UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE

BY COURSEWORK AND DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE : Elias Ouko Alexander

Reg. No. 2019-06-11138

BED(Mathematics and Geography)

Marian University college

2. SUPERVISORS : Dr. Sylvester E Rugehiyamu

Department of Mathematics

College of Natural and Applied Sciences

University of Dar es Salaam

Dr. Marco Mpimbo

Department of Mathematics

College of Natural and Applied Sciences

University of Dar es salaam

Prof. Ambrus Pal

Department of Mathematics

Imperial College (UK)

3. DEPARTMENT/COLLEGE : Mathematics/Natural and Applied Sciences

4. PROPOSED DEGREE : MSc. (MATHEMATICS)

5. TITLE : An Investigation on Sheaf Cohomology and Its Application in

Analysis
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6 Introduction

6.1 General Introduction

Sheaves and sheaf cohomology were invented by Jean Leray in the mid 1940’s as a branch of

algebraic topology to deal with the collation of local data on topological spaces. His remarkable

but rather obscure results were clarified by Borel, Henri Cartan, Koszul, Serre and Weil in the late

1940’s and early 1950’s. The first spectacular application of Leray’s new ideas was Weil’s proof

of De Rham’s theorem, he computed the cohomology of the constant sheaf R on a manifold M

through its resolution by the acyclic complex of differential forms (Ghrist and Hiraoka 2011).

The next success story for sheaves and their cohomology was the proof by Cartan and Serre of

theorems A and B for Stein manifolds, which solved a whole series of difficult problems (like

Cousin I and Cousin II) with the help of techniques and theorems introduced by Oka, who also,

introduced sheaves in complex analysis (Chorlay 2010).

Through the success in the theory of functions of several complex variables and algebraic

geometry (topology), this theory is now indispensable in modern mathematics. Moreover, sheaf

cohomology treat local-to-global transition in algebraic data level.also this concept of sheaf

cohomology is much used as tools for analysis more precisely on complex and p- adic analysis.

So due to this fact this study is going to investigate more on the notion of sheaf cohomology and

its application on the analysis.

The followings definitions, lemmas, propositions, corollaries and theorems will be used fre-

quently in this study in order to generate the new idea on these concepts:

Definition 6.1.1. A topology on a set X is a collection τ of subsets of X, satisfying the following

properties:

(i) X and 0/ ∈ τ.

(ii) τ is closed under finite intersection; that is if Ui ∈ τ for all i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · , n then

U = ∩ni=1Ui ∈ τ.
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(iii) τ is closed under union, that is if Uα ∈ τ for every α ∈ I then ∪α∈IUα ∈ τ.

The pair (X; τ) is called a topological space, but we often omit specific mention of τ if no

confusion will arise.

Definition 6.1.2. The sequence 0 −→ A −→ B −→ C −→ 0 ( 0 group is terminal / initial object

in abelian ), is called short exact sequence if it is exact at A, B, C. That is

Im(0 −→ A) = ker(A −→ B), Im(A −→ B) = ker(B −→ C) and Im(B −→ C) = ker(C −→ 0)

respectively.

Definition 6.1.3. Suppose sequences

0 −→ A −→ B −→ C −→ 0 and 0 −→ A0 −→ B0 −→ C0 −→ 0

are two short exact sequences of R-module. A homomorphism between these short exact

sequences is a triple α, β and δ of R-module homomorphism such that the following diagram

commutes.
0 A B C 0
α β δ

0 A0 B0 C0 0

Lemma 6.1.1. (Faith and Walker 1967): If Q is injective , P is quotient of Q then P is injective.

Definition 6.1.4. Fix a topological space X. A pre-sheaf F of abelian group on X satisfies the

following,

(i) For each open set U ⊂ X there exists an abelian group F(U) which is differentiable. Where

an element of F(U) are called section of F over U.

(ii) For each V ⊂ U there exists a homomorphism (called striction map) ρu,v : F(U) −→ F(V )

such that ρ( u, v) is identity and for open set W ⊂ V ⊂ U we have ρ(U,W ) = ρV,W ◦ ρU,V .

