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Physics

1) The document summarizes concepts from Chapter 4 of General Physics I including motion in two and three dimensions, position and displacement vectors, velocity, acceleration, projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and relative motion. 2) Key aspects of projectile motion discussed are that the horizontal and vertical components can be treated independently, with horizontal acceleration equal to zero and vertical acceleration equal to gravity. 3) Uniform circular motion and non-uniform circular motion are also introduced, along with examples and demonstrations of various motion concepts.

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Carla Jane Ombao
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34 views81 pages

Physics

1) The document summarizes concepts from Chapter 4 of General Physics I including motion in two and three dimensions, position and displacement vectors, velocity, acceleration, projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and relative motion. 2) Key aspects of projectile motion discussed are that the horizontal and vertical components can be treated independently, with horizontal acceleration equal to zero and vertical acceleration equal to gravity. 3) Uniform circular motion and non-uniform circular motion are also introduced, along with examples and demonstrations of various motion concepts.

Uploaded by

Carla Jane Ombao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Physics I

Chapter 4

Sharif University of Technology


Mehr 1397 (Winter Semester 2018-2019)

M. Reza Rahimi Tabar


Chapter 4
Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions
ü  4.01 Draw two-dimensional and three-dimensional
position vectors for a particle, indicating the
components along the axes of a coordinate system.

ü  4.02 On a coordinate system, determine the


direction and magnitude of a particle’s position
vector from its components, and vice versa.

ü  4.03 Apply the relationship between a particle’s


displacement vector and its initial and final position
vectors.
4-2 Position and Displacement
Motion in Two Dimensions
—  Using + or – signs is not always sufficient to fully
describe motion in more than one dimension
—  Vectors can be used to more fully describe motion

—  Still interested in displacement, velocity, and


acceleration
Displacement
—  The position of an
object is described
by its position vector,
r
—  The displacement of
the object is defined
as the change in its
position

~r = r~f r~i
Velocity
—  The average velocity is the ratio of the
displacement to the time interval for the
displacement 
Δr
v=
Δt

—  The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the


average velocity as Δt approaches zero
—  The direction of the instantaneous velocity is
along a line that is tangent to the path of the
particle and in the direction of motion
 
 Δr d r
v = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
Velocity
Example
Example
4-4 Acceleration
—  The average acceleration is defined as the rate at
which the velocity changes 
Δv
a=
Δt
—  The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the
average acceleration as Δt approaches zero

 Δv
a = lim
Δt→0 Δt
Ways an Object Might Accelerate

 Δv
a = lim
Δt→0 Δt

ü The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) can


change

ü The direction of the velocity can change


Even though the magnitude is constant

ü Both the magnitude and the direction can change


Example
4-4 Projectile Motion
—  An object may move in both the x and y
directions simultaneously (i.e. in two
dimensions)
—  The form of two dimensional motion we will
deal with is called projectile motion
—  We may:
—  ignore air friction
—  ignore the rotation of the earth

—  With these assumptions, an object in projectile


motion will follow a parabolic path
Notes on Projectile Motion:
—  once released, only gravity pulls on the
object, just like in up-and-down motion

—  since gravity pulls on the object


downwards:

ü  vertical acceleration downwards


ü  NO acceleration in horizontal direction
Demonstration
—  http://physics.wfu.edu/demolabs/demos/avimov/
bychptr/chptr1_motion.html
Rules of Projectile Motion
—  Introduce coordinate frame: y is up
—  The x- and y-components of motion can be
treated independently
—  Velocities (incl. initial velocity) can be
broken down into its x- and y-components
—  The x-direction is uniform motion
ax = 0
—  The y-direction is free fall
|ay|= g
Some Details About the Rules

v xo = v o cos θo = v x = constant

—  x-direction
—  ax = 0
—  x = vxot
—  This is the only operative equation in the x-direction
since there is uniform velocity in that direction
More Details About the Rules

v yo = v o sin θo

—  y-direction

—  take the positive direction as upward


—  then: free fall problem
—  only then: ay = -g (in general, |ay|= g)
—  uniformly accelerated motion, so the motion
equations all hold
Velocity of the Projectile
—  The velocity of the projectile at any point of its
motion is the vector sum of its x and y components
at that point

−1
vy
v = v +v
2
x
2
y and θ = tan
vx
Examples of Projectile
Motion:
—  An object may be
fired horizontally
—  The initial velocity is
all in the x-direction
—  vo = vx and vy = 0

—  All the general rules


of projectile motion
apply
Non-Symmetrical Projectile
Motion
—  Follow the general
rules for projectile
motion
—  Break the y-direction
into parts
—  up and down
—  symmetrical back to
initial height and then
the rest of the height
Example problem:
An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of
emergency rations to a stranded party of
explorers. The plane is traveling horizontally
at 40.0 m/s at a height of 100 m above the
ground.
Where does the package strike the ground
relative to the point at which it was released?

1. Introduce coordinate frame:


Given: Oy: y is directed up
Ox: x is directed right
velocity: v=40.0 m/s
2. Note: vox= v = + 40 m/s
height: h=100 m
voy= 0 m/s
d
1 2 2y
Oy : y = gt , so t =
Find: 2 g
2 (−100 m)
or : t = = 4.51 s
Distance d=? −9.8 m s 2

Ox : x = vx 0t , so x = (40 m s)(4.51s) = 180 m ü 


Example
Demonstration
—  http://physics.wfu.edu/demolabs/demos/avimov/
bychptr/chptr1_motion.html
Example
Example
Example
Projectile Motion Analyzed
Example
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Example
Non-uniform circular
motion
4-8 (9) Relative Motion in
One (two) Dimension(s)
4-8 Relative Motion in One
Dimension
Relative Motion in Two
Dimensions
Example:
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Summary

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