REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Identifying the Hazards Caused by Geological Processes

Geologic Event Hazards They Cause

Earthquake A. Ground shaking
B. Surface faulting
C. Landslides and liquefaction
1. Rock avalanches
2. Rapid soil flows
3. Rock falls
D. Tsunamis
Volcanic EruptionA. Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles
B. Pyroclastic phenomena
C. Lahars (mud flows) and floods
D. Lava flows and poisonous gases

Earthquake
 it is the trembling of the Earth’s surface that occurs when the energy stored within the Earth in the form of
strain in rock layers is released.
Hazards It Cause
 Ground Shaking- it is the vibration of the ground caused by seismic waves during an earthquake
 Surface Faulting- it is the offset or tearing of the ground surface by differential movement along a fault
during an earthquake.
o Landslide- movement of rock (falls, slides, spreads, flows), debris or earth down a slope.
Liquefaction- is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced.
o Tsunamis- are gigantic water waves or seismic sea waves caused by large-scale sudden movement
of the sea floor..
Volcanic Eruption
 it occurs when molten rock, ash and steam pour through a vent in the earth's crust.
Hazards It Cause
 Tephra Falls- includes all sizes of rock fragments and lava blobs ejected into the atmosphere.
 Pyroclastic Phenomena
o Pyroclastic Flows- hot gases that move rapidly along the ground surface.
o Pyroclastic Surges- low-density clouds of gases and rock debris that move above the ground
surface at high speed.
 Lahar (Mudflow) - flowing slurry of volcanic debris and water that originates on a volcano.
 Lava Flows and Poisonous Gases
o Lava Flows- long thin flows on slopes and flat-topped lava that can cause extensive damage by
burning, crushing, or burying everything in their path.
o Poisonous Gases- carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid and carbon
monoxide.
 REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Identifying the Hazards Caused By Hydrometeorological Processes

Hydrometeorological Event Hazards They Cause

A. Wind
B. Rainfall
C. Landslides and liquefaction
Typhoon 1. Rock avalanches
2. Rapid soil flows
3. Rock falls
D. Storm Surge
Hydrometeorological Events (Philippines Perspective)
 it is the process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause
damage to properties and loss of lives.

PAGASA PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS (Modified)

LEAD TIMEWINDS Class Suspension
PSWS IMPACTS OF THE WIND
(hours) (kph) (automatic)
1 36 30-60 No damage to very light damage Pre-elem.
2 24 61-120 Light to moderate damage Basic Education (pre-elem., elem. and HS)
3 18 121-170 Moderate to heavy damage
Basic Education (pre-elem., elem. and HS) and
4 12 171-220 Heavy to very heavy damage
tertiary levels (including graduate school)
5 12 > 220 Very heavy to widespread damage

PAGASA PUBLIC RAINFALL AND STORM SURGE ADVISORY

Rainfall Classification and
Color Code Storm Surge HeightFlood Possibility Response
Measurement
Light; < 2.5 mm
Green < 0.5 meter; no threat
Low possibility
Moderate; 2.5-7.5 mm
MONITOR the weather
Yellow Heavy; 7.5-15 mm 0.5-1 meter Flooding is possible
condition
Orange Intense; 15-30 mm 1-3 meter Flooding is threatening ALERT for possible evacuation
Serious flooding is expected in
Red Torrential; > 30 mm > 3 meters EVACUATION
low-lying areas

Marking the Areas Prone to Hazards of Natural Calamities

Hazard Map (Philippines Perspective)- it is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or vulnerable to a
particular hazard.
Earthquake (Geo Hazard)
 Pacific Ring of Fire- our country lies within an arc where many active volcanoes and fault line are
found.
 Areas Lying in Fault Line- 80% of earthquakes are happening within fault lines.
Volcanic Eruption (Geo Hazard)
 REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
 Pacific Ring of Fire
 Permanent Danger Zone- also known as “no-man land”, it is the area around a volcano.
Flood (Hydrometeorological Hazard)
 Low-Lying Areas- under the influence of gravity, flood water settles to the lowest elevation of an area.
 Areas Near Bodies of Water- bodies of water (river, lakes, seas, etc.) are catch basins of flood water
from nearby areas.
Landslide (Geo/Hydrometeorological Hazard)
 Areas Near Mountains/ High Elevation- Deforestation, mining and excessive amount of rainfall are
the common suspects of landslide occurrences. The nearer the area from a mountain, the higher the
risk of landslide.
Wind- Typhoon (Hydrometeorological Hazard)
 Dilapidated Physical Structures- these are poorly-build structures, made of light materials.
Storm Surge (Hydrometeorological Hazard)
 Coastal Areas- storm surges are coastal waters itself that was pushed by typhoon winds.
Recognizing Human Activities that Worsen Natural Hazards
 overpopulation -is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human
population exceeds the carrying capacity of a particular place.
urbanization -refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas.
 wetland - is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere
in between.
overconsumption - the action of consuming something to excess.
 vulnerability - refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the effects of a
hostile environment.
 reef barriers - a coral reef running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of
deep water.
Mangrove forest -tropical tree or shrub that grows in swampy areas and has tangled roots
located above ground, or a tidal swamp with a number of these types of trees
and shrubs.
 riverbanks -is the land along the edge of a river
 deforestation - the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter
converted to a non-forest use
carbon emission -  is the release of carbon into the atmosphere.

Listing Practical Ways of Being Safe and Ready with Natural Hazards

Disaster Risk Equation

Disaster Risk= it is the potential losses in lives, and properties.

Natural Hazard= it is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect.
Vulnerability= the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist and
recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard. The concept is relative and dynamic.
 REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Capacity of Societal System= it is the ability of a group (community to national level) to avoid, or
reduce the damage of a natural hazard.
Interpretation:
*natural hazard is constant; we cannot prevent it, while vulnerability and capacity of societal system are
human-factors, we can control it.
*as natural hazard and vulnerability increase, the disaster risk increases
*as the capacity of societal system increases, the disaster risk decreases.
*out of three (3) variables, we are in control of two (2) variables.

Suggested Ways of Being Safe and Ready With Natural Disasters

General Tip:
 PLAN! - make a disaster preparedness plan.
o Elements of a Good Disaster Plan: 1.) Communication 2.) Supplies 3.) Navigation
(Locations, Map)
 FAMILIARIZE!- learn the warning signals, act and follow accordingly.
 SECURE! - brace yourself (house- AT ALL TIMES, furniture, important documents)
Earthquake EXTRA Tips
 [DURING] Take Cover- get under a sturdy table, and cover yourself, especially your head.
o If you’re indoors, STAY PUT; If you’re outdoors, GET AWAY FROM TALL OBJECTS
THAT MAY COLLAPSE; if you’re in a vehicle, STOP AND STAY CLEAR FROM TALL
OBJECTS.
 [AFTER] Avoid Damaged Structures, and Watch for Aftershocks- don't immediately assume
the danger is gone. In some cases, damaged structures can fall well after the shaking has stopped,
or there may be other hazards in or around your home or office to deal with.
o If you're trapped under debris, MAKE AS MUCH NOISE as possible so emergency
services can get to you; if you can move or see a path out, TRY TO GET OUT, JUST BE
CAREFUL not to move anything that might cause other debris to settle or fall on you.
Flood EXTRA Tips
 [BEFORE] Find High Ground, Get Ready to Leave- preparation is the key. Flooding can go from
a trickle to multiple feet in no time. Always tune in to your communication line for updates.
 [DURING] Be Ready to Move Quickly- if an evacuation order is given, you'll need to pay
attention, and act quickly and accordingly.
o if you're driving, DO NOT PASS THROUGH STANDING WATER, or water where you
cannot see the bottom; if you're walking, DO NOT WALK THROUGH MOVING OR
RUSHING WATER; If there is any possibility of a flash flood, GO TO HIGHER GROUND
IMMEDIATELY; if it is the time to evacuate your home, TURN OFF ELECTRICITY AND
WATER, and MOVE CRITICAL ITEMS TO THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE POINT.
 [AFTER] Avoid Floodwater and Stay Out of the Way
Typhoon EXTRA Tips
 [BEFORE] Secure Your Home and Listen to PAGASA Advisory
 [DURING] Be Calm and Updated, Evacuate When Ordered
 [AFTER] Watch for Its Aftereffects- continue to monitor PAGASA weather updates, before you
head out. If you're without power, avoid using candles, and try to use flashlights to get around.
Watch out for floating debris, snakes, contaminated water etc.
 REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Identifying/Describing Characteristics of Living Things

Describing the Characteristics of Life

1. Cellular organization which means that every living things is exhibited by a high level of
organization and coordinated structures. All living things including human is composed of cells
and other cell products.
2. Reproduction is ability of the organisms to produce offspring. This characteristic is essential for the
survival of any species organisms. Living organisms reproduce in one of the following ways: Asexual
reproduction, producing offspring without the use gametes, most of the organisms that produce
asexually are bacteria, fungi, worms, sea creatures like corals and starfish. Another form of
reproduction is sexual reproduction, producing offspring by joining sex cells like human, animals and
flowering plants.
3. Metabolism is a set of physical and chemical changes (reaction) that occur inside the organism’s body
that provides adequate energy for life processes.
4. Homeostasis is the ability of the organisms to maintain constant internal condition. Living organisms
keep their internal environment within a certain range (they maintain a stable internal condition)
despite changes in their external environment.
5. Growth is the results in an increase size and mass of the organisms while development involves
transformation of the organisms as it goes through growth process.
6. Irritability. It is the ability of the organisms to respond to the various stimuli from the environment.
7. Adaptation is the ability of the organisms to adjust and response to the changing environment.

Tracing the Photosynthetic Process

Photosynthesis is a process where plants create their own FOOD using sunlight. Plant leaves absorb
red and blue LIGHT into their leaves, reflecting green. This is why most plants are green in color. A
chemical called CHLOROPHYLL is found inside most plant cells. This is the substance that absorbs
sunlight.
 REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Meanwhile, plants are absorbing WATER (H2O) through their roots and storing it within their cells.
When the sunlight hits the water molecules, the water breaks apart into hydrogen and oxygen.
Plants also take CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) in through holes in their leaves, called stomata. This is a
plant’s way of BREATHING. When the carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen, a type of sugar called
GLUCOSE is formed. This is a plant’s food, and it uses this energy to live and grow. The extra oxygen
molecules are released back into the atmosphere.

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