Definition 6.1.5. A sheaf is a pre sheaf with additional two conditions. These conditions are:

1) Gluability : If U = {Ui }i∈I be open cover of the set U with section si ∈ F(Ui ) (element

of group) such that Sα | (Uα ∩ Uβ ) = Sβ | (Uα ∩ Uβ ) ∀ α, β ∈ I then ∃ s ∈ F(U) such that

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s | uα = Sα (s restricted to U) for all α.

2)uniqueness: Let s,t ∈ F(U) such that s | Uα = t | Uα = 0 | Uα for all α ⇒ s = t = 0 then

/ = 0 the terminal or final object in the category of groups.

F(0)

Remark 6.1.1. A sheaf is a pre-sheaf, since it satisfies the conditions for pre-sheaf first and then

gluability and uniqueness.

Example 6.1.1. A bounded function on C is a presheaf but not a sheaf.

This is because taking the bounded function on C by Liouvilles theorem it will be constant, so

there is no more function on the entire space. Then is not sheaf.

Definition 6.1.6. Group cohomology is a set of mathematical tools used to study groups using

cohomology theory an algebraic topology technique. Group cohomology, like group representa-

tions, examines the group actions of a group G in an associated G-module M to elucidate the

group’s properties. By viewing the G-module as a topological space with G components.

Definition 6.1.7. Let X be a category, denoted Cat(X), A Grothendieck topology on X is a

collection of open covers{Ui → U}i∈I for every object U in Cat(X), called admissible covers ,

such that the following three axioms hold:

1) For every g:U → V is isomorphism , then {g : U → V } is admissible cover of U.

2) If {Ui → U} is admissible cover of U and g : V → U is any morphism , then all fibered product

Ui ×u V exists and {Ui ×u V → V } is admissible covering.

3) If{Ui → U}i ∈ I is a covering and for each i {Ui, j → Ui } j∈Ji is admissible cover of U.

n (G, A) is the cohomology

Definition 6.1.8. A locally continuous measurable cochain theory Hlcm

of the complex of locally continuous measurable cochains



 measurable maps f : Gn → A| ∃ open subset U ⊆ Gn , (e, · · · , e) ∈ U,


Cn (G, A) = (1)


such that f |U is contineous.

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Definition 6.1.9. Let R be a ring. A left R-module is an abelian group (D, +) together with

multiplication R × D −→ D(r, d −→ rd) such that for all r,t ∈ R and d, c ∈ D, the following

axioms hold.

1 : r(d + c) = rd + rc.

2 : (r + t)d = rd + td.

3 : (rt)d = r(td).

Remark 6.1.2. If R has an identity element 1R and 1R d = d then D is said to be a unitary

R-module.

Example 6.1.2. Every additive abelian group G is a unitary Z-module, with na where n ∈ Z and

a ∈ G defined by na = a + a + · · · + a (n times).

Definition 6.1.10. Let D be R-module . An R- module is abelian sub group C such that for all

r ∈ R, c ∈ C : rc ∈ C.

Definition 6.1.11. Let D and C be R-modules, a map f : D −→ C is called R-linear or an

R-module homomorphism if the following conditions are satisfied,

(i) f (d + d 0 ) = f (d) + f (d 0 ) for all d, d 0 ∈ D.

(ii) f (rd) = r f (d) for all d ∈ D and r ∈ R.

The set of all R- linear or R-module maps f : D −→ C is denoted by HomR (D,C).

Remark 6.1.3. HomR (D,C) is an abelian group with addition defined point-wise . Furthermore,

EndR (D) = HomR (D, D) is a ring, where multiplication is defined by composition of maps,

where EndR (D) is D finite dimensional R-module.

