Ideal Gas Handout 2 Group2

IDEAL GAS LAWS AND PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASSES (PART2)
ISOMETRIC/ISOCHORIC PROCESS
A thermodynamic process taking place at

constant volume is known as the isochoric process. It is
also sometimes called as an isometric process or constant-
volume process. The term isochoric has been derived from
the Greek words “iso” meaning “constant” or “equal” and
“choric” meaning “space” or “volume.”
P-V DIAGRAM - CONCEPT OF CONSTANT VOLUME
CONCEPT OF ENERGY
ENERGY TWO TYPES OF SPECIFIC HEAT
-is the capacity to produce an effect, the various form in Constant volume specific heat (Cv)
which it appears can be defined with precision or simply - is the change of molecular internal energy u for a
the capacity to do work. It is a scalar quantity. unit mass per degree of change of temperature
when the end states are equilibrium states of
the same volume.
ENERGY CONVERSION
Constant pressure specific heat (Cp)
1 Btu = 778 ft-lb
- is the change of enthalphy h for unit mass
1 Btu = 1.055 KJ between two equilibrium states of the same
pressure per change of temperature.
1 Btu = 0.252 Kcal -
1 Kcal = 4.187 KJ SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO
1KJ = 1000 N.m is the ratio between the constant pressure specific heat
capacity and the constant volume specific heat.
K= Cp/ Cv
POWER CONVERSION
Cp of air = 1.0 KJ/kg-K
1 hp = 0.746 KW
Cp of water = 4.187 KJ/kg-K
= 550 ft-lb/s
= 2545 Btu/h
Relationships between Cp, Cv, k, and R
1. Cp = Cv + R
Units of Energy
2. R = Cv (k-1)3.
BTU – is the quantity of heat required to change the
3. R = Cp (k-1)/k
temperature of 1 lb of water by 1°F from 60°F to 61° F.
Cp = constant pressure specific heat FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Cv = constant volume specific heat
K = specific heat
R = gas constant
SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT

 Change in Internal Energy (Change in U)
- is the ratio between the universal gas constant
and the weight of the substance
 Heat Transferred (Q)
R = 8.314/M , KJ/ (kg-k)
R = 1545/ M , ft-lbf/ (lbm- °R) For isometric process heat is numerically equal
where: to the change in internal energy since non-flow
work (Wn) is zero.
M = number of moles
IDEAL GAS LAW:
PV = nRT
Where:
 Change in Enthalpy (Change in H)
P =is the absolute pressure of the gas
V= is volume
n= is the amount of gas
R=is the ideal gas constant (8.31 J/mol K) and

 Change in Entropy (Change in S)
T= is temperature. Since we are under the isometric process, we
will be using the specific heat capacity of the
The isochoric process can be expressed with the ideal gas substance at constant volume.
law as:
 Pressure (P) and Temperature (T) relations

 Reversible steady flow work (Ws)
OR
 Nonflow Work (Wn)

Since this process is under constant volume,
Wn = 0.
Summary: INTERNAL ENERGY = CONSTANT
P= mRT/V
P= Pressure
M= mass of gas
R= gas constant for gas
T= Temperature of gas
V= volume, V1= Volume 1, V2= Volume 2
W= Work
ISOBARIC PROCESS
- the term isobaric has been derived from the

Greek words “iso” and “baros” meaning equal
pressure. As such, the constant pressure is
obtained when the volume is expanded or
contracted. This basically neutralizes any
pressure change due to the transfer of heat.
- an isobaric process is one that occurs at a
constant pressure
- work (W) is positive (+) when it is done by the
system and negative (-) when it is done on the
system
Consistent with our sign convention, this result

predicts a positive value for the work is done by the
system when it expands isobarically (Vf exceeds Vi)
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS W= PΔV = P(Vf - Vi)
- an isothermal process is a type of
thermodynamic process in which the
temperature of the system remains constant. Thermal Processes
A system can interact with its surroundings in

Change in Temperature is equals to zero ∆T=0 many ways, and the heat and work that come into play
always obey the first Law of Thermodynamics. In each
This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an case, the process is assumed to be quasi-static, which
outside thermal reservoir, and the change in the system means that it occurs slowly enough that a uniform
will occur slowly enough to allow the system to continue pressure and temperature exist throughout all regions of
to adjust the temperature of the reservoir through heat the system at all times.
exchange.
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
THERMAL RESERVOIR
- a thermodynamic process that obeys the
- a specific kind of system with a large thermal relation:
energy capacity that can supply or absorb finite
amounts of heat and always remains at constant
temperature.
where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is the polytropic
index, and C is a constant. The polytropic process equation
TOTAL HEAT ADDED = TOTAL WORK
can describe multiple expansion and compression

processes which include heat transfer.
PVn=Constant where n is a constant.
n is known as the “polytropic index” for the process.
Examples of Polytropic Process:
ISENTROPIC PROCESS
- a thermodynamic process, in which the entropy

of the fluid or gas remains constant. It means the
isentropic process is a special case of an
adiabatic process in which there is no transfer of
heat or matter
In an ideal gas, molecules have no volume and do not

interact. According to the ideal gas law, pressure varies
linearly with temperature and quantity, and inversely with
volume.
pV = nRT
where:
p is the absolute pressure of the gas
n is the amount of substance
T is the absolute temperature
V is the volume
R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the

product of the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro
constant,
In this equation the symbol R is a constant called

the universal gas constant that has the same value for all
gases—namely, R = 8.31 J/mol K.

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IDEAL GAS LAWS AND PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASSES (PART2)

A thermodynamic process taking place at

P-V DIAGRAM - CONCEPT OF CONSTANT VOLUME

ENERGY TWO TYPES OF SPECIFIC HEAT

Cp = constant pressure specific heat FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Cv = constant volume specific heat

SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT

IDEAL GAS LAW:

n= is the amount of gas

R=is the ideal gas constant (8.31 J/mol K) and

 Pressure (P) and Temperature (T) relations

 Nonflow Work (Wn)

Summary: INTERNAL ENERGY = CONSTANT

R= gas constant for gas

V= volume, V1= Volume 1, V2= Volume 2

- the term isobaric has been derived from the

Consistent with our sign convention, this result

A system can interact with its surroundings in

can describe multiple expansion and compression

n is known as the “polytropic index” for the process.

Examples of Polytropic Process:

- a thermodynamic process, in which the entropy

In an ideal gas, molecules have no volume and do not

p is the absolute pressure of the gas

n is the amount of substance

T is the absolute temperature

R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the

In this equation the symbol R is a constant called

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