PRACTICAL AND PROFESSIONAL

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CASE

FORMULATION AND TREATMENT
PLANNING IN PSYCHOTHERAPY:
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

Lillian Nyagaya
Counselor/ lecturer
Egerton university Njoro
 INTRODUCTION
 Despite integrative case formulation being
referred to as the core skill of a trained
psychotherapists, and despite published attempts
to explain what it is and how to do it, in practice,
psychotherapists have difficulty developing these
skills and have high degrees of uncertainty as to
what is required .The challenge is not so much
ascertaining what should be included in a
formulation but rather linking it to the development
of a comprehensive and individualized treatment
plan.( Ingram ,L.B. 2006) .
INTRODUCTION CONT
 This scenario leaves many therapists
confused and frustrated, the result is that
they try to integrate ideas from different
models haphazardly and through trial and
error or squeeze clients into their preferred
formulation. The answer to this confusion is
that one needs a specific set of skills that are
not taught in graduate programmes-
integrative case formulation the focus of this
presentation.
Introduction cont
 Further emphasis is put on
 learning to use the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders, fourth edition(DSM-IV-TR;American psychiatric
association,2002) which leads to the faulty assumption that in
diagnosis, a labeling ,categorization process with specific set of
inclusion criteria ,is equivalent to case formulation.
 The message to “to choose an orientation‟‟ from well established
theoretical approaches results in the adoption of a ready- made
formulation that is choosen before the therapists lays eyes on a new
client. Despite the evidence that most therapists combine ideas from
different approaches and that no single model is comprehensive
enough to incorporate biological, psychological, interpersonal and
social factors in human functioning,.
 besides faculty and supervisors often discourage an integrative
approach.
Inroduction cont
The presentation includes:
 i ) Definition of the terms case formulation,
integrative case formulation, core
hypotheses, treatment planning
 ii) Benefits of integrative formulation

 iii) Integrative approaches

 iv) Overview of integrative formulation

through case study, discussion and
experiential activities.

OUTCOMES/CONCLUSION
From this presentation, participants will
 Bridge the gap between college and clinical
placement
 Develop effective treatment plans that match
client needs
 Be able to effectively integrate ideas and
techniques from different theories in a
coherent way.
 The participants will have developed
professionally
 Points to ponder!
As a beginner therapist, facing your first clients you
probably ask yourself:
 How am I going to know what to do?

When your training begins you may wonder:

 What should I do with this specific client?

With more experience you will grasp a more

important need:
 When I face any new client, how do I create a
treatment plan that is the best match for that client.

 Even experienced therapists face this challenge. The

answer to this question is that you need specific
skills to create case formulations - the focus of this
presentation
 Definitions
 Case formulation: it is a way of summarizing
diverse information about a client in a brief,
coherent manner for the purpose of better
understanding and treating of the client
(Ingram,2006)
A formal clinical case formulation is an oral or
written presentation that communicates the
treatment plan along with conceptual rationale and
justification for that plan

 An integrative formulation: Combines concepts

and techniques from different therapy approaches,
in a systematic, coherent way, to meet the needs of
a unique client
Definitions-cont
 A core clinical hypothesis: is single explanatory idea
that helps to structure data about a given client in a
way that leads to better understanding, decision
making and treatment choice.

 Treatment planning
It is how the therapists will work with client to achieve
the goals of treatment and resolve the problem
How am i going to know what to do?

To create a formulation you can either choose an orientation

and follow its rules or develop a unique, integrative
formulation for each client.

