Functions—Part I 1

1 Quick Review of Basic C++

• Data types

• Variable names

• Loops

2 Functions
• Useful analysis/computational units.

• Object and nonobject functions:

– cout.setf()
– ShowHeader()
– sin()

• Functions improve modularity of programs.

• Functions normally have two parts:

– Prototype (sometimes called interface)

– Definition (sometimes called implementation)
Functions—Part I 2

2.1 General Function Layout

return type name ( <args> )
{
function body
}

return type
void, basic data types (int, double, etc.), or user/system defined types.
name
Any valid name.
<args>
The names and types of all arguments (zero or more), separated by commas.
function body
Zero or more valid statements.

2.2 Function Operation

When a function is invoked (called), the flow of control is transferred to the
function. This means that the next statement to be executed is the first one
in the function that was called. After the function completes its task the flow
of control returns to the statement in the function that invoked the function.

2.3 Function Prototypes

• The prototype specifies the data type, name, and input (and/or output)
parameter(s) of a function.

– The type of a function is the data type of a value returned by the

function.
– The name of a function is any valid identifier.
Use action words (verbs) whenever possible in naming functions.
– Parameters define input (and/or output) to a function.

• Header files (e.g., iostream.h, math.h, ctype.h) usually contain pro-

totypes.
Functions—Part I 3

• Examples:

– double sin( double );

– double Avg( double x1, double x2, double x3 );

Note: The function parameters are separated by commas.

2.4 Function Definition

• A function definition is a sequence of statements.
• Function names should imply the operation(s)
performed by the function.
• All variables must be declared.
• If the function does not return a value, the function
return type must be declared as void.
• Any expression is allowed in the return statement.

– return 1;
– return ’A’;
– return; // optional

• Good programming practice to have only one return.

2.5 Using Functions

• A function’s argument data types must match the
parameter specified in the prototype (definition).
• If a function returns a value, the variable (object)
that receives the return value must match the function
data type.
• Mismatch of arguments and/or return values is the
source of many compiler errors/warnings.
• Mismatch of arguments and/or return values is the
source of many run-time defects/errors. (Sound familiar?)
Functions—Part I 4

2.6 Square and Cube of 1 through 5

2.6.1 Powers.cpp
// Powers.cpp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <math.h>

int main()
{
for( int i = 1 ; i <= 5 ; i++ )
{
cout << setw(6) << i ;
cout << setw(6) << i*i;
cout << setw(6) << i*i*i << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output:

1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
Functions—Part I 5

2.6.2 Powers2.cpp
// Powers2.cpp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <math.h>

// Prototype
void ShowPowers();

int main()
{
ShowPowers();

return 0;
}

/* ShowPowers()
*
* Show the square and cube of 1 through 5.
*/
void ShowPowers()
{
for( int i = 1 ; i <= 5 ; i++ )
{
cout << setw(6) << i ;
cout << setw(6) << i*i;
cout << setw(6) << i*i*i << endl;
}
}
Functions—Part I 6

2.6.3 Powers3.cpp
// Powers3.cpp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <math.h>

// Prototypes
void ShowPowers();
int Square( int );
int Cube( int i );

int main()
{
ShowPowers();

return 0;
}

/* ShowPowers()
*
* Show the square and cube of 1 through 5.
*/
void ShowPowers()
{
for( int i = 1 ; i <= 5 ; i++ )
{
cout << setw(6) << i ;
cout << setw(6) << Square( i );
cout << setw(6) << Cube( i ) << endl;
}
}
Functions—Part I 7

/* Square()
*
* Calculate the square of an integer.
*/

int Square( int i )

{
return i * i;
}

/* Cube()
*
* Calculate the cube of an integer.
*/
int Cube( int i )
{
return i * i * i;
}
Functions—Part I 8

2.6.4 Powers4.cpp
// Powers4.cpp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <math.h>

// Prototypes
void ShowPowers();
double Power( double x, int pow );

int main()
{
ShowPowers();

return 0;
}

/* ShowPowers()
*
* Show the square and cube of 1 through 5.
*/
void ShowPowers()
{
for( double x = 1.0 ; x <= 5.0 ; x += 1.0 )
{
cout << setw(6) << x ;
cout << setw(6) << Power(x,2); // spaces
cout << setw(6) << Power( x, 3 ) << endl;
}
}
Functions—Part I 9

/* Power
*
* Calculate the square of an integer.
* Should check that iPow > 0!
*/

double Power( double x, int iPow )

{
double retVal = 1.0;

for( int i = 0 ; i < iPow ; i++ )

retVal *= x;

return retVal;
}
Functions—Part I 10

2.7 Averages Program

// Average.cpp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>

// prototype
double Average( double x1, double x2, double x3 );

main()
{
ofstream fOut( "Average.out", ios::out );
if( !fOut ) // verify file was opened
{
cerr << "Unable to open output file: Average.out" << endl;
exit( -1 );
}

double avg;

double x1 = 2.0;
double x2 = 3.0;
double x3 = 4.0;

avg = Average( x1, x2, x3 );

fOut << "Average 1: " << avg << endl;

avg = Average( 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 );

fOut << "Average 2: " << avg << endl;

avg = Average( x1, x3-6.0, x2+5);

fOut << "Average 3: " << avg << endl;

fOut.close();
}
Functions—Part I 11

/* Average()
*
* Calculate the average of three real numbers.
*/

double Average( double x1, double x2, double x3 )

{
double rVal; // return value

rVal = (x1 + x2 + x3) / 3.0;

return rVal;
}
Functions—Part I 12

2.8 Minimum Function

Calculate the minimum of two integers. There is a built-in function, min(),
for performing this operation.

int Minimum( int i, int j )

{
if( i < j )
return i; // else not necessary
return j;
}

2.9 IsDigit Function

Test if a character is a digit or not. There is a built-in function, isdigit(),
for performing this operation.

int IsDigit( char ch )

{
int iVal = 0;

if( ch >= ’0’ && ch <= ’9’ ) iVal = 1;

return iVal;
}