do is simply but firmly
hearing music come on the radio, like Steve Winwood's "Higher Love," and remind himself that the experience was just triggered by some stimulus, that it
getting flashbacks of the training. Groups like Lifespring like to use popular will pass, and find someone who understands cult mind control with whom he
music as part of their indoctrination for that very reason. It creates a strong can talk it out rationally. Remember, floating is a natural byproduct of being
association in the individual's unconscious, which without proper counseling subjected to mind control. It will decrease over time, and there are techniques
can take months, sometimes years, to overcome. Music is used by many cults you can use to exercise control over it.
for indoctrination because it forms a strong anchor for memory.
The most powerful and effective technique is to identify the trigger. For
This stimulusresponse mechanism that caused the flashback, or "float example, it could be hearing a song, seeing someone who looks like a member
ing," can be a significant problem for former members. This experience is of the group, or behaving in a manner associated with being a member. Once
triggered when a former member sees, hears, or feels some external or internal you know what triggered you, you can deliberately call forth the stimulus, and
stimulus which was part of the conditioning process. This can briefly jolt them this time make a new association for yourself. Do this over and over again until
back into the cult mindset. it becomes a new learned response.
For the first year after I left the Moonies, every time I heard the word In my case, for example, I would hear the word "moon" and make a picture
"moon" I would think "Father" and remember sitting at Moon's feet. Another in my mind of a beautiful full moon. I would say to myself "The earth only has
example of this phenomenon occurred a month or so after I left the group. I was one natural satellite, the moon." For about a week I systematically said to
driving to a friend's house and had the thought "This would be an excellent myself "moon," and repeated the pattern over and over again. I referred to the
fundraising area!" I had to catch myself and tell myself that I was no longer in leader of the group as Mr. Moon, not wishing to call him "Reverend," since
the Moonies. This thought was triggered because for the last five months of my that was a selfappointed title anyway.
membership, I spent fifteen to twenty hours a day driving around looking for One exmember of est told me that even though she loves the beach, she
places to drop off members to solicit money. avoided it because the sounds of ocean waves always reminded her of the group
For those people involved for a long time in groups that required excessive indoctrination. Even though she had been out of the group for five years, that
174 Combatting Cult Mind Control Strategies for Recovery 175
meditation, chanting, "decreeing," speaking in tongues and so forth, one may
7
If an exmember starts to float, what he should do is simply but firmly
hearing music come on the radio, like Steve Winwood's "Higher Love," and remind himself that the experience was just triggered by some stimulus, that it
getting flashbacks of the training. Groups like Lifespring like to use popular will pass, and find someone who understands cult mind control with whom he
music as part of their indoctrination for that very reason. It creates a strong can talk it out rationally. Remember, floating is a natural byproduct of being
association in the individual's unconscious, which without proper counseling subjected to mind control. It will decrease over time, and there are techniques
can take months, sometimes years, to overcome. Music is used by many cults you can use to exercise control over it.
for indoctrination because it forms a strong anchor for memory.
The most powerful and effective technique is to identify the trigger. For
This stimulusresponse mechanism that caused the flashback, or "float example, it could be hearing a song, seeing someone who looks like a member
ing," can be a significant problem for former members. This experience is of the group, or behaving in a manner associated with being a member. Once
triggered when a former member sees, hears, or feels some external or internal you know what triggered you, you can deliberately call forth the stimulus, and
stimulus which was part of the conditioning process. This can briefly jolt them this time make a new association for yourself. Do this over and over again until
back into the cult mindset. it becomes a new learned response.
For the first year after I left the Moonies, every time I heard the word In my case, for example, I would hear the word "moon" and make a picture
"moon" I would think "Father" and remember sitting at Moon's feet. Another in my mind of a beautiful full moon. I would say to myself "The earth only has
example of this phenomenon occurred a month or so after I left the group. I was one natural satellite, the moon." For about a week I systematically said to
driving to a friend's house and had the thought "This would be an excellent myself "moon," and repeated the pattern over and over again. I referred to the
fundraising area!" I had to catch myself and tell myself that I was no longer in leader of the group as Mr. Moon, not wishing to call him "Reverend," since
the Moonies. This thought was triggered because for the last five months of my that was a selfappointed tide anyway.
membership, I spent fifteen to twenty hours a day driving around looking for One exmember of est told me that even though she loves the beach, she
places to drop off members to solicit money. avoided it because the sounds of ocean waves always reminded her of the group
For those people involved for a long time in groups that required excessive indoctrination. Even though she had been out of the group for five years, that
176 Combatting Cult Mind Control Strategies for Recovery 177
zation. However, when the FBI raided Scientology headquarters, documents
12
she heard me on a local radio show. Deborah had been involved with a
were obtained that proved the illegality of many activities conducted by the politically oriented group. As far as I could tell, it was a social action group run
organization. In fact, Hubbard's wife and other top leaders were sent to jail. like an authoritarian cult. She had been involved for some ten years. One day
she broke one of the group's rules. She had lunch alone with a nonmember, and
rather than face being "grilled" by the cult leader in front of the entire
membership, she called up her parents and asked them for a plane ticket. She
PROBLEMS WITH INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS later decided that she was afraid to go home and wound up living on the streets
Former cult members who begin to live in the "real world" sooner or later have of Boulder for several months until she was able to slowly work her way back
to deal with the fact that, for years, their emotional need for a satisfying into society. When I met her last year, she was a successful businesswoman.
intimate relationship with another individual was never met. Yet, the experi Even though she had been out of the group for eight years, she had never
ence of having been taken advantage of while in a group makes it genuinely talked about her group experience until she started attending FOCUS meetings.
hard for people to take the emotional risk of forming a close relationship with "I feel like the whole thing is one big black box, and I'm afraid to open it up,"
others. Some people have denied their own sexuality for so long that they may she explained to the fifteen people present one Wednesday night. "Yet, I know
have difficulty, even out of the group, in overcoming their inhibitions towards that I am being hampered in my ability to trust my boyfriend and make a
expressing their sexuality. commitment to him. I think it is connected to what I went through."
Someone who didn't live in a group environment surrounded by members We were all amazed at how successfully Deborah was able to compartmen
but was involved in cults which permitted people to live in normal society may talize her mind control experience for such a long time. When she did start
also find a new perspective on personal relationships after leaving the group. talking about it, huge chunks of time were unaccounted for. The more she
Perhaps he or she got into a sexual relationship with a "trainer" or leader who talked, the more we asked her questions and prodded her memory. Month by
manipulated the member with little regard for feelings. Leaving such relation month, she got more and more in touch with what had happened to her. She had
ships behind is difficult for anyone, but the grief of separation and disillusion been subjected to an unusually intense degree of emotional and personal abuse
ment can be overcome. In both cases, it's best to seek therapy with someone while in the group.
who understands cult mind control. "I am really glad that I was able to meet and talk with other former
members," she told us one night. "It's nice to see other bright, talented people
who went through something like what 1 went through. I just could never talk
about the group to anyone without them thinking that I was crazy or sick!"
