UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE

BY COURSEWORK AND DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE: Alexander , Elias Ouko

Reg. No. 2019-06-11138

BED(Mathematics and Geography)

Marian University college

2. SUPERVISORS: Dr. Sylvester Rugehiyamu

Department of Mathematics

College of Natural and Applied Sciences

University of Dar es Salaam

Dr.Marco k, Mpimbo

Department of Mathematics

College of Natural and Applied Sciences

University Of Dar es salaam .

3. DEPARTMENT/COLLEGE: Mathematics/Natural and Applied Sciences

4. PROPOSED DEGREE: MSc. (MATHEMATICS).

5. TITLE: Study On Sheaf Cohomology And Its Application In Analysis.

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6 Introduction

6.1 General Introduction

Sheaves and sheaf cohomology were invented by Jean Leray in the mid 1940s as a branch of

algebraic topology to deal with the collation of local data on topological spaces. His remarkable

but rather obscure results were clarified by Borel, Henri Cartan, Koszul, Serre and Weil in the late

1940’s and early 1950’s. The first spectacular application of Leray’s new ideas was Weil’s proof

of De Rham’s theorem: he computed the cohomology of the constant sheaf R on a manifold M

through its resolution by the acyclic complex of differential forms.

The next success story for sheaves and their cohomology was the proof by Cartan and Serre of

theorems A and B for Stein manifolds, which solved a whole series of difficult problems (like

Cousin I and Cousin II) with the help of techniques and theorems of Oka. who can be said a

posteriori to have implicitly introduced sheaves in complex analysis.

Through the success in the theory of functions of several complex variables and algebraic

geometry(topology), this theory is now indispensable in modern mathematics. moreover, sheaf

cohomology, treat local-to-global transition in algebraic data level.

The followings definitions, lemmas,proposition, corollary and theorems will be used frequently

in this study:

Definition 6.1.1. Suppose sequences 0 −→ A −→ B −→ C −→ 0 and 0 −→ A −→ B −→ C −→ 0

be two short exact sequences of R-module. A homomorphism between these short exact

sequences is a triple α, β and γ of R-module homomorphism such that the following diagram

commutes.
0 A B C 0
α β δ

0 A0 B0 C0 0

Proposition 6.1.1. : Content there is short exact sequence of abelian sheaves,

0 −→ 2πiZ −→ ϑ −→ ϑx∗ −→ 0 ...

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Lemma 6.1.1. : If Q is injective , P is quotient of Q then P is injective in Abelian.

Definition 6.1.2. Fix a topological space X. A pre sheaf F of abelian group on X satisfied the

following,

(i) for each open set U ⊂ X an abelian group F(U) (differentiable ) an element of F(U) are

called section of F over U

(ii) For each V ⊂ U a homomorphism (called striction map) ρu,v : F(U) −→ F(V ) such that

ρ( u, v) is identity and for open set W ⊂ V ⊂ U we have ρ(U,W ) = ρV,W ◦ ρU,V

Definition 6.1.3. Sheaves Is a presheaf with additional of two conditions. These conditions are

1) Gluability : If U = {Ui }i∈I be open cover of the set U with section si ∈ F(Ui ) (element

of group) such that Sα | (Uα ∩ Uβ ) = Sβ | (Uα ∩ Uβ ) ∀ α, β ∈ I then ∃ s ∈ F(U) such that

s | uα = Sα (s restricted to U) for all α.

2) Let s,t ∈ F(U) such that s | Uα = t | Uα = 0 | Uα for all α ⇒ s = t = 0 then F(0)

/ = 0 the

terminal or final object in the category of groups.

Remark 6.1.1. All sheaf are presheaf, since it satisfies condition for presheaf first and then

gluability and uniqueness.

Example 6.1.1. Bounded function on C is presheaf but not sheaf.

This is because taking the bounded function which is bounded on C by luives theorem it will be

constant, so there is no more function on the entire space. Then is not sheaf.

Definition 6.1.4. Let X be a topological space, F be sheaf on X, x ∈ X stalk of F at X such that

FX is inductive limit. The element of FX are {(u, s) such that u is open, x ∈ U, s ∈ F(U)}/ ∼

(u, s) ∼ (u0 , s0 ), if and only if ∃ open V ⊂ {V ∩U 0 }, x ∈ V and s|v = s0 |v .

if F is sheaf in abelian group implies that Fx is abelian group.