Choose an orientation
By choosing an orientation you develop case formulations
using theories of your preferred theoretical model. This is
attractive because
i. It offers structure
ii. Guarantees consistency and coherence among your ideas
iii. Wins you approval from members of the profession who
have followed this path
iv. Removes ambiguity and stress from clinical decision making
v. Gives you access to professional organizations and training
programs with likeminded professionals.
Choose an orientation-cont

 If your orientation is the best match to the needs of a

specific client. It serves you well; however there is tendency
to squeeze clients into your preferred model even when
other clinical hypothesis might lead to more effective
treatment.
Develop unique, integrative
formulations

 In an alternative process, the therapists

integrates ideas ,skills and techniques from
different theoretical approaches to create a
unique formulation that is tailor made for each
client‟s problems, personality, and socio-cultural
context.
This approach recognizes that every theory has
something of value to offer but is not sufficient
as a sole guide for therapy.
Benefits Of Integration

 Enhances clinical benefits particularly with patients who

present with multiple problems
 Provides a foundation upon which practicing
psychologists/psychotherapists can expand their existing
skills to incorporate new strategies that develop over
their careers.
 Increased confidence and reduced anxiety at the thought
of facing new clients
 It is a coherent strategy for applying what has been
learned in classroom to the work with clients
 It is a frame work for developing appropriate treatment
plans.
 Integrating new ideas into your customary approach will
give you tools for trouble shooting when interventions fail
to produce the expected benefits.
Integrative operational strands

I. Technical eclecticism ii. Assimilative integration

iii. Theoretical integration iv. Common factor integration

Technical integration
 a major route towards integration today
.Advocates selectively combining the best
techniques, regardless of their theoretical origin
and applies them in such away as to maximize the
therapeutic results (Lampropoulos,2001).
A distinction should be made between what has
been called ‘haphazard integration’ on one hand
and „systematic integration’.
Technical integration -cont
In the former, techniques are grabbed at and used
willy-nilly without any comprehensible rationale,
whereas, in the latter, practitioners utilize a
procedure of some kind for making systematic and
coherent interventions that will enable them to work
consistently over time (Dryden,2007 )

 Critiques of haphazard eclecticism argue that simply

importing techniques changes their meaning, with
potentially negative effects of both the efficacy of
techniques and the therapeutic alliance (Messer
,2001)
Assimilative integration

 This route to integration is described as having and

working from „a home of your own‟. The therapists
establishes a “home base‟‟ theory and assimilates
techniques into treatment paying careful attention to
the coherence of the technique within the home
base theory (Lampropoulos, 2000;Messer 2001)

 The aim of assimilative integration is to prevent

meaningless contradictory piece that is useless or
even harmful in practice and to allow clinicians to
develop a professional identity within one orientation
without having to reject potentially useful techniques
from other traditions (Lampropoulos, 2001)
Theoretical integration
 The focus here is on theories rather than
techniques, since they are not content simply
to make use of techniques regardless of their
theoretical underpinnings.

 In particular , they are seeking to discover

the points at which different therapeutic
theories converge, with ultimate intention of
melding them into a single theoretical
orientation that will be more meaningful
comprehensive than the various parts of
which it is made up-‘a whole ‘ system of
therapy (Trans-theoretical approach)
 Common Factors integration

 Integrationist on this route attempt to identify

factors that are effective across each of the
therapies, and if possible, to combine them into a
new approach that will have the best of all worlds
.
 If these factors can be identified and made
explicit, it may be possible to develop them into a
new approach or at least utilize them more
effectively within existing approaches. E.g. The
therapeutic relationship.
Overview of integrative case
formulation skills and processes
Gather data

 Database must be thorough, comprehensive and

complete and sufficient
 Subjective and objective data are appropriately
distinguished

 The contents of the database must be uncontaminated by

theoretical assumptions, inference and interpretation.
Different professionals would agree about the content of
the database, regardless of their orientation.