WAYS TO HEAL YOURSELF Indeed, being part of a support group can show people how mind control
The most effective emotional and informational support is provided by former operates within very different organizations. It also enables those who are still
members. In 1986,1 served for a year as the national coordinator of FOCUS, a grappling with these issues to hope that they will be able to go on with their
loosely knit group of former members who want to help themselves and others. lives and be happy, productive people. For most people who leave a destructive
It is quite a feat to coordinate a group of people who have all been burned by a cult, the first step should be getting a handle on their group experience. Then, if
group. It took a full year after my experience with the Moonies before I gingerly there are other issues or problems that existed before their membership, they
allowed myself to get involved again with a group, in this case with a peer can begin to resolve them also.
counseling organization when I returned to college in 1977. When looking for a support group in your area, it might be best to contact
FOCUS, a nonprofit organization affiliated with the Cult Awareness Net the FOCUS coordinator to find out about resources in your area. (See appendix
work, gets funded to the tune of $500 a year, which means that the coordinator for more information about FOCUS.) If there is no FOCUS group in your city,
gets some of the telephone and mailing expenses paid, and that's all. It is up to start one! In addition, you may find a group therapy center in your area and find
specific former members in different cities to have meetings whenever they can. a group you would like to participate in. If that is the case, I would simply
Here in Boston, thanks to Dean Thornburg, we meet in the basement of Marsh recommend applying to this group the same questions that I have suggested you
Chapel on the campus of Boston University. Between ten and twenty people apply to any other group, as I have outlined in chapter 6. Be a good consumer,
show up each month and spend the two hours talking about our respective especially in evaluating the group leader.
experiences, problems we are addressing, and ways to heal our wounds. It becomes apparent to former cult members in the first year after leaving
One woman who attends the FOCUS group in Boston contacted me after that any precult problems they may have had were never resolved while they
182 Combatting Cult Mind Control Strategies for Recovery 183
were members of a destructive cult. This can be very disappointing to the ex that all groups are not evU. In fact, the good part of being involved with a
member, because the illusion of becoming healthier was one of the factors that healthy group, be it a religious, social, or political group, is that you can
reinforced continuing membership, sometimes for many years. exercise control over your participation. You do not have to stay one minute
This realization is often more difficult for longterm members. Imagine longer than you want to. Nor do you have to sit sUendy and blame yourself when
going into a group at eighteen and coming out at age thirty. The individual has you don't understand what is being said or done. You can question and you can
been deprived of a huge amount of life experience. His twenties, typically question some more. Not only is that all right—it is your constitutional right!
reserved for selfexploration and experimentation as well as education, job skill Learning how to get in touch with emotions and channel them effectively is
development, and relationship building, have been lost. another significant process for any exmember. Often when a person first comes
Some longterm former members liken the experience to that of POWs out, many of his emotions remain suppressed. But as the person adjusts, he
coming home after the Vietnam War. In fact, posttraumatic stress syndrome begins to feel shame and embarrassment, then often anger and indignation. The
seems to apply perfecdy to some cult member veterans. When they come home, person moves from "What is wrong with me?" to "How dare they do that
they have to catch up on everything. One person I worked with had never heard to me!"
of the Watergate scandal, didn't know who James Taylor was, and wasn't aware At some point, the person may begin a voracious research project to find
that we had landed and walked on the surface of the moon. out everything he can about his group and answer every one of his questions to
Chronologically, the person is thirty. Psychologically, he probably feels his satisfaction. This is a very positive therapeutic step. Often, the number one
eighteen. His friends from high school have good positions; many are married; priority of someone who has just left a cult is to help rescue the friends who
some have children; some have houses and one or two cars. At thirty, he is were left behind. For cult members, their major regret in leaving is usually
inexperienced at dating and has been out of touch with current events and world losing contact with people they came to know and care for in the group. It
affairs for more than a decade. At a party, he has litde to talk about, unless he becomes particularly difficult when a former member realizes that the friend
wants to talk about his cult experience, which can exacerbate the feeling of ships he thought were so good were conditional on continued membership. A
being in a goldfish bowl. former member can quickly see the strength of mind control bonds when his
closest friend in the group refuses to meet him unless he brings another member
Such a person often feels an acute sense of having to make up for lost time.
along.
This pressure can become stressful. The reality is that the person has been out
of the mainstream of society for twelve years. He has to learn that he must have Eventually, when all the questions are answered, and all the cult issues are
time to heal, grow, and develop. He has to recognize that he has his own path, addressed, the exmember reaches a saturation point. He gets to the point of
his own time clock, and should be concerned about bis needs and not compare saying "They're not going to take the rest of my life!" and starts making plans
himself with other people. for the future.
One sensitive parent of a former member expressed the situation of a Sometimes there are additional issues that need more extensive individual
former cult member when he said, "If someone gets hit by a Mack truck, counseling. Sarah, a former tenyear member of the Church Universal and
naturally you expect that it will take time to recover. You wouldn't expect Triumphant, had been forcibly deprogrammed more than five years earlier, yet
someone to get up out of bed, and go and get a job the next week, would you?" was still experiencing cultrelated problems. I agreed to work with her for ten
Every person who has been in a cult is different and has different needs. sessions. Her first homework assignment was to begin writing down her entire
Some people are able to adjust more quickly. Others who have been more cult experience. This is something I recommend for every ex-member as an
severely traumatized need more time. In the case of this parent, his daughter exercise for gaining a complete perspective of the experience. It was certainly
lived at home for the first year and a half. He didn't pressure her to move out or something Sarah needed to do in order truly to regain herself.
seek employment during that time. He recognized that she was doing the very I suggested that since she had been involved for such a long time, she
best she could. should begin by making an outline. I told her to take ten folders and number
Former members need to learn how to trust themselves again. They have to them from 1973 to 1983, put twelve sheets of paper in each folder, and label
become their own best friend, as well as their own best therapist. They have to them January through December. With that as a starting point I told her to begin
realize that they didn't choose to be lied to or abused. They are not at fault. writing down everything she could remember that was significant to her—
Eventually, as they learn to trust themselves and their own inherent wisdom and positive and negative. I told her not to worry if there were huge gaps—
instincts, they learn that it's okay to begin trusting others. They have to realize eventually they would all be filled in.
184 Combatting Cult Mind Control Strategies for Recovery 185
By standing up for herself and telling the cult leader to "Shove it!" she building a substantial library of resources.
could walk out of the group on her own and avoid the trauma of the forcible The Cook Home, Inc., in Enid, Oklahoma, is run by Betty and Jack Cook
deprogramming. Sarah knows that in reality, her parents did need to rescue her. and also has an extensive library. The Cooks rescued their daughter Sheryl from
However, through this process she was able to regain personal control over the The Way International several years ago and are very much involved in helping
experience. This was extremely important in order to enable Sarah to go on with others. Betty has a master's degree in counseling.
her life. All these places are privately funded. Fees can can run into the thousands
Like everyone else in her position, she needed to take all the things she had of dollars, but vary somewhat, depending on need. In considering the cost of
learned, and all the people she met and come to care for, and integrate them into facilities such as these, it's important to remember that for some people, the
a new sense of identity. Integrating the old into the new allows former members opportunity to have a place to go for a few weeks to get support and counseling
186 Combatting Cult Mind Control
T H E unethical use of mind control, in my opinion, has reached the point
where it is a major social problem, not only in the United States but in many
other countries as well. Some destructive cults have grown to have considerable
political influence, as we have shown in the case of the Unification Church. 1
Others prefer to exercise influence on society by "training" business people in
key positions in corporate America. Cults are also gaining ground among the
new wave of Asian and Hispanic immigrants to the United States, moving
beyond their traditional recruitment of the white middle class. Most remarkable
of all, some cult groups have become so skilled at their public relations work
that they have gained a high degree of social acceptance even among prominent
professionals. Whenever respected professionals attend cultsponsored confer
ences (for scientists, lawyers, politicians, clergy, and academicians) they give
the cult an air of legitimacy. Even though such people do not know or do not
care about the cult involvement in such conferences, their mere presence gives
an indirect approval to cult activities.
My concern about cults is very specific. Their activities, if unchecked, will
continue to wreak untold psychological and sometimes even physical damage
on many thousands (if not millions) of people who have no idea of what
constitutes unethical mind control. Unless legislative action is taken to make
destructive cults accountable to society for their violations of the rights of their
members, these groups will continue to deceive the general public into believ
ing that they are doing nothing out of the ordinary at all.