(u, s) + (v0 , s0 ) = (u ∩ v0 , s |u∩v0 +s0 | u ∩ v0 )

the equivalence class of of the RHS only depend on the equivalence of the two germs on the

LHS.
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Definition 6.1.5. Group cohomology is a set of mathematical tools used to study groups using

cohomology theory, an algebraic topology technique. Group cohomology, like group representa-

tions, examines the group actions of a group G in an associated G-module M to elucidate the

group’s properties. By viewing the G-module as a topological space with G components.

Theorem 6.1.1. For any topological G-module A, MapG,lcm (−, A) is a sheaf on XGc and

H n (XGc , pt, MapG,lcm (−, A)) ∼ n (G, A) for all n.

= Hlcm

Remark 6.1.2. Again, the cohomology of the sheaf represented by (A; 0) on XGlcm is not quite

the same as that of MapG,lcm (−, A).

Theorem 6.1.2. For any topological G-module A, MapG,lcm (−, A) is a sheaf on XGc and the

cohomology H n (XGc , pt, MapG,lcm (−, A)) is isomorphic to the locally continuous cohomology
n (G, A).
Hlcm

c → X l cm since continuous maps are locally

Note there is a morphism of topologies V : XG,∗ G

continuous and measurable.

Proposition 6.1.2. For any sheaf F on XGlcm and any pointed G-space (U;U)
c , (U, u), v ∗ F) ∼ H n (X lcm , (U, u), F).
we have H n (XG,∗ = G

c and
Corollary 6.1.1. For any topological G-module A, HomClcm (−, A) is a sheaf on XG,∗
G

H n (XG,∗
c , pt, Hom ∼ n lcm
Clcm (−, A)) = H (XG , pt, A).
G

Definition 6.1.6. Let R be a ring. A left R-module is an abelian group (D, +) together with

multiplication R × D −→ D(r, d −→ rd) such that for all r,t ∈ R and d, c ∈ D, Satisfies the

following axioms.

1 : r(d + c) = rd + rc.

2 : (r + t)d = rd + td.

3 : (rt)d = r(td).

If R has an identity element 1R and

4 : 1R d = d then D is said to be a unitary R-module.

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Example 6.1.2. Every additive abelian group G is a unitary Z-module, with na (n ∈ Z, a ∈ G)

defined by na = a + a + · · · + a(n times).

Definition 6.1.7. Let D be R-module . An R- module is abelian sub group C such that for all

r ∈ R, c ∈ C : rc ∈ C.

Definition 6.1.8. Let D and C be R-modules, a map f : D −→ C is called R-linear or an R-module

homomorphism if,

• f (d + d 0 ) = f (d) + f (d 0 ) for all d, d 0 ∈ D.

• f (rd) = r f (d) for all d ∈ D and r ∈ R. The set of all R- linear or R-module maps f : D −→ C

are denote as HomR (D,C).

Remark 6.1.3. HomR (D,C) is abelian group with addition defined point wise . Furthermore

EndR (D) = HomR (D, D) is a ring where multiplication is defined by composition of maps.

Definition 6.1.9. Let {Mi }i∈I be family of R-module. Their direct sum ⊕i∈I Mi is the set of all

tuples (ai )i∈I such that ai ∈ Mi for all i ∈ I and all but finitely many ai are 0. This set ⊕i∈I Mi has

natural structure of an R-module given by

(ai )i∈I + (bi )i∈I = (ai + bi )i∈I

r(ai )i∈I = (rai )i∈I for all r ∈ R and for all (ai )i∈I , (bi )i∈I ⊕i∈I Mi .

we call M0 the direct sum of all ai denoted by

M0 = ⊕i∈I Mi

Definition 6.1.10. Let {Mi }i∈I be family of R-module. Their direct product ∏i∈I Mi is the set

of all tuples (ai )i∈I such that ai ∈ Mi for all i ∈ I. This set ∏i∈I Mi has natural structure of an

R-module given by

(ai )i∈I + (bi )i∈I = (ai + bi )i∈I

r(ai )i∈I = (rai )i∈I for all r ∈ R and for all (ai )i∈I , (bi )i∈I ∏i∈I Mi

Theorem 6.1.3. If R is a ring, {Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R- modules, Y an R-module, and {gi : Y −→

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Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R-module homomorphisms, then there is a unique R-module homomorphism

g : Y −→ ∏i∈I Xi such that πi g = gi for all i ∈ I. ∏i∈I Xi is uniquely determined up to isomorphism

by this property.

