CHAPTER 3 - PART 1

PERCENTAGE, RATIO AND PROPORTION

Objectives: The students will be able to learn:
a. to change fractions and decimals to percent.
b. to change percent to decimal and fractions.
c. to find the base, rate and/or percentage of given problems.
d. to calculate percent of increase and decrease.
e. to distinguish between increase and decrease problems.
f. to figure percentage distribution.
g. to express relationship of terms in ratio form.
h. to find the missing terms of proportion.
i. to apply the concepts and rules in performing basic operations.
j. to perform the operations with accuracy.

The Concept of Percent

Percent (%) comes from the Latin word “per centum”. Per means “for every”,
While cent means “hundred”.
Percentage can be expressed in various ways. It can be written as a fraction;
as a decimal, or as a ratio.

Converting Percent to Decimal

To convert percent into decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left
and drop the percent sign (%).

Examples:

A. 75 % - . 75 C. 52. 65% - . 5265

B. 4% - . 04 D. 1. 25% - . 0125

Converting Decimal to Percent

To convert decimal to percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and
affix the % sign.

Examples:

A. . 25 - 25 % D. .0078 - . 78%
B. 3. 45 - 345 % E. 54. 65 - 5465%
C. 0. 025 - 2. 5 % F. 0. 38 - 38%

Converting Percent to Fraction

To convert percent into fraction, first change the percent to decimal and drop the
% sign and decimal point. Write the number with a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
(to determine what denominator to be used, find out for the place value of the last
digit on the right). Reduce to the lowest term if possible.

Examples:

A. 15% = . 15 = 15 or 3
100 20
In . 15, the digit 5 is in the hundredths place, thus, the denominator is 100.

B. 1. 25% = . 0125 = 125

 10 000
In . 0125, the digit 5 is in the ten thousandths place, thus the denominator is
10,000.
C. 23. 4% = . 234 234 = = 117
1000 500
In . 234, the digit 4 is in the thousandths place, thus , the denominator is
1,000.

D. 8% = . 08 =
8 = 2
100 25
In . 08, the digit 8 is in the hundredths place, thus, the denominator is 100.

E. 255% = 2. 25 =
225 = 2 25 = 2 1
100 100 4
In 2. 25, the digit 5 is in the hundredths place, thus, the denominator is 100.

Converting Fraction to Percent

To convert fraction to percent, divide the numerator by the denominator, then

move the decimal point two places to the right, then affix the % sign.

Examples:

A. 4 = 0. 8 = 80% C. 42 = 0. 7 = 70%
5 60

B. 12 = 1. 3333 = 133.33% D. 23 = 0. 23 = 23%

9 100
 PERCENTAGE, RATE and BASE

There are a lot of transactions that take place in life, which relate to percentage.
Problems concerning commissions, discounts, depreciation, interest and many more
business problems are solved with the use of a basic formula showing the relationship
between the base, rate and percentage.

Base (B) refers to that number of which a certain number of hundredths is taken.
It is the number to which another number called the percentage is composed to obtain
the rate. It is usually preceded by the words “of”, “as much as”, “ as large as”, “as many
as”, and “ as great as”.

Rate (R) refers to the number of hundredths taken. It is identifiable because it is

usually in the form of a percent (%), decimal or a fraction.

Percentage (P) refers to quantitative portion of a whole. It is the number being

compared to another number (base). It is expressed in the same unit as a base. It is
never expressed in percent (%), which is the common mistake of students.

P = B x R
(basic formula on solving percentage problem)

● IF any two of the values are given, the unknown variable or number can be
solved. It is important that we can identify which is the base and which is
the percentage. The rate is easy to identify as mentioned.

Finding the Percentage

Using the formula P = B x R, we find the percentage by multiplying the base

by the rate. The rate should be expressed in decimal form when performing the
operation.

Examples:
A. In a class of 150, 40% are boys. How many are boys?

Given: B = 150, R = 40% Find : P

Solution:
P = B x R
P = 150 x . 4
P = 60 boys

B. Mila earns Php 6,500 monthly and she deposits 25% of her salary in the bank. How
much does she deposit in the bank monthly and how much is left of her money for other
expenses?

Given: B = Php 6,500

R = 25%
Find : P (monthly deposit)
B - P = (money left for other expenses)
Solution:

P = B x R
P = Php 6,500 x . 25
P = 1,625 (monthly deposit)
Php 6,500 - Php 1,625 = Php 4,875 (money left for other expenses)
C. What is 3 / 8 as large as 800?

Given: B = 800
R = 3/8
Find: P
Solution:
P = B x R
P = 800 x 3 / 8
P = 300

Finding the Rate

Rate of percentage is a number of quantity expressed on percent. To find the

rate, we divide the percentage by the base, and then multiply by 100 or move the
decimal point two places to the right, and affix the % sign.

R = P
B
Examples:

A. What part of 500 is 230?

Given: P = 230
B = 500
Find: R
Solution:

R = P
B
R = 230 = 0. 46 x 100 = 46%
500

B. How many percent of Php 2,000 is Php 600?

Given: P = Php 600

B = Php 2,000
Find: R
Solution:

R = P
B
R = 600 = 0. 3 x 100 = 30%
2000

C. In a stock of 500 pairs of shoes, 45 are defective. How many percent of the stocks is
defective?

Given: P = 45
B = 500
Find: R
Solution:

R = P
B
R = 45 = 0.09 x 100 = 9%
500
Finding the Base

To find the base, divide the percentage by the rate. If the rate is in % , remember
that it should always be expressed first in decimal or fraction form before
performing the operations.

B = P
R

Examples:
A. In a class, 60 are girls. If this is 75% of the class, how many students are
there?

Given: P = 60
R = 75%
Find: B
Solution:

B = P
R

B = 60 = 80 students
.75

B. Theresa receives a Php 1,500 commission on a sale of kitchenware. If this

represents 12% of the sale, what is the amount of the total sale?

Given: P = Php 1,500

R = 12%
Find: B
Solution:

B = P = 1500 = Php 12,500

R .12

C. There are 24 female employees in a department store. This represents 20%

of the total number of employees. How many employees does the store have in all?
How many males are there?

Given: P = 24 (female)
R = 20%
Find: B
Solution:

B = P = 24 = 120 (total number of employees)

R . 20

***** To find the number of male employees, we have to subtract the number of
female from the total number of employees, thus,

120 - 24 = 96 male employees

 ACTIVITIES / EXERCISES – CHAPTER 3 / PART 1

(This is for you to study and solve for your own consumption. This is not to be
submitted. ONLY the ASSIGNMENT in your individual folder on the specified
deadline. LATE SUBMISSION OF ASSIGNMENT and all OTHERS will NOT BE
ACCEPTED anymore. PROPER COORDINATION IS NEEDED).

I. Write each fraction as a decimal.

1. 11 2. 4 3. 15 4. 29 5. 54
50 25 32 35 49

II. Write each number as a fraction or mixed number reduced to the lowest term.

1. 0.0125 2. 0.0345 3. 0.08126 4. 2. 125 5. 1. 3

III. Write each number as a percent.

1. 1.0525 2. 0. 0025 3. 0. 6774 4. 0. 0123 5. 0. 2379

IV. Solve the unknown in each of the following problems.

1. Find 45% of 80.

2. 20% of 400 is how many?
3. What is 32. 35% of Php 5,890?
4. 4 / 5 as great as 45,000 is what number?
5. 25% as large as 450 is what number?

V. Solve the following problems.

1. Jenny plans to buy a microwave oven toaster that costs Php 5,000. If she musy
make a downpayment of 25%, how much will the downpayment be?

2. Erika wants to buy a new remote controlled toy that costs Php 3,350. If the
price will be given a 10% discount, how much can she save?

3. Mary answered 65% of the items in her admission test correctly. If there are
300 questions in the test, how many items were answered correctly?

4. Manila Electric Company shipped 5,000 capacitors last month. Clients returned
6% of the capacitors. How many capacitors were returned?

5. Angelo tries to save 15% of his monthly salary for his son’s education. How
much should he save to meet his objective?