Pak.

Studies Final
Q1: Critically analyse factors which separated East Pakistan in 1971.

Answer: In 1947, Pakistan was born with the majority of Muslims and both east and
west Pakistan remained united because of its similarities in living and same religion.
According to stats, there were 97% Muslims in west Pakistan and 85% Muslims in east
Pakistan however in 1971, East Pakistan was separated and they made a new country
out of it named Bangladesh.

West Pakistan was divided into four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the
North-West frontier and the fifth province was East Pakistan and because of having
control over four provinces, West Pakistan used more resources than East Pakistan.
East Pakistan used to make way more exports than West Pakistan but they always
received less imports and West Pakistan always used more imports because of the
benefit it had of covering four provinces and because of that a feeling of inferiority was
build in the people of East Pakistan as they did not have the facilities which the people
of West Pakistan had which became one of the reason of separation.

Influence of Hindus over East Pakistan is a major reason in the separation, there was
only 14% hindus living in East Pakistan however they had full influence over the political
and economical decisions as there were hindus agents running Pakistan National
Congress which planted the seeds of separation.

There was a big language barrier, Quaid e Azam announced urdu as the national
language of all Pakistan but there were many people who found it hard because sindhi,
punjabi and bengali were the languages used to communicate in majority. Governor
Munim Khan banned the broad cast of Tagore's songs or poems over Dhaka Radio and
prevented the imports of the Bengali books from Calcutta.

A parliamentary framework might have essentially incompletely balanced West Pakistan

The six points: i. The character of Government shall be Federal and Parliamentary. The
representation in the Federal legislature shall be on the basis of population. ii. The
Federal Government shall be responsible only for Defence and Foreign Affairs. iii. There
shall be two separate currencies mutually or freely convertible in each wing for each
region. iv. Fiscal Policy shall be the responsibility of the Federating units. v. Separate
accounts of foreign exchange earnings of each of the federating units. vi. The units shall
be empowered to maintain a Paramilitary force in order to contribute towards national
security. These were interpreted by West Pakistan as designed to bring about the
disintegration of the country.

There were more West Pakistani officers in the government as compared to East
Pakistan and because of this, decisions related to growth and development were always
in favour of West Pakistan. There always was an economic disparity between east and
west Pakistan.

The Awami League which was lead by Sheikh Mujibur Rehman won the elections in
1971 which gave them the right to form their government however Zulficar Ali Bhutto
refused and military was deployed in East Pakistan and the bengali showed resilience
which resulted in a massacre and because of this final act, East Pakistan demanded
separation and soon got separated from Pakistan and became Bangladesh.

Q2: Critically analyse Ayub khan's reforms. Identify the strengths and weaknesses.

Answer: Ayub Khan chose two basic ways of dealing with supervision in his few early
years: he focused on consolidating power and sabotaging resistance; it should also
prepare for future stability by adjusting the financial, legitimate, and sacred
organizations. .The burden of military law marked "solitary" practices such as theft from
women and children, dark marketing, piracy and hoarding. Numerous members of the
Pakistani Community Service and Police Service have been screened and rejected for
humiliation, unfortunate behavior, failure or arson.

The new military government guaranteed to complete the changes in the entire
government structure and to clean up the government organization. A careful screening
cycle of all executives was conducted and the executives' records were extensively
examined. Local officials have been persecuted for crimes by councils composed of
resigned Supreme Court or Supreme Court judges. Disciplinary activities such as
apologizing or required retirement. The church worker could crack down on degenerate
authorities; Likewise, a local civil servant could be excluded from an open position for a
very long time; around 3,000 authorities were released and many others reduced their
counts for these actions. Body disqualification arrangement was proclaimed to the
exclusion of the legislature. According to this law, a person can be excluded from
membership in an electoral body. Under this ruthless law, some government officials
such as Suhrawardy and Qayyum Khan were expelled. Application has been seriously
scrutinized in legitimate and political circles across Pakistan.
Additionally, Ayub Khan focused on longstanding research on land changes in West
Pakistan. He intended to reduce the strength of the assemblies that restricted him as a
landed gentry. In 1958 the Agrarian Reform Commission was founded.In 1959, the
authorities in the west wing forced a roof of 200 hectares of irrigated land and 400
hectares of dry land for an individual; in the east wing, the roof of the property was
raised from 33 to 48 hectares. important social chain situations and their political
effects. 4,000,000 hectares of land in West Pakistan was given for public procurement
somewhere between 1959 and 1969; they were essentially sold to ordinary officers and
the military; he became a different class of middle-class ranchers. Future agricultural
events, however, did little to benefit the workers.

In addition, a legal commission was created to propose changes in family and marriage
law. Ayub Khan analyzed his report and in 1961 enacted the Family Law Ordinance,
which restricted polygamy and "controlled" marriages and separations, giving women
more equality was a complacent measure advocated by women's organizations in
Pakistan. The law could not be promulgated because of opposition from the ulama and
fundamentalist Muslim assemblies.This law, like the family organization, was
moderately friendly and did not really change the example of the human-centered
society.

Furthermore, Ayub Khan pursued a lively methodology in relation to the monetary