Theorem 6.1.4. If R is a ring, {Xi |i ∈ I} a family of R- modules, Z an R-module, and { fi : Xi −→

Z|i ∈ I} a family of R-module homomorphisms, then there is a unique R-module homomorphism

f : ∑i∈I −→ Z such that f li = fi for all i ∈ I. ∑i∈I Xi is uniquely determined up to isomorphism

by this property.

f g
Definition 6.1.11. A pair of module homomorphisms A −
→B→
− C is said to be exact at B

provided that Im f = Ker g.

f1 f2 f3 fn−1
Definition 6.1.12. A finite sequence of module homomorphisms, M0 −
→ M1 −
→ M2 −
→ · · · −−→
fn
Mn−1 −
→ Mn is exact provided Im fi = Ker fi+1 for i = 1, 2, 3, · · · n − 1.

fi−1 fi f i+1
Definition 6.1.13. A finite sequence of module homomorphisms, · · · −−→ Mi−1 −
→ Mi −−−→
f i+2
Mi+1 −−−→ · · · is exact provided Im fi = Ker fi+1 for i ∈ Z

f
Remark 6.1.4. 0 −→ A −
→ B is exact sequence of module homomorphism if and only if is

module monomorphism.
g
Similarly, B →
− C −→ 0 is exact sequence of module homomorphism if and only if g is module
f g
epimorphism. If A −
→B→
− C is exact then g f = 0.

f g
Definition 6.1.14. A short exact sequence 0 −→ A −
→B→
− C −→ 0.

(1) Split at C if there exist an R-module homomorphism ψ : C −→ B such that g ◦ ψ = IdC .

(2) Split at A if there exist an R-module homomorphism δ : B −→ A such that δ ◦ f = IdA

Lemma 6.1.2. assume that the diagram below is commutative

h
X Y
a b
g
Z W
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Then

(1) h induces homomorphism on kernels, such that h(ker a) ⊆ ker b.

(2) g induces homomorphism on cokernels , such that the map z + im a −→ g(z) + im b, where

z ∈ Z , is well defined homomorphism from coker a to coker b.

(3) if h is injective , so the map induced by h and if g is sujective , so is the map induced by g

Lemma 6.1.3. assume that the diagram below is commutative

h
X Y
a b
g
Z W

Then

(1) h induces homomorphism on kernels, such that h(ker a) ⊆ ker b.

(2) g induces homomorphism on cokernels , such that the map z + im a −→ g(z) + im b, where

z ∈ Z , is well defined homomorphism from coker a to coker b.

(3) if h is injective , so the map induced by h and if g is sujective , so is the map induced by g

Theorem 6.1.5. (Five lemma) : Let α, δ and β be homomorphism between the exact sequence

and commutative diagram below.

ϕ ψ
M A B C N
γ α δ β ε
ϕ0 ψ0
M0 A0 B0 C N0

Exact at A, B, C and A0 , B0 ,C0 . Then we have the following.

1) if α and β are injective then δ is also injective.

2) if α and β are surjective then δ is also surjective.

Definition 6.1.15. Let W be an R- module and T be a subset of W . We say W is free on T if for

every R- module J and every map f : T −→ J there exist a unique R- module homomorphism
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g : W −→ J such that g(t) = g(t) for all t ∈ T .

Precisely, we say that W is free module if there exist a unique R- module homomorphism g

making the following diagram commutes.

h
W
T f

J
Remark 6.1.5. If A is a free module and T ⊆ A is a sub module then T need not to be free

module even if T is direct summand of A.

Definition 6.1.16. An A-module P is projective if for every surjective. A-linear map f : A −→ B

and every A-linear map g : P −→ B there is a unique A-linear map h : P −→ A such that g = f h,

that is the following diagram commutes:

P
h!‘ g
 f 
A // B / 0

In other word we say that , P is projective if A  B −→ O is exact, implies that the induced

sequence HomR (P, A)  HomR (P, B) −→ 0 is exact.

Definition 6.1.17. An R- module P is projective module if there exist R-module A such that

P ⊕ A is free R-module.

Example 6.1.3. Z/2Z and Z/3Z are non -free projective Z/6Z

Definition 6.1.18. Let A be an R-module.A projective resolution of A is an exact sequence

d i di+1 d 1 d0 ε
· · · −→ Pi+1 −
→ Pi −−→ · · · −→ P1 −→ P0 →
− A −→ 0 where, every Pi , i ≥ 0, i ∈ Zis projective

module. We also use the short notation P∗  A.

Theorem 6.1.6. Let R be a ring with identity and let P be an R module. The following conditions

are equivalent.

(1)P is projective module.

(2) For any homomorphism f : P −→ T and epimorphism g : J −→ T there fore the morphism
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h : P −→ J such that the following diagram commutes.

P
h!‘ g
 f 
J /T /0

f g
(3) Every short exact sequence 0 −→ T −
→J→
− P −→ 0 splits.

Definition 6.1.19. A chain complex is a sequence

dn+1 nd dn−1
· · · −→ An+1 −−→ An −→ An−1 −−→ · · · . Of chain groups together with boundary homomorphisms.di

between the chain groups with the important property that di ◦ di+1 = 0 for all i For ease of

notation, we frequently refer to each boundary homomorphism simply as d, without the subscript.

from that property we have that Im(An ) ⊆ ker(An−1 ). We call elements of the image boundaries,

and elements of the kernel cycles.

Theorem 6.1.7. For every short exact sequence 0 −→ A −→ B −→ C −→ 0 of cochain complexes

there are natural connecting maps ∂ such that there is a long exact sequence in cohomology:
∂
0 · · · −→ Hn A −→ Hn B −→ HnC −
→ Hn−1 A −→ Hn−1 B −→ Hn−1C −→ · · · −→ 0

6.2 Statement of the problem

The concept of sheaf cohomology have been the interest for many researchers. Several method

and approaches has been used to develop the concept of sheaf cohomology and their application

on different field, more specifically on engineering, practical and computer science. Fore example,

Robert G and Yasuaki H 2011, they worked on the application of sheaf cohomology theories and

exact sequence for network cooding. Keneth S,B 1973 studies the part of sheaves cohomology

called homotopy theory of sheaves of spectral and give its application for generalization of

sheaf cohomology group. Also, Amnon N 2007 uses the concept of snake lemma to prove the

triangulation of long exact sequence of the length six, as one of the application on analysis

spercifically on analysis.
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Despite the good number of researchers who worked on sheaf cohomology and its branches,

there are some interesting gap which will be worked on this study. The further understanding and

application of sheaf cohomology and its branch specifically as main tools for analysis need to be

investigated. This study will investigate on the application of sheaf cohomology on analysis and

investigate on the notion of sheaf, pre sheaf with Grothendick topology and the application of

grothendick topology on P-adic analysis.

6.3 Research Objectives

The general objective of this study is to extend the existing concept of sheaf cohomology and

Grothendieck topology(G-topology) on application to analysis. The specific objectives of this

study are:

(i) To study the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and co homological group on Grothendieck topol-

ogy.

(ii) To frame the suitable conditions to prove how short exact sequence of sheaves give rise to

long exact cohomological sequence.

(iii) To provide the application of G-topology on P-adic analysis.

6.4 Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following questions:

(i) How are the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and co homological group on Grothendieck topology

be studied?

(ii) what are the suitable conditions to establish and prove how short exact sequence of sheaves

give rise to long exact cohomological sequence ?

(iii) How is the application of G-topology on P-adic analysis be provided ?

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6.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will bring the following benefits:

(i) Through this study the researcher will provide and link the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and

co homological group on Grothendieck topology.

(ii) This study will help researchers to generate the suitable conditions for rise of long exact

cohomological sequences from short exact sequence.

(iii) Through this study the researcher will be able to provide the applications of G-topology

on P-adic analysis.

6.6 Literature Review

A.J. Lindenhovis 2014 studies the Grothendic topologies on poset that are generated by some

subset of P. They shows that Grothendieck topology exhaust all possibilities if and only if P is

artinian. He investigated several notion of equivalence of Grothendick topology using sheaf

theories which have result into comparison lemma. Also they introduce the idea on calculating

Grothendieck topology for poset.

Amnon Neeman 2007 worked on the concept of triangulation of long exact sequence of the

length six, using the snake lemma and equivalently the long exact sequence which arises as the

homology of triangle in the corresponding derived bounded categories. the problem states that,

given long exact sequence

a b c d e
0 −→ A →
− B→
− C→
− D→
− E→
− F −→ 0 in A , which condition satisfy so that we can obtain it

from snake lemma as,

0 −→ ker f1 −→ ker f2 −→ ker f3 −→ coker f1 −→ coker f2 −→ coker f3 −→ 0. Where f =

( f1 , f2 , f3 ) is suitable homomorphism between short exact sequence in A.