Definition 6.1.12. Let {Mi }i∈I be a family of R-modules. Their direct sum ⊕i∈I Mi is the set of

all tuples (ai )i∈I such that ai ∈ Mi for all i ∈ I and all but finitely many ai are 0. This set ⊕i∈I Mi

has natural structure of an R-module given by

(ai )i∈I + (bi )i∈I = (ai + bi )i∈I

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r(ai )i∈I = (rai )i∈I for all r ∈ R and for all (ai )i∈I , (bi )i∈I ∈ ⊕i∈I Mi .

we call M0 the direct sum of all ai denoted by

M0 = ⊕i∈I Mi .

Definition 6.1.13. Let {Mi }i∈I be a family of R-modules. Their direct product ∏i∈I Mi is the

set of all tuples (ai )i∈I such that ai ∈ Mi for all i ∈ I. This set ∏i∈I Mi has natural structure of an

R-module given by

(ai )i∈I + (bi )i∈I = (ai + bi )i∈I

r(ai )i∈I = (rai )i∈I for all r ∈ R and for all (ai )i∈I , (bi )i∈I ∈ ∏i∈I Mi .

Theorem 6.1.1. (Debnath 2015) If R is a ring, {Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R- modules, Y an R-module,

and {gi : Y −→ Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R-module homomorphisms, then there is a unique R-module

homomorphism g : Y −→ ∏i∈I Xi such that πi g = gi for all i ∈ I, where

∏i∈I Xi is uniquely determined up to isomorphism by this property.

Theorem 6.1.2. (Debnath 2015) If R is a ring, {Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R- modules, Z an R-module,

and { fi : Xi −→ Z|i ∈ I} a family of R-module homomorphisms, then there is a unique R-module

homomorphism f : ∑i∈I −→ Z such that f li = fi for all i ∈ I, where ∑i∈I Xi is uniquely determined

up to isomorphism by this property.

f g
Definition 6.1.14. A pair of module homomorphisms A −
→B→
− C is said to be exact at B

provided that Im f = Ker g.

f1 f2 f3 fn−1
Definition 6.1.15. A finite sequence of module homomorphisms, M0 −
→ M1 −
→ M2 −
→ · · · −−→
fn
Mn−1 −
→ Mn is exact provided Im fi = Ker fi+1 for i = 1, 2, 3, · · · n − 1.

fi−1 fi f i+1
Definition 6.1.16. A infinite sequence of module homomorphisms, · · · −−→ Mi−1 −
→ Mi −−−→
f i+2
Mi+1 −−−→ · · · is exact provided Im fi = Ker fi+1 for i ∈ Z.

f
Remark 6.1.4. 0 −→ A −
→ B is exact sequence of module homomorphism if and only if is

module monomorphism.
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g
Similarly, B →
− C −→ 0 is exact sequence of module homomorphism if and only if g is module
f g
epimorphism. If A −
→B→
− C is exact then g ◦ f = 0.

f g
Definition 6.1.17. A short exact sequence 0 −→ A −
→B→
− C −→ 0.

(1) Split at C if there exists an R-module homomorphism ψ : C −→ B such that g ◦ ψ = IdC .

(2) Split at A if there exists an R-module homomorphism δ : B −→ A such that δ ◦ f = IdA .

Lemma 6.1.2. (Lemmermeyer 2011) Assume that the diagram below is commutative

h
X Y
a b
g
Z W

Then,

(1) h induces homomorphism on kernels, such that h (ker a) ⊆ ker b.

(2) g induces homomorphism on cokernels , such that the map z + im a −→ g(z) + im b, where

z ∈ Z , is well defined homomorphism from coker(a) to coker(b).

(3) If h is injective , so the map induced by h and if g is sujective , so is the map induced by g.

Theorem 6.1.3. (Five lemma) : Let α, δ and β be homomorphisms between the exact sequence

and commutative diagram below.

ϕ ψ
M A B C N
γ α δ β ε
ϕ0 ψ0
M0 A0 B0 C N0

Exact at A, B, C and A0 , B0 ,C0 . Then we have the following.

1) If α and β are injective then δ is also injective.

