Parametrized

Surfaces

Vector Calculus(MATH-243) A parametrized surface 𝑆𝑆 expressed

Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir as a vector function of two variables
defined on a region 𝑅𝑅.
 Vector Calculus
16
Book: Calculus Early Transcendentals (6th Edition) By James Stewart.
• Chapter: 16
• Section: 16.6
Book: Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals (14th Edition) By George B. Thomas, Jr.,
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir.
• Chapter: 16
• Section: 16.5
Parametric Surfaces
In much the same way that we describe a space curve by a vector function 𝐫𝐫(𝑡𝑡) of a single
parameter 𝑡𝑡, we can describe a surface by a vector function 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) of two parameters 𝑢𝑢 and
𝑣𝑣. We suppose that:

𝐫𝐫 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐣𝐣 + 𝑧𝑧 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐤𝐤, (1)

is a vector-valued function defined on a region 𝐷𝐷 in the 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 −plane.

So, 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and 𝑧𝑧, the component functions of 𝐫𝐫, are functions of the two variables 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑣𝑣 with
domain 𝐷𝐷. The set of all points (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) in ℝ3 such that:

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 , 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 , (2)

and (𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) varies throughout 𝐷𝐷, is called a parametric surface 𝑆𝑆 and Equations (2) are called
parametric equations of 𝑆𝑆.
Parametric Surfaces: Families of Curves
If a parametric surface 𝑆𝑆 is given by a vector function 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣), then there are two useful
families of curves that lie on 𝑆𝑆, one family with 𝑢𝑢 constant and the other with 𝑣𝑣 constant.
These families correspond to vertical and horizontal lines in the 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 −plane. If we keep 𝑢𝑢
constant by putting 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢0 , then 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣) becomes a vector function of the single parameter
𝑣𝑣 and defines a curve 𝐶𝐶1 lying on 𝑆𝑆. Similarly, if we keep 𝑣𝑣 constant by putting 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣0 , we get
a curve 𝐶𝐶2 given by 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣0 ) that lies on 𝑆𝑆. We call these curves grid curves. For instance, in
previous example, the grid curves obtained by letting 𝑢𝑢 be constant are horizontal lines
whereas the grid curves with 𝑣𝑣 constant are circles.
Parametric Surfaces
Note:
• In general, a surface given as the graph of a function of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦, that is, with an
equation of the form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), can always be regarded as a parametric surface
by taking 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 as parameters and writing the parametric equations as:
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 .

• Parametric representations (also called parametrizations) of surfaces are not unique.

The next example shows two ways to parametrize a cone.
Tangent Planes
We now find the tangent plane to a parametric surface 𝑆𝑆 traced out by a vector function:
𝐫𝐫 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐣𝐣 + 𝑧𝑧 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐤𝐤,
at a point 𝑃𝑃0 with position vector 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ).

If we keep 𝑢𝑢 constant by putting 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢0 , then 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣) becomes a vector function of the
single parameter 𝑣𝑣 and defines a grid curve 𝐶𝐶1 lying on 𝑆𝑆. The tangent vector to 𝐶𝐶1 at 𝑃𝑃0 is
obtained by taking the partial derivative of 𝐫𝐫 with respect to 𝑣𝑣 and is given as:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 )
𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 (𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Similarly, if we keep 𝑣𝑣 constant by putting 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣0 , we get a grid curve 𝐶𝐶2 given by
𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣0 ) that lies on 𝑆𝑆, and its tangent vector at 𝑃𝑃0 is:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 )
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 (𝑢𝑢0 , 𝑣𝑣0 ) = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Tangent Planes
• If 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 is not 𝟎𝟎, then the surface S is called smooth (it has no “corners”).

