Artificial Insemination

Bayu Setiawan

Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Rungsawan

Animal Science

Faculty of Agricultural Technology

Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi
 Artificial Insemination

Common Knowledge about Artificial Insemination

The meaning of artificial Insemination
Artificial insemination is the way to give pregnancy to the female by enters sperm into
reproductive tract of female use the tool what is call breeding gun. The sperm are injected after
the breeding gun passes the cervix.
Difference between Artificial Insemination and Natural Insemination are:
Natural Insemination:

 It happen by matting between male and female

 It happen without aid of human
 One male only fertilize one female
Artificial Insemination:

 It happen by enters the sperm into reproductive track of female use breeding gun. So, it
does not need the male for mating.
 It happen with aid of human
 The sperm from one male can fertilize many female (semen are diluted)

Advantage of Artificial Insemination:

 Genetic improvement
 Wide spread availability of genetic superior sires
 Disease control
 Move valid stud proofs
 Reduce danger from studs
 Cheap cost
Disadvantage of Artificial Insemination
 Need more knowledge of farmer
 Handle and care for semen
 Recording data
 Time involved
 Training is required to handle semen and breed cow
Goal of artificial insemination is put the optimal number of sperm to contact with ovulated
egg(s) after the sperm are spread in reproductive tract of female.
Male Reproductive System
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

1. Scrotum
 Position is between two legs (except swine and cat)
 Lining is consist of epidermis, dermis, and tunica datos (cremaster muscle)
 Function of scrotum is keep temperature of testis 2-5o C under the abdominal
temperature by relaxation and contraction

2. Testis
 Position of testis are outside of animal body (except in elephant and poultry)
 Consist of seminiferous tubule (germ cell produce sperm; sertoli cell produce food for
sperm), leydig cell, rete testis, vas efferent
 When embryo, testis are in body of embryo. When the animal birth, testis will go out
from abdominal cavity because of gubernaculums (acrotal ligament) contraction. If
the testis (both of testis) can’t go out from animal body, the animal will be sterile.
This condition is called criptorcidism. This animal can matting, but can’t give
pregnancy to female

3. Epididymis
Epididymis is the access duct for sperm. It can be divided to three part, head of
epididymis, body of epididymis, and tail of epididymis (half of sperm are stored in this
part).
4. Vas Deferens
Vas deferens is the access duct for sperm also. The end part of vas deferens are called
with ampulla
5. Accessory gland
There are three glands in male reproductive organs, those are:
 Seminal vesicle, produce food for sperm
 Prostate gland, produce alkaline for cleaning and Zn as food for sperm
 Bulbo urethral gland (couper gland), produce alkaline for cleaning
6. Penis
 Corpus covernosum, can be full by blood when the animal get libido. So it can be
erection
 Glans penis

7. Prepuce or Sheath
Prepuce is the sheath that covers glans penis. Preputial orifice is condition when penis go
out and pass the prepuce so prepuce is open.
Spermatic cord of male consists of:

 Spermatic artery
 Spermatic vein
 Cremaster muscle
 Lymphatic vessel
 Autonomic nerve
 Tunica vaginalis Hypothalamus

Physiology of Male Reproductive System FSH.RF LH.RF

+ +

Estrogen Testosterone
Inhibin Pituitary gland

FSH LH
+ +

Seminiferous tubule Leydig Cell

Sertoli cells

Sperm Testosterone
Reproductive system of animal can start to work when it gets puberty. When the animals get
puberty, reproductive system of animal will be ready to work (reproduction). So, the meaning of
puberty is time where the reproductive organs of animal get ability to do reproduction. Puberty
age and breeding age of male are different in each other.
Puberty age:
 Bull = 9 - 12 months
 Boar = 5 - 6 months
Breeding age:

 Bull = 15 – 24 months
 Boar = 12 months
There are some important things in physiology of male reproductive system
1. Factor of puberty:
a. Nutrition
b. Breed of animal
c. Methods of farm management
d. Presence of chronic disease
e. Individual difference
2. Male sex hormones
The main hormone that control reproductive system in male is testosterone. This
hormone is produced by leydig cell of testis. Functions of testosterone in male are:
a. Build sex characteristic
b. Cracking voice
c. Affect growth of bone matrix
d. Increase rate of metabolism (5-10%)
e. Increase libido

3. Physiology of male genital organ

a. Erection is condition which penis is flowed by blood flow because of libido.
So, penis is bigger and harder than in normal condition.
b. Ejaculation is process where semen is sprayed by penis.
Ejaculation happens because penis touch vagina. The nerve is sent to
autonomic nerve system (brain). Then, autonomic nerve system commands
the smooth muscle to contract. So semen can be sprayed.
c. Spermatogenesis
There are some steps in spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium First Spermatocyte Second Spermatocyte
Spermatozoa Spermatid
4. Factor that affect spermatogenesis
a. Temperature: if the temperature in testis is too high, it will cause degeneration of
germ cell in seminiferous tubule
b. Nutrition: lack of nutrition will cause hypoplasia (low quality of genital organs)
c. Vitamin A: vitamin A are needed by germinal epithelium and leydig cells

5. Stimulant of libido
There are some stimulants of libido, those stimulant are:
a. Seeing
b. Hearing
c. Touching
d. Smelling (pheromone)

6. Copulatory behavior
a. Interesting
b. Erection
c. Mounting
d. Seeking and insertion
e. Thrust
f. Ejaculation
Female Reproductive System
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System

1. Ovary
There are two important things in ovary. These are ovum or egg(s) and hormone. There are
two kinds of hormone that are produced in ovary. Those hormone are estrogen that are
produced by graafian follicle and progesterone that are produced by corpus luteum.

2. Oviduct
The oviduct is a coiled tube which transports the newly ovulated ovum to the point of
fertilization and down to the uterus for implantation. In the cow, the oviduct is about 10
inches (25 cm) long when fully stretched out. From a functional point of view, the oviduct is
made up of three parts:
1. The closest area to the ovary is the infundibulum with its finger-like projections called
fimbria. The only attachment between the oviduct and ovary occurs at one point of the
fimbria and the upper pole of the ovary.
2. The ampulla connects at the ovarian end with the infundibulum and at its distal end
with the isthmus. The ampulla-isthmus junction is the point where fertilization of the
ovum takes place.
3. The isthmus is connected directly with the uterine horn.
The oviducts are made up of ciliated cells, secretory cells and smooth muscle cells. The
ciliated cells, present in greater abundance in the fimbria and infundibulum and decreasing in
concentration towards the uterus, move the ovum from the ovary towards the uterus.

3. Uterus
The uterus of the cow is suspended in the body cavity by the broad ligaments which attach to
the pelvic and abdominal walls. The uterus consists of two long horns (horn of uterus) and
relatively short body (body of uterus). Horn of uterus in cow and swine are different. Horn of
uterus in swine is longer than in cow. It is because swine is multipara (have more than piglet
when pregnant). The uterus performs a number of functions:

 Sperm is transported from the vagina to the oviduct during heat and the fetus is expelled
at term by uterine muscle contractions;
  Sperm capacitation, which is essential for fertilization, occurs when sperm pass through
uterine secretions;
 Fertilized ovum (embryos) are provided nourishment before implantation by the uterine
secretions; and
 Prostaglandins are produced by the uterus which can destroy the function of the corpus
luteum of the ovary.

The uterus has three layer. Those layer are perimetrium (outer layer), mesometrium (middle),
and endometrium (inner layer)
The inner surface of the uterus in the cow also contains 70 to 120 caruncles through which
the fetal placenta attaches and the fetus receives nourishment during pregnancy. Muscular
and secretory activity of the uterus is controlled by ovary hormones and oxytocin from the
posterior pituitary.

4. Cervix
The cervix is the neck of the uterus which connects the body of the uterus with the vagina.
The primary function of the cervix is to prevent intruders from entering the uterus. During
pregnancy, an increased amount of very viscous cervical fluid blocks the cervical canal and
acts to prevent uterine infection. That viscous cervical fluid is produced by globlet cells.
Globlet cell also produce mucus (mild mucus) when the cow get estrus. The cervix opens
again just before calving and the mucus lug liquefies allowing delivery of the fetus and fetal
membranes. Like the rest of the uterus, the activity of the cervix is controlled by ovarian
hormones.

5. Vagina
The vagina is an elastic tube connecting the external opening of the vagina with the cervix.
The vagina functions as a receptacle for the male penis during natural service (make male get
ejaculation) and as a passageway for the fetus and fetal membranes during parturition.
Mucous-secreting cells of the vagina provide lubrication for both the penis and the fetus.

6. Vulva
The vulva is the external opening of the vagina through which uterine and vaginal secretions
are excreted and the fetus and fetal membranes are expelled at term.

Physiology of Female Reproductive System

The reproductive organs of female will have ability to do reproduction when the female gets
puberty.
This is resumes about physiology of female reproductive system:
1. When the female in puberty age, the hypothalamus will produce FSH.RF hormone. This
hormone will cause pituitary gland to produce FSH hormone.
2. FSH hormone will enhance primary follicle to be graafian follicle. In graafian follicle
there are egg(s) and estrogen hormone. Estrogen hormone has some functions:
 Control production of mucous in cervix when estrus and pregnant
 Increase blood flow to female reproductive organs when it get estrus
3. High amount of estrogen hormone will raises up LH hormone that are produced by
pituitary gland. LH hormone have some function:
 Control ovulation
 Develop granulose cells to be luteal cells, and then to becorpus luteum]
 Degenerate the wall of graafian follicle
4. LH hormone will degenerate the wall of graafian follicle. So the egg(s) is released and
the estrogen hormone flow out from graafian follicle. LH hormone develops granulose
cells to luteal cells. After that, luteal cell will become corpus luteum. In corpus luteum,
progesterone hormone is produced. Progesterone hormone have some functions:
 Maintain pregnancy
 Inhibit of FSH
5. Endometrium (inner layer of uterus) produce PGF2α what can degenerate corpus luteum
to be corpus albicans.
6. There are two probability after egg(s) is released from graafian follicle:
a. Egg(s) is fertilized by sperm
When the egg(s) is fertilized by sperm, the fetus will produce PGE2 hormone that can
destroy PGF2α from endometrium. So, corpus luteum is not destroyed and still
produce progesterone hormone. Finally, progesterone hormone can maintain and
inhibit FSH hormone. Fetus can grow up.
b. Egg(s) is not fertilized by sperm
When the egg(s) is not fertilized by sperm, there is fetus that can produce PGE2 to
destroy PGF2 α. So, corpus luteum can be degenerated to be corpus albicans and
can’t produce progesterone hormone again. Because of it, the estrus cycle can work
again. Female get estrus again.
7. Estrus cycle is divided into four steps:
a. Proestrus, it is controlled by FSH hormone
b. Estrus, it is controlled by estrogen hormone
c. Metestrus, it is controlled by LH hormone
d. Diestrus, it is controlled by progesterone hormone
8. Length of estrus cycle:

Species Range Average

Cattle 6-36 hours 24 hours
Swine 48-72 hour 60 hours
Horse 4-8 days 6 days
Sheep 24-36 hours 30 hours

9. Duration of estrus:

Species Range Average

Cattle 17-23 day 21 days
Swine 17-23 day 21 days
Horse 17-23 day 21 days
Sheep 15-18 day 17 days
10. Sign of pre-estrus:
a. Swollen vulva, reddish
b. Vocalization increase (make more voice)
c. Restless movement (over activity or mobility)
d. Climbing or riding to another female
e. Looking for male
11. Sign of estrus (standing heat):
a. Less apatite (decreased intake)
b. Restless movement (ever activity or mobility)
c. Elevated temperature
d. Quivers
e. Stand when other female riding
f. Mucus go out from vulva (initially feels slick, but become tacky and stringy after
exposure to the air)
g. Dark and red on inside of vulva

Hypothalamuss

FSH.RH LH.RF

+ +

Pituitary gland Increase LH Productin

FSH LH

- Contlol of ovulation
- Degenerate the wall of
Development of primary follicle to graafian follicle graafian follicle
- Develop granulose cell to
be corpus luteum

Estrogen production
 -

Collecting Sperm from Bull and Boar

Goal of collecting sperm are good quality and good quantity of sperm. Quantity of sperm can be
looked from volume of sperm after collecting process. Quality of sperm can be looked from
several factors:

 Fertility
 Movement (must go straight)
 Part of sperm is complete (head, neck, and one tail)
 Living of sperm
Advantage of collecting sperm
o We can use sperm to make frozen semen for artificial insemination
o We can exam and select the sperm with good quality and have high fertility
o We can check the genetic of bull or boar (RNA and DNA)

Teaser is tool that is used to make male mounting and stand. So, we can collect sperm from male
easily. There are some kinds of teaser:

 Bull that get castration

 Cow (female) that doesn’t get estrus
 Bull
 Board (from wood or the other things), it is usually used when collect sperm from boar

Collecting Sperm from Bull

There are some methods to collect sperm from bull:
1. Using artificial vagina
We can do this method after we make the bull using teaser. We must make the condition
like when the bull mating. So, we have to make all condition when collect sperm look
like natural condition if we want get good quantity and good quality of sperm. Condition
of artificial vagina must look like vagina in female. Characteristic of artificial vagina
must be:
 Clean, we can make this condition by wash using detergent, clean using alcohol,
or clean it using hot water.
 Warm, we can make this condition by put warm water into the cavity of artificial
vagina
 Slippery, we can make this condition by lubricate the artificial vagina using
vaseline or oil
 Pressure, we can make this condition by pump the air into artificial vagina
cavity.
 2. Using electro ejaculator
In this method, we put ejaculator into the anus of male. It will give vibration to spermatic
cord and make the male ejaculate sperm. We use 2-3 voltage of the system.
3. Massage method
In this method, we pun in my hand to anus and massage the spermatic cord of male. The
pressure of that massage will make bull ejaculate sperm.
4. Collect sperm from vagina
In this method, we collect sperm from vagina after the male get mate with female.

Collecting sperm from boar

There are some methods to collect sperm from boar:
1. Hand free method (manual)
In this method, we collect sperm use our hands after the boar mounting to the teaser.
We have to cover our hands using glove before we touch and collect sperm from
boar. It prevents the infection of reproductive organs in boar by microorganism. Hand
free method is the best way to collect sperm from boar.
2. Using artificial vagina
If we use this method, we must make condition of artificial vagina look like condition
of vagina in female. We can use the same way in collecting sperm from bull to make
that condition.
3. Using electro ejaculator
In this method, we put ejaculator into the anus of male. It will give vibration to
spermatic cord and make the male ejaculate sperm. We use 10 voltage of the system.
The boars have three time of ejaculation:
1. At the first ejaculation, boars ejaculate 10 cc of liquid that are contaminated by
bacteria. So, we don’t need to keep it.
2. At the second ejaculation, boars ejaculate fluid like milk (2 minutes). It contains of
sperm inside. We have to collect it.
3. At the third ejaculation, boars ejaculate fluid and mucus that are produced by couper
gland. We must filter the mucus and take the fluid. We use the fluid to make other
boar get interest to the teaser when we want to collect sperm in the next time.
Time standard and volume of sperm for collect sperm in some animal:

 Horse 3-4 times/week 7-10 cc

 Bull 4 times/week 7 cc
 Boar 3 times/week 300-350 cc
 Dog 3 times /week 300-350 cc
Process of Making Frozen Semen
Advantages from examination of sperm:
1. We can know fertility of sperm
2. We can know normal and abnormal of male reproductive system
3. We can know technique and methods of collecting sperm is right or wrong
4. We can know that sperm can use or not.
Examination of semen can be done by three methods, it can be done by three methods:
1. By physical method
 Color : evident grey is very good
 Volume : it is looked when collect semen from bull
 Density : thin/medium/thick
 Attachment of semen : creamy
 pH : 6,64-6,78
 Contamination : hair/soil/urine

2. By microscopic mortality
We use this method to exam the mortality of sperm in frozen semen processing.
 Mortality of semen
 Don’t use cover glass
 50-100 of expansion
 Look the movement of semen (mass movement). Movement is like wave : no
wave
Score for this examination can be determinate with this standard
0 : no wave
+ : light wave
++ : medium wave
+++ : high wave

 Mortality of sperm
 Use cover glass
 300-400 multiple of expansion
 Look movement of sperm. Score for this examination can be determinate with
this standard:
1 : no movement
2 : 20%
3 : 40%
4 : 60%
5 : 80%
6 : 100%
 3. Special examination
We use this method when rate of pregnancy is decrease.
Dilution and preservation semen
Dilution of semen is one way to increase the volume of cement and decrease the sperm in the
womb so that a certain volume will be more insemination doses can be made. Thus the more
number of female cattle can be fertilized by a bull because every ejaculation can inseminate
many females. Semen diluter is isotonic solution. That contain material of a buffer (keep the
solution from the pH changes), the nutrition for sperm viability, and can to keep sperm from cold
temperature (cold shock). Preservation semen is a human effort to extend the power of life and
power fertilization sperm so that the life of semen may be longer. Curing of semen can be made
for the purpose of storage temperature on the short 5˚ C and storage of semen for a period not
limited in temperatures - 196˚ C. semen on curing temperature below freezing point of water
requires a material that is able to protect the sperm as a result of changes seizing pressure
osmotic solution
(hypertonic stress) and to protect the sperm due to the formation of ice crystals during freezing.
Material that is capable of pro-role for the two purposes mentioned above as an agent such
glycerol.

Work Sheet
1) Tools
Some tools that used in this process are:
 Light microscope with a lens ocular 10 of expansion and the objective lens 10, 40,
and 100 of expansion
 Semen tube container
 Objects glass
 Cover glass (cover glass) size 18 x 18 mm or 25 x 25 mm
 Weighing 100 grams of analytical capacity
 Mixer glass rod
 Pipette drops
 Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml and 50 ml
 Beaker glass 50 ml
 Measurer glass
 Measurer pipette
 Glass funnel
 Thermometer
 Freezer
 Inhale pump of semen
 Plastic sealer (adhesive plastic)
 Styrofoam box size 30 x 40 x 40 cm tool)
 Iron shelf size 20 x 30 cm high with a rigid 6 - 8 cm
 Nitrogen liquid gas container capacity 10 liters
 Thin metal box the size of 25 x 35 x 5 cm.
2) Materials
 Semen
 Yolk
 Physiological NaCl solution
 Solvent semen diluter (Natrium citric or Tris)
 Alcohol 70%
 Filter Paper
 Cotton
 Straw packing cement
 Powder polyvinyl alcohol
 Gas liquid nitrogen

3) Step of Work
3.1 Making Semen Diluter
a. Making Natrium Citric and Yolk Diluter
 Prepare 2.90 grams of natrium citric dehydrate and 0.80 gram glucose crystal.
Enter into the 100 ml measuring flask.
 Add aqua-bidestilata until volume reaches 100 ml.
 Shake until all the crystals dissolve natrium citric.
 Move solution to the Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml. Close the mouth of flask with
aluminum foil or paraffin film. Save the solution to be used at any time.
 Clean the chicken eggs that are still fresh with the water fountain. Rinse it
using alcohol 70%.
 Destroy eggs with the skin cut into two parts. Keep the yolk on one of the
discount while white eggs are collected in other places. Move the yolk on the
egg shell snippets while others discard the remaining albumen. Keep yolk, so
it will be not broken.
 Prepare a sheet of paper filter size 12 x 10 cm.
 Pour yolk on filter paper sheets. Mix yellow egg so that the patch of albumen
can be merged on the filter paper.
 Prepare 20 ml measuring glass with funnel.
 Prepare 80 ml of Natrium citric glucose solution in Beaker glass with 100 ml
of volume.
 Pour 20 ml of yolk in 80 ml of Natrium citric solution.
 Mix it slowly using a glass rod mixer until homogeneous. Mixing must be
done carefully and slowly so that does not cause excessive foam.
 Add 100,000 international units (iu) penicillin and 100 mg Streptomycin
solution to the Natrium citric and yolk solution (1000 iu penicillin and 1 mg
Streptomycin per milliliter diluted).
 Close mouth Beaker glass using aluminum foil. Natrium citric and yolk
solution ready to use.
 b. Making Tris-Yolk Diluter
 Prepare 3.634 grams of crystal Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane, 0.50
grams of crystal Fructose; and 1.99 grams citric acid monohydrate.
 Enter the third material to the 100 ml measuring flask. Add to aqua-bidestilata
sterile 100 ml.
 Move the solution into the Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml. Close it with aluminum
foil or paraffin film. Save with a good solution for use at any time.
 Prepare 20 ml of yolk.
 Prepare 80 ml of Tris solution - fructose - citric acid in 100 ml glass Beaker.
 Mix 20 ml of yolk, and poke slowly and gently until homogenous.
 Add 100,000 international units (iu) penicillin and 100 mg Streptomycin
solution to the citric Natrium Yellow Eggs (1000 iu penicillin and 1 mg
Streptomycin per milliliter diluter).
 Close mouth Beaker glass using aluminum foil. Yolk Tris solution ready for
use.

3.2 Mixing Semen with Diluter

o We must adjust the temperature of semen to 25-28oC and exam the mortality of
sperm before we dilute the semen.
o Find the concentration at 30 million/0.25 ml.
o Prepare diluter to be used with the volume that is determined based on the
calculation.
o Prepare the Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml.
o Add little by little semen diluter using a pipette in the semen tube. Drop semen
diluter to the semen through the tube wall.
o Mix it slowly and gently until homogenous. Make diluter addition to the volume
of 10 ml because capacity of semen tube is only 12 - 15 ml.
o Move from the solvent semen from the semen tube container to the clean
Erlenmeyer flask carefully.
o Rinse several times to use the rest of the semen diluter, and move to the flushing
results in Erlenmeyer flask which already contains semen.
o Check the power of living sperm in solvent semen.
o Prepare a clean objects glass. Drop liquid semen on top of it. Then, cover it using
cover glass.
o Exam the mortality of solvent semen under the microscope.
o Close the Erlenmeyer flask using aluminum foil or paraffin film.
o Save liquid semen in the refrigerator at 5oC. Semen liquid can hold up to 72 hours
time.
3.3 Straw Printing
The next step that can be done is straw printing. There are two kinds of straw for
semen packaging. Those are straw with 0.25 ml volume and the straw with 0.5 ml
volume. Some data must be printed on the straw. Those are number of bull, breed,
 date, volume. The data that printed on the straw is very important to give information
about the frozen semen, so we must print it in correctly.

3.4 Semen Packaging (Filling and Sealing)

o Packaging of semen must be done in the straw in the refrigerator so that
the temperature still 5o C, or on the special table (cool top) the temperature is set
at 5o C.
o Arrange rack straw in the straw. And then connect the other end of the straw with
a cotton stopper with plastic hose inhalator. The tip of the plastic hose is
connected with the pump inhalator.
o Pour semen to glass in a special plastic cup for the straw.
o Turn the pump inhalator.
o Dip the free end of the straw into the plastic cup containing a liquid semen and let
the liquid semen to enter the straw until full.
o Close to the end of the straw-free flour or polyvinyl alcohol use plastic sealer (hot
iron for a special plastic tape).

3.5 Freeze
After the semen packing process, the next process is semen freezing. Semen freezing
can be done by put the packed semen into liquid nitrogen tank. It is done in two steps.
The first, we put the packed semen into liquid nitrogen vapour at -120oC during 10
minutes. Then the second step, we put the packed semen into liquid nitrogen at -196o
C over night. On the next day we give examination to the frozen semen.
3.6 Frozen Semen Examination
It can be divided in two kinds of examination. The first, we exam the packed semen
from liquid nitrogen tank suddenly. The second step, we exam the frozen semen after
adjust the temperature of frozen semen to 37oC. The living sperm in frozen semen
must be 40% or more than it.
Insemination Program
Timing program of insemination
We must make the timing program of insemination correctly. We must give insemination after
ovulation, because we want sperm can fertilize the egg(s).
Timing program of insemination in cow
In cow, ovulation happens 25-30 hours after the cow get heat. The egg(s) will be died 6 hours
after ovulation. So, we can’t give insemination at that time. Different with sperm, sperm can live
during 24 hours in inside of reproductive organs of female. Because of it, we can give
insemination early before ovulation. We must determine the time for giving insemination as
correct as possible to get successful.
This is the calculation about the timing for give insemination:
Minimum time (after heat) = minimum ovulation time – 6 hours
= 25 – 6 hours
= 19 hours
Maximum time (after heat) = maximum ovulation time – 6 hours
= 30 – 6 hours
= 24 hours
From that calculation we can know that we can give insemination in 19 – 24 hours after the cow
get heat. Example in case: if the cow gets heat on Sunday 04.00 p.m., Insemination can be be
given on Monday 11.00 a.m. until 04.00 p.m.

Timing program of insemination in swine

Insemination in swine is given more than once, it is given in two or three times. Insemination can
be given after the swine get heat. There are two way for heat detection. First way is detection
using boar, the second is detection using human pressure.
If heat is detected using boar, the first insemination must be given 12 hours after detection.
If heat is detected using human pressure, the first insemination can be given suddenly.
For the swine that never get pregnancy, the second insemination is given 12 hours after the first
insemination. Then, the third insemination is given 12 hours after the second insemination.
For the swine that ever get pregnancy, the second insemination is given 24 hours after the first
insemination. Then, the third insemination is given 12 hours after the second insemination.
Giving Insemination
There are some steps for giving insemination:
1. Preparation
 Check for stock of frozen semen. Look data about breed of bull
 Prepare some tools that will be used to give insemination:
- Transportation
- Frozen semen
- Scissors
- Breeding gun
- Thermometer
- Plastic pipette
- Sanitation sheath
- Glove
- Bag
- Recording tools

2. Estrus detection
After we come in the farm, we ask the farmer when the cow gets the last insemination. It
is to know the cow get pregnancy or not. And ask when the first time of estrus was
shown by the cow. It is used to determine the time for injection.
We check the cow get real estrus or not by:
- Looking the behavior of heat
- Looking the mucus that come out from vulva (it is produced by cervix)
- Looking the graafian follicle in ovary
- Looking the reproductive organs of female (vulva, cervix, and horn of uterus),
those organs are swollen because of blood flow
- If the cow gets real estrus, insemination can be given after we make timing
program for injection

3. Insemination (Injection)
- Clean the feces from rectum
- Clean the vulva
- Prepare the frozen semen and breeding gun
- Put in one of our hand in rectum and hold cervix. The other one hold the breeding
gun
- Put the breeding gun inside reproductive organs of female (45o) until pass the
cervix
- Inject the semen inside the beginning part of uterus
- After semen are injected, make uterus contract by put cool water on vulva

4. Recording data
Record all of data about that insemination. Those are about date, time, breed of frozen
semen, and number of cow.
Successful in Artificial Insemination
Successful in artificial insemination depend on some factors:
Animal:
a. Health, both of male and female must have good condition and healthy. All of
reproductive system can work optimally.
b. Human:
 Farmer:
- Know the time of heat and sign of estrus
- Know the time of last insemination
- Raise the animal in good way
- Try to know everything about artificial insemination
- Make identification for each cow and make data record
 Inseminator:
- Have good technique
- Know about sign of real estrus
- Have many experience
- Know about timing program for insemination
- Keep the frozen semen in right way
- Have good quality of frozen semen stock
-
Pregnancy Detection
Pregnancy detection is done 3 months after IA.
When the cow gets pregnancy, it will show some signs of pregnancy. The signs that are shown
by the cow are:
a. Cow is not heat in that period
b. Stomach of that cow is bigger than in normal condition
c. Vomit
We can do some action to ensure that cow get real pregnancy or not. Those actions are:
a. Ask the farmer or the owner of that cow, when the cow get the last
insemination
b. Look the sign of pregnancy that are shown by the cow
c. Exam the cow:
o Look the progesterone hormone in the serum of blood. When the cow gets
pregnancy, progesterone in the blood will be more than in normal
condition. It can be done in 2 ways. If detection is done in one time, it
must be done 22 days after insemination. If detection is done in two time,
it must be done 20 and 24 days after insemination
o Look mucus at the opening part of cervix. If the cow gets pregnancy,
cervix will produce mucus like hard glue to keep the fetus and prevent the
contamination by microorganism.
o Rectal palpation: when the cow gets pregnancy, there are different
conditions of female reproductive organ of female.
There is corpus luteum at ovary.
Right and left horns of uterus have different size.
There is placenta (connection between caruncle of endometriun and fetal
cotyledon of fetal membrane) and fetal membrane. The fetal membrane
has two layers; the first layer is allantois membrane. The second layer is
amnion fluid membrane.The first membrane is called slipping membrane.
It consists of two layer, endometrium and allantois.
o Look the uterine artery after the fetus go down to abdominal cavity. Use
this way if the ways above can’t ensure that cow get pregnancy or not.
Fremitus is condition where many blood flow in uterine artery.
Detection of pregnancy is done for detect disease also. One of those diseases is hydrometra. This
disease makes condition look like pregnancy. When the cow gets this disease, the uterus will be
full by water. So the stomach of the cow is bigger than in normal.
Pregnancy detection in swine can be done in several ways:
a. Rectal palpation
b. Vaginal biopsy
c. Ultrasonic pregnancy detection
d. Detection of heat
Parturition in Cow

This is the table about length of gestation:

Species Length in day Average in month(s)

Cattle 279-292 9
Goats 145-155 5
Sheep 144-151 5
Swine 112-115 3 months. 3 weeks. 3 days
Horse 330-342 11

Parturition in cow is divided in three steps:

1. Preparatory step
The first stage of parturition is dilation of the cervix.  The normal cervix is tightly closed
right up until the cervical plug is completely dissolved.  In stage 1, cervical dilation
begins some 4 to 24 hours before the completion of parturition.  During this time the
“progesterone block” is no longer present and the uterine muscles are becoming more
sensitive to all factors that increase the rate and strength of contractions.  At the
beginning, the contractile forces primarily influence the relaxation of the cervix but
uterine muscular activity is still rather quiet.  Stage 1 is likely to go completely
unnoticed, but there may be some behavioral differences such as isolation or discomfort. 
At the end of stage one, there may be come behavioral changes such as elevation of the
tail, switching of the tail and increased mucous discharge.  Also relaxation (softening) of
the pelvic ligaments near the pinbones may become visually evident, giving a “sunken”
appearance on each side of the tailhead.  Checking for complete cervical dilation is
important before forced extraction (“pulling”) of the calf is attempted. 

2. Expulsion
The second stage of parturition is expulsion.  It begins with the entrance of the
membranes and fetus into the pelvic canal and ends with the completed birth of the calf. 
So the second stage is the one in which we really are interested.  This is where we find all
of the action.  Clinically, and from a practical aspect we would define the beginning of
stage 2 as the appearance of membranes or water bag at the vulva.  The traditional texts,
fact sheets, magazines, and other publications that we read state that stage 2 in cattle lasts
from 2 to 5 hours.  Data from Oklahoma State University and the USDA experiment
station at Miles City, Montana, would indicate that stage two is MUCH shorter.  In these
studies, assistance was given if stage two progressed more than two hours after the
appearance of water bag at the vulva.  The interesting thing about the data was that the
heifers calving unassisted, did so in one hour after the initiation of stage two, and mature
cows calved within 22 minutes of the initiation of stage two.  Those that took longer
needed assistance.  These and other data would indicate that normal stage two of
parturition would be redefined as approximately 60 minutes for heifers and 30 minutes
for adult cows.  In heifers, not only is the pelvic opening smaller, but also the soft tissue
has never been expanded.  Older cows have had deliveries before and birth should go
quite rapidly unless there is some abnormality such as a very large calf, backwards calf,
 leg back or twins. Know your limitations.  Seek professional veterinary help soon if you
encounter a problem that cannot be solved easily in minutes. 
3. Expulsion of fetal membrane and involution of uterus
The third stage of parturition is the shedding of the placenta or fetal membranes.  In cattle
this normally occurs in less than 8 to12 hours.  The membranes are considered retained if
after 12 hours they have not been shed.  Years ago it was considered necessary to remove
the membranes by manually “unbuttoning” the attachments.  Research has shown that
manual removal can be detrimental to uterine health and future conception rates. 
Administration of antibiotics usually will guard against infection and the placenta will
slough out in 4 to 7 days.  Contact your veterinarian for the proper management of
retained placenta.
When the involution of uterus can’t happen, the uterus will go out from animal body pass
the vulva. We must put it inside. The first, clean the uterus to prevent microorganism
contamination. Then we put the sugar around surface of uterus to make uterus smaller,
because the water are pulled out from cells. After that, we put the uterus inside the animal
body calmly until all of uterus inside the animal body. Finally, we close the vulva for
several time to prevent uterus go out again.
Disease of Reproductive System

1. Brucellosis
Cause of
Zoonosis is cause by infection with bacteria genus Brucella (aerobic or coccobacillus).
Localize in reproductive organs of host animal. It can cause abortion and sterility. Shed in
large number in animal urine, milk, placental fluid and other fluid.
There are some species of Brucella:
Brucella malitensis give infection to goat, sheep, and camel.
Brucella abortus give infection to cow, buffalo, camel, and human
Brucella swis give infection to swine
Brucella canis give infection to caninis

Symptoms and sign

- Fever is the most common symptoms when the animal gets brucellosis. It happens in 90-
100 % of case.
- Anaresia, fatigue, and weakness. It happens in 90 % of case
- Abortion and retained placenta

Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be done by analyses antibody in blood of animal. The immunity of animal
body will raise antibody to fight bacterial infection when the animal get infection. Some
methods that can be done to analyses brucellolis are:
- Sertological test
- Milk ring test
- Rose Bengal test
- Tube test

2. Endometritis
Cause of and signs
This disease is caused by bacteria in uterus. It happens 1-2 weeks after parturition. Sign that
show animal get endometritis is vaginal dirhage.
Treatment
- Estrogen injection to make contraction of uterus
- Douching to clean bacteria inside the uterus
- Antibiotic to kill bacteria

3. Retained placenta
Cause
Abortion, infection and genital diseases, uterine inertia

Sign
Fetal membrane hangs in vagina, more than 12 hour after parturition. Fetal placenta can’t be
released from emdometrium because of bacterial infection.
 Treatment
Remove fetal placenta
Douching
Antibiotic to treat infection and make fetal membrane can be released from endometrium.

4. MMA (Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia) in pig

Mastritis: infection of udder
Cause
- A direct bacterial infection of mammary tissue by the feat canal
- Bacteria may enter the blood stream (bacteraemia) from other infections in the
udder

Metritis: infection of uterus

Cause: bacteria enter the reproductive organs because of poor of sanitation.
Sign: foul smelling vagina discharge and with high temperature (>40o C)

Agalactia: reduction or total loss of milk production

Treatment (normal temperature is 38,5oC)
- Oxytocin
- Antibiotic
- Costicosteroid
- Estrogen
- Treatment follow system