From a practical point of view, we are all understandably reluctant to
accept one more subject as a matter of serious concern. Every day that we read
a newspaper or watch the news on television we are reminded of the threat of
188 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Next Step 189
nuclear war, massive destruction of the earth's natural resources, starvation in inquiry into Jonestown, and in 1979, the House Foreign Affairs Committee
Africa, widespread political corruption, AIDS, and other concerns. Why add issued its report on the People's Temple massacre. In it, the brainwashing tactics
another subject of concern to that list? of Jim Jones were described in detail. It recommended that the National
Although literally hundreds of stories about cults have been printed or Institute of Mental Health be funded to further research mind control and
aired in the media in the past few years, few address the issue of mind control destructive cult groups.
directly. Cult stories tend to be presented as "religious" stories rather than Nothing was ever done to follow up that recommendation, either.
stories about people under mind control. In addition, ever since the abatement However, Senator Bob Dole did put together a hearing on cults after
of media attention after the Jonestown massacre, it may seem to the public at Jonestown, and I was invited to speak. On the morning of the hearing, however,
large that there are fewer cults because there has been relatively less cult I was suddenly told that all former cult members would no longer be permitted
coverage. I will be the first to admit that there have been no national polls to to speak. We were told that the reason was to avoid having to allow cult
provide as a measuring stick for public attitudes about cults; they are very members equal time to speak. However, at the hearing room, the people were
expensive, and the Cult Awareness Network struggles to find enough money to holding up signs that read "Elect Bob Dole President, Repeal the First Amend
continue operating. Yet, many people with whom I come into casual conversa ment." Even though all exmembers had been forbidden to speak, the commit
tion on the subject of destructive cults express surprise when approached with tee did grant permission to Neil Salonen, the spokesperson for the Moonies, to
the idea that such groups are still a major problem in American society. I deliver a statement. I was beginning to realize the political clout of the cults.
believe that many people simply assume that cult recruiting activities attracted
Something was very wrong. Nothing was being done about the Korean
a lot of "mixed up young people" in the 1960s and 1970s, and then died out as
American investigation. Nothing was being done about the People's Temple
the counterculture was absorbed into society at large.
investigation.
This perception of cults as a "passing phase" is no accident. Many cults However, important developments in other areas began to throw new light
have exercised their influence at very crucial places and times in the past few on the problems of the use of unethical mind control.
years in order to prevent public scrutiny of their affairs. Let me give you a few In 1979, a book called The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, by John
examples. Marks, was published to the accompaniment of a fair amount of national
publicity. In it, the author detailed CIA mind control research performed in the
1950s and early 1960s. Codenamed MKULTRA, this research included
experimentation with LSD, hypnosis, and electroshock therapy. A few months
CULTS AND THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT later, ABC did a television special based on the book. Among the many people
Public reaction to what became known as "the Jonestown massacre" was shock interviewed was the former top psychologist for the CIA, John Gittinger. He
and disbelief, and a growing concern with the influence of destructive cults. In admitted that such mind control research did take place at one time, but that
particular, the murder of a United States Congressman by cultists showed that hypnosis, a central subject of the research, was of no use "in any operationally
some people in cults would stop at nothing to keep anyone, especially someone feasible way." Sidney Gottlieb, another agency official who was engaged in
in a legitimate position of authority, from exposing them to public scrutiny. mind control research, said that all research had been abandoned in 1963. He
I was deeply saddened by the news of Congressman Ryan's murder. I knew retired in 1973 and destroyed his records. 2
that Leo Ryan had been highly knowledgeable and concerned about destructive I knew that techniques for mind control were indeed real. I had lived in a
cults, for he had been an important force in the Congressional Subcommittee mind control environment and practiced it on others. I had researched the
Investigation of KoreanAmerican Relations headed by Congressman Donald subject of mind control with top experts on the subject, such as Robert Jay
Fraser. Released on October 31, just a few short weeks before the mass suicide Lifton. I knew that no selfrespecting psychologist would deny that there was
at Jonestown, the Fraser Report (as it came to be known) recommended that an anything "useful" in mind control research. The statements of Gittinger and
Executive branch interagency task force be set up to pursue any illegal activ Gottlieb forced me to confront a number of questions that needed answers.
ities of the Moon organization.
Why wasn't our federal government informing the American people about
No action was taken on that recommendation. the dangers of mind control? Why was the issue continually shuffled into a
Of course, some people might have thought something was being done discussion of religious liberty and the First Amendment? There had to be a
about the cult problem because of all the activity on Capitol Hill. There was an reason. According to John Marks, some of the government's research into mind
190 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Next Step 191
interest of maintaining national security. However, if the government has (MBTI), a personality profile research device, to hundreds of members of
indeed been conducting research into mind control, then it has a responsibility different religious groups, both mainline and cultic. He asked members to fill
to inform the American public that mind control exists. There are no laws on out the questionnaire three times. The first time, they were asked to answer the
the books, however, which recognize that mind control exists much less pro questions from the frame of mind in which they were presendy living. The
hibit the unethical use of mind control as it is now being applied by groups like second time, they were asked to answer the questions from the state of mind
the Unification Church. In the absence of recognition by the government that
3
they were in prior to joining the group. Last, Dr. Yeakley asked his test subjects
mind control exists and that unethical mind control is wrong, then the govern- to respond to the questions as they thought they would answer in five years'
ment's silence indirectly condones the practice of unethical mind control in the time.
rest of society. In a practical sense, one only need look around to see the effects
He administered this test to members of the Boston Church of Christ, the
of government silence and inaction: mind control groups are proliferating at an
Church of Scientology, the Hare Krishnas, Maranatha, the Children of God, the
unprecedented pace.
Moonies, and The Way International. The results showed a high level of change
The principles of freedom and democracy in our country demand that the toward certain standard personality types as defined by the test. In other words,
reality of mind control be exposed to full public scrutiny. people in certain cults appeared to be all moving toward having the same kinds
of personalities, regardless of the original personalities they brought with them
into the group. I see this test result as offering interesting support for my idea
that cults actually give new personalities to their members (he refers to it as
DESTRUCTIVE CULTS AND MENTAL HEALTH "cloning") as they suppress their original identities. As Dr. Yeakley explained
Although progress against destructive cults in the political arena is painfully in a letter to me:
slow, there have been some very favorable developments in the mental health "In the Boston Church of Christ and in three of the cults, the shifting was
community. Among them is the fact that the diagnostic book used by psycholo toward the ESFJ (extrovert, sensing, feeling, judging) personality type. Two of
gists, the DSM-III, now includes a category that mentions victims of cults.
4
the cults were shifting toward ESTJ (extrovert, sensing, thinking, judging) and
That category is called "Atypical Dissociative Disorder 300.15." As a one toward ENTJ (extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judging). There is nothing
definition of the pathological effects of mind control, it reads in part: "Exam wrong with any of these three types. The problem is with the pressure to
ples include trancelike states, derealization unaccompanied by depersonaliza conform to any type. It is the shifting which is negative, not the type toward
tion, and those more prolonged dissociated states that may occur in persons which the shifting takes place"
who have been subjected to periods of prolonged and intense coercive persua In comparison, this test was given to members of the Baptist, Catholic,
sion (brainwashing, thought reform, and indoctrination while the captive of Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches and "mainline" Churches of
terrorists or cultists)." Christ. There were no significant changes in psychological type scores over
There is still a need, however, for more mental health professionals who time. In other words, there was no indication of any pressure to conform to any
are trained to identify and help people who have been victims of mind control. certain type of personality. People's fundamental personality types remained
Unfortunately, too, there have been several cult "researchers," who appear intact.
192 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Next Step 193
educate mental health professionals and empower them to help the people who
are still suffering from its ill effects.