• For a smooth surface, the tangent plane is the plane that contains the tangent vectors
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 and 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 , and the vector 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 is a normal vector to the tangent plane.
Unit Normal Vector
For a smooth surface 𝑆𝑆, the unit normal vector to the tangent plane is:
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣
𝐧𝐧 = .
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣

If the surface 𝑆𝑆 is the graph of an equation 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and if we let:

𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 ,

then 𝑆𝑆 is also the graph of the equation 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 0. Since the gradient of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) is a
normal vector to the graph of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 0 at the point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧), a unit normal vector
can be obtained as follows:

∇𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) 𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦 , 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧 −𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 , −𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 1

𝐧𝐧 = = =
∇𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) 𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦 , 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧 2
1 + 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Example:
Find the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations:
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣 2 , 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑣𝑣,
at the point (1, 1, 3).
Solution:
We first compute the tangent vectors:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤 = 2𝑢𝑢𝐢𝐢 + 𝐤𝐤.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤 = 2𝑣𝑣𝐣𝐣 + 2𝐤𝐤.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Thus, a normal vector to the tangent plane is given as:
𝐢𝐢 𝐣𝐣 𝐤𝐤
𝐧𝐧 = 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑢𝑢 0 1 = −2𝑣𝑣, −4𝑢𝑢, 4𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
0 2𝑣𝑣 2
Solution:
Notice that the point (1, 1, 3) corresponds to the parameter values 𝑢𝑢 = 1 and 𝑣𝑣 = 1,
so the normal vector at this point is given as:
𝐧𝐧 = −2, −4,4 .
Therefore, an equation of the tangent plane at (1, 1, 3) is:
– 2(𝑥𝑥 – 1) – 4(𝑦𝑦 – 1) + 4(𝑧𝑧 – 3) = 0
or
𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 3 = 0.

The figure shows the self-intersecting surface and its

tangent plane at (1, 1, 3).
Surface Area
Now we define the surface area of a general parametric surface. Suppose a smooth
parametric surface 𝑆𝑆 is given by equation:

𝐫𝐫 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐣𝐣 + 𝑧𝑧 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐤𝐤; 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 ∈ 𝐷𝐷,

and 𝑆𝑆 is covered just once as (𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) ranges throughout the parameter domain 𝐷𝐷. Then,
the surface area of 𝑆𝑆 is given as:

Surface Area = 𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐷𝐷
where,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤 and 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝐣𝐣 + 𝐤𝐤.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Example:
Find the surface area of a sphere of radius 𝑎𝑎.
Solution:
The parametric representation of sphere of radius 𝑎𝑎 is:
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 ,
where the parameter domain is:
𝐷𝐷 = 𝜑𝜑, 𝜃𝜃 0 ≤ 𝜑𝜑 ≤ 𝜋𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 }.
For the present case:
𝐫𝐫 𝜑𝜑, 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 .
We first compute the tangent vectors:
𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , −𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 .
and
𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 = −𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 0 .
Solution:
We then compute the cross product of the tangent vectors 𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 and 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 as:
𝐢𝐢 𝐣𝐣 𝐤𝐤
𝐧𝐧 = 𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 × 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 −𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑
−𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 0

= 𝑎𝑎2 sin2 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎2 sin2 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜑𝜑 .

Thus,
𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 × 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝜑𝜑 .

since sin 𝜑𝜑 ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ 𝜑𝜑 ≤ 𝜋𝜋. Hence, the area of the sphere is:
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋

𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 × 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � 𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝜑𝜑 𝑑𝑑𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = 4𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎2 .

𝐷𝐷 0 0
Surface Area of the Graph of a Function
Now, consider the special case of a surface 𝑆𝑆 with equation 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), where (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) lies in 𝐷𝐷
and 𝑓𝑓 has continuous partial derivatives. Here, we take 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 as parameters. The parametric
equations are:
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 .
Thus,
𝐫𝐫 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝐢𝐢 + 𝑦𝑦𝐣𝐣 + 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝐤𝐤, 𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 = 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝐤𝐤, 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 = 𝐣𝐣 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐤𝐤,
and
𝐢𝐢 𝐣𝐣 𝐤𝐤
𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 × 𝐫𝐫𝑦𝑦 = 1 0 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 = −𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 , −𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 1 .
0 1 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Thus, we have:
2 2 2 2
𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 × 𝐫𝐫𝑦𝑦 = 1 + 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1 + 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 .
Then, the surface area formula can be rewritten as:

2 2
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 × 𝐫𝐫𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 1 + 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷
Surface Area of the Graph of a Function
Similarly, if we consider the surface 𝑆𝑆 with equation 𝑦𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑧), we have:

𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 𝐫𝐫𝑥𝑥 × 𝐫𝐫𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 1 + ℎ𝑥𝑥 2 + ℎ𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 == � 1 + 𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷

and if we consider the surface 𝑆𝑆 with equation 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧), we have:

2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 𝐫𝐫𝑦𝑦 × 𝐫𝐫𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 1 + 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 + 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧 == � 1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑧𝑧
𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷
Example:
Find the area of the part of the paraboloid 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 that lies under the plane 𝑧𝑧 = 9.
Solution:
The plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 9, 𝑧𝑧 = 9. Therefore, the given
surface lies above the disk 𝐷𝐷 with center the origin and radius 3. Hence, the surface area is:

2 2
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � 1 + 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷

= � 1 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐷𝐷

= � 1 + 4 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝐷𝐷
Using polar coordinates, we obtain:
2𝜋𝜋 3
37 37 − 1 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 = � � 1 + 4𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = .
6
0 0
 Book: Calculus Early Transcendentals (6th Edition) By
James Stewart.

Chapter: 16

Exercise-16.6: Q – 1 to 26, Q – 33 to 47, Q – 56 to 57.

Practice Book: Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals (14th
Questions Edition) By George B. Thomas, Jr., Joel Hass,
Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir.

Chapter: 16

Exercise-16.5: Q – 1 to 30, Q – 33 to 56.

 Surface Integral of
Scalar Field

Surface
Integrals
Surface Integral of
Vector Field

Vector Calculus(MATH-243)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir
 Vector Calculus
16
Book: Calculus Early Transcendentals (6th Edition) By James Stewart.
• Chapter: 16
• Section: 16.7
Book: Thomas’ Calculus Early Transcendentals (14th Edition) By George B. Thomas, Jr.,
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir.
• Chapter: 16
• Section: 16.6
Surface Integrals for Scalar Fields
• The relationship between surface integrals and surface area is much the same as the
relationship between line integrals and arc length.
• Suppose 𝑓𝑓 is a function of three variables whose domain includes a surface 𝑆𝑆.
• We will define the surface integral of 𝑓𝑓 over 𝑆𝑆 such that the value of the surface integral is
equal to the surface area of 𝑆𝑆 in the case where 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = 1.
• If 𝑆𝑆 is a smooth surface defined parametrically as:
𝐫𝐫 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐢𝐢 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐣𝐣 + 𝑧𝑧 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝐤𝐤; 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 ∈ 𝐷𝐷,
and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) is a continuous function defined on 𝑆𝑆, then the integral of 𝒇𝒇 over 𝑺𝑺 is:

� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴.

𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷
• When using this formula, remember that 𝑓𝑓 𝐫𝐫(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) is evaluated by writing 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣),
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣), 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) in the formula for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧). Moreover, observe that:

� 1𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐫𝐫𝑢𝑢 × 𝐫𝐫𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 .

𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷
Example:
Compute the surface integral

� 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝑆𝑆
where 𝑆𝑆 is the unit sphere 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 = 1.
Solution:
We use the parametric representation for the unit sphere:
𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑧𝑧 = cos 𝜑𝜑 ,
where, 𝐷𝐷 = 𝜑𝜑, 𝜃𝜃 0 ≤ 𝜑𝜑 ≤ 𝜋𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 }. That is,
𝐫𝐫 𝜑𝜑, 𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜃𝜃 , cos 𝜑𝜑 .
For the present case: 𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 × 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜑𝜑 . Therefore, the surface integral can be calculated as:
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
4𝜋𝜋
� 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 2 𝐫𝐫𝜑𝜑 × 𝐫𝐫𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = � � sin 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝜃𝜃 2 sin 𝜑𝜑 𝑑𝑑𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = .
3
𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷 0 0
Graphs of a Function
Any surface 𝑆𝑆 with equation 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) can be regarded as a parametric surface with
parametric equations:
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 .
So, we have:

2 2
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 1 + 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷

Similar formulas apply when it is more convenient to project 𝑆𝑆 onto the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −plane or
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane.
Example:
Evaluate

� 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦,
𝑆𝑆
where 𝑆𝑆 is the surface 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 2.
Solution:
For the present case we have: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 . Thus,

1 2
2 2
2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13 2
� 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 1 + 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � 𝑦𝑦 1 + 1 + 2𝑦𝑦 = .
3
𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷 0 0