JCE e CONNECT

Subject Code: 18EC741

Lecture 1.1

Chapter
 Chapter 1
1. IoT Conceptual Framework, IoT Architectural
View (1.1)
– Examples of IoT.
2. Technology Behind IoT, Sources of IoT,M2M
communication (1.2)

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Technology Behind IoT, Sources of IoT,M2M
communication
• The following entities provide a diverse technology environment and are examples of
technologies, which are involved in IoT.
• ● Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110,
Beagle Bone Black and Wireless SoC)
• ● Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software, firmware and
APIs
• ● Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol)]
• ● Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi,
WiMax, 2G/3G/4G)
• ● Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN)
• ● Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT)
• ● Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB,
AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP)
• ● Machine learning algorithms and software. An example of machine-learning software is
GROK from Numenta Inc. that uses machine intelligence to analyse the streaming data from
clouds and uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn continuously from data and ability to
drive action from the output of GROK’s data models and perform high level of automation for
analyzing streaming data
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 Technology Behind IoT, Sources of
IoT,M2M communication
Hardware IDE Protocols Communica Network Software Data Centric Algorith
tion Backbone Cloud ms
Plateforms
Arduino developing RPL, Powerline (IPv4, RIOT OS, Sense, machine-
Raspberry Pi, device CoAP, Ethernet, IPv6, Contiki OS, ThingWorx, learning
Intel Galileo, software, RESTful RFID, UDP and Thingsquar Nimbits, software
Intel Edison, firmware HTTP, NFC, 6LowPAN e Mist Xively, is GROK
ARM mBed, and APIs MQTT, 6LowPAN*, firmware, openHAB, from
Bosch XDK110, XMPP UWB, Eclipse IoT AWS IoT, Numenta
Beagle Bone (Extensible ZigBee, IBM Inc
Black and Messaging Bluetooth, BlueMix,
Wireless SoC and WiFi, CISCO IoT,
Presence WiMax, IOx and Fog,
Protocol) 2G/3G/4G EvryThng,
Azure,
TCS CUP

•6LowPAN: IPv6 over Low -Power Wireless Personal Area Networks

•ZigBee: Zonal Intercommunication Global-standard
• WiMax: worldwide interoperability for microwave access
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•User datagram protocol (UDP)
• Arduino is a microcontroller based platform (ATMEGA 328 for the UNO). In
general a Micro-controller is better suited than a microprocessor to anything
the requires sensing of inputs.
• The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a
computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse.
• The Intel Galileo is the first Arduino Certified board that provides a mini PCI
Express (mPCIe) slot. This allows you to connect standard mPCIe modules
like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and SIM card adapters for cell phones.
• The Intel Edison is a computer-on-module that was offered by Intel as a
development system for wearable devices and Internet of Things devices.
• Mbed is a Rapid IoT device development. Mbed gives you a free open source
IoT operating system with connectivity, security, storage, device management
and machine learning.
• Arm Mbed OS is a free, open-source IoT operating system that includes all
the necessary features to develop IoT products.
• Bosch XDK110 is a A hardware and software development platform for the
realization of Internet of Things use for cases
• The BeagleBone is an embedded Linux development board that's aimed at
hackers and tinkerers. BeagleBoard BeagleBone® Black is a low-cost,
community-supported development platform for developers and hobbyists,
based on the Sitara AM3358BZCZ100 Arm Cortex-A8 32-Bit RISC
microprocessor from Texas Instruments.
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• Building blocks of a wireless IoT SoC Integrating wireless capability
involves combining analog, digital, mixed-signal, and RF circuits into one
IC.
• API is the acronym for Application Programming Interface, which is a
software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other.
• Firmware: In electronic systems and computing, firmware is a tangible
electronic component with embedded software instructions, such as a
BIOS.
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to
automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.
• Contiki is an operating system for networked, memory-constrained
systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things devices.
• The open source code for Thingsquare Mist enables connectivity of
battery-powered wireless microcontrollers to the Internet.
• The Eclipse IoT (Internet of Things) Working Group is a collaboration of
organization that want to build a community of open source projects that
will become the platform for IoT applications.
• Thingworx is a platform for the rapid development and deployment of
smart, connected devices.

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 Technology Behind IoT, Sources of IoT,
M2M communication
The following five entities can be considered for the five levels behind
an IoT system (Figure 1.3):
• 1. Device platform consisting of device hardware and software
using a microcontroller (or SoC or custom chip), and software for
the device APIs and web applications
• 2. Connecting and networking (connectivity protocols and circuits)
enabling internetworking of devices and physical objects called
things and enabling the internet connectivity to remote servers
• 3. Server and web programming enabling web applications and
web services
• 4. Cloud platform enabling storage, computing prototype and
product development platforms
• 5. Online transactions processing, online analytics processing, data
analytics, predictive analytics and knowledge discovery enabling
wider applications of an IoT system

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 1.4.1 Server-end Technology
• IoT servers are application servers, enterprise
servers, cloud servers, data centres and
databases. Servers offer the following software
components:
• ● Online platforms
• ●Devices identification, identity management
and their access management
• ●Data accruing, aggregation, integration,
organising and analysing
• ●Use of web applications, services and business
processes
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1.4.2 Major Components of IoT System
Major components of IoT devices are:
1. Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.
– Consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control unit,
actuators and communication module.
2. Communication module:
– Software consisting of device APIs and device interface for
communication over the network and communication circuit/port(s),
– and middleware for creating communication stacks using 6LowPAN,
CoAP, LWM2M, IPv4, IPv6 and other protocols or actions on
messages, information and commands which the devices receive and
then output to the actuators, which enable actions such as glowing
LEDs, robotic hand movement etc.

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 Sensors and Control Units
Sensors
• Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environments.
• An industrial automation system or robotic system has multiple smart sensors embedded in it.
• Sensor-actuator pairs are used in control systems. A smart sensor includes computing and
communication circuits.
• Recall Example 1.2 of Internet of streetlights. Each light has sensors for measuring surrounding
light-intensity and surrounding traffic-proximity for sensing and transmitting the data after
aggregation over a period.
• Sensors are used for measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, light intensity, traffic
proximity, acceleration in an accelerometer, signals in a GPS, proximity sensor, magnetic fields in
a compass, and magnetic intensity in a magnetometer.
Sensors are of two types.
• The first type gives analog inputs to the control unit.
– Examples are thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge and Hall sensor.
• The second type gives digital inputs to the control unit.
– Examples are touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal sensor, traffic presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles
and linear encoders for measuring linear displacements.

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 Control Units
• Most commonly used control unit in IoT consists of a Microcontroller Unit
(MCU) or a custom chip.
• A microcontroller is an integrated chip or core in a VLSI or SoC.
• Popular microcontrollers are ATmega 328, ATMega 32u4, ARM Cortex and
ARM LPC.
• An MCU comprises a processor, memory and several other hardware units
which are interfaced together.
• It also has firmware, timers, interrupt controllers and functional IO units.
• Additionally, an MCU has application-specific functional circuits designed
as per the specific version of a given microcontroller family.
• For example, it may possess Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Pulse
Width Modulators (PWM).
• Figure 1.6 shows various functional units in an MCU that are embedded in
an IoT device or a physical object.

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A typical MCU

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Communication Module
• A communication module consists of protocol handlers,
message queue and message cache.
• A device message-queue inserts the messages in the queue
and deletes the messages from the queue in a first-in first-
out manner. A device message-cache stores the received
messages.
• Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style
can be used for HTTP access by GET, POST, PUT and DELETE
methods for resources and building web services.
Software
• IoT software consists of two components—software at the
IoT device and software at the IoT server.
• Figure 1.7 shows the software components for the IoT
device hardware and server.
• APIs, online component APIs and web APIs.

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Middleware
• OpenIoT is an open source middleware. It enables communication
with sensor clouds as well as cloud-based ‘sensing as a service’.
IoTSyS is a middleware which enables provisioning of
communication stack for smart devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN,
CoAP and multiple standards and protocols.
• The oBIX is standard XML and web services protocol oBIX (Open
Building Information Xchange).
Operating Systems (OS)
• Examples of OSs are RIOT, Raspbian, AllJoyn, Spark and Contiki.
• RIOT is an operating system for IoT devices. RIOT supports both
developer and multiple architectures, including ARM7, Cortex-M0,
Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, standard x86 PCs and TI MSP430.
• Raspbian is a popular Raspberry Pi operating system that is based
on the Debian distribution of Linux.

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• AllJoyn is an open-source OS created by Qualcomm. It is a cross platform
OS with APIs available for Android, iOS, OS X, Linux and Windows OSs.
• It includes a framework and a set of services. It enables the manufacturers
to create compatible devices.
• Spark is a distributed, cloud-based IoT operating system and web-based
IDE.
• It includes a command-line interface, support for multiple languages and
libraries for working with several different IoT devices.
• Contiki OS7 is an open-source multitasking OS.
• It includes 6LowPAN, RPL, UDP, DTLS and TCP/IP protocols which are
required in low-power wireless IoT devices.
• Example of applications are street lighting in smart cities, which requires
just 30 kB ROM and 10 kB RAM.
Firmware
• Thingsquare Mist is an open-source firmware (software embedded in
hardware) for true Internet-connectivity to the IoT.
• It enables resilient wireless mesh networking.
• Several microcontrollers with a range of wireless radios support Things
MIST.