 Data gathering begins when therapist‟s sets eye on client

or even before over the telephone, letter of referral etc.
 Gather data-cont
 Data gathering process occurs in every session. First
session (often called intake) is major source of
information about a client. The data- gathering process
later in therapy is used to evaluating whether the plan is
effective in helping the client make progress towards
outcome goals.
 Data can be gathered through interviews, reading charts,
communicating with family members, consulting with
other professionals, administering and interpreting tests
and giving homework assignments.
 Therapists can use the BASIC SID to collect data as well
components listed in our drawing
Gather data-cont
 The first session of data gathering should also be used to rule
out two important hypotheses: biological causes and
emergency issues that require immediate action, such
as hospitalization or instituting crisis intervention
strategies.
 During data gathering therapists must be aware of their
personal values, biases, and possible counter
transference issues that could contaminate data
 Data gathering should also be integrated with the
following: attentive nonverbal behaviors, accurate
observation of client nonverbal behavior, reflection of
feelings, accurate paraphrasing and summarizing,
effective open-ended questions and focused questions
that achieve specific data-gathering and hypothesis-
testing goals.
Define problem

 Most important part of case formulation. the way problem

is defined will determine the goals of therapy and shape
the entire therapeutic journey.

 Skills for problem definition involve two separate process

I) identifying problems by gathering data leading to a
preliminary problem list
ii) defining problems by conceptualizing and giving titles
to problem/s that will be treatment targets.

 Problem titles describe the target of your future

therapeutic efforts.
 Define problem- cont
•it is a brief ,specific phrase- neither a full sentence nor
except in rare cases a single word often begins with
words such as difficulty, lack of , excessive or use terms
that we recognize as problem states such as stress,
depression, conflict, anxiety etc
•Problem definition is descriptive not explanatory e.g.
stress following geographic relocation and a new job
.Avoid using phrases that propose an explanation such as
because of, due to. Stemming from.
•Each problem must be given a clear, specific and
understandable title, worded without theoretical jargon.
•A “a good‟‟ title means that therapists and the client have
agreed on a target for change that leads to achievable,
realistic and desirable outcome goals.
Specify outcome goals/
desired future goal
 This is the desired state at the end of therapy; clients
behavior outside therapy sessions-in real life - and are
described in language that is free of theoretical jargon.
Must be clear, realistic and free of theory . It must be
defined in a way that allow outside evaluators to verify
whether they were attained or not.
 Outcome goals need to be SMART to guide treatment
planning , provide criteria for termination of therapy and
evaluate whether progress is occurring

 Outcome goals are directly related to the problem title

and are consistent with client values.
 Desired outcome goals-cont
There is a logical relationship between a problem titles
and the outcome goal. As in this example

 Problem: lack of friends

 Outcome: Initiate and maintain a friendship

 To assure that something is a good statement of an

outcome goal. Ask:

i. Will achievement of this goal produce positive out –of –

therapy changes?
ii. Will I be able to verify that this goal has been achieved?
iii. If the client achieves this goal, will that be sufficient to
resolve the problem?
Apply hypothesis/coherent
integrative assessment
 A clinician‟s conceptual scheme for
understanding the problem based on clinical
hypotheses
 Application of hypotheses involves multiple
tasks and competencies.
 A search for the “ best-fit ” hypotheses
 “testing” the fit of a specific hypothesis: the
focus of the interview becomes gathering
data to rule “in‟‟ or “out‟‟ that hypothesis
Apply hypotheses-cont
 Selecting and combining hypotheses: don‟t seek
every possible hypothesis that fits but instead seek
a combination that will lead to a good plan. This
process includes examination of cost
effectiveness: given hypotheses of equal merit,
determine which ones lead to a plan that is more
economical in time, money and effort.