Daniel Murfet 2007 introduced a compactly generated triangulated category Km (Pro jX), called

the mock homotopy category of projectives, which extends the derived category of quasi-coherent
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sheaves by adjoining the acyclic complexes of flat quasi-coherent sheaves.These acyclic com-

plexes carry the same information about the singularities of the scheme as the triangulated

category of singularities. Also he studies the homotopy category K(In jX) of injective quasi-

coherent sheaves, which was introduced earlier by Krause and plays a dual role. In the presence

of a dualizing complex he give an equivalence of the mock homotopy category of projectives with

the homotopy category of injective quasi-coherent sheaves, interpreting Grothendieck duality as

an equivalence of categories of unbounded complexes.

Keneth S.Brown 1973 studied the homotopy theory of a sheaves of spectral that was used to

give a derived functors definition of generalized sheaf cohomology group H q (X, E) where X is

topological space and E is sheaf of spectra on X, subject to certain finiteness conditions.

Robert Ghrist and Yasuaki Hiraoka 2011 They research on application of shieves co-homology

and the exact sequence of network coding. Where they give out and prove main theorem

which states that ”O-th network coding sheaf cohomology is equivalent to information flow

for the network coding”, they establish some standard exact sequence of homological algebra.

According to the result they obtain using these sheaf cohomology they come up with the general

conclusion that sheaf cohomology and long exact sequence can be applied in several practical

field and on analysis , some of these practical field they mention is on maxflows.

M. Abbas and G. Jungck 2008 established the results of existence of coincidence points and

common fixed points for two maps satisfying a generalized contractive conditions without the

consideration of their continuity. The conditions for the uniqueness of a common fixed point for

two weakly compatible maps were established in their work.

Van Oystaeyen, F. and Willaert, L.1995 studied Grothendieck topology, coherent sheaves and

Serre’s theorem for schematic algebras where they define schematic algebras to be algebras

which have “enough” Ore-sets. Many graded algebras studied are schematic and they construct a

generalised Grothendieck topology for the free monoid on all Ore-sets of a schematic algebra R.
 13

This allows them to develop a sheaf theory which is similar to the scheme theory for commutative

algebras. In particular, they obtain an equivalence between the category of all coherent sheaves

and the category Pro jR.

7 Methods and Materials

To achieve the proposed research questions, we will consult various dissertations, books, and

papers on sheaf cohomology and concepts on analysis . The Definitions, Lemmas, and Theorems

in this proposal will assist to obtain the results of each objective as described below:

(i) To study the notion of pre-sheaf, sheaf and co homological group on Grothendieck topology

the Definitions 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.4, and 6.1.5 will be used. The Lemma 6.1.1 ,

proposition 6.1.1, 6.1.2 , Corollary 6.1.1 and the theorems 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 will assist to get

the intended results.

(ii) The formulation and proofs of how short exact sequence of sheaves give rise to long exact

cohomological sequence. the Definitions 6.1.1, .6.1.6, 6.1.7, 6.1.8, 6.1.9, 6.1.10, 6.1.11,

6.1.12, 6.1.13, 6.1.14, 6.1.15, 6.1.16, 6.1.17, 6.1.18 and 6.1.19 Also, the lemma 6.1.2 and

6.1.3 will be used to achieve this objective. Furthermore, the theorems 6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.5,

and 6.1.7 will be used to obtain the results of this objective.

8 REFERENCES

Kaplansky, I. (1958). Projective modules. Annals of Mathematics, 372-377.

Swan, R. G. (1962). Vector bundles and projective modules. Transactions of the American

Mathematical Society, 105(2), 264-277.

Chase, S. U. (1960). Direct products of modules. Transactions of the American Mathematical

Society, 97(3), 457-473.

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Faith, C., and Walker, E. A. (1967). Direct sum representations of injective modules. J. Algebra,

5(2), 203-221.

Lenzing, H. (1976). Direct sums of projective modules as direct summaots of their direct

product. Communications in Algebra, 4(7), 681-691.

Chase, S. U. (1962). On direct sums and products of modules. Pacific Journal of Mathematics,

12(3), 847-854.

Facchini, A. (2013). Module theory: endomorphism rings and direct sum decompositions in

some classes of modules (Vol. 167). Birkhäuser.

Huisgen-Zimmermann, B., and Okoh, F. (2001). Direct products of modules and the pure

semisimplicity conjecture.

Neeman, A. (2007). Long exact sequences coming from triangles. In Proceedings of the 39th

Symposium on Ring Theory and Representation Theory (pp. 23-29).

Osborne, M. S. (2012). Basic homological algebra (Vol. 196). Springer Science and Business

Media.

Weibel, C. A. (1995). An introduction to homological algebra (No. 38). Cambridge university

press.

Hilton, P. J., and Stammbach, U. (2012). A course in homological algebra (Vol. 4). Springer

Science and Business Media.

Gelfand, S. I., and Manin, Y. I. (2013). Methods of homological algebra. Springer Science and

Business Media.

Brown, K. S. (1973). Abstract homotopy theory and generalized sheaf cohomology. Transac-

tions of the American Mathematical Society, 186, 419-458.

Lemmermeyer, F. (2011). The Snake Lemma. arXiv preprint arXiv:1108.5684.

 15

Schochet, C. (1999). The topological Snake Lemma and corona algebras.

Ghrist, R., and Hiraoka, Y. (2011). Applications of sheaf cohomology and exact sequences to

network coding. preprint.

Edmundo, M. J., Jones, G. O., and Peatfield, N. J. (2006). Sheaf cohomology in o-minimal

structures. Journal of Mathematical Logic, 1-20.

Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer

Science and Business Media.

Stovicek, J. (2009). A characterization of long exact sequences coming from the snake lemma.

arXiv preprint arXiv:0906.1286.

Quillen, D. (1988). Algebra cochains and cyclic cohomology. Publications Mathématiques de

l’IHÉS, 68, 139-174.

Curry, J. (2013). Sheaves, cosheaves and applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.3255.

Miller, H. (2000). Leray in Oflag XVIIA: the origins of sheaf theory, sheaf cohomology, and

spectral sequences. Kantor 2000, 17-34.

Curry, J. (2013). Sheaves, cosheaves and applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.3255.

Murfet, D. (2006). Modules over projective schemes.

Murfet, D. S. (2007). The mock homotopy category of projectives and Grothendieck duality.

Australian National University.

Allday, C., Allday, C. J., and Puppe, V. (1993). Cohomological methods in transformation

groups (No. 32). Cambridge University Press.

Vistoli, A. (2004). Notes on Grothendieck topologies, fibered categories and descent theory.

arXiv preprint math0412512.

Shatz, S. S. (1966). The cohomological dimension of certain Grothendieck topologies. Annals

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of Mathematics, 572-595.

Ullrich, P. (2011). On the origins of p-adic analysis. In Mathematics and Theoretical Physics

(pp. 459-474). De Gruyter.

Van Oystaeyen, F., and Willaert, L. (1995). Grothendieck topology, coherent sheaves and

Serre’s theorem for schematic algebras. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 104(1),

109-122.

Anel, M. (2009). Grothendieck topologies from unique factorisation systems. arXiv preprint

arXiv:0902.1130.

Vistoli, A. (2004). Notes on Grothendieck topologies, fibered categories and descent theory.

arXiv preprint math 0412512.

Lindenhovius, B. (2014). Grothendieck topologies on a poset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1405.4408.

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9 Other relevant information

9.1 Financial Arrangement

Sponsor: Self sponsored

Direct fee paid to the University (Tshs)

S/N Description First Year Second Year

1 Application 50,000 NA

2 Student Union 20,000 20,000

3 Registration 20,000 20,000

4 Caution Money 50,000 NA

5 Student ID 5,000 5000

6 NHIF fee NA 100,000

7 Tuition fee 2,125,000 2,125,000

8 TCU fee 20,000 20,000

9 Sub-total 2,290,000 2,290,000

10 Grant-total First year +Second year 4,580,000

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Fees paid direct to student (Tshs)

S/N Item Cost

1 Allowances •

• Books and Stationery 1,000,000

• Stipend (24 Months) 12,000,000

• Sub-total 13,000,000

2 Dissertation Production 500,000

3 Research Funds •

• Laptop purchase 2,000,000

• Printer purchase 500,000

• Internet modem and recharge costs 600,000

• Contingencies 600,000

• Local Transport 700,000

• Sub-total 3,200,000

• Grand-total 21,100,000
 19

9.2 Duration

Activity Year 2020 Year 2021

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Literature Review

Research Proposal

Writing

Analysis of the

Results

Dissertation Writing

and Submission

Name: Elias Ouko Alexander Signature:.......................... Date: .............................

CANDIDATE
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1. Comments by supervisor 1:

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Date: ....................... Name: Dr. Sylvester Rugehiyamu Signature:.............................

SUPERVISOR

2. Comments by supervisor 2:

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Date: ....................... Name: Dr.Marco K, Mpimbo Signature:.............................

SUPERVISOR

3. Comments by Head of Mathematics Department:

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Date: ....................... Name: Prof. Eunice W. Mureithi Signature:.............................

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT