86

PART 4 – D: DICTIONARIES
 87

DICTIONARIES
• A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. In Python
dictionaries are written with curly brackets { }, and they have keys and values.

thisdict={
"brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang", Output:
"year":1964 {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
}
print(thisdict)
 88

DICTIONARIES
• You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square
brackets:
thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang",
Output:
"year":1964
Mustang
}
x = thisdict["model"]
print(x)

• There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:

x = thisdict.get("model")
 89

DICTIONARIES
• You can change the value of a specific item by referring to its key name:

thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang",
Output:
"year":1964
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2019}
}
thisdict["year"]=2019
print(thisdict)
 90

DICTIONARIES
• You can loop through a dictionary by using a for loop.
• When looping through a dictionary, the return value are the keys of the dictionary, but
there are methods to return the values as well
thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang", Output:
"year":1964 brand
} model
year
for x in thisdict:
print(x)

• Print all values in the dictionary, one by one: Output:

Ford
for x in thisdict: Mustang
print(thisdict[x]) 1964
 91

DICTIONARIES
• You can also use the values() function to return values of a dictionary:

thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford",
Output:
"model":"Mustang", Ford
"year":1964 Mustang
} 1964
for x in thisdict.values():
print(x)

• Loop through both keys and values, by using the items() function:

Output:
for x,y in thisdict.items(): brand Ford
print(x, y) model Mustang
year 1964
 92

DICTIONARIES
• To determine if a specified key is present in a dictionary use the in keyword:

thisdict = {
Output:
"brand":"Ford",
Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict
"model":"Mustang",
dictionary
"year":1964
}
if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")

• To determine how many items (key-value pairs) a dictionary has, use the len() method.

Output:
print(len(thisdict))
3
 93

DICTIONARIES
• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key and
assigning a value to it:

thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang",
Output:
"year":1964
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, 'color': 'red'}
}
thisdict["color"]="red"
print(thisdict)
 94

DICTIONARIES
• There are several methods to remove items from a dictionary:
• The pop() method removes the item with the specified key name
• The popitem() method removes the last inserted item
• The del keyword removes the item with the specified key name
• The del keyword can also delete the dictionary completely:
thisdict = { thisdict = { thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford", "brand":"Ford", "brand":"Ford",
"model":"Mustang", "model":"Mustang", "model":"Mustang",
"year":1964 "year":1964 "year":1964}
} } del thisdict["model"]
thisdict.pop("model") thisdict.popitem() print(thisdict)
print(thisdict) print(thisdict del thisdict

Output: Output: Output:

{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964} {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang'}
NameError: name 'thisdict' is not defined
 95

DICTIONARIES
• The clear() keyword empties the dictionary: It is also possible to use the dict() constructor to
make a dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand":"Ford", thisdict = dict(brand="Ford",
"model":"Mustang", model="Mustang", year=1964)
"year":1964 # note that keywords are not string
} literals
thisdict.clear() # note the use of equals rather than
print(thisdict) colon for the assignment
print(thisdict)
Output:
Output:
{}
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
 96

DICTIONARIES
Method Description
clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary
copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and values
get() Returns the value of the specified key
items() Returns a list containing the a tuple for each key value pair
keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
pop() Removes the element with the specified key
popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair
setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the key, with
the specified value
update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary
 97

PART 4- C: LISTS EXAMPLES

 98

ADDING SEQUENCES
• Sequences can be concatenated with the addition (plus) operator.

L1=[1,2,3] [4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
L2=[4,5,6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
L2=L2+L1 Traceback (most recent call last):
File
L1+=L2 "C:/Users/alaya124968/PycharmProjects/CS120/Exam
print(L2) ple2 Lists.py", line 8, in <module>
print(L1) L1+"Hello"
L1+"Hello" TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list

NB: nevertheless we can add two lists with different variable types.
If L3=[“Hello”], L1+L3=[1,2,3,”Hello”]
 99

MULTIPLICATION SEQUENCES
• Multiplying a sequence by a number x creates a new sequence where the
original sequence is repeated x times:

L1=[1,2,3]
L=L1*2 [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
print (L)
 100

LENGTH, MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM

numbers = [100, 34, 678]

print(len(numbers)) 3
678
print(max(numbers)) 34
print(min(numbers))
 101

DUPLICATE A LIST
L1=[65,92,17] L1=[65,92,17] L1=[65,92,17]
print (L1) print (L1) print (L1)
L2=L1 L2=L1.copy() L2=L1[:]
print(L2) print(L2) print(L2)
L2[1]=55 L2[1]=55 L2[1]=55
print(L2) print(L2) print(L2)
print(L1) print(L1) print(L1)

[65, 92, 17] [65, 92, 17] [65, 92, 17]

[65, 92, 17] [65, 92, 17] [65, 92, 17]
[65, 55, 17] [65, 55, 17] [65, 55, 17]
[65, 55, 17] [65, 92, 17] [65, 92, 17]
Attention: any
modification in L2
would be
automatically in L1
 102

INSTRUCTIONS EXAMPLES
L=[1,2,[3,4,[5,6]]] L=[1,2,[3,4,[5,6]]]
print(L[2][2][1]) L[1:2]=[]
print (L)
6
[1, [3, 4, [5, 6]]] Remove the second item

x, y =(2,3,4,5,6)[0:2] 2
print(x) 3
print(y) Traceback (most recent call last):
File
x, y =(2,3,4,5,6)[0:3] "C:/Users/alaya124968/PycharmProjects/CS120/Exam
ple2 Lists.py", line 4, in <module>
Attention: The last instruction select 3 x, y =(2,3,4,5,6)[0:3]
items from the tuple (2,3 and 4) so you ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)
should define 3 variables (x, y and z)
 103

INVERSE A LIST
• We can reverse a list using the method reverse

L1=[1, 2, 3] L1=[1, 2, 3]
L1.reverse() OR L1=L1[::-1]
print (L1) print(L1)

[3, 2, 1]
 104

ENUMERATE A LIST
• You can have the value of each item in a list with his relevant index using
enumerate

List = ['G', 'o', 'o', 'd'] (0, 'G')

(1, 'o')
for letter in enumerate(List):
(2, 'o')
print(letter) (3, 'd')
 105

TRANSFORM A STRING STREAM

INTO A LIST AND VISE VERSA
Split Join

string="Good:to:see:you"
CS_list=["yes","come","in"]
l=string.split(":")
string="*".join(CS_list)
print(l)
print(string)

yes*come*in
['Good', 'to', 'see', 'you']
 106

REMOVE DUPLICATE ELEMENTS

INTERSECTION OF TWO LISTS
UNION OF TWO LISTS

a = [0,1,2,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
b = [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
#return the list with duplicate elements removed
l=list(set(a))
print(l) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
#return the intersection of two lists [8, 9, 5, 6, 7]
l1=list(set(a) & set(b)) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
print(l1)
#return the union of two lists
l2=list(set(a) | set(b))
print(l2)