 Every idea in the assessment must be consistent

with and justified by the data, you cannot ignore
significant data nor can you apply hypotheses that
are not supported by data. There is no reason to
retain hypothesis that does not direct you to a
treatment strategy.
Apply hypotheses-cont
 The assessment must not introduce new data
 The focus of assessment is on the specific problem of
specific client
 Therapists must integrate materials from the highest
level of education thus far attained.
 Problem should demonstrate knowledge gained from
academic courses, clinical supervision, independent
reading and continuing education
 The written plan is a guide, but, as therapy progresses,
new choices will be made. The implementation plan is
fluid, flexible and creative. There is room for intuition and
trial and error.
Plan treatment
 The end product of a formulation (How of therapy).
 The plan is focused on resolving the identified problem
and achieving outcome goal.
 The plan must be tailor –made for each client.
 The prescribed interventions in the plan follow logically
from the ideas in the assessment discussion and do not
introduce new data or hypothesis.
 Plan must be appropriate for treatment setting,
contractual agreements and financial constrains
 When there is more than one problem, the therapists‟
addresses issues of priorities, sequencing and
integration of plans
Plan treatment-cont
 Ideas are presented in the order in which they will be
implemented and there must be clarity regarding process
goals, intermediate objectives
 The therapists consider community resources and
referrals, if appropriate.
 Legal and ethical issues are addressed appropriately. If
relevant.
 Eliminate ideas in the assessment section that do not
merit a plan.
 The written plan is a guide, but, as therapy progresses,
new choices will be made. The implementation plan is
fluid, flexible and creative. There is room for intuition and
trial and error.
Monitor effects

 The effectiveness of therapy is judged by the

comparison of pretherapy (problem) and post
therapy (outcome) functioning, with three
possible outcomes:
i. Improvement (successful therapy)
ii. Deterioration (harmful therapy)
iii. No change (ineffective therapy)
 Monitor effects-cont
 The quality of formulation is evaluated by examining the
impact treatment has on client‟s real-life, outside therapy
functioning.
 The interventions in the treatment plan can be viewed as
an experiment: “if my hypothesis is correct, this strategy
should resolve the problem and achieve the desired
outcome.”
 You gather data about change in a clients functioning and
if he achieves the desired goals, then you confirm the
formulation‟s merit. If not then you must cycle back
through the formulation tasks.
 You should watch for signs that the interventions are
making problems worse or creating new problems.
Monitor effects-cont
 What you label as “resistance‟‟ must be viewed as a
source of useful data and a powerful clue that you need
to improve the formulation.
 Two important criteria for evaluating the quality of
formulations are effectiveness and cost-effectiveness:

i. Effectiveness: A formulation is effective when its

prescribed interventions lead to desired change in the
clients functioning and achievement of the client‟s goals
ii. Cost-effectiveness: a formulation is cost-effective when,
compared to alternative effective approaches; it
achieves the desired outcome with less time and effort
and in a more economical manner.
CONCLUSION
 Case formulation requires a foundation of professional
study and good intellectual abilities. There is no shortcut
to becoming a competent psychotherapist. Case
formulation skills are therefore just part of the package of
abilities, knowledge and judgment that is necessary for
professional practice. No single book or presentation can
substitute for the quantity of reading and the variety of
supervised clinical experience that contribute to clinical
competence.
References
 Ingram, B.L. (2006). Clinical case formulations: Matching the integrative
treatment plan to the client. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Ingram, B.L. (2009). The case of Ms. Q: A demonstration of integrative
psychotherapy guided by “core clinical hypotheses.” Pragmatic Case Studies
in Psychotherapy, Vol. 5(1), Article 1, 1-42. Available:
http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.1/pcsp_journal.
 Norcross, J.C., & Goldfried, M.R.(2005) . Handbook of psychotherapy
integration (2 nd ed.).New York: Oxford university press.
 Lampropoulos, G.K. (2001). Bridging technical eclecticism and theoretical
integration: Assimilative integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1,
5-18.
 Stricker,G.,& Gold, J.R.(1993). Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy
Integration. New York: plenum press.
 Messer, S.B. (1992). A critical examination of belief structures in integrative
and eclectic psychotherapy. In J.S. Norcross & M.R. Goldfried (Eds.),
Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration. New York: Basic Books.
 Messer, S.B. (2001). Introduction to the special issue on assimilative
integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 11, 1-4.
THANK YOU