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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (Pam)

This document describes an experiment on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) performed in a digital communications laboratory. The objective was to perform PAM by using a sine wave as an analog information signal, combining it with a constant to make it unipolar, and multiplying it with a periodic pulse train. This created a digital, unipolar PAM signal similar to natural sampling. PAM is similar to sampling but maintains a flat pulse top in its spectrum compared to natural sampling, making it less noisy. Flat-topped pulses are less complex than natural sampling and easier to remove channel noise from. Signal recovery from PAM can be done with a low-pass filter or with a sample/hold circuit, clock, and low

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77 views5 pages

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (Pam)

This document describes an experiment on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) performed in a digital communications laboratory. The objective was to perform PAM by using a sine wave as an analog information signal, combining it with a constant to make it unipolar, and multiplying it with a periodic pulse train. This created a digital, unipolar PAM signal similar to natural sampling. PAM is similar to sampling but maintains a flat pulse top in its spectrum compared to natural sampling, making it less noisy. Flat-topped pulses are less complex than natural sampling and easier to remove channel noise from. Signal recovery from PAM can be done with a low-pass filter or with a sample/hold circuit, clock, and low

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ALI
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© © All Rights Reserved
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University of Technology

Department of Communications Engineering


Optical Communication Systems Engineering Branch

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Experiment No.2
Digital Communications Laboratory I

Mousa Saad Luaibi

Third Stage

Morning Study

Group (B)

31st October 2021


Digital Communications Laboratory I Experiment No.2

➢ Objective
The objective of this experiment is to perform the pulse amplitude modulation.

➢ Theory
Continuous amplitude signals could be classified as either continuous-time
or discrete-time signals. Discrete-time signals might be produced by ideally
sampling an analog information-bearing (message) signal. It involves the process
of multiplying the message signal by a periodic train of impulses to produce an
ideally sampled signal. Practical sampling, on the other hand, is affected either by
natural sampling or by the process of flat-top sampling which is more formally
known as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Natural sampling simply involves
mixing the message signal with a pulse train of a relatively small duty cycle, in
which case the pulse amplitude of the PAM signal will reflect the shape of the
original message signal within its time span. A typical message signal and the
corresponding PAM signal waveforms are shown in Fig. 1.

Figure (1) Typical message and (PAM) signal waveforms.


Digital Communications Laboratory I Experiment No.2

➢ Procedure
1. Connect the block diagram shown in Figure 2.

Figure (2)

2. Set the “Constant Block” to (0.3).

3. Set the parameters of the “Sine Wave” block as:


3.1 Amplitude = 0.5 V.
3.2 Frequency = 1000Hz.
3.3 Other Parameters = 0.

4. Set the parameters of the “Pulse Generator” block as:


4.1 Pulse type: Time based.
4.2 Amplitude = 1 V.
1
4.3 Period = sec.
10000
4.4 Pulse Width = 50%.
4.5 Phase Delay = 0.

5. Set “Simulation Parameters” as:


5.1 N=2048 number of points.
5.2 Starts Time Simulation = 0.
5.3 Stop Time Simulation = 0.003, (𝑆𝑇𝑂 = 𝑁 × 𝑇𝑚 ).
0.003 𝑆𝑇𝑂
5.4 Max Step Size = ,( ).
2048 𝑁
5.5 Min Step Size = auto.

6. Draw the output wave forms of each scope.


Digital Communications Laboratory I Experiment No.2

➢ Discussion
1. Comment on the block diagram & the result of pulse amplitude modulation
(PAM)?
❖ Analog information signal with amplitude 0.5 V and frequency 1000 Hz
was generated and then multiplied by a constant of 0.3 for the purpose
of reducing the amplitude of the signal, then the resulting signal was
combined with the constant for the purpose of making the information
signal as unipolar signal (only positive), then the resulting signal was
multiplied with a periodic train of rectangular pulses with amplitude 1 V
1
and period sec, which is considered as a carrier on which the
10000
information signal is carried for the purpose of completing the
modulation process and convert the analog signal to digital signal, and
this block diagram similar to the block diagram of the natural sampling
❖ As a result of what was mentioned, digital and unipolar pulse amplitude
1
modulation signal was generated, with amplitude 0.45 and period
10000
sec, and it was similar in terms of amplitude shape to the natural
sampling signal.

2. Discuss the similarities and differences between sampling & PAM and show
the effects of differences on the spectral characteristics of them?
❖ PAM is similar to natural sampling where the message signal is
multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses, but in the spectral
of natural sampling, the top of each modulated rectangular pulse varies
with the message signal, whereas in the spectral of PAM, it's maintained
flat, also that, the pulse amplitude modulation process is noisier than
the sampling process.

3. Why we are so interested in flat-topped pulses usually arises?


❖ It is less complicated than natural sampling.
❖ At the time of signal transmission, channel noise distorts the signal,
which can be removed when demodulated more easily in flat top
sampling than in natural sampling.

4. Explain the methods of signal recovery in PAM?


❖ The simplest way to recover the original signal from PAM signal is by
passing the output signal "PAM signal" over a low-pass filter "LPF" with
a passband edge frequency equal to frequency of the “Pulse Generator”
Digital Communications Laboratory I Experiment No.2

periodic train of rectangular pulses "carrier frequency", but in the end


there will still be some kind of distortion in the output signal.

PAM Signal Received Signal

❖ There is another, more accurate circuit, consisting of "Sample/Hold"


acting as a pulse-regenerator and demodulator along with the "Clock"
equal to the period of pulse generator and work as "synchronization" in
addition to “low-pass filter” that filters the output signal of
"Sample/Hold" to produce a demodulated analogue signal.

Received Signal

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