2) If α and β are surjective then δ is also surjective.

Lemma 6.1.3. (Lemmermeyer 2011) (snake -lemma) Given the following commutative diagram

of R- Module with exact row.

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f g
X Y Z 0
α β δ

f0 g0
0 X0 Y0 Z0
where the rows are exact sequences and 0 is the zero object. Then there is an exact sequence

relating the kernels and cokernels of α, β and δ as follows :

∂
ker(α) −→ ker(β ) −→ ker(δ ) −
→ coker(α) −→ coker(β ) −→ coker(δ ).

Furthermore, if the morphism f is a monomorphism ( injective), then so is the morphism ker

α −→ ker β , and if g0 is an epimorphism (surjective), then so is coker β −→ coker δ , as shown

below
f g
ker(α) ker(β ) ker(δ )

f g ∂
X Y Z 0
α β δ

∂
f0 g0
0 X0 Y0 Z0

0
f g0
coker (α) coker (β ) coker (δ )

Definition 6.1.18. Let W be an R- module and T be a subset of W . We say W is free on T if for

every R- module J and every map f : T −→ J there exist a unique R- module homomorphism

g : W −→ J such that g(t) = f (t) for all t ∈ T .

Precisely, we say that W is free module if there exist a unique R- module homomorphism g

making the following diagram commute.

h
W
T f

J
Remark 6.1.5. If A is a free module and T ⊆ A is a sub module then T need not to be free

module even if T is direct summand of A.

f g
Definition 6.1.19. Given a short exact sequence of M-module of the form 0 −→ A −
→B→
− C −→
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0, then P is projective if for every surjective M-linear map f : A −→ B and every M-linear map

g : P −→ B there is a unique M-linear map h : P −→ A such that g = f h, that is the following

diagram commutes:

P
h!‘ g
 f 
A // B / 0

In other word we say that , P is projective if A  B −→ O is exact, implies that the induced

sequence HomR (P, A)  HomR (P, B) −→ 0 is exact.

Definition 6.1.20. An R- module P is projective module if there exist R-module A such that

P ⊕ A is free R-module.

Example 6.1.3. Z/2Z and Z/3Z are non -free projective Z/6Z.

Definition 6.1.21. Let A be an R-module. A projective resolution of A is an exact sequence

d i di+1 d1 d
0 ε
· · · −→ Pi+1 −
→ Pi −−→ · · · −→ P1 −→ P0 →
− A −→ 0, For every Pi , such that i ≥ 0 and i ∈ Z is

projective module. We also use the short notation P∗  A.

Theorem 6.1.4. (Kaplansky 1958) Let R be a ring with identity and let P be an R module. The

following conditions are equivalent:

(1) P is projective module.

(2) For any homomorphism f : P −→ T and epimorphism g : J −→ T therefore the morphism

h : P −→ J such that the following diagram commutes.

P
h!‘ g
 f 
J /T /0

f g
(3) Every short exact sequence 0 −→ T −
→J→
− P −→ 0 split up.

Definition 6.1.22. A chain complex is a sequence

dn+1 n d dn−1
· · · −→ An+1 −−→ An −→ An−1 −−→ · · · of chain groups together with boundary homomorphisms
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di between the chain groups with the property that di ◦ di+1 = 0 for all i. For ease of notation,

we frequently refer to each boundary homomorphism simply as d, without the subscript. From

that property we have that Im(An ) ⊆ ker(An−1 ). We call elements of the image boundaries, and

elements of the kernel cycles.

6.2 Statement of the problem

Many researchers are interested in the concept of sheaf cohomology. Several methods and

approaches have been used to develop the concept of sheaf cohomology and their applications on

different fields; more specifically on engineering and computer science. Fore example, Robert

and Yasuaki (2011) worked on the applications of sheaf cohomology theories and exact sequence

for network cooding. Keneth (1973) studied the part of sheaves cohomology called homotopy

theory of sheaves of spectral and gave its applications for generalization of sheaf cohomology

group. Also, Amnon (2007) used the concept of snake lemma to prove the triangulation of long

exact sequence of the length six, as one of the application on analysis.

Despite the good number of researchers who worked on sheaf cohomology and its branches,

there are some interesting gaps which will be worked on this study. The further understanding

and application of sheaf cohomology and its branch specifically as main tools for analysis need

to be investigated. This study will investigate the notions of sheaf, pre sheaf and cohomological

group on Grothendick topology, and the applications of Grothendick topology on p-adic analysis.

6.3 Research Objectives

The general objective of this study is to extend the existing concept of sheaf cohomology and

Grothendieck topology(G-topology) on application to analysis. The specific objectives of this

study are:

(i) To investigate the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and co homological group on Grothendieck

topology and their application in analysis.

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(ii) To frame the suitable conditions for which short exact sequences of sheaves give rise to

long exact cohomological sequences.

(iii) To establish the applications of G-topology on P-adic analysis.

6.4 Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following questions:

(i) How are the notions of pre-sheaf, sheaf and Cohomological group on Grothendieck

topology related and applied in analysis?

(ii) What are the suitable conditions for which short exact sequence of sheaves give rise to

long exact cohomological sequence?

(iii) What are the application of G-topology to p-adic analysis?

6.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will bring the following benefits:

(i) Through this study the researcher will provide and link among the notion of pre-sheaf,

sheaf and cohomological group on Grothendieck topology.

(ii) The study will help researchers to generate the suitable conditions for the rise of long exact

cohomological sequences from short exact sequence.

(iii) the applications of Grothendieck on P-adic analysis will be established.

6.6 Literature Review

Lindenhovis (2014) studied the Grothendic topologies on a poset P that is generated by some

subsets of P. He shared that Grothendieck topology exhaust all possibilities if and only if P is

artinian. He investigated several notions of equivalence of Grothendick topology using sheaf

 12

theories which resulted into Comparison Lemma. Also the idea on calculating Grothendieck

topology for posets is introduced in the same paper .

Neeman (2007) worked on the concept of triangulation of long exact sequence of the length six,

using the Snake Lemma and equivalently the long exact sequence which arises as the homology

of triangle in the corresponding derived bounded categories. The problem states that, given long

exact sequence
a b c d e
0 −→ A →
− B→
− C→
− D→
− E→
− F −→ 0 in A , which condition must be satisfied so that we can

obtain it from Snake Lemma as,

0 −→ ker f1 −→ ker f2 −→ ker f3 −→ coker f1 −→ coker f2 −→ coker f3 −→ 0, where f = ( f1 ,

f2 and f3 ) is suitable homomorphism between short exact sequence in A.

Murfet (2007) introduced a compactly generated triangulated category Km (Pro j X), called

the Mock homotopy category of projectives, which extends the derived category of quasi-

coherent sheaves by adjoining the acyclic complexes of flat quasi-coherent sheaves. These

acyclic complexes carry the same information about the singularities of the scheme as the

triangulated category of singularities. Also, he studied the homotopy category K(In jX) of

injective quasi-coherent sheaves, which was introduced earlier by Krause. In the presence of a

dualizing complex, he gave an equivalence of the mock homotopy category of projectives with

the homotopy category of injective quasi-coherent sheaves, interpreting Grothendieck duality as

an equivalence of categories of unbounded complexes.

Brown (1973) studied the homotopy theory of a sheaf of spectral that was used to give a derived

functor definition of generalized sheaf cohomology group H q (X, E), where X is topological

space and E is sheaf of spectra on X, subject to certain finiteness conditions.

Robert and Yasuaki (2011) researched on applications of shieves co-homology and the exact

sequences of network coding. Their main theorem states that “O-th network coding sheaf

cohomology is equivalent to information flow for the network coding”. Further they established

some standard exact sequence of homological algebra. Consequently they observed that sheaf
 13

cohomology and long exact sequence can be applied in several practical fields and on analysis,

some of these practical fields being the maxflows.