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 1.4.3 Development Tools and Open-source
Framework for IoT Implementation
• Eclipse IoT (www.iot.eclipse.org) provides open-source implementation of standards
such as MQTT CoAP, OMA-DM and OMA LWM2M, and tools for working with Lua,
services and frameworks that enable an Open Internet of Things.
• Eclipse developed the IoT programming language—Lua. Eclipse website provides
sandbox environments for experimenting with the tools and a live demo.
• Eclipse-related popular projects are Paho, Koneki and Mihini.
• Arduino development tools provide a set of software that includes an IDE and the
Arduino programming language for a hardware specification for interactive
electronics that can sense and control more of the physical world.
• Kinoma Create (kit for prototyping), Kinoma Studio development environment and
Kinoma Platform Runtime are three different open-source projects.
• Kinoma Connect is a free app for iOS and Android smartphones and tablets with IoT
devices.

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1.4.4 APIs and Device Interfacing
Components

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 Example 1.3
List the development platform components for an ARM cortex
microcontroller using mBedTM application and IoT prototype and product
development platform.
• A development platform consists of the OS (real-time operating system)
and prototype development hardware and software for the IoT. An
mbedTM Software Development Kit (SDK) enables development of a
firmware for smart devices. SDK has the following software components:
• ● mbed C/C++ software platform
• ● IDE consisting of tools for creating microcontroller firmware
• ● CoRE libraries, microcontroller peripheral drivers, RTOS, runtime
environment, build tools and test and debug scripts
• ● Networking module
• An online IDE (freeware) consists of an editor and compiler. The code
compiles within the web browser using ARMCC (ARM C/C++ Compiler).
The application developer uses mbed IDE or Eclipse with GCC ARM
embedded tools.

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 1.4.5 Platforms and Integration Tools
• ThingSpeak is an open data platform with an open API.
• It consists of APIs that enable realtime data collection, geolocation data,
data processing and visualisations. It enables device status messages and
plugins. It can process HTTP requests and store and process data.
• It can integrate multiple hardware and software platforms.
• It supports Arduino, Raspberry Pi,9 ioBridge/RealTime.io, and Electric Imp.
• An important feature of ThingSpeak is the support to MATLAB data
analytics, mobile, web applications and social networks.
• Nimbits is a cloud platform which supports multiple programming
languages, including Arduino, JavaScript, HTML or the Nimbits.io Java
library.10
• The software deploys on Google App Engine, any J2EE server on Amazon
EC2 or Raspberry Pi.
• It processes a specific type of data and can also store the data. The data
can be time- or geo-stamped.

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 1.4.5 Platforms and Integration Tools
• IoT Toolkit offers Smart Object API, HTTP-to-CoAP Semantic
mapping and a variety of tools for integrating multiple IoT-
related sensor networks and protocols.
• SiteWhere provisions a complete platform for managing
IoT devices.
• It enables gathering of data and integrating it with external
systems.
• SiteWhere can be used on Amazon’s cloud or downloaded.
• It also integrates MongoDB, ApacheHBase and multiple big
data tools.
• Other platforms are Microsoft Azure, TCS connected
universe platform (TCS CUP) Xively, smartliving, thethings.io
and exosite.

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 SOURCES OF IoT
Categorise the resources which enable the
development of IoT prototype and product
• Popular IoT Development Boards
• Role of RFID and IoT Applications
• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

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 Popular IoT Development Boards
. Arduino Yún
– Arduino Yún board uses microcontroller ATmega32u4
that supports Arduino and includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet,
USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons.
– The board also combines with Atheros AR9331 that
runs Linux.

Microduino
– Microduino is a small board compatible with Arduino
that can be stacked with the other boards.
– All the hardware designs are open source.

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 Popular IoT Development Boards
• Intel Galileo
– Intel Galileo is a line of Arduino-certified
development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86
architecture.
– It is open-source hardware that features the Intel
SOC X1000 Quark based Soc.
– Galileo is pin-compatible with Arduino. It has 20
digital I/O (12 GPIOs fully native), 12-bit PWM for
more precise control, six analog inputs and
supports power over Ethernet (PoE).

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• Intel Edison
– Intel Edison19 is a compute module.
– It enables creation of prototypes and fast development of prototyping projects and rapidly
produces IoT and wearable computing devices.
– It enables seamless device internetworking and device-to-cloud communication.
– It includes foundational tools.
– The tools collect, store and process data in the cloud, and process rules on the data stream. It
generates triggers and alerts based on advanced analytics.
• Beagle Board
– Beagle Bone based board has very low power requirement. It is a card-like computer which
can run Android and Linux. Both the hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are
open source.
• Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK)
– RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi connected devices. It includes documentation for 29
different projects or you can come up with one of your own.
– There is a fee for the devices but all of the included code is open source, and you can use it to
build commercial products as well.

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 Role of RFID and IoT Applications
• Earlier IoT systems were internet-connected RFID
based systems.
• RFID enables tracking and inventory control,
identification in supply chain systems, access to
buildings and road tolls or secured store centre entries,
and devices such as RFID-based temperature sensors.
• RFID networks have new applications in factory design,
3PL-management, brand protection, and anti-
counterfeiting in new business processes for payment,
leasing, insurance and quality management.

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 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
• Sensors can be networked using wireless technology
and can cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental conditions.
• Sensors acquire data from remote locations, which may
not be easily accessible.
• Each wireless sensor also has communication abilities
for which it uses a radio-frequency transceiver.
• Each node either has an analog sensor with signal
conditioner circuit or a digital sensor.
• Sensing can be done to monitor temperature, light
intensity, presence of darkness, metal proximity, traffic,
physical, chemical and biological data etc.

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 WSN
WSN Definition:
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is defined as a network in which each sensor node
connects wirelessly and has capabilities of computations for data compaction,
aggregation and analysis plus communication and networking.
• WSN node is autonomous. Autonomous refers to independent computing power
and capability to send requests and receive responses, and data forward and
routing capabilities.
• A web source defines the WSN as “a wireless network consisting of spatially
distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion
or pollutants, at different locations.”
WSN Node
• A WSN node has limited computing power. It may change topology rapidly.
• The WSN network in the topology-changing environment functions as an ad-hoc
network.
• A WSN network in that environment is generally self-configuring, self-organising,
self-healing and self-discovering.

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 M2M COMMUNICATION
• Machine-to-machine (M2M) refers to the process of
communication of a physical object or device at machine
with others of the same type, mostly for monitoring but
also for control purposes.
• Each machine in an M2M system embeds a smart device.
• The device senses the data or status of the machine, and
performs the computation and communication functions.
• A device communicates via wired or wireless systems.
• The communication protocols are 6LowPAN, LWM2M (Light
Weight), MQTT, and XMPP.
• Each communication device is assigned 48-bits Ipv6
address.

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 M2M to IoT
• IoT technology in industry involves the integration of complex physical
machinery M2M communication with the networks of sensors, and uses
analytics, machine learning, and knowledge discovery software.
• M2M technology closely relates to IoT when the smart devices or
machines collect data which is transmitted via the Internet to other
devices or machines located remotely.
• The close difference between M2M and IoT is that M2M must deploy
device to device, and carry out the coordination, monitoring, controlling of
the devices and communicate without the usage of Internet whereas IoT
deploys the internet, server, internet protocols and server or cloud end
applications, services or processes.
Applications of M2M
• M2M has many applications in fields such as industrial automation,
logistics, smart grid, smart cities, health and defence.
• Initial applications of M2M were found in automation and instrumentation
only, but now these include telemetric applications and Industrial Internet
of Things (IIoT) as well.

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 Problem
Give examples of usages of M2M and IIoT.
Solution
• 1. Examples of M2M usages are coordinated movement of
tools, robots, drones, refinery operations and sequential
control at each stage during manufacturing.
– These include manufacturing of food packets, assembly in
assembly lines, tracking of failures along the railway tracks etc.
• 2. IIoT finds applications in the fields of manufacturing at
multiple locations, railways, mining, agriculture, oil and gas,
utilities, transportation, logistics and healthcare services
along with usages of the internet, and usages of software
for analytics, machine learning, and knowledge discovery in
these areas.

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 M2M Architecture
M2M architecture consists of three domains
1. M2M device domain
2. M2M network domain
3. M2M application domain

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Three domains of M2M architecture

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 Three domains of M2M architecture
• M2M device communication domain consists of three
entities: physical devices, communication interface and
gateway.
– Communication interface is a port or a subsystem, which
receives the input from one end and sends the data
received to another.
• M2M network domain consists of M2M server, device
identity management, data analytics and data and
device management similar to IoT architecture
(connect + collect + assemble + analyse) level.
• M2M application domain consists of application for
services, monitoring, analysis and controlling of
devices networks.
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 M2M Software and Development
Tools
Examples of M2M software and development tools are as
follows:
• Mango is an open source M2M web-based software.
• Mainspring from M2MLabs is a development tool, and
source framework for developing M2M applications.
• DeviceHive is an M2M communication framework
• Open M2M Protocols, Tools and Frameworks XMPP,
MQTT-OASIS, Eclipse M2M, ITU-T Focus Group, 3GPPP

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