STUDY AND APPLICATION OF MIND CONTROL
RESEARCH
Much more research of this kind, of course, needs to be done and will be done
before too long, it is hoped. Top mental health professionals who are experts on
CULTS AND THE LAW
cult mind control such as Dr. Margaret Singer (UC Berkeley), Dr. Louis Jolyon Another area to be addressed is the law. Current laws do not recognize that
West (UCLA NeuroPsychiatric Institute), Dr. John Clark (Harvard Medical mind control exists unless there is use of force or threat of force. There are no
school), and Dr. Michael Langone (American Family Foundation) are joining laws against covert hypnotic inductions or secret use of mind control tech
ranks with many other scholars to form a research society to study the social niques for unscrupulous purposes.
impact of coercive persuasion. In fact, the law tends to protect destructive cults more than its unwitting
The use of mind control technology is not inherendy evil. Like any victims. hJo group should violate the civil rights of its members, yet people are
technology, it can be used to serve or to destroy. It can be used to empower being deprived of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness by recruitment into
people or to enslave them. destructive cults. Many cult members cannot read what they please, speak
Severe depression affects millions of Americans and robs them of their freely, choose their own jobs, or in some cases, even chose whom they may
strength and their ability to enjoy being alive. It is not Orwellian to consider a marry.
useful application of a mind control technique if the person freely chooses to use The enormous wealth of cult groups has allowed them to hire the best
it and if the person is doing it on himself, to give him the freedom to imagine and attorneys and file harassment lawsuits (unwinnable but troublesome to the
create a better future. This is very different from taking the locus of power away person sued) against critics and former members. Even some of the leaders
from the individual and placing it with another. of the American CivU Liberties Union (ACLU) have historically sided with
To a certain degree, destructive cults are performing impermissible social cults, invoking the First Amendment and ignoring any evidence of mind con
psychology experiments. Their practices are impermissible because ethical trol research. To my knowledge, any attempts to legislate against deceptive
standards used for research would never allow such behavior. However, much recruitment or even deceptive cult fundraising tactics have so far been struck
can be learned by studying the people who have been through a mind control down.
experience. I am convinced that much good can come out of research in this Part of the problem facing lawmaking against cult activities which violate
area. individual rights has been the manner in which cults have sought to hide behind
For example, I believe mind control techniques can be ethically used to the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom. In this country, people's right
help those currently stuck in the criminal justice system. There is a great need to believe whatever they want is absolute, and it should be. What is not absolute
for massive reform of our correction system. Prisoners need to be taught more is a group's right to do anything it wants. For example, a sect may believe that it
effective ways to break their negative cycles of low selfesteem and law is a sacred act to handle poisonous snakes, but the law prohibits snakehandling
breaking behavior. Perhaps new models can be instituted for their rehabilita rituals because too many people have died. Cult lawyers do their best to ignore
tion. this difference and try to turn legal issues into issues of belief rather than issues
of behavior.
In addition, people who know how mind control operates will have a
distinct advantage over those who do not. For those people of principle, their The recruitment and "conversion" experience has been particularly diffi
knowledge of mind control will be reserved exclusively for ethical uses. In cult to analyze. Does a group really have the right to deceive a potential convert
addition, they can use their knowledge to protect themselves from others' because he would stay away if he knew the truth? Likewise, does a group have
unethical use of mind control on them. the right to manipulate a person's thoughts, feelings, and environment in order
Still, morality and wisdom require a measured approach to using any to create a "conversion" experience? If so, where should the line be drawn
powerful tool for altering the human mind. We can hope that all the issues will between legal and illegal manipulation?
be debated at length and protections built in to prevent any abuses of this For years, it has been scientifically impossible to determine whether a
technology. person is under mind control. Any evaluation has had to be subjective. But with
These considerations represent just the beginning of an approach to com each year that passes, science is moving toward being able to provide concrete
ing to terms socially with cult mind control. Much more must be done to proof that there is a measurable dysfunction. Before the turn of the century, I
194 Combatting Cult Mind Control The Next Step 195
FINAL THOUGHTS
Writing this book marks the fulfillment of my longstanding desire to contrib
ute a practical, informative guide to the problems people deal with in encoun
tering the influence of destructive cults. It has been a long hard road.
After all the threats, harassment, and fear, I can now look back and say it
was all worth it, if my work and this book enable others to understand more
clearly how mind control operates within destructive cult groups. It was impor
tant, I think, to tell the whole story, including my methods for exitcounseling
even though I feared it might make the cults more sophisticated in their
programming. By demystifying exitcounseling, I hope to enable countless
numbers of people, who didn't want to employ forcible deprogramming, to start
working to help their loved ones.
I also hope that this book will create a new and powerful public consumer
awareness about mind control and destructive cults. I hope that the government
will acknowledge the problem and do something about it. In the meantime, I
hope readers of this book will join the Cult Awareness Network and the
American Family Foundation and subscribe to their newsletters and journals.
Furthermore, I encourage those people who have been through a cult mind
control experience to get involved and make a stand. We need your help!
As destructive cults and mind control come to be better understood, the
social stigma attached to being a former cult member will begin to dissolve.
Former members will come to realize that we were not to blame for our
involvement. People will see that we have a lot to give back to society, if we
have a chance. Many of my former clients and friends have gone on with their
lives and become happy, productive citizens. They are doctors, lawyers, den
tists, chiropractors, psychologists, architects, artists, teachers, mothers, fa
thers, and social activists. FOCUS can help a lot, but it requires participation.
Whether you are in need, or have something to give, or both, I urge you to take
a positive step. You do make a difference.
In the words of Edmund Burke: "All it takes for evil to triumph is for
enough good men to do nothing."
Appendix 201
Ideological Totalism
The phenomenology I used when writing about ideological totalism in the past
still seems useful to me, even though I wrote that book in 1960. The first
characteristic is "milieu control," which is essentially the control of communi
cation within an environment. If the control is extremely intense, it becomes an
internalized control—an attempt to manage an individual's inner communica
tion. This can never be fully achieved, but it can go rather far. It is what
Appendix sometimes has been called a "God'seye view"—a conviction that reality is the
group's exclusive possession. Clearly this kind of process creates conflicts in
respect to individual autonomy: if sought or realized in such an environment,
autonomy becomes a threat to milieu control. Milieu control within cults tends
to be maintained and expressed in several ways: group process, isolation from
other people, psychological pressure, geographical distance or unavailability of
transportation, and sometimes physical pressure. There is often a sequence of
events, such as seminars, lectures, and group encounters, which become
increasingly intense and increasingly isolated, making it extremely difficult—
both physically and psychologically—for one to leave.
These cults differ from patterns of totalism in other societies. For instance,
the centers that were used for reform in China were more or less in keeping with
the ethos of the society as it was evolving at the time: and therefore when one
LIFTON'S EIGHT CRITERIA OF MIND CONTROL was leaving them or moving in and out of them, one would still find reinforce
The following excerpt from Robert J. Lifton's The Future of Immortality and ment from without. Cults, in contrast, tend to become islands of totalism within
Other Essays for a Nuclear Age (New York, Basic Books, 1987) is a concise a larger society that is on the whole antagonistic to these islands. This situation
explanation of Lifton's eight criteria for defining mind control. Although they can create a dynamic of its own; and insofar as milieu control is to be main
are mentioned in quotation marks in the text, I will list them here for ease of tained, the requirements are magnified by that structural situation. Cult leaders
must often deepen their control and manage the environment more system
identification:
atically, and sometimes with greater intensity, in order to maintain that island of
totalism within the antagonistic outer world.
1. "milieu control"
2. "mystical manipulation" (or "planned spontaneity") The imposition of intense milieu control is closely connected to the process
3. "the demand for purity" of change. (This partly explains why there can be a sudden lifting of the cult
4. "the cult of confession" identity when a young person who has been in a cult for some time is abruptly
5. "sacred science" exposed to outside, alternative influences.) One can almost observe the process
6. "loading of the language" in some young people who undergo a dramatic change in their prior identity,
7. "doctrine over person" whatever it was, to an intense embrace of a cult's belief system and group
structure. I consider this a form of doubling: a second self is formed that lives
8. "dispensing of existence"
side by side with the prior self, somewhat autonomously from it. Obviously
there must be some connecting element to integrate oneself with the other—
The essay from which this selection is taken is entitled "Cults: Religious
otherwise, the overall person could not function; but the autonomy of each is
Totalism and Civil Liberties." In it, Lifton frames his comments in relation to
impressive. When the milieu control is lifted by removing, by whatever means,
what he called "ideological totalism," or the environment in which Chinese the recruit from the totalistic environment, something of the earlier self reas
thought reform was practiced, as he came to know of it from the Korean War serts itself. This leavetaking may occur voluntarily or through force (or simply.
and afterwards.
202 Appendix Appendix 203
and to words or images becoming God. A greatly simplified language may I should say that, despite these problems, none of these processes is
seem clich6ridden but can have enormous appeal and psychological power in airtight. One of my purposes in writing about them is to counter the tendency in
its very simplification. Because every issue in one's life—and these are often the culture to deny that such things exist; another purpose is to demystify them,
very complicated young lives—can be reduced to a single set of principles that to see them as comprehensible in terms of our understanding of human be
have an inner coherence, one can claim the experience of truth and feel it. havior.
Answers are available. Lionel Trilling has called this the "language of non
thought" because there is a cliche and a simple slogan to which the most
complex and otherwise difficult questions can be reduced.
The pattern of doctrine over person occurs when there is a conflict between
what one feels oneself experiencing and what the doctrine or dogma says one
should experience. The internalized message in totalistic environments is that
one must find the truth of the dogma and subject one's experiences to that truth.
Often the experience of contradiction, or the admission of that experience, can
be immediately associated with guilt; or else (in order to hold one to that
doctrine) condemned by others in a way that leads quickly to that guilty
association. One is made to feel that doubts are reflections of one's own evil. Yet
doubts can arise; and when conflicts become intense, people can leave. This is
the most frequent difficulty of many of the cults: membership may represent
more of a problem than money.
Finally, the eighth, and perhaps the most general and significant of these
characteristics, is what I call the "dispensing of existence." This principle is
usually metaphorical. But if one has an absolute or totalistic vision of truth,
then those who have not seen the light—have not embraced that truth, are in
some way in the shadows—are bound up with evil, tainted, and do not have the
right to exist. There is a "being versus nothingness" dichotomy at work here.
Impediments to legitimate being must be pushed away or destroyed. One placed
in the second category of not having the right to exist can experience psycho
logically a tremendous fear of inner extinction or collapse. However, when one
is accepted, there can be great satisfaction of feeling oneself a part of the eiite.
Under more malignant conditions, the dispensing of existence, the absence of
the right to exist, can be literalized; people can be put to death because of their
alleged doctrinal shortcomings, as has happened in all too many places, includ
ing the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. In the People's Temple mass suicide
murder in Guyana, a single cult leader could preside over the literal dispensing
of existence—or more precisely, nonexistence—by means of a suicidal mys
tique he himself had made a part of the group's ideology. (Subsequent reports
based on the results of autopsies reveal that there were probably as many
murders as suicides.) The totalistic impulse to draw a sharp line between those
who have a right to live and those who do not—though occurring in varying
degrees—can become a deadly approach to resolving fundamental human
problems. And all such approaches involving totalism or fundamentalism are
doubly dangerous in a nuclear age.
206 Appendix Appendix 207
Committee on Cults and Missionaries
Greater Miami Jewish Federation
4200 Biscayne Blvd.
RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS Miami, FL 33137
Cult Awareness Network (C.A.N.—affiliates nationwide) (305) 5764000
National Office Christian Research Institute (C.R.I.)
2421 West Pratt Blvd., Suite 1173 Box 500
Chicago, IL 60645 San Juan Capistrano, CA 92693
(312) 2677777
(714) 8559926
FOCUS (Former member support network) Personal Freedom Outreach
Contact Cult Awareness Network (C.A.N.) for information. RO. Box 26062
American Family Foundation (A.EF—research, information, publications) St. Louis, MO 63136
RO. Box 336 (314) 3882648
Weston, MA 02193
Watchman Fellowship
(617) 8930930
RO. Box 74091
International Cult Education Program (I.C.E.P.) Birmingham, AL 35253
PO. Box 1232, Grade Station (205) 8713366
New York, NY 10028
Restrictive Group Recovery
(212) 4391550
Michael Lisman, M.S.W.
1 ntcrfaith Coalition of Concern about Cults RO. Box 8443
111 West 40 St. Berkeley, CA 947078443
New York, NY 10018
(212) 9834977 PACT (People Against Cultic Therapies)
RO. Box 4011, Grand Central Station
Task Force on Missionaries and Cults New York, NY 10160
Jewish Community Relations Council of New York (212)3161560
711 Third Ave., 12th floor
New York, NY 10014 Stop Abuse by Counselors
(212) 9834800 RO. Box 68292
Seattle, WA 98168
Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (206) 2432723
Cult Clinic Service
1651 Third Avenue TMEX (exmembers of transcendental meditation)
New York, NY 10028 Patrick Ryan
(212) 8608533 RO. Box 2520
Philadelphia, PA 19147
Commission on Cults and Missionaries/ (215) 4674939
Community Relations Committee, Suite 802
Jewish Family Services Cult Clinic, Suite 608 ExCOG (exChildren of God)
Jewish Federation Council of Greater Los Angeles, Suite 802 Karen Meyer
6505 Wilshire Blvd. 1409 Kuehner Drive #202
Los Angeles, CA 90048 Simi Valley, CA 93063
(213) 8521234 (213) 5228401
208 Appendix 209
Overseas
Rehabilitation Facilities for Former Members
FAIR (Family Action Information and Rescue)
Unbound (Research, reentry, and education) BCM Box 3535,
P.O. Box 1963 P.O. Box 12
Iowa City, IA 52244 London WC1N 3XX
(319) 3373723 England
Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center Tel: (44) 15393940
Paul R. Martin, Ph.D., Director Irish Family Foundation
PO. Box 67 Box 1628
Albany, OH 45710 Balls Bridge
(614) 6986277 Dublin 4, Ireland
210 Appendix Notes
Association Pour La Defense de la Famiile et L'individu (ADFI)
4 Rue Flechier
75009 Paris, France
Tel: (33) 142851552
Pastor FriedrichW. Haack Chapter 1
Bavarian Lutheran Church 1. Report of the Subcommittee on International Relations, US. House of Representatives,
Bunzlauer Str. 28, Oct 31, 1978 (also known as Fraser Report), 338348.
D8000 Munchen 50 2. Ibid, 316.
3. Steve Kemperman, Lord of the Second Advent (Ventura, California: Regal Books.
West Germany 1982), 13.
Tel: (49) 891412841 4. Gary Scharff, "Autobiography of a Former Moonie," Cultic Studies Journal (Vol. 2,
Elterninitiative gegen psychische Abhangigkeit und religiosen Extremismus No. 2, 1986), 252.
5. Moon's original name is Yung Myung Moon, which means "Thy Shining Dragon." Cited
Postfach 30 33 25 in "Honor Thy Father Moon," Psychology Today (Jan 1976).
1000 Berlin 30, B.R.D. 6. "Jury Finds Rev. Moon Guilty of Conspiracy To Evade Income Tax," The Wall Street
West Germany Journal (May 19, 1982).
Dialog Center International Lyda Phillips (UPI), "Rev. Moon free after year in prison for tax evasion," The Boston
Globe (July 5, 1985).
Katrinebjergve 46, 7. Frank Greve, in "Seeking Influence, Rev. Moon Spends Big on New Right," Philadelphia
DK8200 Aarhus N, Denmark Inquirer (Dec 20, 1987), states the numbers to be even lower.
Tel: (45)6105411 8. "On Witnessing," Master Speaks (Jan 3, 1972).
Okumenische Arbeitsgrubbe "Neue religiose Bewegungen in der Schweiz" James and Marcia Rudin, Prison or Paradise, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980), 25.
Robert Boettcher, Gifts of Deceit—Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park and the Korean
9403 Goldach, Switzerland Scandal (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980), 175176.
Tel: (71)412265 Gary Scharff, "Autobiography of a Former Moonie," Cultic Studies Journal (Vol. 2, No.
Concerned Parents 2, 1986), 252.
Box 1806 9. Michael Warder, "Bribemasters," Chronicles (June 1988).
Gary Scharff, "Autobiography of a Former Moonie," Cultic Studies Journal (Vol. 2,
Haifa, Israel No. 2, 1986).
Tel: (972)4718522 Douglas Lenz, "Twentytwo Months As a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part
The Jewish Center ners (Feb 1982).
Barbara Dole, "Former Member's Story," The Advisor (Feb/March 1981).
Box 34, Michael Lisman, statement about his membership, 1981.
Balaclava, Victoria 3183 10. "Completion of Our Responsibility," Master Speaks (Oct 28, 1974), 8.
Australia 11. "Relationship Between Men and Women," Master Speaks (May 20, 1973).
Tel: (61) 35275069 12. "Moon Tells How He Regulates Sex," San Jose Mercury (May 27, 1982).
13. Fraser Report, 338348.
CCG Ministries Fred Clarkson, "The New Righteous Plan aThird Party," The Washington Herald (Feb 8,
176 Albert Street 1988).
Osborne Park 14. Laura Knickerbocker, "Mind Control: How The Cults Work," Harper's Bazaar (May
1980).
West Australia 6017
James and Marcia Rudin, Prison or Paradise (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980), 28,45.
Tel: (61) 93442200 15. Fraser Report, 311390.
Pro Juventud 16. Ibid., 354.
Aribau 226, 17. Fred Clarkson, "Moon's Law: God is Phasing Out Democracy," Covert Action Informa-
08006 Barcelona, Spain tion Bulletin (Spring 1987).
18. Ibid., 36.
Tel: (34) 342851552
212 Notes Notes 213
19. Douglas Lenz, "TVventytwo Months as a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part- Steve Kemperman, Lord of the Second Advent (Ventura, California: Regal Books,
ners (Feb 1982), 1315. 1982), 14.
Josh Freed, Moonwebs (Toronto: Dorset Publishing, Inc., 1980), 191. 11. Christopher Edwards, Crazy for God (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall, Inc.,
20. Fraser Report, 326, 366. 1979), 144145.
21. (UPI) "Ousted Editor Says Church Controls Washington rimes," The Boston Globe (July 12. Douglas Lenz, "Twentytwo Months as a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part-
18, 1984). ners (Feb 1982), 12.
22. Fred Clarkson, "Behind the Times: Who Pulls the Strings at Washington's # 2 Daily," Jerry Carroll and Bernard Bauer, "Suicide Training in the Moon Cult," New West (Jan 29,
Extra! (Aug/Sept 1987). 1979), 62.
23. "The Significance of the Training Session," Master Speaks (May 17, 1973). 13. "God's Plan for America," Sun Myung Moon (Dec 18, 1975).
24. Frank Greve, Knight-Ridder Newspapers (Dec 20, 1987). 14. Marcia R. Rudin, "The Cult Phenomenon: Fad or Fact?" New York University Review of
"Moon/Mormon Conference for Legislators," City Paper (Washington D C : July 25 Law and Social Change (Vol. DC, No. 1), 31.
31, 1986). 15. Fraser Report, 311392.
25. Fred Clarkson, "Behind the Times: Who Pulls the Strings at Washington's # 2 Daily,"
Extra! (Aug/Sept 1987).
Chapter 3
26. Andrew Ferguson, "Can Buy Me Love: The Mooning of Conservative Washington," The
American Spectator (Sept 1987). 1. Glenn Collins, "The Psychology of the Cult Experience," The New York Times (March
15, 1982).
27. Frank Greve, Knight-Ridder Newspapers (Dec 20, 1987).
28. David Shaw, "Washington Times Fights for Its Niche: Paper Tainted by Ties to Right 2. Fraser Report, 326, 35153, 368.
Wing, Moon Church," Los Angeles Times (April 26, 1987). "The Outline of Rev. Moon's Hand in Central America: The Unification Church, the
World AntiCommunist League, CAUSA and John Singlaub," Ford Greene, 1987, 1317.
Chapter 2 "Moonie Interests Said to Choose Mentevideo as Centre," Latin America Regional
1. Douglas Lenz, "Twentytwo Months as a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part- Reports (Oct 14, 1983).
ners (Feb 1982), 1315. Tim Cain, "Moonie Recruiting Groups Have Ties to Contras in Central America,"
Josh Freed, Moonwebs (Toronto: Dorset Publishing Inc., 1980), 191. Sandpaper (Oct 16, 1987).
2. "Jacob's Course and our Life in Faith," (May 27, 1973), 3. Jean Francois Boyer and Alejandro Alem, "Moon in Latin America: Building Bases of a
Robert Boettcher, Gifts of Deceit—Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park and the Korean World Organization," Manchester Guardian Weekly (March 3, 1985).
Scandal (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980), 343344. 3. Fraser Report, 345.
3. Kamiyama was coconvicted with Moon for conspiracy to defraud the US. government of "The Way International," AntiDefamation League Report (Spring 1982).
tax revenues. "Government probe of The Way Disclosed Political Activism, 'pattern* of Harassment of
US. vs. Sun Myung Moon and Takeru Kamiyama: Kamiyama accused of aiding and Witnesses," CAN News (JulyJuly 1987), from "Religious Group's Political Activities Subject of
abetting filing of false returns, obstruction of justice, and perjury. Probe," Bangor Daily News (Nov 21, 1986).
4. Michael Warder, "Bribemasters," Chronicles (June 1988). 4. Louis Trager, "Evidence Points Toward North Tie to Rev. Moon," San Francisco Exam-
Frazer Report, 313. iner (July 20, 1987).
5. "The Seven Day Fast," Master Speaks (Oct 20, 1974), 19. 5. "Moonie Interests on the Rise: The Empire Consolidates" Latin America Regional
6. "Children's Day," Master Speaks (Aug 4, 1974), 12. Reports (April 1984).
7. Moon and Hak Ja Han, his third wife, were regarded by members to be the perfect Adam 6. "Significance of the Training Session," Master Speaks (May 17, 1973).
and Eve. Moon's theology says that the original Eve was tempted into sexual intercourse by Satan 7. John Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate (New York: Times Books, 1979),
before she had grown to perfection, and then she seduced Adam. Therefore, all mankind were the 72,133,182192.
offspring of tainted blood. The kingdom of heaven will be established when God sends a perfect 8. Patricia C. Hearst with Alvin Moscow, Patty Hearst: Her Own Story (New York: Avon
man again in order to establish the "pure" lineage. Jesus was killed before he had a chance to marry Books, 1982).
and have perfect children. Therefore, Moon (being 'perfect' himself) can spiritually "adopt" 9. Ted Patrick with Tom Dulack, Let Our Children Go (New York: E. R Dutton and
members into his "true family" and assign them marriage partners in order to redo their spiritual Company, Inc., 1976).
lineage. Moon married more than 2,000 such couples in Madison Square Garden in 1984. 10. Allan Maraynes, producer, "Scientology," 60 Minutes (Volume XII, Number 51), aired
8. Vernon Scott, "Controversy Shrouds Obscure Movie 'Inchon,' " Santa Barbara News- Aug 31, 1980.
Press (Oct 10, 1982). Eugene H. Methvin, "Scientology: Anatomy of a Frightening Cult," Reader's Digest
"Times Kills Review," Washington Post (Sept 18, 1982), CI. (May 1980), and "Scientology: The Sickness Spreads," Reader's Digest (Sept 1981).
"Stars Tricked into Making Cult Movie," Globe (June 8, 1982). Bent Corydon and L. Ron Hubbard, Jr., L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?
9. Fred Clarkson. "The Messiah Who Bilked IRS," The Sacramento Bee (Sept 15, 1985). (Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, 1987).
Herbert Rosedale, "Moon's Conviction Justified by the Record," The Cult Observer (Nov Russell Miller, Bare Faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard (Great Britain:
1984). Penguin Books Ltd., 1987).
10. Douglas Lenz, "Twentytwo Months as a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part- 1. Patricia Ward Biederman, "$1.5 Million Award to Former C U T . Member," Los Angeles
ners (Feb 1982), 12. Times (April 3, 1986).
Notes 215
214 Notes
Susan C. Orlean, "Est Puts Itself in Charge of Tomorrow," Boston Phoenix (Jan 18, Joan Guberman, "Another Jonestown: The Kingdom at Island Pond," 77* Advisor (Feb/
1983). Section 2, 4. March 1983).
6. See R.E. Ornstein, The Mind Field (England: Octagon Press, 1983), 9798. Josh Freed, Moonwebs (Toronto: Dorset Publishing, Inc., 1980), 50.
7. Mark Brewer, "We're Gonna Tear You Down and Put You Back Together," Psychology 2. Mark Brewer, "We're Gonna Tear You Down and Put You Back Together," Psychology
Today (Aug 1975), 82.
Today (Aug 1975).
Richard Behar and Ralph King, Jr., "The Winds of Werner: The IRS, The Order of Malta
Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman, Snapping (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1978).
and a Swiss Banker Have a Problem: A Onetime Used Car Salesman from Philadelphia," Forbes
Karen Lee Ziner, "Encounters Suit: Jack Slee's Family Sues est," The Norwich Bulletin (Nov 18, 1985).
(August 19). 3. Dianne Dumanoski, "The Gospel According to Stevens: Evangelist Carl Stevens Started
8. Mark Brewer, "We're Gonna Tear You Down and Put You Back Together," Psychology Out as a Bakery Driver. Now he's a shepherd in the Berk shires, with a flock of hornagain
Today (Aug 1975), 36. Christians—and newly acquired fields," Boston Phoenix (May 24, 1977).
Snapping, 180. 4. Robert Lindsey, "L. Ron Hubbard Dies of Stroke; Founder of Church of Scientology,"
9. Jude Dratt, producer, "West 57th Street, CBS News Magazine" (Oct 10, 1987). 77* New York Times (Jan 29, 1986).
10. Ibid.
5. Phil Garber, "The Way: Religious Sect a Center of Controversy," Daily Record (March
11. Ibid.
30, 1986).
12. John Mini/. "LaRoucbe Intelligence Organization Has Contacts in High Places," The
Wendy B. Ford, "Way Seduction 'Invisible,' " 77* Journal Herald (Jan 13, 1981).
Washington Post (Jan 15, 1985), A5. "The Way International," AntiDefamation League Report, Spring 1982.
13. The story given here is taken from the "West 57th Street, CBS News Magazine" program. 6. Robert Boettcher, Gifts of Deceit—Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park and the Korean
At the time this program was aired, Elizabeth Rose was still an active member of the LaRouche Scandal (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980), 35.
organization. Moonwebs, 50.
14. " 'Psychological Damage" from TM Found Worth $137,890," The Washington Times 7. Lyda Phillips (UPI), "Rev. Moon Free After Year in Prison for Tax Evasion," 77* Boston
Metro (Jan 14, 1987), 5B. Globe (July 5, 1985).
Snapping, 174, 176. 8. Bent Corydon and L. Ron Hubbard, Jr., L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Mad-Man?
15. Darrel Sifford, "A Psychiatrist Probes Effects of Transcendental Meditation," Phila- (Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, 1987).
delphia Inquirer (June 19, 1988), 2F Russell Miller, Bare Faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard (Great Britain:
16. Michael A. Persinger, Normand J. Carrey, and Lynn A. Seuss, TM and Cult Mania Penguin Books, 1987).
(Massachusetts: The Christopher Publishing House, 1980), 15556. Richard Behar, "The Prophet and Profits of Scientology," Forbes 400 (Oct 27, 1986),
17. Ibid., 6065. 314315.
18. Doug Johnson, "Former Truth Station Member Tells of Secret Practices," Victor Valley "Penthouse Interview: L. Ron Hubbard, Jr." Penthouse (June 1983), 111, 174175.
Daily Press (March 5, 1981), A l . 9. Fraser Report, 387.
"TV Producer Charges Kin Abused by Religious Cult," Oxnard Press Courier (March 5, 10. Ibid., 313, 316, 333334.
1981), 2. 11. Eugene H. Methvin, "Scientology: The Sickness Spreads," Readers Digest (Sept
19. Michael Kelly, "A Couple Still Hearing the Chant," Cult Awareness Network News (Jan 1981), 5.
Feb 1985), 3. "Penthouse Interview: L. Ron Hubbard, Jr." Penthouse (June 1983), 113.
20. TobySmith, "Where The Way Goes Controversy Follows," Impact/Albuquerque Journal 12. Richard Behar, "The Prophet and Profits of Scientology," Forbes 400 (Oct 27, 1986),
Magazine (July 14, 1981). 4. 316.
Lorraine Ahearn, "The Way," The Capital (Annapolis, April 1, 1986), 7. 13. Rachel Martin, Escape: The True Story of a Young Woman Caught in the Clutches of a
2 1 . "The Way International," ADL Research Report (Spring 1982), 1. Religious Cult (Denver, Colorado: Accent Books, 1979).
Lorraine Ahearn, "Mind Control Called the Way of The Way," 77* Capital (Annapolis, 14. Deborah Berg Davis, 77* Children of God: The Inside Story (Grand Rapids, Missouri:
The Zondervan Publishing House, 1984).
April 2, 1986), 1, 12.
Snapping, 16. Herbert J. Wallerstein, Final Report on the Activities of the Children of God to Honorable
22. See Arthur Lyons, Satan Wants You (New York: Mysterious Press, 1988), 135. Louis J. Lefkowitz, Attorney General of the State of New York. Charity Frauds Bureau, Sept 30,
1974.
23. Jerry Adler, "The Second Beast of Revelation," Newsweek (Nov 16,
Una McManus, Not for a Million Dollars (Impact Books, 1980).
1987), 73.
15. Steve Allen, Beloved Son: A Story of the Jesus Cults (New York: BobbsMerrill Company,
24. Satan Wants You, 135.
25. Ibid. Inc., 1982), 192193.
16. Lindsey Gruson, "2 Hare Krishna Aides Accused of Child Molesting," The New York
Chapter 6 Times (Feb 18, 1987).
1. Andrea Estes, "Cult Attracts Trouble in Travels: The ExCarnival Barker Turned Church "Murders, Drug and Abuse Charges Shake Krishnas," Akron Beacon Journal (June 22,
Apostate," The Boston Herald (June 23, 1984). 1986).
Mark Starr, "The Kingdom at Island Pond," Newsweek (Nov 29. 1982). Eric Harrison, "Crimes Among the Krishnas: The world wouldn't listen to Stephen
218 Notes Notes 219
Bryant's charges against his religion's leaders, until he was murdered," The Philadelphia Inquirer Gregory L. Sharp, "Mind Control and 'Crossroadism,* " Gospel Anchor (March
Magazine (April 15, 1987). 1987), 23.
John Hubner and Lindsay Gruson, "Dial Ora for Murder The Hare Krishna Jeanne Pugh, "Fundamentalist Church Gathers Campus Converts . . . and Critics," St.
church, once brimming with youthful idealism, has become a haven for drug traffickers, suspected Petersburg Times (July 21, 1979), 1.
child molesters—and killers," The Rolling Stone (April 9, 1987), 53. 6. Letter published in the Crossroads bulletin, March 16, 1987.
"Krishna Killer Ordered Extradited," CAN News (SeptOct 1987) from "Dreschner 7. Letter from Memorial Church of Christ elders, March 1977, firing McKean.
Ordered Extradited," The Intelligencer (Aug 14, 1987). 8. The names of the cult member and her family have been changed to protect their
"Hare Krishna Leader Reported to be Linked to Murder of His Critic," The New York identities.
Times (June 17, 1987), 9. 9. See Deborah Berg Davis, The Children of God: The Inside Story (Grand Rapids, Michi
17. "Scientology's 'Campaign of Harassment,' " The Cult Observer (Nov/Dec 1987) from gan: The Zondervan Publishing House, 1984).
"Scientologists in Dirty Campaign to Stop Book," 77* Sunday Times (London, Oct 18, 1987). 10. Kathy Mehler, "Published Preachings: Even Prostitution Can Attract Converts to Cults,"
"Scientologists Try to Block Hubbard Biography," The Cult Observer (July/Aug 1987), The Daily Illini (April 16, 1981).
from "New Hassle over Scientology Book," The New York Post (Aug 4, 1987) and "Lawsuits 11. The names of the cult mem'jer and his family have been changed to protect their
Surround Book on L. Ron Hubbard," Publishers Weekly (Aug 1987). identities.
18. Robert Lindsey, "2 Defectors from People's Temple Slain in California," 77* New York 12. Larry Woods, "The Masters Movement, Parts I and II," Turner Broadcasting Systems,
Times (Feb 28. 1980), A 16. CNN (Jan 13, 1986).
19. Peter Siegel, Nancy Strohl, Laura Ingram, David Roche, and Jean Taylor, "Leninism as 13. Ray Richmond, "Masters—A Healer in Bluejeans?" Los Angeles Times (Dec 1,
Cult: The Democratic Workers Party," Socialist Review, 5885. 1985), 90.
20. "Center for Feeling Therapy Founder Fights to Keep License," The Cult Observer (Jan/ Paul Taublieb, "Masters' Touch," US Magazine (April 23, 1984), 3941.
Feb 1987) from the Los Angeles Times (Sept 21,1986). Lauren Kessler, "Roy Masters: 'I Can Do No Wrong,' " Northwest Magazine (Sept 4,
"Center for Feeling Therapy Psychologists Lose Licenses," The Cult Observer (Nov/Dec 1983).
1987) from "Psychologists in Feeling Therapy Lose Licenses," The Los Angeles Times (Sept 29,
1987). Chapter 9
21. Darrell Sifford, "Psychiatrist Probes the Effects of Transcendental Meditation," Phila- 1. "Indemnity and Unification," Master Speaks (Feb 14, 1974), 1112.
delphia Inquirer (June 19, 1988). Christopher Edwards, Crazy for God (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.,
The Various Implications Arising from the Practice of Transcendental Meditation 1979), 173174.
(Benshcim. Germany: Institute for Youth and Society), 80. 2. Douglas Lenz, "Twentytwo Months as a Moonie," Lutheran Church of America Part-
22. Marc Rsher, "I Cried Enough to Fill a Glass," The Washington Post Magazine (Oct 25, ners (Feb 1982), 14.
1987), 20. 3. Steve Kemperman, Lord of the Second Advent (Ventura, California: Regal Books,
Alfrieda Slee, Administratrix to the Estate of Jack Andrew Slee, vs. Werner Erhard, et al. 1982), 87.
Civil Action #N84497JAC, United States District Court for the District of Connecticut. 4. Ibid.
Evangeline Bojorquez vs. Werner Erhard, et al. Civil Action #449177, Superior Court of 5. John Hubner and Lindsay Gruson, "Dial Om for Murder," The Rolling Stone (April 9,
the State of California in and for the County of Santa Clara. 1987), 53.
Nancy Urged vs. Werner Erhard and Werner Erhard Associates, Civil Action
#H85I025 PCD, United States District Court, District of Connecticut. Chapter 10
23. Teresa Ramirez Boulette and Susan M. Anderson, "Mind Control and the Battering of
1. Cf. "Relationship Between Men and Women," Master Speaks (May 20, 1973), 2.
Women," Community Mental Health Journal (Summer 1985, Vol. 21. No. 2\
Although this is a dramatic example of the things members are told by the Moonies, I have
heard many similar tales from exmembers.
Chapter 7 2. Gary Scharff, "Autobiography of a Former Moonie," Cultic Studies Journal (1986),
1. Alan MacRobert, "Uncovering the Cult Conspiracy," Mother Jones (Feb/March 1979, Vol. 2, No. 2, 254.
Vol. 4, No. 2), 8. 3. See Marcia R. Rudin, "The Cult Phenomenon: Fad or Fact?" New York University Review
2. The names of the cult member and his family have been changed to protect their of Law and Social Change (197980), Vol. K , No. 1, 3132.
identities. 4. See Steve Kemperman, Lord of the Second Advent (Ventura, California: Regal Books,
3. For a complete listing of all of the groups affiliated with the Boston Church of Christ, see 1981), 87.
the appendix of The Discipling Dilemma by Flavil Yeakley (Nashville, Tennessee: Gospel Advo 5. Floating has also been linked to "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder," from which many
cates, 1988). Vietnam veterans surfer.
4. Buddy Martin has put together information packets on the Multiplying Ministries. 6. Geraldo Rivera, "Lifespring Part 2 , " ABC's "20/20" (Nov 6, 1980).
Videotapes of his lectures are available through the Memorial Church of Christ in Houston, Texas. 7. Decreeing is used by only one group that I am familiar with: Elizabeth Claire Prophet's
5. Daniel Terris, "Come, All Ye Faithful," Boston Globe Magazine (June 6, 1986). Church Universal and Triumphant. It is a highspeed recitation of the group's "prayers." It is done
Linda Hervieux, "The Boston Church of Christ: Critics Call It a Cult, but Members so fast that anyone listening will not understand what a member is saying. In my opinion, it is a
Maintain Their Church's Legitimacy," Muse Magazine, Boston University (Feb 18, 1988). highly effective technique for trance induction and thoughtstopping.
220 Notes
Indicates material of special interest.
222 Bibliography Bibliography 223
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230 Bibliography Bibliography 231
Index
Jehovah's Witnesses
* Franz, Raymond. Crisis of Conscience. Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1983.
Harrison, Barbara Grizzuti. Visions of Glory; A History and a Memory of Jehovah's
Witnesses. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978.
* Magnani, Duane, and Barrett, Arthur. Dialogue with Jehovah's Witnesses, Vols. 1
and 2. Clayton, Calif.: Witness Inc., 1983.
Penton, James A. Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Toronto: ABC "20/20," 174 Communion (Strieber), 1%
University of Toronto Press, 1985. American Civil Liberties Union C o m m u n i s m , Moonies on, 19
(ACLU), 193 Confession: Camus on, 203; cult of, 203
* Reed, David A. Jehovah's Witnesses: Answered Verse by Verse. Grand Rapids, Mich.: American Family Foundation, 198 Confusion, cults' use of, 68
Baker Book House, 1986. Aquino, Michael, 9294 Cook, Betty and Jack, 185
Aryan Nation, 40 Cook Home, Inc., 185
Asch, Dr. Solomon, 58 Cooper, Paulette, 179
Rajneesh Cory don, Bent, 104, 194
Council on Mind Abuse, 84
Belfrage, Sally. Flowers of Emptiness: Reflections on an Ashram. New York: Seaview Bandler, Richard, 3233 Counseledouts, 172
Bateson, Gregory, 33 Covert Action Information Bulletin, 8
Books, 1980. Behavior control, 6061 Conservatorship laws, 31
Gordon, James S. The Golden Guru. Lexington, Mass.: The Stephen Greene Press, Bhajan, Yogi, 178 Crawley, Kevin, 185
1987. Blake, William, 1% Crossroads, 119
Blood, Linda, 9294 Cult assessment, 95111
Milne, Hugh. Bhagwan: The God That Failed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Boston Church of Christ, 114121 Cult Awareness Network, 85, 110, 134,
Brainwashing, 5556 136, 142, 180, 188
Strelley, Kate. The Ultimate Game: The Rise and Fall of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh.
Brown, Alan, 129130 Cult Awareness Week, 198
New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Bryant, Stephen, 104 Cult experience, 7884
Burke, Edmund, 199 Cult involvement: help member change and
grow, 143137; lessons to be
learned from, 138139; preparing
CainAbel problem, 62, 176 for successful intervention in,
Callahan, Gretchen, 8890 141143
Camus. Albert, 203 Cult membership, themes of, 7884
CAUSA, 10, 100 Cult psychology, 7694
Cazares, Gary, 179 Cults: commercial, 4041; defined, 37;
Center for Feeling Therapy, 105 destructive, 37; law and, 193194;
Changing, 6971 life in, 5052; main types of,
Channeling, 195 3941; mind control today, 3552;
Chapter 2 problem, 176 as nightmare reality, 56; as passing
Child abuse, cults and, 51 phase, 188; political, 40; protecting
Children of God, 103, 124128 against destructive, 106111;
Church of Scientology, 97, 104; attack phobias and, 4446; psychotherapy/
strategy of, 179180; class action educational, 40; recruitment for,
against, 194; as cult, 3940; front 4142, 4850; religious, 3940;
organizations of, 100 religious freedom and, 196197;
Church Universal and Triumphant. 40, success of, 4244; U. S. government
and, 188190. See also Destructive
183
cults
CIA, MKULTRA and, 38. 189
Clark, Dr. John. 174
Clarkson, Fred. 8. 10
Coercive Persuasion (Schein), 67 Day, Nancy, 8687
Collegiate Association for the Research of Deception: as basic feature of recruitment,
Principles (C.A.R.P), 2, 4, 21, 99100; heavenly, 19, 202; Moonies
100, 178 use, 6
234 Index Index 235