On the other hand, Abbas and Jungck (2008) established the results about the existence of

coincidence points and common fixed points for two maps satisfying generalized contractive

conditions without the consideration of their continuity. The conditions for the uniqueness of a

common fixed point for two weakly compatible maps were established in their work.

Oystaeyen and Willaert (1995) studied Grothendieck topology, coherent sheaves and Serre’s

theorem for schematic algebras where they defined schematic algebras to be algebras which

have “enough” Ore-sets. They constructed a generalised Grothendieck topology for the free

monoid on all Ore-sets of a schematic algebra R. This allowed them to develop a sheaf theory

which is similar to the scheme theory for commutative algebras. In particular, they obtained an

equivalence between the category of all coherent sheaves and the category Pro jR.

Michael (2019) introduce a way to resolve the concept of feature of the p-adic topology that was

a stumbling block for an easy transfer of certain parts of analysis, example line integrals to the

p-adic setting. This topology is totally disconnected and it embeds C p into a larger analytic space

Can
p that is path-connected. Also, he introduce the field Q p of p-adic numbers and its properties.

7 Methods and Materials

To achieve the proposed research questions, we will consult various dissertations, books, and

papers on sheaf cohomology and concepts on analysis . The Definitions, Lemmas, and Theorems

in this proposal will assist to obtain the results of each objective as described below:

(i) To investigate the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and co homological group on Grothendieck

topology the Definitions 6.1.1, to 6.1.9 and the Lemma 6.1.1 , will assist to get the intended

results.

(ii) The formulation and proofs of how short exact sequence of sheaves give rise to long exact
 14

cohomological sequence. The Definitions 6.1.2, .6.1.3, 6.1.10 to 6.1.23 Also, the lemma

6.1.2 and 6.1.3 will be helpful. Furthermore, the theorems 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, and 6.1.4

will be used to obtain the results of this objective.

(iii) Establish the applications of G-topology on P-adic analysis. The Definitions 6.1.8, and

6.1.15, will assist to get the intended results.

8 REFERENCES

Allday C J and Puppe V 1993 Cohomological methods in transformation groups. No. 32.Cam-

bridge University Press.

Anel M 2009 Grothendieck topologies from unique factorisation systems. arXiv preprint arXiv,

0902.1130.

Brown K S 1973 Abstract homotopy theory and generalized sheaf cohomology. Transactions

of the American Mathematical Society. 186. 419-458.

Chase S U 1960 Direct products of modules. Transactions of the American Mathematical

Society. 97(3): 457-473.

Chase S U 1962 On direct sums and products of modules. Pacific Journal of Mathematics.

12(3): 847-854.

Chorlay R 2010 From problems to structures the Cousin problems and the emergence of the

sheaf concept. Archive for history of exact sciences. 64(1): 1.

Curry J 2013 Sheaves, cosheaves and applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1303,3255.

Debnath B 2015 Projective and injective modules Indian Institute of technology guwahati

curriculum.

Edmundo M J , Jones G O and Peatfield N J 2006 Sheaf cohomology in o-minimal structures.

Journal of Mathematical Logic, 1-20.

 15

Facchini A 2013 Module theory, endomorphism rings and direct sum decompositions in some

classes of modules (Vol. 167). Birkhäuser.

Faith C and Walker E A 1967 Direct sum representations of injective modules J Algebra, 5(2):

203-221.

Gelfand S I and Manin Y I 2013 Methods of homological algebra. Springer Science and

Business Media.

Ghrist R and Hiraoka Y 2011 Applications of sheaf cohomology and exact sequences to network

coding, preprint.

Hilton P J and Stammbach U 2012 A course in homological algebra (Vol. 4).Springer Science

and Business Media.

Huisgen-Zimmermann B and Okoh F 2001 Direct products of modules and the pure semisim-

plicity conjecture.

Kaplansky I 1958 Projective modules. Annals of Mathematics, 372-377.

Koblitz N 2012 P-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer

Science and Business Media.

Lemmermeyer F 2011 The Snake Lemma. arXiv preprint arXiv:1108.5684.

Lenzing H 1976 Direct sums of projective modules as direct summaots of their direct product.

Communications in Algebra. 4(7): 681-691.

Lindenhovius B 2014. Grothendieck topologies on a poset. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1405.4408.

Miller H 2000 Leray in Oflag XVIIA. the origins of sheaf theory, sheaf cohomology, and

spectral sequences. Kantor 2000, 17-34.

Minevich I 2014 Cohomology of Topological Groups and Grothendieck Topologies (Doctoral

dissertation, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island).

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Murfet D 2006 Modules over projective schemes.

Murfet D S 2007 The mock homotopy category of projectives and Grothendieck duality.

Australian National University.

Neeman A 2007 Long exact sequences coming from triangles. In Proceedings of the 39th

Symposium on Ring Theory and Representation Theory, pp. 23-29.

Quillen D 1988 Algebra cochains and acyclic cohomology. Publications Mathématiques de

l’IHÉS, 68, 139-174.

Schochet C 1999 The topological Snake Lemma and corona algebras.

Stovicek J 2009 A characterization of long exact sequences coming from the snake lemma.

arXiv preprint arXiv: 0906.1286.

Swan R G 1962 Vector bundles and projective modules. Transactions of the American Mathe-

matical Society. 105(2), 264-277.

Shatz S S 1966 The cohomological dimension of certain Grothendieck topologies. Annals of

Mathematics. 572-595.

Ullrich P 2011 On the origins of p-adic analysis. In Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. pp.

459-474. De Gruyter.

Van Oystaeyen F and Willaert L 1995 Grothendieck topology, coherent sheaves and Serre’s

theorem for schematic algebras. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. 104(1), 109-122.

Vistoli A 2004 Notes on Grothendieck topologies, fibered categories and descent theory. arXiv

preprint math. 0412512.

Weibel C A 1995 An introduction to homological algebra (No. 38). Cambridge university

press.
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9 Other relevant information

9.1 Financial Arrangement

Sponsor: Self sponsored

Direct fee paid to the University (Tshs)

S/N Description First Year Second Year

1 Application 50,000 NA

2 Student Union 20,000 20,000

3 Registration 20,000 20,000

4 Caution Money 50,000 NA

5 Student ID 5,000 5000

6 NHIF fee NA 100,000

7 Tuition fee 2,125,000 2,125,000

8 TCU fee 20,000 20,000

9 Sub-total 2,290,000 2,290,000

10 Grant-total First year +Second year 4,580,000

 18

Fees paid direct to student (Tshs)

S/N Item Cost

1 Allowances •

• Books and Stationery 1,000,000

• Stipend (24 Months) 12,000,000

• Sub-total 13,000,000

2 Dissertation Production 500,000

3 Research Funds •

• Laptop purchase 2,000,000

• Printer purchase 500,000

• Internet modem and recharge costs 600,000

• Contingencies 600,000

• Local Transport 700,000

• Sub-total 3,200,000

• Grand-total 21,100,000
 19

9.2 Duration

Activity Year 2020 Year 2021

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Literature Review

Research Proposal

Writing

Analysis of the

Results

Dissertation Writing

and Submission

Name: Elias Ouko Alexander Signature:.......................... Date: .............................

CANDIDATE
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1. Comments by supervisor 1: ......................................................................................................................

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Date: ....................... Name: Dr. Sylvester Rugehiyamu Signature:.............................

SUPERVISOR

2. Comments by supervisor 2: ......................................................................................................................

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Date: ....................... Name: Dr.Marco K, Mpimbo Signature:.............................

SUPERVISOR

3. Comments by supervisor 3:

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Date: ....................... Name: Prof. Ambrus Pal Signature:.............................

SUPERVISOR

4. Comments by Head of Mathematics Department:

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Date: ....................... Name: Prof. Eunice W. Mureithi Signature:.............................

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT