Telangana Board Class 12 Mathematics IIB TextbookEM

MATHEMATI
CSI
IB
TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF
INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
MATHEMATICS-II B
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)
BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL
ACADEMIC YEAR
2020-2021
Coordinating Committee
Sri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS

Commissioner, Intermediate Education &
Secretary, Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education
Hyderabad
Dr. Md. Abdul Khaliq

Controller of Examinations
Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education
Educational Research and Training Wing

Ramana Rao Vudithyala
Reader
Vasundhara Devi Kanjarla

Assistant Professor
Learning Material Contributors

B. Rajasri
J.L. in Maths, Maharshi Veda Vignan Mahavidyalaya Jr. College
Begumpet, Hyderabad.
Babitha
J.L. in Maths
GJC, Seethaphalmandi, Secunderabad.
M. Vijaya Sekhar
J.L. in Maths
GJC, BHEL, R.R. Dist.
V. Aruna Kumari
J.L. in Maths
GJC, Toopran, Medak Dist.
PREFACE
The ongoing Global Pandemic Covid-19 that has engulfed the entire world has changed every
sphere of our life. Education, of course is not an exception. In the absence of Physical Classroom
Teaching, Department of Intermediate Education Telangana has successfully engaged the students and
imparted education through TV lessons. The actual class room teaching through physical classes was
made possible only from 1st February 2021. In the back drop of the unprecedented situation due to the
pandemic TSBIE has reduced the burden of curriculum load by considering only 70% syllabus for class
room instruction as well as for the forthcoming Intermediate Public Examinations May 2021. It has also
increased the choice of questions in the examination pattern for the convenience of the students.
To cope up with exam fear and stress and to prepare the students for annual exams in such a
short span of time , TSBIE has prepared “Basic Learning Material” that serves as a primer for the
students to face the examinations confidently. It must be noted here that, the Learning Material is not
comprehensive and can never substitute the Textbook. At most it gives guidance as to how the students
should include the essential steps in their answers and build upon them. I wish you to utilize the Basic
Learning Material after you have thoroughly gone through the Text Book so that it may enable you to
reinforce the concepts that you have learnt from the Textbook and Teachers. I appreciate ERTW
Team, Subject Experts, who have involved day in and out to come out with the, Basic Learning Material
in such a short span of time.
I would appreciate the feedback from all the stake holders for enriching the learning material
and making it cent percent error free in all aspects.
The material can also be accessed through our websitewww.tsbie.cgg.gov.in.
Commissioner & Secretary

Intermediate Education, Telangana.
CONTENTS
Unit - 1 Circle 01 - 89
Unit - 2 System of Circles 90 - 118
Unit - 3 Parabola 119 - 139
Unit - 4 Ellipse 140 - 158
Unit - 5 Hyperbola 159 - 168
Unit - 6 Integration 169 - 198
Unit - 7 Definite Integrals 199 - 219
Unit - 8 Differential Equations 220 - 236

Unit 1
Circle
Definition : A circle is a set of points in a plane such that they are equidistant from a fixed point lying in
the plane.
C
P C is the centre, CP = radius
The fixed point is called the centre and the distance from the centre to any point on the circle
is called the radius of the circle.
C
A B
AB = 2CB = (2 x radius) is called the diameter of the circle

The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
If the centre (a, b) is origin, i.e., (a, b) = (0, 0) , then the eqn of the circle with radiusr is
x2  y 2  r 2
y
0 x
The standard equation or General equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 whose

centre is (– g, –f), radius = r = g2  f 2  c
The equation of the circle whose extremities of diameter are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
2 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)
The parametric equations of the circle are

x = x1 + r cos 
y = y1 + r sin 
Where (x1, y1) = centre and r = radius of the circle,
 is the parameter and    < 2
Note : The parametric equations of a circle describe the coordinates of a point (x, y) on the circle in
terms of a single variable ‘’ and ‘’ is called as parameter.
So any point on the circle is given by
(x, y) = (x1 + r cos , y1 + r sin ,) = ‘point ’
called as ‘point ’ where (x1, y1) is the centre and ‘r’ is the radius of the circle
The parametric equations of the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
are x = –g + r cos 
y = –f + r sin 
Where r  g 2  f 2  c
Any ‘point ’ on the circle is ‘point ’ = (x, y)

= (–g + r cos , –f + r sin )
The parametric eqns of a circle with centre origin and radius ‘r’ is
x = r cos 
y = r sin , 0   < 2
The second order non - homogeneous eqn inx and y, that is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle iff
(i) a=b0 (coeff of x2 = coeff of y2)
(ii) h=0 (coeff of xy is zero)
(iii) g2 + f 2 – ac  0
Notation
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
S11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Circle 3
S12 = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c

S21 = S12
S22 = x22 + y22 + 2gx2 + 2fy2 + c
Note : S11  S  S1
 x1 , y1   x1 , y1 
S12  S1  S2
 x2 , y2   x1 , y1 
So, S = 0 represents a circle
S = 0 means x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Let the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 y ... (1)
pass through origin (0, 0)
 (0, 0) should satisfy (1)
 (0, 0) is a point on the circle

 02 + 02 + 2g(0) + 2f (0) + c = 0 (0, 0)
x
 c0
 The circle passing through origin is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0

If the centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 lies on x - axis then (–g, –f ) lies on x - axis
 f  0 because every point on x - axis have its y - coordinate as zero
C (–g, 0)
x
y
If the centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 lies
on y - axis then (–g, –f ) lies on y - axis.  g  0 C (0, –f )
because every point on y - axis have its x coordinate as x
zero.
Two or more circles are said to be concentric if their centres are same.
Note : The eqn of any circle concentric with the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c1 = 0
where c1 is a constant. Their centres are same.
If the radius of the circle is one, then it is called as unit circle.
If the circle intersects x - axis at ‘P’ and ‘Q’ then the distance PQ is called asx - intercept made
by the circle on x - axis.
If the circle intersects y - axis at ‘M’ and ‘N’ then the distance MN is called as y - intercept made
by the circle on y - axis
y y
N N
P Q
x
x
P Q
M M
PQ is x - intercept MN is y - intercept
If (g2 – c) > 0, then the intercept made on the x-axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is 2 g 2  c .
 PQ  2 g 2  c
x - intercept = length of chord PQ = DistancePQ  2 g 2  c
If the x - axis touches the circle, then P and Q coincide i.e., length of chord PQ is zero or
x-intercept is zero
 2 g2  c  0  g2  c  0
 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

x - axis is g2 – c = 0 or g2 = c
If (f 2 – c) > 0, then the intercept made on the y - axis by the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2 f 2  c
Circle 5
MN = 2 f 2  c
y - intercept  2 f 2  c
If the y - axis touches the circle then M and N coincide, the length of chord MN is zero
or y - intercept is zero  2 f 2  c f 2 – c = 0
 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

y - axis is f 2 – c = 0 or f 2 = c.
y y
o x o x
circle touches x - axis g2 = c circle touches y - axis f 2 = c

Definition :
If A and B are two distinct points on a circle, then

(i) The line AB through A and B is called a secant.
(ii) The segment AB is called a chord. The length of the chord is denoted by AB .
y
A
A
Chord B
Secant
B
o x
Notation :
Let P (x1, y1)
If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
then S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
Example : If S = x2 + y2 + 3x – 5y + 9, (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)

3 5
Then S1 = x (–2) + y(3) +  x  2    y  3  9 2g = 3
2 2
3 x  6  5 y  15 
 2 x  3 y   9 2f = –5
2 2
4 x  6 y  3 x  6  5 y  15  18

2
x  y  3

2
2 2
S11 = x1 + y1 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
 S11 for the above circle is ‘S’ value at (x1, y1)
 S11 = (–2)2 + 32 + 3(–2) –5(3) + 9
= 4 + 9 – 6 – 15 + 9 = 1
So S1 is a first degree expression in x & y.
S11 is a real number.
Important Note : While writing S1 or S11 , first write S = 0 in the standard form i.e., if the
2 2 4 5 7
circle is 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x + 5y + 7 = 0 then S = x  y  x y .
3 3 3
2 5 7
S1 = x x1  y y1   x  x1    y  y1  
3 6 3
Position of a point with respect to a circle
Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be a circle in a plane and P(x1, y1) be any point in the same
plane.
Then
(i) P(x1, y1) lies in the interior of the circle, iff S11 < 0
(ii) P(x1, y1) lies on the circle, iff S11 = 0
(iii) P(x1, y1) lies in the exterior of the circle, iff S11 > 0
y y y
•P
C C
• • •
•P C
•P
o x o x o x
P lies inside the circle S 11 < 0 P lies on the circle S 11 = 0 P lies outside the circle S11 > 0
Circle 7
Length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) to the circle
Tangent with respect to a circle is a straight line, which touches the circle at one point.

In the above figure the line PT is a tangent to the circle at T and T is called as the point of contact
of tangent to the circle.
If P is an external point to the circle S = 0 where S =x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c, and PT is a tangent
from P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0, then the distance PT is called as the length of the tangent from
P to the circle S = 0
It is given by the formula S11 . PT = Length of tangent from P = S11 .
Definition
The power of a point P with respect to the circle, whose centre is ‘C’ and radius r‘’ is defined
as the value = (CP2 – r2)
The power of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is S11.
Chord, tangent, Normal  equations in different form.
Chord

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) are two points on the circle S = 0, then the eqn of the secant AB or chord
AB is S1 + S2 = S12
If ‘point 1’ = (–g + r cos 1, –f + r sin 1) and ‘point 2’ = (–g + r cos 2, –f + r sin 2) are two
points on the circle S = 0 where r = g 2  f 2  c , then the eqn of the chord joining these two
points is
1  2   1  2   1  2 
 x  g  cos     y  f  sin    r cos  
 2   2   2 
The line meets the circle in one and only one point ‘P’ ie, touches the circle.
This line is called as Tangent to the circle at the point ‘P’ on the circle
r •C
Tangent at P
x
O
The equation of tangent, w.r.t the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

(i) S1 = 0 or x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0 [point form]
where (x1, y1) is a point on the circle S = 0
(ii) y  f  m  x  g   r 1  m2 in the slope form
where r  g 2  f 2  c = radius and m is the slope of tangent
(iii) (x + g) cos + (y + f ) sin = r in the parameteric form
where r = radius = g 2  f 2  c and ‘point ’ on the circle is
(–g + r cos , –f + r sin (x1, y1), is the parameter

The eqn of tangent w.r.t the circle S = x2 + y2 – r2 = 0 is
(i) S1 = 0 or x x1 + y y1 – r2 = 0 where P(x1, y1) is a point on the circle
S = (x2 + y2 – r2) = 0
(ii) y  mx  r 1  m 2 in the slope form, where m is the slope of tangent.

(iii) x cos  + y sin  = r in the parameteric form at point ‘’ = (r cos , r sin ),
on the circle.
P
Condition for tangency
The condition for a line r
•
L = lx + my + n = 0 to touch the circle C
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
radius = perpendicular distance from the centre C to the line L = 0
Circle 9
l g   m  f   n
 g2  f 2  c  is the condition
l 2  m2
Normal: The normal at any point P on the circle, is the line which passes through P and is perpendicular
to the tangent at P.
The eqn of normal at P is the eqn of the line passing through two points C and P.
The equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) on the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
the equation of CP Centre = (–g, –f ) =C
y1  f
i.e. y  y1  x  g  x  x1  P(x1, y1)
1
(two points form) eqn of CP
y
Normal at P
r C
•
Tangent at P
x
O
The length of the chord AB = 2 r 2  d 2
where ‘r’ is the radius of the circle and ‘d’ is the length of the perpendicular drawn from the
centre to the chord AB
y
In  ACM, r2 = d2 + (AM)2
 (AM)2 = r2 – d2
 AM  r 2  d 2 C
•
r d
2 2
length of chord AB = 2AM  2 r  d
A M B
x
O
Chord of Contact, Pole Polar  r

Tan 
PB = PA = Length of tangent drawn from P 2 S11
B
= S11
r
If P(x1, y1) is an external point of the circle
S11
S = 0, then there exists two tangents from P
to the circle S = 0. r
2 A
P S11
(x1, y1)
If  is the angle between the tangents theough an external point P(x1 y1) to the circle
S = 0, then
 r
tan    , where r is the radius of the circle
2 S11
If the tangents drawn through P(x1, y1) to the circle

S = 0, touch the circle at points A and B, then the B

secant AB is called the chord of contact of P with
respect to the circle S = 0 .
C
If P(x1, y1) is an exterior point to the
circle S = 0, then the equation of chord
P (x1, y1)
of contact of P with respect to the circle A
S = 0 is S1 = 0 that is x x1 + y y1 + g(x
+ x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
Chord of Contact of P (equation is S 1 = 0)
pole and polar  definition equations
Let S = 0 be a circle and P be any point in the plane other than the centre of S = 0. Then the
polar of P is the locus of the point of intersection of tangents drawn at the extremities of the
chord passing through P.
P is called as the pole of the polar. Polar of P
P(x1 y1)
Circle 11
The equation of the polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
T h e p o le o f th e lin e lx + my + n = 0, (n  0) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
 a 2l a 2 m 
 , 
 n n 
The pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
 lr 2 mr 2 
  g  ,  f   where r is the radius of the circle.
 lg  mf  n lg  mf  n 
The polar of P(x1, y1) w.r.t the circle S = 0 passes through Q(x2, y2)  the polar of Q passes
through P.
Two points P and Q are said to be conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0 if Q lies on
the polar of P. (Then P lies on the polar of Q also)
The condition that the two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are conjugate points with respect to
the circle S = 0 is S12 = 0
That is x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c = 0
If P and Q are conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0, then the polars of P and Q are
called as conjugate lines with respect to the circle S = 0
or
Two straight lines are said to beconjugate lines with respect to the circle S = 0, if the pole of
one line, lies on the other line.
The condition for the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate lines with
respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is a2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = n1 n2
The condition for the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate lines with
respect to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1g + m1 f – n1) (l2g + m2 f – n2) where r  g 2  f 2  c
Let C be the centre and ‘r’ be the radius of the circle S = 0. Two points P and Q are said to be
inverse points with respect to the circle S = 0, if the points C, P, Q are collinear such that P
and Q are on the same side of C and (CP)  (CQ) = r2
Theorem :
Let ‘C’ be the centre and ‘r’ be the radius of the circle S = 0.
Two points P and Q are inverse points if and only if, Q is the point of intersection of the polar of
P w.r.t the circle S = 0 and the line joining P and C.
polar of P
The inverse of the point P with respect to the circle C•

S = 0 is the foot of the perpendiuclar drawn from Q P and Q are
•
the centre of the circle S = 0 to the polar of P. inverse points
P
Problem
1. Find the inverse point of (–2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0
Sol : The given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 ... (1)
comparing with the standard eqn we get
2g = –4 g = –2
2f = –6  f = –3
c=9
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) = C
Let P = (–2, 3)
y2  y1
equation of CP is y  y1 
x2  x1
 x  x1 
33
 y 3   x  2
2  2
 y–3=0 ... (2)
The polar of P is S1 = 0 where P (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)
 x x1 + y y1 + 2(x + x1) – 3(y + y1) + 9 = 0
 x(–2) + y(3) – 2(x – 2) – 3(y + 3) + 9 = 0
 –2x + 3y – 2x + 4 – 3y – 9 + 9 = 0
 –4x + 4 = 0
 4(–x + 1) = 0
 –x + 1 = 0 ... (3)
Circle 13
Solving (2) and (3), we get

x = 1, y = 3
 The, inverse point of P is Q = (1, 3)
If P(x1, y1) is the midpoint of the chord AB (other than the diameter) of the circle S = 0, then the

equation of secant AB is S1 = S11
c(–g, –f)
•
P(x1, y1) is the mid-
P
A B point of the chord AB

eqn of AB is S1 = S111
That is, x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.

Very important. (learn the derivation)
Show that the combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1)
to the circle S = 0 is S12 = S.S11.
Sol :
Q (x2, y2)
B
P (x1, y1)
Let A and B be the points of contact of tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0

Then AB is the chord of contact of P and its equation is S1 = 0.
i.e., x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
Let Q(x2, y2) be any point on one of the tangents
Now the locus of Q is the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from P.
  S
The line AB ie, S1 = 0 divides PQ in the ratio  11
S12 We know that
PB S11 L=0
  ... (1)
BQ S12
But PB = S11 = length of tangent drawn from P R
BQ = S22 = Length of tangent drawn from Q M(x1, y1) N(x2, y2)
PB S11
  ... (2)
BQ S22 L11
R divides MN in the ratio  L
22
S11 S
From (1) & (2), we get   11
S22 S12
S11 S112 1 S
Squaring on both sides, we get  2  112
S22 S12 S22 S12
 S122 = S11 . S22
 The locus of Q(x2, y2) is
S12 = S11 . S
 S12 = S . S11 is the eqn of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1) to the circle
S = 0.
Hence proved.
Common Tangents
A straight line L is said to be a common tangent to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, if it is a tangent
to both S = 0 and S1 = 0.
y
Common Tangent
•
•
S=0 S1 = 0
x
O
Circle 15
Any two intersecting common tangents of two circles and the line joining the centres of the
circles are concurrent.
C1 C2 Q
Line of Centres
The two common tangents and the line of centres
intersect at Q (concurrent at Q)
The point of intersection Q, of two common tangents (if exists) of two circles and the centres C1
and C2 of these two circles are collinear.
C1, C2, Q are collinear (lie on a st. line)
The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, touching at a point on the line
segment C1C2 (C1, C2 are the centres of the circles) is called transverse pair of common
tangents.
C1 C2
• •
P
Transverse Common Tangent

Transverse Common Tangent
The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, intersecting at a point not in C1C2
is called as direct pair of common tangents
Direct Common Tangents

C1
C2 Line of Centres
Q
The two common tangents and the line of centres
intersect at Q (concurrent at Q)
The point of intersection P, of transverse pair of common tangents is called asInternal centre
of similitude.
The point P, divides the segment C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally. (where r1 is the radius of the
circle with centre C1 and r2 is the radius of the circle with centreC2)
The point of intersection Q, of direct pair of common tangents is called asexternal centre of
similitude.
The point Q, divides the segment C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 externally..
P, Q, C1, C2 are all collinear.

Where P is the internal centre of similitude,
Q is the external centre of similitude,
C1, C2 are the centres of the two circles.
Relative positions of two circles
Let C1, C2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of two circles S = 0 S1 = 0 respectively.
Let C1C2 represent the line segment fromC1 to C2.
The following cases arise with regard to the relative position of two circles.
Case (i)
each of the given pair of circles lies in the exterior of the other
condition : C1C2 > r1 + r2 , (r1  r2)
In this case the two circles do not intersect.

C1 C2 Q
P
Transverse Common Tangents Transverse Common Tangents

For two non - intersecting circles, we can draw two direct common tangents and two transverse
common tangents
So we can draw FOUR COMMON TANGENTS
P is the internal centre of similitude, Q is the external centre of similitude
Circle 17
Case (ii)
condition C1C2 > r1 + r2 , r1  r2

C1 C2
• • Line of Centre
P
Transverse Common Tangents

The circles are non - intersecting circles.
The transverse commen tangents intersect at P, the internal centre of similitude.
The direct common tangents are parallel to C1C2
The external centre of similitude, Q, does not exist.
So we can draw four common tangents
Case (iii)
Condition : C1C2 = r1 + r2
r2 Direct Common Tangents

r1
• •
C1 P C 2 Line of Centres
Q
The two circles touch each other externally.

The internal centre of similitude ‘P’ is the point of contact of the two given circles
At ‘P’, there is only one transverse common tangents.
The direct common tangents intersect at Q, the external centre of similitude.
So in this case we can draw THREE COMMON TANGENTS
Case (iv)
Condition : |r1 – r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2

In this case the two circles Q Line of
C1 C2 Centres
intersect each other.
In this case the two direct commen tangents intersect at Q, the external centre of similitude.
We cannot draw transverse common tangents
So the internal centre of similitude does not exist.
In this case we can draw only Two common tangents
Q
Case (V) C1 C2
Condition : C1C2 = |r1 – r2|

In this case, the two circles touch each other internally
we cannot draw transverse common tangents
 Theinternal centre of similitude does not exist
Only one direct common tangent can be drawn at the point of contact, Q, of the two circles.
In this case, we can draw only ONE COMMON TANGENT
Case : (VI)
Condition : C1C2 < |r1 – r2|

In this case one circle lies entirely in the interior of the other circle. C1
The number of common tangents that can be drawn to C2
the two circles is zero
No.of commen tangents = zero
Note : Two circles are said to be touching each other if they have only one commen point
C1 C2 C1 C2
Case : (VII)
 If C1C2 = 0, then the centres of the two circles, coincide
 They are concentric circles
 The no. of common tangents drawn to the two circles is zero
Concentric Circles
Circle 19
Problems
1. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (2, 3) and radius is 5.
Sol : Equation of the circle whose centre is (a, b) = (2, 3) and radius = r = 5 is
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 52
 x2 + 4 – 4x + y2 + 9 – 6y – 25 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
2. If the extremities of diameter of a circle are (3, 5) and (9,3), then find the equation of the circle.
Sol : The equation of the circle whose ends of the diameter
are A = (x1, y1) = (3, 5) and B = (x2, y2) = (9, 3)

A B
is (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
 (x – 3) (x – 9) + (y – 5) (y – 3) = 0
 x2 – 9x – 3x + 27 + y2 – 3y – 5y + 15 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 12x – 8y + 42 = 0
3. Find the centre and radius of each of the following circles.
(i) x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y – 41 = 0
(ii) 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x – 6y + 4 = 0
Sol : (i) Given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y – 41 = 0
Comparing it with the standard equation of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get

2g = – 4, 2f = –8, c = –41
4 8
 g  2, f   4, c  41.
2 2
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (–(–2), –(–4) = (2, 4)
2 2
radius = g2  f 2  c   2    4    41  4  16  41  61
(ii) Given circle is 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x – 6y + 4 = 0
3x 2 3 y 2 5 x 6 y 4
     0
3 3 3 3 3
5 4
 x2  y 2  x  2 y   0
3 3
Comparing this equation with the standard equation
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 of the circle, we get
[Note : Always write the equation of the circle in the standard form with coeff ofx2 and y2 as one so
divide all the terms by 3, so that coeff of x2 & y2 becomes one]
5 4
2g  , 2 f  2, c 
3 3
5 4
 g , f  1, c 
6 3
5 
 centre = (–g, –f ) =  , 1
6 
2
 5  2 4
radius = g 2  f 2  c      1 
 6  3
25 4 25  36  48
 1 
36 3 36
13 13 13
  
36 36 6
Note : When C is the centre of the circle, and if the circle passes through the point P, the distance
Circle 21
CP is the radius of the circle.
P
C• CP = r
4. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (2, –1) and having centre at (2, 3)
Sol : Centre = C = (a, b) = (2, 3) Let P = (2,–1) P
Since the circle passes through the point P, C• CP = r
radius = distance CP

2
 2  2    3  1
2
distance formula : 2
 x1  x2    y1  y2 
2

 0  16
 16  4  r.
 The equation of the required circle is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 42
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 4 + 9 – 16 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0
Second Method
Let the equation of the circle be S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre is (–g, –f ) = (2, 3)
 –g = 2, –f = 3
 g  2 , f  3
Now the circle (1) becomes x2 + y2 + 2(–2) x + 2 (–3) y + c = 0

 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + c = 0 ... (2)
It passes through the point (2, –1)
 It satisfies the point (2, –1). Substituting in (2), we get
(2)2 + (–1)2 – 4(2) – 6(–1) + c = 0
 4 + 1 –8 + 6 + c = 0  c = –3
 c  3
Substituting the values ofg, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as

x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0
5. Obtain the parametric equations of the following circles.
(i) 4(x2 + y2) = 9
(ii) x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Sol :
9
(i) Given circle is 4(x2 + y2) = 9  x2  y 2 
4
2 9
Comparing this equation with x2 + y2 = r2 we get r 
4
9 9 3
centre of the circle is (0, 0) = (x1, y1)  r  
4 4 2
 The parametric equations of the circle are
3  3 
x0 
cos   x  cos 
x  x1  r cos   2  2 
   
y  y1  r sin   3 3
y  0  sin   y  sin 
2  2 
when (x1, y1) = centre, 0    2

(ii) Given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Comparing with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = –4, 2f = –6, c = –12
g = –2, f = –3, c = –12
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) = (x1, y1)
2 2
radius = r  g  f  c  4  9  12  25  5
Circle 23
 The parametric equations of the circle are
x  x1  r cos  x  2  5 cos  
  
y  y1  r sin   y  3  5 sin , 0    2
6. Find the values of a, b if ax2 + bxy + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0

represents a circle. Also find the radius and centre of the circle
Sol : The given eqn is ax2 + bxy + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0
It represents a circle if coeff of x2 = coeff of y2
and coeff of xy is zero
 a = 3 and b = 0
 The circle is 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0
Divide by 3,
3x 2 3 y 2 5 x 2 y 3 0
     
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 2
 x2  y 2  x  y 1  0
3 3
comparing this equation with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
5 2
2g  , 2 f  , c  1
3 3
5 1
 g , f  , c  1
6 3
5 1
 centre =   g ,  f    ,  
 6 3
2 2
2 2 5  1
radius = g  f  c          1
 6  3
25 1 25  4  36 65 65 65
  1    
36 9 36 36 36 6
65
 radius =
6
7. If x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + c = 0 represents a circle with radius 6, then find c

Sol. Comparing the given circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + c = 0 with
the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
2g = –4, 2f = 6, c = c
 g = –2, f = 3, c = c
 radius = 6  g2  f 2  c  6
Squaring on both sides, we get

g2 + f 2 – c = 62
 (–2)2 + 32 – c = 36
 –c = 36 – 4 – 9
 –c = 23  c  23
8. Find the equation of the circle passing through the three points (3, –4), (1, 2), (5, –6)
Sol : Let A = (3, –4), B = (1, 2), C = (5, –6)
let P(x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B and C
Then PA = PB = PC = radius of the circle
A B
C
2 2 2 2
Now PA = PB   x1  3   y1  4    x1  1   y1  2 
Squaring on both sides we get, (x1 – 3)2 + (y1 + 4)2 = (x1 – 1)2 + (y1 – 2)2
 x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16 = x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4
 –6x1 + 8y1 + 25 + 2x1 + 4y1 – 5 = 0
 –4x1 + 12y1 + 20 = 0
 4(–x1 + 3y1 + 5) = 0
 –x1 + 3y1 + 5 = 0 ... (1)
Again PB = PC  Squaring on both sides PB2 = PC2
Circle 25
 (x1 – 1)2 + (y1 – 2)2 = (x1 – 5)2 + (y1 + 6)2
 x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4 = x12 – 10x1 + 25 + y12 + 12y1 + 36
 –2x1 – 4y1 + 5 + 10x1 – 12y1 – 61 = 0
 8x1 – 16y1 – 56 = 0
 8(x1 – 2y1 – 7) = 0
 x1 – 2y1 – 7 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) & (2) weget
 x1  3 y1  5  0
x1  2 y1  7  0
y1  2  0
 y1 = 2
substituting y1 = 2 in (2), we get x1 – 2(2) – 7 = 0
 x1 = 4 + 7 = 11
 P = (x1, y1) = (11, 2) is the centre of the circle
2 2
Radius = PA = 11 3  2  4  82  62  64  36  100  10
r = 10
 The equation of the circle passing through the points A, B & C
is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
 (x – 11)2 + (y – 2)2 = 102
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0
Note : Centre (a, b) = (x1, y1) and (x – a)2 – (y – b)2 = r2 is the equation of the circle.
9. Show that the points (1, 2), (3, –4), (5, –6), (19, 8) are concyclic and find theequation of the
circle on which they lie
Sol : Let A = (1, 2), B = (3, –4), C = (5, –6), D = (19, 8) be the given points. They are concyclic,
if they all lie on the same circle.
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B, and C.
Then SA = SB = SC
Now SA = SB  SA2 = SB2

2
 ( x1 1)2  ( y1  2)2   x1  3  ( y1  4)2
 x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4 = x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16

 –2x1 – 4y1 + 5 + 6x1 – 8y1 – 25 = 0
 4x1 – 12y1 – 20 = 0
 4(x1 – 3y1 – 5) = 0
 x1 – 3y1 – 5 = 0 ... (1)
Again SB = SC  SB2 = SC2
 (x1 – 3)2 + (y1 + 4)2 = (x1 – 5)2 + (y1 + 6)2
 x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16 = x12 – 10x1 + 25 + y12 + 12y1 + 36
 –6x1 + 8y1 + 25 + 10x1 – 12y1 – 61 = 0
 4x1 – 4y1 – 36 = 0
 4(x1 – y1 – 9) = 0
 x1 – y1 – 9 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
x1  3 y1  5  0
x1  y1  9  0
  
 2 y1  4  0
 –2y1 = –4
4
 y1  2
2
substituting y1 = 2 in (1), we get x1 – 3(2) – 5 = 0  x1 = 11
 centre = (x1, y1) = (11, 2)
 radius = SA =
2 2
 11  1   2  2   102  02  100  10
Circle 27
 The equation of the circle passing through the points A, B and C is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
 (x – 11)2 + (y – 2)2 = 102
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 121 + 4 – 100 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0 ... (3)
Now substituting D = (19, 8) in (3), we get
(19)2 + (8)2 – 22(19) – 4(8) + 25
= 361 + 64 – 418 – 32 + 25
= 450 – 450 = 0
 D lies on the circle (3), Hence proved
 The four points A, B, C, D lie on the circle (3)
i.e x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0
The points A, B, C, D are concyclic.
Note : Four points are said to be concyclic if they all lie on the same circle.
A
C B
D
The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius ‘r’ is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
If centre is (x1, y1), Then the circle is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
10. If (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic, then find ‘c’.
Sol : Let A (2, 0), B = (0, 1), C = (4, 5), D = (0, c) be the points which are concylic i.e., the points
lying on the same circle.
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B, C and D.
Then SA = SB = SC = SD
Now SA = SB Squaring on both sides SA2 = SB2
 (x1 – 2)2 + (y1 – 0)2 = (x1 – 0)2 + (y1 – 1)2
 x12 – 4x1 + 4 + y12 = x12 + y12 – 2y1 + 1
 –4x1 + 2y1 + 3 = 0 ... (1)

Again SB = SC
Squaring on both sides
SB2 = SC2
2
( x1  0) 2  ( y1  1) 2   x1  4   ( y1  5) 2
x12  y12  2 y1  1  x12  8 x1  16  y12  10 y1  25
8 x1  8 y1  40  0
2(4 x1  4 y1  20)  0
4 x1  4 y1  20  0 .... (2)
solving (1) and (2)
4 x1  2 y1  3  0
4 x1  4 y1  20  0
6 y1  17  0
17
 y
6
substituing in (1) we get
 17 
4 x1  2    3  0
 6
17
  4 x1  3 0
3
17  9
  4 x1  0
3
26
  4 x1  
3
 26 13
 x1  
 12 6
13 17 
  x1 , y1    , 
6 6
Circle 29
Now SC = SD Squaring on both sides SC2 = SD2 or SA = SD SA2 = SD2
Here we can take SA = SD (or) SB = SC (or) SC = SD
Since SA is simple because A = (2, 0), taking SA = SD
Squaring on both sides SA2 = SD2
 (x1 – 2)2 + (y1 – 0)2 = (x1 – 0)2 + (y1 – c)2
 x12 – 4x1 + 4 + y12 = x12 + y12 – 2cy1 + c2
 –4x1 + 4 =  2cy1 + c2
 13   17 
  4    4  2c    c 2
6  6
26 17c
 4   c2
3 3
26  12 17c  3c 2
 
3 3
 –14 = –17c + 3c2
 3c2 – 17c + 14 = 0
 (c – 1) (3c – 14) = 0
17  289  168 17  121 17  11

or c  
2  3 6 6
28 6
 or
6 6
14
 or 1
3
14
 c = 1 or , But when c = 1, the point D is (0, 1) which is same as point B. Since A, B, C, D
3
 14 
are four different points, D = (0, c) =  0, 
 3
14
 c
3
11. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 3) and concentric with the circle
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
Sol : Given circle is x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 ... (1)
The equation of any circle concentric with (1) is
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + k = 0 ... (2)
( centres of concentric circles are same)
It passes through the point (2, 3)
 22 + 32 + 8(2) + 12(3) + k = 0
 4 + 9 + 16 + 36 + k = 0
 k = – 65
substituting k = –65 in (2), we get the required circles as
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y – 65 = 0 Ans
12. Show that A(2, 3) lies on the circle x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0
Also find the other end of the diameter through A
Sol : Given circle is x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0 ... (1)
Substituting A(2, 3) in it we get
22 + 32 – 8(2) – 8(3) + 27 = 0 (2, 3)
(4, 4)
= 4 + 9 – 16 – 24 + 27 A B (x1, y1)
C
= 40 – 40 = 0
 A lies on the circle (1)
Let C be the centre and AB be the diameter of the circle
x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0
comparing with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
2g = – 8 2f = – 8 c = 27
g = –4 f = –4
Centre = C = (–g, –f ) = (4, 4)
Let A = (2, 3) and B = (x1, y1) be the other end ofthe diameter AB.
Then C is the midpoint of AB.
Circle 31
2  x1 3  y1 
  4, 4    , 
 2 2 
2  x1 3  y1
 4 , 4
2 2
 8 = 2 + x1, 8 = 3 + y1,
 x1 = 6, y1 = 5
 B = (x1, y1) = (6, 5) is the other end of the diameter
13. Find the equation of the circle passing through (4, 1), (6, 5) and having the centre on the line
4x + y – 16 = 0
Sol : First Method
Let x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
be the circle passing through the points A (4, 1) & B (6, 5)
Then A lies on (1)
 42 +12 + 2g(4) + 2f (1) + c = 0
 17 + 8g + 2f + c = 0 ... (2)
Again B(6, 5) lies on (1)
 62 +52 + 2g(6) + 2f (5) + c = 0
 61 + 12g + 10f + c = 0 ... (3)
Now centre (–g, –f ) lies on 4x + y – 16 = 0
 4(–g) + (–f ) – 16 = 0
 –(4g + f + 16) = 0
 4g + f + 16 = 0 ... (4)
(2) – (3)
 17  8 g  2 f  c  0
61  12 g  10 f  c  0
   
44  4 g  8 f  0
 –4(11 + g + 2f ) = 0
 11 + g + 2f = 0 ... (5)
Solving (4) & (5) we get
2 (4) 8 g  2 f  32  0
g  2 f  11  0
  
7g  21  0
21
 g  3  g  3
7
Substituting g = –3 in (4), we get
4(–3) + f + 16 = 0
 f = –16 + 12 = – 4  f  4
Substituting g = –3, f = –4 in (3), we get

61 + 12(–3) + 10 (–4) + c = 0
 61 – 36 – 40 + c = 0
 c  15
Substituting in (1) we get the required circle is

x2 + y2 + 2(–3)x + 2(–4)y + 15 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0
Second Method
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A(4, 1) & B(6, 5). Then
SA = SB
A
2 2
 SA = SB
r
 (x1  4)2 + (y1 – 1)2 = (x1 – 6)2 + (y1 – 5)2
 x12 – 8x1 + 16 + y12 – 2y1 + 1 S•
= x12 – 12x1 + 36 + y12 – 10y1 + 25 B

 –8x1 – 2y1 + 17 + 12x1 + 10y1 – 61 = 0
 4x1 + 8y1 – 44 = 0 ... (1)
Now the centre S(x1, y1) lies on 4x + y – 16 = 0
Circle 33
 4x1 + y1 – 16 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) & (2), we get
4 x1  8 y1  44  0
4 x1  y1  16  0
  
28
7 y1  28  0  y1  4
7
Substituting y1 = 4 in (2), we get
4x1 + 4 – 16 = 0
12
 4x1 = 12  x1  3
4
 The centre of the required circle is S= (x1, y1) = (3, 4)
2 2
Radius = distance SA =  3  4    4  1  1  9  10
 The equation of the required circle is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2

2

2
 x  3   y  4 
2
  10 
 x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 8y + 16 = 10
 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0
14. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies on the, x - axis and passing through (–2, 3) and
(4, 5)
Sol : First Method
Let the required circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre ( g ,  f ) lies on the x-axis
 f 0
It passes through (–2, 3)

 (–2)2 + 32 + 2g (–2) + 2(0) (3) + c = 0  f 0
 13 – 4g + c = 0 ... (2)
It passes through (4, 5)
 42 + 52 + 2g (4) + 0 + c = 0
 41 + 8g + c = 0 ... (3)
13  4 g  c  0
41  8 g  c  0
  
28  12 g  0   12 g  28
28 7
 g 
12 3
7
Substituting g  in (2) we get
3
 7  28
13  4    c  0  13   c  0
 3  3
39  28
 c 0
3
67
 c 0
3
67
 c
3
Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as
 7  67
x2  y 2  2   x  2  0 y  0
 3  3
 3(x2 + y2) – 14x – 67 = 0 Ans

Second Method
Since the centre of the circle lies on x- axis,
let the centre be S = (x1, 0)
The circle passes through the points A(–2, 3) and B(4, 5)
 SA = SB
SA2 = SB2
Circle 35
 (x1+ 2)2 + (0 – 3)2 = (x1 – 4)2 + (0 – 5)2
A
 x12 + 4x1 + 4 + 9 = x12 + 16 – 8x1 + 25
 4x1 + 13 + 8x1 – 41 = 0 •
S
 12x1  28 = 0
B
28 7
 x1  
12 3
7 
 The centre is S = (x1, 0) =  , 0 
3 
2 2
7  2 76
Radius = r = Dist SA =   2    0  3    9
3   3 
2
 13  169 250
   9  9 
3 9 9
 The equation of the required circle is

2
2 2  250 
 x  x1    y  0    
 9 
2
 7 2 250
 x   y 
 3 9
49 14 250
 x2   x  y2 
9 3 9
14 x 250 49
 x2  y 2   
3 9 9
3 x 2  3 y 2  14 x 67
 
3 3
 3x2 + 3y2 – 14x – 67 = 0
15. If the abscissae of points A, B are the roots of the equation x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0 and ordinates of
A, B are roots of y2 + 2py – q2 = 0, then find the equation of a circle for which AB is a diameter..
Sol : Let A = (x1, y1), B = (x2, y2)
Then x1 and x2 are the roots of x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0 and
y1 and y2 are the roots of y2 + 2py – q2 = 0.

because abscissae of A & B are x1 & x2
and ordinates of A & B are y1 and y2
Now for the equation x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0,
Sum of the roots = x1 + x2 =   2a   2a

1
b 2
Product of the roots = x1  x2    b2
1
Similarly for the equation y2 + 2py – q2 = 0,
2 p
sum of the roots = y1 + y2 =  2 p
1
q 2
product of the roots = y1  y2   q 2
1
Now the equation of the circle with AB as diameter is (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
 x2 – x1 x – x2 x + x1 x2 + y2 – y1 y – y2 y + y1 y2 = 0
 x2 + y2 – (x1 + x2)x – (y1 + y2)y + (x1 x2 + y1 y2) = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py – b2 – q2 = 0
[Note :for the quadratic equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0,
b   coeff of x 
Sum of the roots = 
a coeff of x 2
c constant
Product of the roots =  ]
a coeff of x 2
16. Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 0) and making intercepts 4, 3 on x axis and
y - axis respectively.
Sol : Let the required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
It passes through (0, 0)  c0

Circle 37
Its x - intercept is 4
4
 2 g2  c  4  g2  0 
2
 g2  2 g2
 g2
Similarly, its y - intercept is 3
3
 2 f 2 c 3  2 f 2 0 3  f2 
2
3 3
  f   f 
2 2
substituting the values of g, f, c in (1)

we get the required circle as x2 + y2  4x  3y = 0
17. Showthat the locus of the point of intersection of the linesx cos  + y sin  = a and x sin  –
y cos  = b is a circle ( is a parameter)
Sol : Let (x1, y1) be the point of intersection
of the lines x cos  + y sin  = a and x sin  – y cos  = b
 x1 cos  + y1 sin  = a ... (1)
x1 sin  – y1 cos  = b ... (2)
Squaring (1) & (2) and then adding, we get
(x1 cos  + y1 sin )2 + (x1 sin  – y1 cos )2 = a2 + b2
 x12 cos2  + y12 sin2  + 2x1 y1 sin cos 
+ x12 sin2  + y12 cos2  – 2x1 y1 sin cos = a2 + b2
 x12 (cos2  + sin2 ) + y12 (sin2  + cos2 ) = a2 + b2
 x12 + y12 = a2 + b2
 The locus of (x1, y1) is x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
which represents a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius a 2  b2

18. Find the equation of the circle which touches the x - axis at a distance of 3 from the origin and
making intercept of length 6 on the y - axis.
Sol : Let the equation of the required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 y ... (1)
M
A
It touches the x - axis at A O (0, 0) (3, 0)
 g2 = c ... (2)
It touches x axis at a distance of 3 from origin
 OA = 3  A = (3, 0) is a point on the circle
 Substituting in (1), 32 + 02 + 2g(3) + 2f (0) + g2 = 0, from (2) g2 = c
 g2 + 6g + 9 = 0
 (g + 3)2 = 0
 g+3=0  g  3
 c  g2  9
y - intercept of the circle is 6
 2 f 2 c  6
 2 f 2 9  6
6
 f 2 9  3
2
 f 2 9  3
Squaring on both sides f 2 – 9 = 32

Circle 39
 f 2 = 9 + 9 = 18  f   18
 f   18
 f  3 2
Substituting in (1), we get the required circle as
 
x 2  y 2  2  3 x  2 3 2 y  9  0
 x2  y 2  6 x  6 2 y  9  0
19. Locate the position of the point P(3, 4) with respect to the circle S =x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Sol : S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0, P (3, 4)
S11 = 32 + 42 – 4(3) – 6(4) – 12 = 9 + 16 – 12 – 24 – 12
= –23 < 0
 P (3, 4) lies inside the circle
20. Find the power of the point P (5, –6)with respect to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
Sol : P = (x1, y1) = (5, –6), S = x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
 power of ‘P’ with respect to the circle S = 0 is S11
= 52 + (–6)2 + 8(5) + 12(–6) + 15
= 25 + 36 + 40 – 72 + 15
= 44
21. Find the length of tangent from P(1, 3) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0
Sol : The length of tangent from P(1, 3) = (x1, y1) to the circle S = x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0 is S11
 x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  11  1  9  2  12  11  9  3
22. If the length of the tangent from (2, 5) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + k = 0 is 37, then find k.

Sol : Length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) = (2, 5) to the circle S = x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + k = 0 is
S11  37
Squaring on both sides we get S11 = 37

 x12 + y12 – 5x1 + 4y1 + k = 37
 22 + 52 – 5(2) + 4(5) + k = 37
 4 + 25 – 10 + 20 + k = 37
 k = 37 – 39
 k  2
23. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of tangents drawn from P to the circle
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 are in the ratio 2 : 3, then find the
equation of the locus of P.
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1)
Let S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 & S1 = x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0
The length of tangent from P to the circle S = 0 is S11
 x12  y12  4 x1  6 y1  12
The length of tangent from P to the circle S1 = 0 is S'11
 x12  y12  6 x1  18 y1  26
Given that S11 : S'11  2 : 3
S11 2
 
S'11 3
Squaring on both sides we get
S11 4
' 
S11 9
 9 S11 = 4S'11
Circle 41
 9(x12 + y12 – 4x1 – 6y1 – 12) = 4(x12 + y12 + 6x1 + 18y1 + 26)
 9x12 + 9y12 – 36x1 – 54y1 – 108 – 4x12 – 4y12 – 24x1 – 72y1 – 104 = 0
 5x12 + 5y12 – 60x1 – 126y1 – 212 = 0
 The locus of P(x1, y1) is
5x2 + 5y2 – 60x – 126y – 212 = 0
24. Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 at (3, –1). Also find the equation of
tangent parallel to it.
Sol : The given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 ... (1)
Let P = (x1, y1) = (3, –1)
S11 = 32 + (–1)2 – 2(3) + 4(–1) = 9 + 1 –6 –4 = 10 – 10 = 0
 P lies on the circle (1)
 Equation of tangent at P is S1 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) = 0
 x(3) + y(–1) + (–1) (x + 3) + 2 (y – 1) = 0
 3x – y – x – 3 + 2y – 2 = 0
 2x + y – 5 = 0 ... (2)
The centre of the circle C = (–g, –f )
 C = (1, –2)
Let B be the other end of the diameter PCB tgt at B

Let B = (x1, y1) then C = mid point of PB
y)
1
,
3  x1 1  y1 
1,  2  
1
(x
 ,  tgt at P
B
2 2 
3  x1 1  y1 •
 1 , 2 C
2 2
1)
,
 2 = 3 + x1 –4 = –1 + y1
(3
P
 x1  1  y1  3
 The other end of the diameter is B = (x1, y1)

= (–1, –3)
 The tangent parallel to (2), will pass through B.

Any line parallel to (2) is 2x + y + k = 0 ... (3)
It passes through B
 2(–1) + (–3) + k = 0
 k 5
Substituting in (3), we get the required tangent

Parallel to (2) as 2x + y + 5 = 0
25. Find the equation of the tangent at the point 30 (parametric value of ) of the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 39 = 0
Sol : The given circle is x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 39 = 0 comparing with the standard equation
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get 2g = 4, 2f = 6, c = – 39
 g = 2, f = 3, c = –39 = 30
r  g 2  f 2  c  4  9  39  52
The equation of the tangent at point 30= is (x + g) cos + (y + f ) sin = r
 (x +2) cos 30+ (y + 3) sin 30= 52
3 1
  x  2    y  3   2 13
2 2
3  x  2    y  3
  2 13
2
 3 x  2 3  y  3  4 13
 3 x  y  3  2 3  4 13  0
26. Find the equation of the tangents to the circlex2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 3 = 0 which makes an angle
45 with x axis
Sol : Given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 3 = 0 comparing with the standard equation.
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get 2g = –4, 2 f = –6, c = 3
 g = –2, f = –3, c = 3
radius = r = g2  f 2  c  4  9  3  10
Circle 43
y
tangent
45
x
Given that the tangent makes an angle 45with x axis

 Slope of tangent = m = Tan 45 = 1
 The equation of required tangent is
y + f = m (x + g)  r 1  m 2
 y  3 1 x  2   10 1  1
 x  y 1  2 5  0
27. Show that x + y + 1 = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 3x + 7y + 14 = 0 and find its point of
contact
Sol : Given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 3x + 7y + 14 = 0
Comparing with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = –3, 2f = 7, c = 14
3 7 C
 g , f  , c  14
2 2
tangent
2 2 9 49 P
radius = r  g  f  c    14
4 4 Point of contact of tangent
9  49 29 1
  14   14 
4 2 2
3 7
d =  r dist form the centre C    g ,  f    ,  
2 2
to the line x + y + 1 = 0
3 7 37  2
 1
ax1  by1  c 2 2 2
  
a 2  b2 12  12 2
1
 r
2
Since r = d, the line x + y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the circle S = 0.

Let P(h, k) be the point of contact of tangent.
Then P is the foot of the r drawn from the centre
3 7
 ,     x1 y1  to the line x + y + 1 = 0
2 2
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
  
a b a 2  b2
Where ax + by + c = x + y + 1 = 0
3 7   3  7  1
h k  
 2  2  2 2 
1 1 12  12
 37  2 
 
3 7 2 
h  k   
2 2 2
3 7 1
h  k 
2 2 2
3 1 7 1
 h  , k 
2 2 2 2
1 3 4 1 7 6
 h    2, k    3
2 2 2 2 2 2
 The point of contact of tangent is P = (h, k) = (2, –3)
Circle 45
28. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle

x2 + y2 + 8x – 4y – 16 = 0 on the line 3x – y + 4= 0
Sol : Given circle is
S = x2 + y2 + 8x – 4y – 16 = 0
Comparing with the standard eqn x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
we get 2g = 8, 2f = –4, c = –16
 g = 4, f = –2, c = –16
2 2
radius = r  g  f  c
2
 42   2   16
 36  6
centre = C = (–g, –f ) = (–4, 2) = (x1, y1)
C
•
d
A M B
x
o
let the equation of chord AB be 3x – y + 4 = 0 ... (1)

CM = d = r distance from the centre C to the chord (1)
ax1  by1  c
= (formula)
a 2  b2
 ax + by + c = 3x – y + 4 = 0, a = 3, b = –1, c = 4
4  3   1 2   4

2
32   1
10 10 10
   10
10 10
 length of the chord AB
 2 r2  d 2
2
 2 62   10 
 2 36  10
 2 26 units
29. Find the length of the chord formed by x2 + y2 = a2 on the line x cos  + y sin  = p
Sol. The given circle is x2 + y2 = a2
C
Its centre is (0, 0) = C •
r d
and radius = r = a
A M B
Given equation of chord is
x cos  + y sin   p = 0 ... (1)
comparing with ax + by + c = 0, we get
a = cos , b = sin , c = – p
 d = CM = length of the r from the centre C = (0, 0) = (x1, y1)
to the chord (1)
ax1  by1  c
= (formula)
a 2  b2
cos   0   sin   0   p
  p  p
cos 2   sin 2 
 Length of the chord AB = 2 r 2  d 2
2 a2  p2 units
Circle 47
x y
30. If x2 + y2 = c2 and   1 intersect at A and B then find AB. Hence deduce the condition
a b
that the line touches the circle.
Sol. The given circle is x2 + y2 = c2
O
•
Its centre is O = (0, 0) r d
radius = r = c A M B
x y
The equation of chord AB is  1 ... (1)
a b
d = perpendicular distance from the centre O (0, 0) to the chord (1)
= OM
ax1  by1  c
= (formula) where (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
a 2  b2
o o
 1
a b
 1 1
2
1 1
2
 The line (1) is  x   y 1  0
    a b
a b
1

1 1
2
 2
a b
Now the length of the chord AB
 2 r2  d 2
1
 2 c2 
 1 1
 2 2
a b 
2 a 2 b2
= 2 c 
b2  a 2
The line (1) will be a tangent or touches the circle, if this length of chord is zero.
a 2 b2
 2 c2  0
b2  a 2
a 2 b2
 c2  0
b2  a 2
a 2 b2
 c2 
b2  a 2
1 a 2  b2
 
c2 a 2 b2
1 a2 b2
  2 2  2 2
c2 a b a b
1 1 1
 2
 2  2 is the required condition
c b a
31. The line y = mx + c and the circle x2 + y2 = a2 intersect at A and B. If AB = 2, then
show that c2 = (1 + m2) (a2 – 2)
Sol : The given circle is x2 + y2 = a2
Its centre is O = (0, 0)
radius = r = a
The eqn of chord AB is mx – y + c = 0 ... (1)

d = perpendicular distance form the centre O = (0, 0) to the line (1)
ax1  by1  c
= (formula where (x1, y1) = (0, 0))
a 2  b2
m 0  0  c

m2  1 O
•
r d
A B
Circle 49
c

m2  1
 length of the chord AB is 2 r 2  d 2  2 (given)
 r2  d 2  
squaring on both sides, we get
r2 – d2 = 2
c2
 a2   2
 m  1
2
c 2
 2
 2  a2
m 1
c 2
    a2  2 
m2  1
 c2 = (m2 + 1) (a2  2) which is the required equation
32. Find the equation of the circle with centre (–2, 3) and cutting a chord of length 2 units on
3x + 4y + 4 = 0
Sol : Let the required cricle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre is (–g, –f ) = (–2, 3) (given)
C
 –g = –2, –f = 3 r d
•
 g  2 , f  3 A M B 3x + 4y + 4 = 0
equation of the chord AB is

3x + 4y + 4 = 0 ... (2)
 d = perpendicular distance from the centre (–2, 3) to the chord (2)
ax1  by1  c
= (formula) (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)
a 2  b2
3  2   4  3  4

32  42
10
 2
5
 The length of the chord AB is 2. (Given)
 2 r2  d 2  2
 r2  d 2  1
 r2  d 2  1
 r2  1 d 2
 g 2  f 2  c  1  22  d 2
 (2)2 + (–3)2 – c = 5
 c8
Substituting in (1), we get the required circle as

x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 8 = 0
33. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and touching the line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0
Sol : The centre of the circle is (a, b) = (2, 3)
Since it touches the line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0,
The line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0 ... (1)
is a tangent to the circle
 radius = d = perpendicular distance from the centre (2, 3) to the tangent (1)
ax1  by1  c
= (formula) where (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
a 2  b2
3  2  4 3  1

32  ( 4)2
(2, 3)
5 C d
 1
5
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
Circle 51
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 12
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 12 = 0
34. Find the equation of the circle with centre (–3, 4) and touching y - axis
Sol : Let the required circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Its centre = (–g, –f ) = (–3, 4) given
 –g = –3, –f = 4
 g 3, f  4
Since the circle touches the y - axis, f 2 = c (condition)

 c = f 2 = (–4)2 = 16
 c  16
 The required circle is x2 + y2 + 2(3)x + 2(–4)y + 16 = 0

 x2 + y2 + 6x – 8y + 16 = 0 y
c
•
35. Find the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at P (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 with
the coordinate axes where x1 y1  0
Sol : The circle is S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0
y
The equation of tangent at P (x1, y1)
B P (x1, y1)
x
x o A
y
to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 – a2 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 = a2
x x1 yy
 2
 21  1
a a
x y
 2
 2 1
a a
x1 y1
 a2   a2 
 The tangent intersects x - axis at A  , 0  and y - axis at B  0, 
 x1   y1 
a2 a2
or x - intercept is and y - intercept is
x1 y1
 Area of triangle formed by the tangent with the coordinate axis = Area ofOAB
1
 |(x - intercept) (y - intercept)|
2
1 a2 a2
 
2 x1 y1
a4

2 x1 y1 sq. units
36. Find the area of the triangle formed by the normal at (3, –4) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0 with the coordinate axes.
Sol : Given circle is x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0
comparing with standard equation, we get
2g = –22, 2f = –4
 g = –11, f = –2
 centre C = (–g, –f ) = (11, 2)
The point P on the circle is (3, –4)
Circle 53
 equation of the normal is the equation of CP
y2  y1
 y  y1   x  x1  where (x1, y1) = C & (x2, y2) = P = (3, –4)
x2  x1
4  2
 y2  x  11
3  11
6
 y2  x  11
8
 3x – 4y = 25 ... (1)
3x 4 y x y
  1   1
25 25 25 25
3 4
25 25
 x - intercept is , y - intercept is
3 4
Area of the triangle formed by the normal (1)
1
with the coordinate axes  |(x - intercept) (y - intercept)|
2
1 25 25 625
   sq units
2 3 4 24
37. Find the equation of the normal to the circlex2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 11 = 0 at (3, 2). Also find the
other point where the normal meets the circle.
Sol : The given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 11 = 0
comparing with standard equation,
we get 2g = –4, 2f = –6
 g = –2, f = –3
 centre C = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3)
P(3, 2) is a point on the circle.

 equation of normal at P is the equation of CP .
Tgt at P
P(3, 2) C
•
Q
Normal at P
y2  y1
 y  y1   x  x1  where (x1, y1) = (2, 3) & P = (x2, y2) = (3, 2)
x2  x1
23
 y 3   x  2
3 2
 y  3    x  2
 x+y–5=0
Let Q (x2, y2) be the other point where the normal meets the circle. Then ‘C’ is the mid point of PQ
because the normal always passes through the centre C of the circle.
 3  x2 2  y2 
  ,    2,3
 2 2 
3  x2 2  y2
  2, 3
2 2
 3 + x2 = 4, 2 + y2 = 6
 x2 = 1, y2 = 4
 The other point where the normal meets the circle is (x2, y2) = (1, 4)
38. Find the equation of the circle passing through (–1, 0) and touchingx + y – 7 = 0 at (3, 4)
Sol : Let the circle pass through the point P(–1, 0) and touch the line x + y – 7 = 0 ... (1)
at Q(3, 4)
Let C = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle.
Circle 55
C(x1, y1)
P(–1, 0)
x +y–7=0
Q(3, 4)
Then CP = CQ = radius of the circle.

 (CP)2 = (CQ)2
 (x1+ 1)2 + (y1 – 0)2 = (x1– 3)2 + (y1 – 4)2
 x12 + 1 + 2x1 + y12 = x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 – 8y1 + 16
 8x1 + 8y1 = 24
 8 (x1 + y1) = 24
 x1 + y1 = 3 ... (2)
Now CQ is r to the tangent (1)
 (Slope of CQ)  (Slope of tangent (1)) = –1
y1  4
   1  1
x1  3
 y1 – 4 = x1 – 3
 x1 – y1 = –1 ... (3)
x1  y1  3
x1  y1  1
 x1  1
2 x1  2
y1  2
 The centre of the circle is (x1, y1) = (1, 2)
Radius = Distance CP or Distance CQ
2
 1  1  22  8

(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
 (x  1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 8
 x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 3 = 0
39. Find the condition that the tangents drawn from the external point (g, f ) to the circle S = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Sol : We know that if  is the angle between the tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1) to
 r
the circle S = 0, then tan   
2 S11
If they are perpendicular, then = 90

Given P(x1, y1) = (g, f )
P

(g, f )
90 r
Tan   
 2  S11
r r
 Tan 45 = 1
S11 S11
 S11  r

S11 = r2
 x12 + y12 + 2g x1 + 2fy1 + c = g2 + f 2 – c
 g2 + f 2 + 2g (g) + 2f (f) + c = g2 + f 2 – c
 2g2 + 2f 2 + 2c = 0
 2 (g2 + f 2 + c) = 0
 g2 + f 2 + c = 0 is the required condition.
Circle 57
40. Find the chord of contact of (2, 5) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y – 2 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (2, 5)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y – 2 = 0
The chord of contact of P, w.r.t the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
5
 x  2   y  5   x  2   2  y  5  2  0
2
5x
 2x  5 y   5  2 y  10  2  0
2
5x
 2x  7 y  3 0  x – 14y – 6 = 0
2
41. Find the equation of the polar of (2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 96 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 96 = 0
The polar of P = (x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
 The polar of P(2, 3) is
x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
 x(2) + y(3) + 3(x + 2) + 4(y + 3) – 96 = 0
 2x + 3y + 3x + 6 + 4y + 12 – 96 = 0
 5x + 7y – 78 = 0
42. Show that (4, 2) and (3, –5) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 – 3x – 5y + 1 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (4, 2), Q = (x2, y2) = (3, –5)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 – 3x – 5y + 1 = 0
Now S12 = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c
3 5
= 4(3) + 2(–5) –  4  3   2  5   1
2 2
21 15
 12  10   1
2 2
21 15 6  21  15 0
 3    0
2 2 2 2
Since S12 = 0, the points P and Q are conjugate points.
43. Find the pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0
Sol. To find the pole of the line x + y + 2 = 0 ... (1)
with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 ... (2)
comparing (1) with lx + my + n = 0
we get l = 1, m = 1, n = 2
because, (1) is 1. x + 1 . y + 2 = 0
comparing (2) with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = –4, 2f = 6, c = –12
 g = –2, f = 3, c = –12
radius = r  g 2  f 2  c  4  9  12  5
 The pole of lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle S = 0
 lr 2 mr 2 
is   g  , f  
 lg  mf  n lg  mf  n 
 1 25 1 25 
 The pole of (1) is =  2  , 3  
 1 2   1 3  2 1 2   1 3  2 
 25 25 
 2 , 3 
 1 1 
= (2 – 25, –3 – 25)
= (–23, –28)
44. If (4, k) and (2, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = 17, then find k.
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (4, k), Q = (x2, y2) = (2, 3)
given circle is S = x2 + y2  17 = 0
It is given that P and Q are conjugate points
 S12 = 0
 x1 x2 + y1 y2 – 17 = 0
Circle 59
 4(2) + k(3) – 17 = 0
 8 + 3k – 17 = 0
 3k = 9
 k 3
45. Show that the lines 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 and 2x – 2y – 1 = 0 are conjugate lines with respect to the
circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 12 = 0
Sol : Given lines are 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 ... (1)
and 2x – 2y – 1 = 0 ... (2)
comparing them with the equations l1x + m1y + n1 = 0
and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0, weget
l1 = 2 l2 = 2
m1 = 3 m2 = –2
n1 = 11 n2 = –1
The circle is x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 12 = 0 ... (3)
Comparing it with the standard eqn x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = 4, g = 2
2f = 6  f=3
c = 12  c = 12
If the lines (1) & (2) are conjugate with respect to the circle (3) then they should satisfy the
conditon
r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1 g + m1 f – n1) (l2 g + m2 f – n2) ... (I)
So,
LHS = r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (g2 + f 2 – c) (l1 l2 + m1 m2)
= (4 + 9 –12) (2(2) + 3(–2))
= (+1) (4 – 6) = –2
RHS = (l1 g + m1 f – n1) (l2 g + m2 f – n2)
= [2(2) + 3(3) – 11] [2(2) + (–2) (3) + 1]
= (4 + 9 – 11) (4 – 6 + 1)
= (2) (–1) = –2
LHS = RHS.
Since the condition (I) is satisfied, the lines (1) and (2) are conjugate lines with respect to the
circle (3), Hence proved.
Second Method
Given lines are 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 ... (1)
and 2x – 2y – 1 = 0 ... (2)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 12 = 0 ... (3)
L et P (x1, y1) be the pole of (1) 2g = 4 g = 2
The polar of P is S1 = 0 2f = 6 f = 3
 x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
 (x1 + g)x + (y1 + f )y + (gx1 + f y1 + c) = 0
 (x1 + 2)x + (y1 + 3)y + (2x1 + 3y1 + 12) = 0 ... (4)
Now,
(1) and (4) represent the same line
 The corresponding coefficients are proportional
x1  2 y1  3 2 x1  3 y1  12
    k (say)
2 3 11
x1  2 y 3 2 x  3 y1  12
  k, 1  k, 1  k.
2 3 11
 x1 = 2k – 2, y1 = 3k – 3
 2x1 + 3y1 + 12 = 11k.
 2(2k – 2) + 3(3k – 3) + 12 = 11k
 4k – 4 + 9k – 9 + 12 – 11k = 0
 2k – 1 = 0
1
 k
2
Circle 61
1 3 3
 x1  2    2  1  2  1, y1   3  
2 2 2
 3
 The pole of line (1) is P(x1, y1) =  1,  
 2
Substituting P in eqn (2), we get
 3 
2(–1) –2   –1
 2 
= –2 + 3 – 1 = –3 + 3 = 0
 P satisfeis eqn (2) P lies on line (2)
 The pole of line (1) lies on line (2)
 The lines (1) and (2) are conjugate lines with respect to the circle (3). Hence proved.
46. Find the value of k, if kx + 3y – 1 = 0 and 2x + y + 5 = 0 are conjugate lines with respect to
the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0.
Sol: The lines kx + 3y – 1 = 0 ... (1)
and 2x + y + 5 = 0 ... (2) are
Conjugate line w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0
Comparing them with l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
l1 = k, l2 = 2, 2g = –2, g = – 1,
m1 = 3, m2 = 1, 2f = – 4,  f = – 2,
n1 = –1, n2 = 5, c = –4, c = –4.
Since the lines (1) & (2) are conjugate lines, they satisfy the condition
r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1g + m1f – n1) (l2g + m2f – n2)
(g2 + f 2 – c) (k(2) + 3 (1)) = [k (–1) + 3 (–2) + 1] [2(–1) + 1 (–2) – 5]
(1 + 4 + 4) (2k + 3) = [– k – 6 + 1] [–2 –2 – 5]
 9 (2 k + 3) = (–k –5) (–9)
 9 (2k+3) = (k + 5) (9)
2k + 3 = k + 5
 k  2 Ans
Second Method
Given that the lines kx + 3y – 1 = 0 .... (1) and 2x + y + 5 = 0 .... (2) are conjugate
2 2
lines with respect to the circle S = x + y – 2x – 4y – 4 = 0 ... (3)
Let P (x1 y1) be the pole of line (2)
Then the polar of P is S1 = 0
xx1 + yy1 – (x + x1) – 2 (y + y1) – 4 = 0
(x1 – 1) x + (y1 – 2) y – x1 – 2y1 – 4 = 0 .... (4)
Now
(2) & (4) represent the same line
The corresponding coefficients are proportional
x 1 y1  2  x1  2 y1  4
 1 = = = m (say)
2 1 5
x 1 y1  2  x1  2 y1  4
 1 =m; = m, =m
2 1 5
 x1 = 2m+1, y1 = m + 2, – x1 – 2y1 – 4 = 5m
– (2m + 1) – 2 (m + 2) – 4 = 5m
–2m – 1 – 2m – 4 – 4 – 5m = 0
– 9 – 9m = 0  m  1
 x1 = 2m + 1 = 2(–1) + 1 = –1
y1 = m + 2 = –1 + 2 = 1
 The pole of line (2) is P (x1, y1) = (–1, 1)
Since (1) & (2) are conjugate lines, pole of (2) lies on (1)
 P lies on (1) .  Substituting P in (1) we get
k (–1) + 3 (1) – 1 = 0
– k + 3 – 1 = 0  k  2 Ans

Circle 63
47. Find the angle between the tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 2 = 0
B
P

A
Sol.: Let P = (x1, y1) = (3, 2) & Circle S = x3 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 2 = 0 we know that if ‘’ is the
angle between the tangents drawn from P (x1 y1) to the circle S = 0, then
  r
tan   
2 S11
  g2  f 2  c
 tan   
2 S11
942

32  22  6  3  4  2   2
because S11 = x12+y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
  15
 Tan     15
2 1

  Tan 1 ( 15)
2
  = 2Tan–1 ( 15) is the angle between the tangents.

(or) Tan  15
2
1  Tan 2 
2  1  15  14  7
cos  = 2 1  15 16 8
1  Tan
2
7
 = Cos–1   Ans.
8
48. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the two tangents through P (x1, y1) to the circle S
= x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and the chord of contact of P with respect to
32
r  S11 
S = 0 is where ‘r is the radius of the circle.
S11  r 2
Sol.: The circle is S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.

Let A and B be the point of contact of tangents drawn from an external point P (x1, y1) to the
circle S = 0
PA = PB
= length of tangent drawn from P
B = S11
S11
 A
P S11
(x1, y1)
From Properties of triangles
Chord of Contact
of P (S1 = 0) A
c b

Then AB is the chord of contact of P B a C
whose equation is S1 = 0.
Now, If  is the angle between the Area of  ABC = 1 ab sinC
2
tangents drawn from P, that is BPA   ,
1
= (BC) (AC) Sin C
  r 2
then tan   
2 S11 where C is the included angle of
sides BC and AC
Circle 65
r
2
2 Tan  2  S11
 Sin  = 
1  Tan 2  2  r2
1
S11
2r S11
= 
S11 S11  r 2
Now, Area of required triangle = Area of  PAB
1
=  PA  PB  .Sin 
2
1 2r.S11
=  S11  S11 
2 S11 S11  r 2  
S11  r  S11
=
S11  r 2
32
r  S11 
=
S11  r 2
Hence Proved.
49. Tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 – 16 = 0 from the point (3, 5). Find the area of the
triangle formed by these tangents and the chord of contact of P.
Sol:
x2 + y2 = 16 = 42
B radius = 4
S=0
S11

P A
(x1, y1) S11
= (3, 5)
Chord of Contact
of P
The circle is S = x2 + y2 – 16 = 0. raidus = 4

Let A and B be the points of contact of tangents drawn
from the external point P = (x1, y1) = (3, 5)
Then PA = PB = Length of tangent drawn from P = S11
 x12  y12  16
 32  52  16
 18
 9 2  3 2
1
New Area of PAB =  PA  PB  sin  ,
2
where  is the angle betweent he tangents PA and PB
1 2 tan 2
 S11  S11 
2 1  Tan 2  2
4
2
1
 3 2 3 2  3 2
2 16
1
18
4 18
 3 3 2  
3 2 18  16
3  2  4 18

2   34 
3  2  2  4  18 108 2
  sq.unit
2  2  17 17
Circle 67
50. Find the locus of P, if the tangent drawn from P tox2 + y2 = a2 include an angle .

B
Sol.: Let P = (x1, y1) & circle is S = x2 + y2 – a2 = 0.

Given ‘’ is the angle between the tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to the cricle S = 0
  r
 Tan   
2 S11
  a
 Tan   
2 x12  y12  a 2
  a2
Tan 2   
2 
x12  y12  a 2 
   
 
 x12  y12  a 2  Tan 2     a 2
  2 
a2  
 x12  y12  a 2   a 2 cot 2  
  2
Tan 2  
2
 
 x12  y12  a 2  a 2 cot 2  
2
    
 x12  y12  a 2 1  cot 2     a 2 cos ec 2  
  2  2
2 2  
 The locus of P (x1, y1) is x2 + y2  a cos ec  
2
51. If the chord of contact of a point P with respect to the circlex2 + y2 = a2 cut the circle at A and
B such that AOB  90 , then show that P lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2
Sol.: Let the tangents drawn from P (x1, y1)
to the circle S = x2 + y2 – a2 = 0 .... (1)
interesect the circle at A & B.
Center of the circle is O = (0, 0)

Now AB is the chord of contact
of P whose equation is S1 = 0
xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0. ... (2)
xx1 + yy1 = a2
xx1  yy1
 1
a2
 
The Combined equation of pair of lines OA and OB is obtained
by homogenising (1) with (2)
 
The Combined equation of OA and OB is
B
x2 + y2 – a2 (1)2 = 0.
2
 xx1  yy1 
 2
x +y –a  2
 0
2 O(0, 0)
 a2  P
 2
x y a 2 2  x2 x12  y2 y12  2 x1 y1xy   0 A
a2  a2
Chord of Contact of P

a 2
x 2
y 2
 x 2
1
2 2
1
2
x  y y  2 x1 y1 xy
0
a2
 a2 x2 + a2 y2 – x2 x12 – y2 y12 – 2x1 y1 xy = 0
 (a2 – x12)x2 + (a2 – y12)y2 – 2x1 y1 xy = 0 ... (3)
Now AOB = 90 The angle between the pair of lines (3) is 90
Circle 69
 coeff of x2 + coeff of y2 = 0 (condition)
 a2 – x12 + a2 – y12 = 0
 x12 + y12 = 2a2
 P (x1, y1) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2 , Hence proved
52. Show that the poles of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = a2
with respect to the circle (x + a)2 + y2 = 2a2 lie on y2 + 4ax = 0
Sol : Let P (x1, y1) be a pole w.r.t the
circle is (x + a)2 + y2 = 2a2
 S = x2 + y2 + 2ax – a2 = 0
Then the polar of P is S1 = 0
 xx1 + yy1 + a(x + x1) – a2 = 0
 (x1 + a)x + yy1 + (ax1 – a2) = 0 ... (1)
Now this polar touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2
given(1) is a tangent to the
circle x2 + y2 = a2 whose centre is (0, 0) & radius is a
 radius = r distance from the centre (0, 0) to the line (1)
ax1  by1  c
 a (formula)
a 2  b2
 x1  a  0    0  y1  ax1  a 2
 a
2
 x1  a   y12
 a x
1
2 2

 a 2  y1  2 ax1  ax1  a 2
 a  2 2
x1  a 2  y1  2 ax1  a  x1  a 
(x12 + a2 + y12 + 2ax1) = (x1 – a)2
 x12  a 2  y12  2ax1  x12  a 2  2ax1
 y12 + 4ax1 = 0
The pole P (x1, y1) lies on y2 + 4ax = 0 Hence proved
53. If 12are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point P to the circlex2 + y2 = a2, then
find the locus of P, when cot 1 + cot 2 = k.
tangent
2 1
P (x1, y1)
tangent
Sol : Let 12be the angles of inclination of the tangents drawn from
P (x1, y1) to the circle S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0.
The equation of tangent in the slope form
is y  mx  a 1  m 2 , where m is the slope of tangent, r adius r = a
Now it passes through P (x1, y1)
 y1  mx1  a 1  m 2
 y1  mx1   a 1  m 2
Squaring on both sides, weget

(y1 – mx1)2 = a2(1 + m2)
 y12 + m2 x12 – 2x1 y1 m – a2 – a2 m2 = 0
 (x12  a2)m2 – (2x1 y1)m + y12 – a2 = 0
This is a quadratic equation in ‘m’
If m1 and m2 are the roots of this equation, then m1 and m2 are the slopes of tangents drawn
from P
 m1 = tan 1, m2 = tan 2.
2x1 y1
Now, sum of the roots = m1+ m2 =
x12  a 2
Circle 71
y12  a 2
Product of the roots = m1.m2 =
x12  a 2
But it is given that cot 1 + cot 2 = k
1 1
  k
Tan 1 Tan 2
1 1
  k
m1 m2
m2  m1
 k
m1 m2
 m1 + m2 = k (m1m2)
2x1 y1  y 2  a2 
  k  1 
2
x1  a 2  x12  a 2 
 
 2x1 y1 = k (y12  a2)

 The required locus of P is 2xy = k (y2 – a2)
 k (y2 – a2) = 2xy.
54. Find the locus of midpoints of the chords of contact ofx2 + y2 = a2 from the point lying on the
line lx + my + n = 0
Sol : Let P (x1, y1) be a point on the line lx + my + n = 0 ... (1)
 lx1 + my1 + n = 0 ... (2)
Now the chord of contact of P (x1, y1) with respect to
the circle S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0 is S1 = 0
 xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0 ... (3)
Now this chord of contact is also a chord
We should find the locus of mid points of this chord (3)
So let Q(x2, y2) be the mid point of the chord (3)
Then the eqn of chord according to the formula is S2 = S22
 xx2 + yy2 – a2 = x22 + y22 – a2
 xx2 + yy2 – (x22 + y22) = 0 ... (4)
So (3) & (4) represent the same line

 The corresponding coeff are proportional
x1 y  a2
  1 
x2 y2   x2 2  y2 2 
x1 a2 y1 a2
  2 , 
x2 x2  y2 2 y2 x2 2  y2 2
a 2 x2 a 2 y2
 x1  2 2
, y1  2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2
But (x1, y1) lies on (1)

So substituting (2) we get
l
a x 2
2

m  a 2 y2 
n0
2 2 2 2
x2  y2 x2  y2
 l(a2 x2) + ma2 y2 + n(x22 + y22) = 0

 The locus of the mid point of the chord of contact that is the locus ofQ(x2, y2) is
l a2 x + ma2 y + n(x2 + y2) = 0
 a2 (lx + my) + n(x2 + y2) = 0 is the required locus
55. Find the internal centre of similitude for the circles
x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
Sol : Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0
and S1 = x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
For the circle S = 0, For the circle S1 = 0
centre = C1 = (–3, 1) centre = C2 = (1, 3)
radius = r1  9  1  1 radius = r2 = 1  9  9
 9 3 = 1.
2 2
Distance C1C2  1  3   3 1  16  4  20  2 5
Circle 73
r1 + r2 = 4
 C1C2 > r1 + r2
 The two circles are non - intersecting circles.
Q
C1 C2
3:1
C2 = (1, 3)
C1 = (–3, 1)
The internal centre of similitude divides CC

1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 3 : 1 internally..
 The internal centre of similitude = Q
 m x2  nx1 my2  ny1 

 , 
 mn mn 
 3 1  1 3 3  3  11 

 , 
 3 1 3 1 
 10   5 
  0,    0, 
 4   2
56. Find the external centre of similitude for the circles x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 = 4
S = x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
and S1 = x2 + y2 – 4 = 0
for the circle S = 0, for the circle S1 = 0
centre = C1 = (1, 3) centre = C2 = (0, 0)
radius = r1  1  9  9 =1 radius = r2  4 = 2
2 2
Distance C1C2  1  0   3  0  10
r1 + r2 = 1 + 2 = 3.
CC
1 2 > r1 + r2
 The circles are non - intersecting

The external centre of similitude, P, is the point of intersection of direct common tangents and
divides CC
1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 1 : 2 externally.
.
 The external centre of similitude
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

P= , 
 mn mn 
C1 C2 p
 1 0   2 1 1 0   2  3 
 , 
 1 2 1 2 
1:2
 2 6  C1 = (1, 3) C2 = (0, 0)
 , 
 1 1 
= (2, 6)
57. Show that the circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 touch each
other. Also find the point of contact and the equation of common tangent at this point of contact.
S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
and S1 = x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0
centre = C 1 = (2, 3) centre = C2 = (–3, –9)
radius = r1  4  9  12 radois = r2  9  81  26
 25  64
5 =8
2 2
Distance C1C2   3  2   9  3
 25  144  169  13
r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13 = CC
1 2
 CC
1 2 = r1 + r2
Circle 75
 The two circles touch each other externally
The common tangent is the radical axis S – S1 = 0
 x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  12  x 2  y 2  6 x  18 y  26  0
 –10x – 24y – 38 = 0
 –2(5x + 12y + 19) = 0
 5x + 12y + 19 = 0 is the eqn of common tangent at the point of contact.
To find the point of contact of two circles : -
Let P (h, k) be the point of contact of the circles.
Then P is the foot of the r drawn from
C1 = (2, 3) = (x1, y1) to the tangent 5x + 12y + 19 = 0
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
  
a b a 2  b2
h  2 k  3   5  2   12  3  19 
  
5 12 52  122
h  2 k  3 65
  
5 12 169
h  2 k  3 5
  
5 12 13
S1 = 0
h  2 5 k  3  5 S=0
  , 
5 13 12 13
C1 • P
25 60 • C2
 h2  , k 3 
13 13
25 60
h  2 k  3
13 13
common tangent
26  25 39  60
 
13 13
1 21
 
13 13
 The point of contact of the two circles is
 1 21 
  h, k    , 
 13 13 
Second method to find the point of contact of the two circle

Since the circle touch each other externally
Their point of contact is the internal centre of similitude P which divides CC

1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2
= 5 : 8 internally
 The point of contact of the circles
 5  3  8  2  5  9   8  3 
 , 
 58 58 
 15  16 45  24 
 , 
 13 13 
 1 21 
 , 
 13 13 
58. Show that the circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and 5(x2 + y2) –8x – 14y – 32 = 0, touch each
other and find their point of contact.
Sol: Let the circles be
S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
2 2 8 14 32
and S1 = x  y  x  y   0 (standard form)
5 5 5
8 14 1 32
2g = –4, 2f = –6, c = –12 2 g1  , 2f1  ,c 
5 5 5
4 1 7 1 32
 g = –2, f = –3, c = –12  g1  , f  ,c 
5 5 5
5:8
4 7
 centre = C1 = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) c2
centre =  ,   C
5 5 2 C1 C2
= (2. 3) = (–3, –9)
radius = r1  g 2  f 2  c radois = 1 2 1 2
r2  g   f   c1
Circle 77
16 49 32
 4  9  12   
25 25 5
16  49  160
=5 
25
225
  9 3
25
2 2
4 7
Distance C1C2    2     3 
5  5 
2 2
 6   8 
    
 5   5 
36 64
 
25 25
36  64

25
100
  42
25
r1 + r2 = 5 + 3 = 8
r1 – r2 = 5 – 3 = 2 = C1C2
Since C1C2 = |r1 – r2|, the two circles touch each other internally
The point of contact of the two circles is the external centre of similitude, P, which divides CC
1 2
externally in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 3
 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 

 P 2 , 
 mn mn  • • P
C1 C2
 4 7 
 5  5   3 2 5    3  3 
   , 5 
 53 53 
 
 
 4  6 7  9   2 2 
 ,  , 
 2 2   2 2 
= (–1, –1)
 The point of contact of the two circles (–1, –1)
59. Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from (1, 3) to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0
and also find the angle between them.
Sol : Let the circle be S = x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0
an d P = (x1, y1) = (1, 3)
S11 = 12 + 32 – 2(1) + 4(3) –11 = 1 + 9 – 2 + 12 – 11 = 9 > 0
 P lies outside the circle
So the eqn of pair of tangents is S12 = S (S11)
 [xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c]2
= [x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11] (9)
 [x(1) + y(3) – 1 (x + 1) + 2 (y + 3) – 11]2
= 9 [x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11]
 [x + 3y – x – 1+ 2y + 6 – 11]2 = 9 [x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11]
 (5y – 6)2 = 9x2 + 9y2 – 18x + 36y – 99
 25y2 – 60 y + 36 – 9x2 – 9y2 + 18x – 36y + 99 = 0
 16y2 – 9x2 + 18x – 96y + 135 = 0
 –(9x2 – 16y2 – 18x + 96y – 135) = 0
 9x2 – 16y2 – 18x + 96y – 135 = 0 is the equation of the pair of tangents.
If ‘’ is the angle between them, then
 r g2  f 2  c
tan    
2 S11 9
2
 1  22  11 16
 
3 3
4

3
Circle 79
 1  4 
    Tan  
2 3
4
   2 Tan 1  
3
OR
ab
cos  
2
a  b  4h 2
9  16

2
 9  16  0
7

25
 7 
   Cos 1  
 25 
60. Find the equation of the circle which touches the circlex2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 externally at
(5, 5) with radius 5
Sol : Let the given circle be S = x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0
Its centre is C1 = (–g –f )
= (1, 2) S=0 P
2g = –2 g = –1 (5, 5) 5
•
2f = –4  f = –2 C1 C2
c = –20
radius = g2  f 2  c
 1  4  20
 25  5
Radius of S = 0 is 5 and the radius of required circle is also 5
The two circles touch at P = (5, 5) externally.
So, let the centre of the required circle be (x1, y1) = C2
Then P is the internal centre of similitude which dividesCC

1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 5 = 1 : 1
internally.
 P is the mid point of C1 C2
1  x1 2  y1 
  5,5   , 
 2 2 
1  x1 2  y1
  5, 5
2 2
 x1 = 10 –1, y1 = 10 – 2
x1 = 9 , y1 = 8
 The centre of the required circle is (x1, y1) = (9, 8) and radius r = 5
The equation of required circle is
( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 ) 2  r 2
( x  9) 2  ( y  8)  52
 x2 – 18x + 81 + y2 – 16y + 64 – 25 = 0
x 2  y 2  18 x  16 y  120  0
61. Find the equation of the circle which touches x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 at (–1, 1) internally
with a radius of 2.
Sol : Given circle is
C1 C2
S = x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 • Q (–1, 1)
2g = –4 g = –2
2f = 6  f=3
c = –12 5:2
Its centre C1 = (–g, –f ) = (2, –3)
C1 C2 Q
radius r1  4  9  12  25  5 = (2,– 3) (x1, y1) (–1, 1)
Let the centre of the required circle be C2 = (x1, y1) whose radius is 2, and touches the circle
S = 0 internally.
Let Q = (–1, 1) be the point of contact of the two circles.
Then Q is the external centre of similitude.
Circle 81
Which divides C1C2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 2
 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 

 Q 2 , 
 m n m n 
 5 x1  2  2  5 y1  2  3 
  1, 1   , 
 52 52 
5 x1  4 5 y1  6 
  1, 1   , 
 3 3 
5 x1  4 5y  6
   1, 1 1
3 3
 5x1 – 4 = –3 5y1 + 6 = 3
 5x1 = – 3 + 4 5y1 = 3 – 6
1
 x1 = 5y1 = 3
5
3
y1 
5
 1 3 
 The centre of the required circle is = (x1, y1) =  , 
5 5 
 The equation of the required circle with radius 2, is

(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 == 22
2 2
 1  3
 x   y   4
 5  5
1 2 9 6
 x2   x  y2   y  4  0
25 5 25 5
2 6 1 9
 x2  y 2  x y  40
5 5 25 25
2 6 18
 x2  y 2  x y 0
5 5 5
 5x2 + 5y2 – 2x + 6y – 18 = 0
the required circle
62. Find the pair of tangents from the origin to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and hence
deduce a condition for these tangents to be perpendicular.
Sol : Let the given circle be
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Let P (0, 0) = (x1, y1) , S11 = 02 + 02 + 2g(0) + 2f(0) + c = c
The eqn of pair of tangents drawn from P to the circle S = 0 is S12 = SS11
 [x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c]2 = (x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c) (c)
 [x(0) + y(0) + gx + fy + c]2 = (c) (x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c)
 (gx + fy + c)2 = cx2 + cy2 + 2gcx + 2fcy + c2
 g2 x2 + f 2 y2 + c2 + 2gfxy + 2fcy + 2gcx – cx2 – cy2 – 2gcx – 2fcy – c2 = 0
 (g2 – c)x2 + (f 2 – c)y2 + 2gfxy = 0
or (gx + fy)2 = c (x2 + y2)
Now this pair of tangents (pair of straight lines) are perpendiucular, if coeff ofx2 + coeff of
y2 = 0
 (g2 – c) + (f 2 – c) = 0
 g2 + f 2 = 2c is the condition for the pair of tangents to be perpendicular
63. From a point on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, two tangents are drawn to the circle x2

+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c Sin2  + (g2+f 2) cos2  = 0, (0 <  < ) prove that the angle between
2
them is 2
Sol.: Let P (x1, y1) be a point on the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
S11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 ... (1)
Tangents are drawn from P (x1, y1) to the circle
S1 = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + [c Sin2  + (g2 + f 2) Cos2 ] = 0 .... (2)
If  is the angle between the tangents,
  r
  
then tan  2  '
S11
Circle 83
   
g 2  f 2  c sin 2   g 2  f 2 cos 2  

 Tan  2  
 
x12  y12  2 gx1  2 fy1  c sin 2   g 2  f 2 cos 2 
g 2  f 2  c Sin 2   g 2 Cos2   f 2Cos2 


c  c Sin 2   g 2 Cos2   f 2 Cos2 
 from (1),
x12+y12+2g x1+2fy1= –c
c + c sin2 
2 2 2 2 2
g Sin   f Sin   c Sin 
 = c (1  sin2 
2 2 2 2 2
g Cos   f Cos   c Cos 
= c cos2 

 g 2  f 2  c  Sin 2 
 g 2  f 2  c  Cos2 
Sin 2 

Cos2  S=0 P
(x1, y1) S1=0
 Tan 

 Tan  Tan 
2

 =
2

 The angle between the tangents is 2, Hence proved
64. Find the direct common tangents of the circles x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100 = 0 and
x2 + y2 – 22x + 4y + 100 = 0
Sol.: Let S = x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100 = 0 and
S  = x2 + y2 – 22x + 4y + 100 = 0 be the given circles.

For the circle S = 0 r1 = radius = g2  f 2  c

2g = 22, 2f = –4, c = –100 = 121  4  100
 centre C1 = (–g, –f) = (–11, 2) = 225

= 15
For the circle S  = 0, r2 = radius =  112  22  100

2g1 = –22, 2 f  = 4, c = 100 = 121  4  100
centre = C2 = (g,  f ) = (+ 11, –2) = 25

=5
Distance C1 C2 = 11  112   2  2 2

= 484  16
= 500
= 5  100 = 10 5 slop
e=
m
 10  2.2  22 C1
P
C2
r1 + r2 = 15 + 5 = 20 < C1 C2
 C1 C2 > r1 + r2.
3:1
 The two circle are non - interesting circles.
The direct common tangents are drawn C1 C2 P
(–11,2) (11, –2)
from the external centre of similitude P,
which divides C1C2 in the ratio : r1 = r2

= 15 : 5 = 3 : 1 externally.
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

P=  , 
 mn mn 
 3 11  1 11 3  2   1 2  
 , 
 3 1 3 1 
Circle 85
 33  11 6  2 
 ,    22,  4 
 2 2 
Let P (22, –4) = (x1, y1)
To find the equs of direct common tangents :
The eqm of pair of tangents drawn fromP to the circle S = 0 is S12 = S S11.
 S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
= x (22) + y (–4) + 11 (x + 22) – 2 (y – 4)  100
= 22x – 4y + 11x + 242 – 2y + 8 – 100
= 33x – 6y + 150
S 11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
= 222 + (–4)2 + 22 (22) – 4 (–4) – 100
= 484 + 16 + 484 + 16 – 100
= 900
Now S12 = S S11
(33x – 6y + 150)2 = [x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100] 900
[3 (11x – 2y +50)]2 = 900 (x2 + y2 + 22 x – 4y – 100)
9 (11x – 2y + 50)2 = 900 (x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100)
121x2 + 4y2 + 2500 – 44xy – 200y + 1100x
– 100 x2 – 100y2 – 2200x + 400y + 10000 = 0
21x2 – 96y2 – 44xy – 1100x + 200y + 12500 = 0
is the combined equation of the pair of tangents.
The seperate equation of the tangents
are 3x + 4y – 50 = 0 and 7x – 24y –250 = 0
Second Method:
To find the equations of direct commen tangetns
The direct common tangent are drawn from P (22, –4), = (x1, y1)
Let m be the slope of the common tangent
Then the equation of tangent is y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y + 4 = m (x – 22) .... (I)

mx – y – 22m – 4 = 0 ... (1)
Now (1) is a tangent to the circle S = 0
radius = Length of  r drawn from centre C1 = (–11, 2) to the line (1)
m  11  2  22m  4
15 =
m2  12
15 m 2  1 = | –33m – 6 |
15 m 2  1 = 3 | –11
1m – 2 |
 5 m 2  1  (11m  2)
25 (m2 + 1) = (11m + 2)2
25 m2 + 25 = 121 m2 + 4 + 44 m
96 m2 + 44 m – 21 = 0
96m2 + 44m – 21 = 0
m =
44   442   4 96 2
2  96
44  10000
=
2  96
44  100 144 56
= = or
2  96 2  96 2  96
3 7
= or
4 24
Substituting the values of ‘m’ in (I) we get the required direct common tangents as
3 7
y+4= (x – 22) and y + 4 = (x – 22)
4 24
3x + 4y – 50 = 0 and 7x – 24y – 250 = 0
Circle 87
65. Find the transverse common tangents of circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 28 = 0

and x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 4 = 0
Sol.: Given circles are S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 28 = 0
and S  = x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 4 = 0.
For the circles are S = 0, 2g = – 4, 2f = –10, c = 28 g = –2, f = –5, c = 28
 C1 = centre = (–g1 – f ) = (2, 5).
radius r1  g 2  f 2  c  4  25  28  1
For the circle S  = 0, 2g = 4, 2f = – 6, c = 4 g =2, f = –3, c = 4
Centre = C2 = (–2, 3), radius r2  g 2  f 2  c  4  9  4  3
Distance C1C2 =  2  2 2   3  52

= 16  4 = 20 = 2 5  2   2.2
 4.4
r1 + r2 = 1+3 = 4 > C1 C2
The two circles are non-interscting circles.
The two transvese common tangetns are drawn from the internal centre of similitude Q.
Q divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 :r2
= 1 : 3 internally
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

Q=  , 
 mn mn 
 1 2   3  2  1 3  3  5 
 ,  Q
 1 3 1 3  C1
C2
 2  6 3  15 
 , 
 4 4 
 9
  1,    x1, y1 
 2
The transverse common tangents are drawn from Q. So, let the equation of tangent passing
through Q with slope ‘m’ be y – y1 = m (x – x1)
9
y – = m (x – 1) .... (I)
2
2y – 9 = 2mx – 2m
2mx – 2y + 9 – 2m = 0 .... (1)
Now , (1) is a tangent to the circle S = 0
radius =  r distance from the centre C1 = (2, 5) to the line (1)
2m  2   2  5   9  2m
1 =
 2m 2   2 2
 4m 2  4  2m  1

4m2 + 4 = (2m – 1)2
 4m2 + 4 = 4m2 + 1 – 4m
 4m = – 3
3
 m
4
Substituting the value of ‘m’ in (I), we get
9 3
y   x  1
2 4
2 y  9 3 x  3
 
2 4
 4y – 18 = – 3x + 3
 3x + 4y – 21 = 0 is one of the transverse common tangent.
Since m2 term is cancelled, slope of one of the transverse common tangents is not defined. So
 9
it is parallel to y - axis and passes through Q 1, 
 2
Any line parallel to y - axis is of the formx = k
Circle 89
 9
Since it passes through 1,  , 1 = k.
 2
 The equation of another transverse common tangent isx = 1 or x – 1 = 0

 The equations of the transverse common tangents are x – 1 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 21 = 0
66. Show that the line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the circle S = 0 if and only if gl + mf = n.
Sol : The straight line lx + my + n = 0 is normal to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 If the centre (–g, –f ) of the circle lies on lx + my + n = 0
 l(–g) + m(–f ) + n = 0
 lg + mf = n
Unit 2
System of Circles
Definition :
The Angle between two intersecting circles is defined as the angle between the tangents drawn at
the point of intersection of the two circles.
Note: If two circles S = 0 and S = 0 intersect at the points P and Q, then the angle between the two
circles at P and Q are equal.
Theorem : If C1 and C2 are the centres of two given intersecting circles, d = C1C2 , r1 and r2 are the
radii of these circles,  is the angle between these circles, then prove that
d 2  r12  r22
Cos  
2r1r2
let 'P' be the point of intersection of two given circles. Let the tangents drawn to two circles at 'P'
intersect the line joining the centres at T1 and T2.
Then T1PT2 =  Y
P
r1 r2
C1 T 1 T2 C2
X
O
C1PC 2  C1PT2  T2 PC 2 C1P = r1 is  r to tgt at P

= 900 + 900   C1PT2  900
= 1800  Similarly,
From C1PC2, C2P = r2 is  r to tgt at P
according to cosine rule, we have  C2 PT1  900
(C1C2)2 = (C1P)2 + (C2P)2  2(C1P) (C2P) cos C1PC 2
System of Circles 91
 d 2  r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos(1800  )   T1PT2   T2 PC2  900

2 2
= r1  r2  2r1 r2 [  cos ]     T2 PC2  900
 d 2  r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos    T2 PC2  900  
d 2  r12  r22
 cos   .
2r1 r2
Note : Since Cos  is independent of the coordinates of the point of intersection, the angle at Q is also
equal to .
Thenorem : If '' is the angle between the intersecting circles S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and
S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0, then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
Show that Cos  =
2  g 2  f 2  c ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
Proof :
Let C1 and C2 be the centres and r1 and r2 be the radii of the
given circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
and x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 ...(2) respectively.
Then C1 = (g, f ) C2 = ( g ,  f  )
r1  g2  f 2  c r2  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
d = C1C2  ( g   g )2  ( f   f )2 (distance formula)

 ( g  ) 2  g 2  ( f  ) 2  f 2  2 gg   2 ff 
 d 2  r12  r22  ( g )2  g 2  ( f )2  f 2  2 gg   2 ff 
 ( g 2  f 2  c)  [( g  ) 2  ( f  ) 2  c  ]
  2 gg   2 ff   c  c
 c   c  2 gg   2 ff 
If '' is the angle between the intersecting circles (1) and (2) then
d 2  r12  r22
cos  
2r1r2
c  c   2 gg   2 ff

2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
Hence proved.
Definition : Two intersecting circles are said to be orthogonal, if the angle between them is a right
angle, that is 900.
Condition for orthogonality
The condition for orthogonality of two intersecting circles
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 is
2gg' + 2ff' = c + c'
or d 2  r12  r22 where d = distance between the centres of the circles.
r1 , r2 are their radii.
Theorem :
(i) If S = 0 and S = 0 are two circles intersecting at two distinct points, then S S = 0
represents the common chord of these circles.
(ii) If S = 0 and S = 0 are two circles touching each other, then SS = 0 is a common tangent at
the point of contact.
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and L = lx + my + n = 0 are the equations of a circle
and a straight line respectively intersecting each other, then the equation S + L = 0 represents a circle
passing through the points of intersection of the circle S = 0 and the line L = 0,   R.
If A and B are the points of intersection of the circle S = 0 and the line L = 0
Then the eqn of any circle passing through A and B can be taken as (S +L) = 0
(There are many circles passing through A and B)
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g  x + 2 f  y + c = 0 are the
equations of two intersecting circles, and  are any real numbers such that   , then
S S  or S + K S = 0, K R represents a circle passing through the points of intersection
of the circles S = 0 and S = 0.

Note : If the circle S = 0 and S = 0 intersect at A and B, then the equation of common chord AB is
S  S = 0
So the equation of any circle passing through A and B can also be taken as S + (S  S ) = 0, where
  R taking the line L = 0 in S + L = 0 as L = (S  S ) = 0
So the equation of any circle passing through A and B can be taken as S + KS = 0, where K R
or S S where   R
or S (S  S )where   R
Radical axis of two circles
Definition : The Radical axis of two circles is defined as the locus of a point which moves so that its
powers with respect to the two circles are equal.
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 are two
non-concentric circles, then their radical axis is a straight line whose equation is S  S = 0 .
Note :
1) In the eqn S  S = 0 , the circles S = 0 and S = 0 should be in the standard form with coefficient
of x2 and coefficient of y2, both equal to one.
2) For the concentric circles with distinct radii, the radical axis does not exist, since there is no point,
whose powers w.r.t the two distinct concentric circles are equal.
Theorem : The radical axis of any two circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres.
Theorem : The radical axis of two circles is
i) The 'common chord' when the two circles intersect at two distinct points.
ii) The 'common tangent' at the point of contact when the two circles touch each other.
Theorem : The radical axis of any two circles (whose commen tangent is not perpendicular to the line
joining the centres) bisects the line joining the points of contact of common tangent to the circles.
Theorem : If the centres of any three circles are non-collinear, then the radical axes of each pair of the
circles chosen from these three circles are concurrent.
The three radical axes, S  S = 0 , S  S = 0 and S  S = 0 are concurrent at P..
This point 'P' is called as the radical centre.
Definition : (Learn the defn, v imp)
The point of concurrence of the radical axes of each pair of the three circles whose centres are non-
collinear is called as the Radical centre.
Note : The lengths of tangents drawn from the radical centre to these three circles are equal.
Theorem : If the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts each of the two circles S = x2 + y2 +
2 g  x + 2 f  y + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 orthogonally, then the centre
of S = 0 lies on the radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0.
Theorem : Let S = 0, S = 0 and S = 0 be three circles whose centres are non collinear and no
two circles of these are intersecting, then the circle having
(i) radical centre of these circles as the centre of the circle and
(ii) length of tangent from the radical centre to any one of these circles as radius, cuts the given
three circles orthogonally.
We apply this theorem in solving the problems.
PROBLEMS
1. Find the angle between the circles
x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 x2 + y2 + 4x  5 = 0
Sol: Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 and S' = x2 + y2 + 4x  5 = 0
2g = 4, 2f = 14, c = 28 2 g = 4, 2 f  = 0, c = 5
 g = 2, 2f = 7, c = 28  g = 2, f  = 0, c = 5
Centre = C1 = (g, f ) = (2, 7) C2 = ( g ,  f  ) = (2, 0)

radius = g2  f 2  c r2 = ( g )2  ( f )2  c
r1  4  49  28 =3
 25  5
d = C1C2  ( 2  2)2  (7  0)2  7

If  is the angle between the circles, then
d 2  r12  r22 49  25  9
cos   
2r1r2 253
15 1
   cos 600
253 2
  = 600.
 The angle between the circles is 600. Ans.
Second Method :
Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 and S' = x2 + y2 + 4x  0.y  5 = 0
2g = 4  g=2 2 g = 4  g = 2
2f =  14  f= 7 2 f =0  f =0
c = 28  c = 28 c =  5  c =  5
If '' is the angle between the curves, then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c
28  5  8  0

2  4  49  28  4  0  5
15 1
 
253 2
= cos 600.
 The angle between the two circles is 600.
2. If the angle between the circles x2 + y2  12x  6y + 41 = 0 and x2 + y2 + kx + 6y  59 = 0 is
450, then find K.
S = x2 + y2 + kx  6y  59 = 0 and S = x2 + y2  12x  6y  41 = 0
2g = k, 2f = 6, c = 59 2 g  = 12, 2 f  = 6, c = 41
k
 g= , f = 3, c = 59  g  = 6, f  = 3, c = 41.
2
The angle between the circles is 450  = 450.

c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
 cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
59  41  6k  18
 cos 450 
2
k
2  9  59  36  9  41
4
3
1 6 k
 
2 k2
2  68  4
4
Squaring on both sides we get
1 (3k )

2  k2 
 4  68   4
 k2 
 2(9k 2 )    68 4
 4 
18k2 = k2 + 272
72
 17k2 = 272  k2   16  k  4 Ans.
17
3. Show that the circles x2 + y2  2x  2y  7 = 0 and 3x2 + 3y2  8x  29y = 0 intersect each
other orthogonally.
8 29
S = x2 + y2  2x  2y  7 = 0 and S  x 2  y 2  x  y0 0
3 3
Always write the eqns of the circles with coefficient of x2 and coefficient y2 as one, ie, in the
standard form
3 x 2 3 y 2 8 x 29 y
2 2
So, 3x + 3y  8x + 29y = 0     0
3 3 3 3
8 x 29 y
 x2  y 2   0
3 3
8 4
2g = 2,  g = 1 2g    g 
3 3
29 29
2f = 2  f = 1 2 f   f 
3 6
c = 7  c = 7 c = 0  c = 0.
 4   29 
So, 2 gg   2 ff   2( 1)    2( 1)  
 3  6
8 29 8  29 21
     7
3 3 3 3
c + c = 7 + 0 = 7
Since the condition 2 gg   2 ff   c  c  is satisfied by the circles S = 0 and S = 0, they
intersect each other orthogonally. Hence proved.
4. Find k, if the circles x2 + y2 + 2by  k = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2ax + 8 = 0 are orthogonal.
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2 + 2by  k = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 2ax + 8 = 0
2g = 0 2 g = 2a
2f = 2b 2 f=0
c = k c = 8.
 g = 0, f = b, c = k, g = a, f  = 0, c = 8.
It is given that the circles S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal.
 2 gg   2 ff   c  c 
 2(0) (a) + 2(b) (0) = k + 8
 0 = k + 8
 k = 8. Ans.
3
5. Show that the angle between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 = ax + ay is .
4
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0
and S = x2 + y2  ax  ay = 0.
a
2g = 0,  g=0 2 g  = a  g 
2
a
2f = 0  f=0 2 f   a  f 
2
c = a 2
 c = a 2 c = 0  c = 0.
If '' is the angle between the circles S = 0 and S = 0 then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
a2  0  0  0

a2 a2
2 0  0  a2   0
4 4
a2

a2 a2 2a 2 a2
a2   
2 a2  4 4 4 2
2
a2

a
2.a.
2
 2  2
 
2 2 2
1
 
2
= cos(180  450)
= cos 1350.
3
= cos .
4
3
 The angle between the circles S = 0 and S = 0 is . Hence proved
4
Essay Problem
6. Find the equation of the circle which pass through (1, 1) and cuts orthogonally each of the circles
x2 + y2  8x – 2y + 16 = 0 and x2 + y2  4x  4y  1 = 0
Sol: Let the circle required be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
2 2
It passes through (1, 1)  1 + 1 + 2g(1) + 2f(1) + c = 0
 2g + 2f + c + 2 = 0 ...(2)
2 2
(1) is orthogonal to the circles S = x + y  8x  2y  16 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c 2 g = 8  g = 4
 2g( 4) + 2f( 1) = c + 16 2 f  = 2  f  = 1
  8g  2f  c  16 = 0 ...(3) c = 16  c = 16
2 2
Again (1) is orthogonal to x + y  4x  4y  1 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c 2 g = 4  g = 2
 2g(2) + 2f( 2) = c  1 2 f  = 4  f  = 2
  4g  4f  c  1 = 0 ...(4) c = 1.
Solving (2), (3) and (4) :-
(2)  2g + 2f + c + 2 = 0 (3)  8g  2f  c  16 = 0
(3)   8g  2f  c  16 = 0 (4)  4g  4f  c  1 = 0
+ + + 
6g  14 = 0  4g  2f  17 = 0
14 7  7
 g=    4     2 f  17  0
6 3  3
28
  2 f  17  0
3
23 23
 2f   f 
3 6
Substituting the values of 'g' and 'f ' in (2),
we get  7   23 
2   2   c  2  0
 3  6
14 23
   c2  0
3 3
14 23 14  23  6 15
 c   2     5.
3 3 3 3
Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as
 7   23 
x2  y 2  2   x  2   y  5  0
 3  6
 3x2 + 3y2  14x + 23y  15 = 0
7. Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of the following 3 circles.
x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2 x + 6y + 11 = 0. and x2 + y2  x + 22y + 3 = 0.
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0 ...(1)
S = x2 + y2  7x + 6y + 11 = 0 ...(2)
S = x2 + y2  x + 22y + 3 = 0 ...(3)
let S = x2 + y2  2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(4) be the required circle orthogonal to (1), (2) and (3)
Then (1) and (4) are orthogonal
 2gg   2 ff   c  c  2 g = 2  g = 1
 17  17
 2g(1) + 2f  2  = c + 4 2 f  = 17  f  =
2
 2g + 17 f = c + 4 ...(5) c = 4
Again (2) and (4) are orthogonal
7
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c 2 g  = 7  g  =
2
 7  6 6
 28  2  + 2f  2  = c + 111 2 f  = 6  f  =
2
 7g + 6f = c + 111 ...(6) c = 11.
Again (3) and (4) are orthogonal
1
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c 2 g  = 1  g  = 
2
 1
 2g   2  + 2f (11) = c + 3 2 f  = 22  f  = 11
1
  g + 22f = c + 3 ...(7) c   3

Solving (5), (6) and (7) we get
(5)  2g + 17f = c + 4 (6)  7g + 6f = c + 11 1
(6)  7g + 6f = c + 11 1 (7)  g + 22f = c + 3
 
5g + 11f = 7 ...(8) 8g  16f = 8 ...(9)
8(5g + 11f = 7)
5( 8g  16f = 8) Substituting f = –2 in (8)
 40g + 88f = 56 we get
40g  80f = 40 5g + 11(2) = 7
8f = 16  5g = 7 + 22 = 15
16 15
f =  g=   3.
8 5
f  2 g  3
Substituting the values of 'g' and 'f ' in (7) we get
g + 22f = c + 3
 3  22( 2)  c  3
 c   44
Substituting the values of 'g' 'f ' and 'c' in (4),
We get the required circles as
x2 + y2 + 2(3)x + 2(2)y  44 = 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4y  44 = 0
8. Find the equation of thecircle passing through the origin, having its centre on the linex + y = 4
and intersecting the circle x2 + y2  4x + 2y + 4 = 0 orthogonally.
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
It passes through origin  c = 0 ...(2)
Its centre (g, f ) lies on the line x + y = 4
 (g) + (f ) = 4  g  f = 4 ...(3)
(1) intersects the circle S = x2 + y2  4x + 2y + 4 = 0 ...(4)
orthogonally
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c 2 g = 4  g = 2
 2g(2) + 2f(1) = c + 4 2 f =2  f =1
 4g + 2f = 0 + 4  c = 0 c = 4
 2(2g + f ) = 4
 2g + f = 2 ...(5)
g  f = 4
2g + f = 2 Substituting g = –2 in (3) we get
3g =6 (2)  f = 4
6
g    f  42 2
3
 g 2  f 2
Substituting the values of g, f and c in (1) we get
x2 + y2 + 2(2)x + 2(2)y = 0
 x2 + y2  4x  4y = 0 Ans.
9. Find the eqn of the circle which passes through the points (2, 0), (0, 2) and orthogonal to the
circle 2x2 + 2y2 + 5x  6y + 4 = 0.
Sol: Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1) be the required circle.
 22 + 02 +2g(2) + 2f(0) + c = 0
 4g + c + 4 = 0 ...(2)
2 2
Circle (1) passes through (0, 2)  0 + 2 + 2g(0) + 2f(2) + c = 0
 4f + c + 4 = 0 ...(3)
2 2
Circle (1) is orthogonal to 2x + 2y + 5x  6y + 4 = 0
5 6 4
that is x 2  y 2  x y  0
2 2 2
5 5
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c 2g    g 
2 4
 5  3  6 3
 2g    2 f    c  2 2f   f
 4  2 2 2
4
c   2.
2
5g ...(4)
  3f  c2
2
(2)  4g + c + 4 = 0 (2)  4g + c + 4 = 0
5g
(3)  4f + c + 4 = 0 (4)   3f  c2 0
2

5g
4g  4f = 0 4g +  3f 2 0
2
 4g = 4f But g = f
5g
 g=f  4g   3g  2  0
2
8g  5g  6 g  4
 0
2
 7g + 4 = 0
4
 g  f.
7
From (2)  c = 4g  4
 4  16 16  28 12
 4    4  4  
 7 7 7 7
Substitutiong in (1) we get the required circle as
 8   8  12
x2  y 2    x    y  0
 7  7 7
 7x2 + 7y2  8x  8y  12 = 0 Ans.
10. Find the eqn of the circle which cuts the circles x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11 = 0 and x2 + y2  10x 
4y + 21 = 0 orthogonally and has the diameter along the straight line 2x + 3y = 7.
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2  2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
It is orthogonal to the circle S' = x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11 = 0
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c 2 g  = 4  g  = 2
 2g(2) + 2f(3) = c + 11 1 2 f  = 6  f  = 3
 4g – 6f = c + 111 ...(2) c' = 
(1) is orthogonal to S = x + y  10x  4y + 21 = 0
2 2
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c 2 g  = 10
 2g(5) + 2f (2) = c + 21 2 f  = 4
 10g  4f = c + 21 ...(3) c" = 
It is given that the centre of (1), (g,  f ) lies on 2x + 3y = 7
 2(g) + 3(f ) = 7
 2g  3f = 7 ...(4)
Solving (2), (3) & (4) we get
(2)  4g  6f = c + 11 1
(3)  10g  4f = c + 21
+ +  
6g  2f = 10 ...(5)
Solving (4) & (5)
3(2g  3f = 7)
6g  2f = 10
6g  9f = 21
6g  2f = 10
 11f = 11
f = 1
Subst in (4), we get 2g  3(1) = 7
 2g  3 = 4
4
g = =  2.
2
subst g = 2, f = 1 in (2) we get
4(2)  6(1) = c + 11
 8 + 6  11 = c  c=3
subst in (1) we get the required circle as
x2 + y2 + 2(2)x + 2(1)y + 3 = 0
 x2 + y2  4x  2y + 3 = 0 Ans.
11. Find the eqn of the circle which cuts orthogonally the circlex2 + y2  4x  2y  7 = 0 and having
the centre at (2, 3).
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2  2gx  2fy  c = 0 ...(1)
Its centre is (2, 3)  (g, f ) = (2, 3)
 g = 2,  f = 3
 g  2 , f  3
The circle (1) is orthogonal to S = x2 + y2  4x + 2y  7 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c 2 g = 4
 2(2)(2) + 2(3)(1) = c  7 2 f  = 2, c = 7
 8 6=c7
 c=9
substituting in (1) we get the required circle as
x2 + y2 + 2( 2)x + 2(3)y  9 = 0
 x2 + y2  4x – 6y  9 = 0.
12. Find the eqn of the circle which intersects the circle x2 + y2  6x + 4y  3 = 0 orthogonally and
pass through the point (3, 0) and touchesy-axis.
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2  2gx + 2fy  c = 0 ...(1)
It passes through (3, 0)  32 + 02 + 2g(3) + 2f(0) + c = 0
 9 + 6g + c = 0 ...(2)
The circle (1) touches y-axis  f 2 = c ...(3)
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c 2 g = 6
 2g(3) + 2f(2) = c  3 2 f =4
  6g + 4f = c  3 ...(4) c = 3
(2)  9 + 6g + c = 0
(4)   6g + 4f  c + 3 = 0
9 + 4f + 3 = 0
12
f =  3 f  3
4
from (3), we get
c = f 2 = 9.
subst in (2) we get
9 + 6g + 9 = 0
18
g    3.
6
subst the values of g, f, and c in (1), we get the required circle as
x2 + y2 + 2(3)x + 2(3)y + 9 = 0
 x2 + y2  6x  6y + 9 = 0.
13. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 = 0 and x2 + y2  2x  15 = 0 and (1, 2)
S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 = 0
and S = x2 + y2  2x  15 = 0
Now S  S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21  x2 – y2  2x  15
= 6x  6y + 36
We know that, the eqn of any circle passing through the points of intersection of the circle S = 0
and S = 0 is S + (S  S ) = 0,   R.
So let the required circle be S + (S  S ) = 0
 x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 (x  6y  36 0 ...(1)
 12 + 22  8(1)  6(2) + 21 + (6(1)  6(2) + 36) = 0

 1 + 4  8  12 + 21 + (6  12 + 36) = 0
 6 +  (18) = 0
 6 1
   
18 3
1
Substituting    in (1), we get the required circle as
3
1
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21  (x  6y  36 0
3
 x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 x  2y  12 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 0 Ans.
14. Find the eqn of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circlesx2 + y2 = 2ax
x y
and x2 + y2 = 2by and having its centre on the line   2.
a b
Sol: The given circles are
S = x2 + y2  2ax = 0 and S = x2 + y2  2by = 0
Now
2 2 2 2
S  S = x + y  2ax  x  y + 2by
= 2(by  ax)
Let the eqn of any circle passing through the points of intersection of the circles S = 0 and
S = 0 be
S + (S  S ) = 0, where   R
2 2
 x + y  2ax  2(by  ax 0 ...(I)
 x2 + y2  2ax  2by  2ax 0
 x2 + y2  2ax() + 2by 0 ...(1)
Comparing this eqn with x2 + y2  2gx + 2fyc = 0
we get 2g = 2a(1 +), 2f = 2b, c = 0
 g =  a(1 + ), f = b
 The centre of (1) is (g, f ) = (a (1 + ), b) = P
If (1) itself is the circle whose centre lies on
x y
  2, then 'P' should lie on it
a b
x y
substituting point 'P' in  2 we get
a b
a (1   ) ( b )
  2
a b
1
 1++=2  2=21   =
2
Substitution in (I), we get the required circle as
1
x2 + y2  2ax + 2  (by  ax) = 0
2
 x2 + y2  2ax  ax + by  0
 x2 + y2  3ax  by  0.
15. If x + y = 3 is the eqn of the chord AB of the circle x2 + y2  2x  4y  8  0, then find the eqn
of the circle having AB as diameter..
Sol: Let the given circle S = x2 + y2  2x  4y  8  0 and the line L = x + y  3  0 intersect at
A and B.
Then the eqn of any circle passing through A and B is S +L = 0
 x2 + y2  2x  4y  + (x + y  3) = 0 ...(I)
2 2
 x + y  (  2)x  + ) y  8  3 = 0 ...(1)
If (1) itself is the required circle with AB as diameter then its centre
  (  2) (4 +  ) 
C =  ,  lies on the line L = 0.
2 2
  (  2) (4 +  ) 
Substituting C =  ,  in L = 0
2 2
 (  2)  (4 +  )
we get,  3  0
2 2
  2  4    6
 0
2
  2  8 = 0
8
  2 = 8       4
2
Substituting = 4 in (1), we get the required circle as
x2 + y2  2x  4y  8 –4(x  y  3 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4  0.
16. If P, Q are conjugate points w.r.t a circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then prove that the
circle with PQ as diameter cuts the circle S = 0 orthogonally..
Sol: Let P(x1, y1), Q = (x2, y2) be the conjugate points w.r.t. the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
Then we have S12 = 0 (condition)
 x1x2 + y1y2  g(x1 + x2)  f (y1 + y2) c  0 ...(2)
Now
The circle with AB as diameter is
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0
 x2 + y2  (x1 + x2)x  (y1 + y2)y + x1x2 + y1y2 = 0 ...(3)
Now, to prove that (1) and (3) are orthogonal.

Comparing (3) with S = x2 + y2  2 g x  2 f  y  c = 0
we get 2 g = (x1 + x2), 2 f  =  (y1 + y2), c = x1x2 + y1y2
 ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
 g = , f = , c = x1x2 + y1y2
2 2
  ( x1  x2 )    ( y1  y2 ) 
Now 2g g  + 2 f f  = 2 g .   + 2f .  
 2   2
= g(x1 + x2) f(y1 + y2)
= x1x2 + y1y2 + c, from eqn (2)
= c + c.
Since the condition,
2g g + 2f f  = c + c is satisfied
the circles (1) and (3) are orthogonal.
Hence proved.
17. If the straight line x cos  + y sin  = p intersects the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at the points A and B,
then show that the eqn of the circle with AB as diameter is
(x2 + y2  a2)  2p(x cos  + y sin   p) = 0
Sol: The circle S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0 and the line L = x cos  + y sin   p = 0 intersect at A and B.
So, the eqn of any circle passing through A and B is of the form S + L = 0,   R
 x2 + y2  a2 (x cos  + y sin   p) = 0 ...(I)
 x2 + y2  ( cos )x sin ) y  a2 p) = 0 ...(1)
If (1) itself is the circle with AB as diameter, then its centre
  cos   sin  
C ,  lies on L = 0
 2 2 
Substituting the point C in the eqn L = 0
  cos     sin  
We get   cos     sin   p  0
2 2 
 cos 2    sin 2   2p
 0
2
  (cos2  + sin2 )  2p = 0
   2p = 0
  =  2p.
Substituting the value of in (I) we get the required circle as
x2 + y2  a2  2p(x cos  + y sin   p) = 0
Hence Proved.
18. Find the equation of the radical axis of the circles 2x2 + 2y2 + 3x + 6y  5 = 0 and
3x2 + 3y2  7x + 8y  11 = 0
Sol: Let the circles in the standard form be
2 x 2 2 y 2 3x 6 y 5
S=     0
2 2 2 2 2
3 5
 S = x2 + y2 + x + 3y  = 0
2 2
7 8 11
and S  x 2  y 2  x y 0
3 3 3
The radical axis of S = 0 and S  0 is S  S  0
2 3 5 7 8 11
2
 x + y + x + 3y  – x 2  y 2 + x  y  0
2 2 3 3 3
3 5 7 8 11
 x  3y   x  y   0
2 2 3 3 3
9 x  18 y  15  14 x  16 y  22
 0
6
 23x + 2y + 7 = 0 Ans.
19. Find the radical centre of the circles
x2 + y2  2x + 6y = 0, x2 + y2  4x  2y + 6 = 0 and x2 + y2  12x + 2y + 3 = 0
Sol: Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2  2x  6y = 0,
S = x2 + y2  4x  2y + 6 = 0
S = x2 + y2  12x + 2y + 3 = 0
The radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0 is S  S = 0
2 2 2 2
 x + y  2x + 6y  x  y  4x  2y  6 = 0
 2x + 8y  6 = 0
 x + 4y  3 = 0 ...(1)
Similarly the radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0 is S  S = 0
2 2 2 2
 x + y  4x  2y  x  y  12x  2y  3 = 0
 8x  4y + 3 = 0 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get the radical centre.
x + 4y  3 = 0
8x – 4y + 3 = 0
9x = 0 substituting x = 0 in (1), we get
3
 x=0 y= .
4
 3
 The radical centre is  0,  Ans.
4
Note : To find Radical centre solve any two of the following radical axes : (S S ) = 0, ( S  S ) = 0,
(S  S ) = 0.
20. Find the eqn of the common chord and also its length of the two circles.
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 5y  4 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y  4 = 0
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 5y  4 = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y  4 = 0
For circle S = 0 For circle S = 0
 3 5   5 3 
centre C1 =  ,  C2 =  , 
2 2 2 2
9 25 25 9
r1   4 r  4
4 4 4 4
9  25  16 18 3
  
4 4 2
2 2
9 3  5 3   3 5 
  Distance C1C2 =       
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
6  2   2 
r1  r2         2.
2 2 2
6 2
  3 2 3 2 > 2 or 2 < 3 2
2 2
 C1C2 < r1 + r2
r1  r2 = 0
|r1  r2 | < C1C2 < |r1  r2 |
 The circles intersect. So the radical axis S  S = 0 is the common chord.
2 2 2 2
 x + y  3x  5y  4  x  y  5x  3y  4 = 0
2x + 2y = 0 or x  y = 0 is the radical axis.
 The eqn of common chord is L = x  y = 0 ...(1)
The length of common chord is 2 r 2  d 2 C1 d C2
where 'r' is the radius of the circle S = 0 r
& d is the perpendicular distance from C1 to the line (1)
3 5
 | ax1  by1  c |
2 2
d  formula is
12  ( 1) 2 a 2  b2
 3 5 
where (x1, y1) = C1   , 
 2 2
1
 ax + by + c is x  y.  a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
2
2 2
 3   1  9 1
 Length of common chord = 2   2 
 2   2  2 2
= 2  2 = 4 units.
21. Show that the circles S = x + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y  90 = 0 touch
2
each other internally. Find their point of contact and the eqn of common tangent.
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y  90 = 0
For circle S = 0, For circle S = 0
centre = C1 = (1, 2) centre = C2 = (3, 1)
radius = r1 = 1  4  20 radius = r2 = 9  1  90
 25  5  100  10
Distance C1C2 = ( 3  1)2  ( 1  2)2

= 16  9  25  5
we observe that C1C2 = |r1  r2| 5 = |5  10|.
So the two circles touch each other internally. Ans.
The eqn of common tangent at the point of contact is the radical axis S S = 0
 x2 + y2  2x  4y  20  x2 – y2  6x  2y + 90 = 0
  8x  6y  70 = 0
  2 (4x  3y  35) = 0
 4x  3y  35 = 0 Ans.
The point of contact P, is the external centre of similitude which divides C1C2 in the ratio
r1 : r2 = 5 : 10 = 1 : 2 externally.
3 2nx
mx 312my4 1 
ny41 
 P   2  , 1 , , 2
 1m 2n 1 12 2m1n2 
 3  2 1  4 
=  , 
1 2 1 2 
 5 5 
=  , 
1 1
= (5, 5) Ans.
Note : The point of contact is also the foot of the perpendicular drawn from C1 or C2 to the common
tangent 4x + 3y  35 = 0.
Let P(h, k), C1 = (x1, y1) = (1, 2) tangent : 4x + 3y  35 = 0 is ax + by + c = 0
Then
h  x1 k  y1 (ax1  by1  c)
  a = 4 b = 3 c = 35
a b a 2  b2
h 1 k  2 (4  6  35)
  
4 3 42  32
25
 1
25
h 1 k 2 
  1,  1
4 3  h = 5, k = 5.
 h  1  4, k  2  3
 The point of contact is (h, k) = (5, 5) Ans.
22. If the two circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y = 0 touch each other, then
show that f  g = f g .
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g  x + 2 f  y = 0
For circles S = 0, For circle S = 0

Center = C1 = (g, f ) Centre = C2 = ( g  ,  f  )
rad = r1  g2  f 2 r2  ( g )2  ( f )2
Let the circles S = 0 & S = 0 touch each other
(internally or externally)
Then C1C2 = | r1  r2 | C1C2 = (  g   g )2  (  f   f )2
Squaring on boh sides we get  ( g  g )2  ( f  f  2

(C1C2)2 = (r1  r2)2
= r12  r22  2r1r2
 (  g   g )2  ( f   f )2  ( g 2  f 2 )  ( g  2  f  2 )  2 g 2  f 2 ( g )2  ( f )2
 g 2  ( g  ) 2  2 gg   f 2  ( f  ) 2  2 ff   g 2  f 2  ( g  ) 2  ( f  ) 2
 2 ( g 2  f 2 ) ( g 2  f 2 )
  2 gg   2 ff    2 ( g 2  f 2 ) ( g  2  f  2 )
 gg   ff )   2 ( g 2  f 2 ) ( g 2  f 2 )
  2(
( gg   ff  ) 2  ( g 2  f 2 ) ( g  2  f  2 )
 g 2 g  2  f 2 f  2  2 gg ff   g 2 g  2  g 2 f  2  g  2 f 2  f 2 f  2
 g 2 f  2  g  2 f 2  2 gg ff   0
 ( gf  ) 2  ( g f ) 2  2( gf  ) ( g f )  0
 ( gf   g f ) 2  0
 gf   g f .
Hence the condition is proved.
23. Show that the circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c = 0 touch each other if
1 1 1
2
 2  .
a b c
Sol. : Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 + 2ax + 0.y + c = 0
S = x2 + y2 + 0.x + 2by + c = 0
For the circles S = 0, For the circle S = 0,
Center = C1 = (a, 0) Centre = C2 = (0, b)
radius = r1  a 2  02  c r2  02  b 2  c
 a2  c  b2  c
If the S = 0 and S = 0 touch each other, then
C1C2 = r1  r2
(c1c2)2 = (r1  r2)2
 (c1c2 )2  r12  r22  2r1r2
2
  (0  a) 2  ( b  0)2   (a 2  c)  (b2  c)  2 a 2  c b2  c
 
 a 2  b 2  a 2  c  b 2  c  2 (a 2  c)(b2  c)
 2 c   2 (a 2  c)(b 2  c)
squaring on both sides, we get
c2 = (a2  c) (b2  c)
 c 2 = a2b2 a2c b2c + c2
 0 = a2b2 a2c b2c

 c(a2 + b2) = a2b2
(a 2  b 2 )
 c 1
a 2b 2
a 2  b2 1
 
a 2b 2 c
a2 b2 1
 2 2  2 2

a b a b c
1 1 1
 2
 2 
b a c
1 1 1
 2
 2  Hence proved.
a b c
24. Find the eqn of the circle which cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4 y + 1 = 0,
2x2 + 2y2 + 6x + 8y 3 = 0 and x2 + y2  2x + 6y  3 = 0 orthogonally.
Sol: Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 ...(1)
6 8 3
S = x 2  y 2  x y  0
2 2 2
3
 S = x 2  y 2  3 x  4 y  0 ...(2)
2
and  S = x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  3  0 ...(3)
The radical axis of (1) and (2) is S  S = 0
3
 x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  x 2  y 2  3 x  4 y  0
2
3
 x 1 0
2
5
 x  0 ...(4)
2
The radical axis of (1) and (3) is S  S = 0
 x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  3  0
 4x  2y + 4 = 0
 2(2x  y + 2) = 0
 2x  y + 2 = 0 ...(5)
Solving (4) and (5) we ge the radical centre
5 5
(4)   x   0 x
2 2
Substituing in (5) we get
 5
2   y  2  0
 2
 5y+2=0
 y =7
5 
 The radical centre is  , 7  ( x1 , y1 )
2
5 
Now length of tangent from  , 7 to circle S = 0 is
2
S11  x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  1
2
 5 2  5
    7  2    4(7)  1
2 2
25
  49  5  28  1
4
25
  83
4
25  332

4
357

4
 The circle orthogonal to (1), (2) and (3) is
( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 ) 2  ( S11 ) 2
2
 5 357
 x   ( y  7) 2 
 2 4
25 357
 x2  y 2   49  5 x  14 y 
4 4
25 357 25 357
 x 2  y 2  5 x  14 y   49  0  49 
4 4 4 4
25  357
 x 2  y 2  5 x  14 y  34  0  49 
4
332
is required circle.  49 
4
Second Method = 49  83
Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 = 34
be the circle orthogonal to
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 2 g = 2, 2 f  = 4, c = 1
3 3
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 4y  = 0 2 g  = 3, 2 f  = 4, c =
2 2
S = x2 + y2  2x + 6y  3 = 0 2 g  = 2, 2 f  = 6, c = 3
S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c
 2g(1) + 2f(2) = c + 1  2g + 4f = c + 1 ...(1)
Again
S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c
 3 3 3
 2 g    2 f (2)  c   3g  4 f  c  ...(2)
 2  2 2
Again S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c
 2g(1) + 2f(3) = c  3  2g + 6f = c  3 ...(3)
Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get
(1)  2g + 4f = c + 1 (1)  2g + 4f = c + 1
3
(2)  3g + 4f = c  (3)  2g + 6f = c  3
2
   + + 
3
g = 1+ 4g  2f = 4
2
5  5 
 g  4   2 f  4
2  2
  2f = 4 + 10
14
f    7.
2
5
Substituting g = & f = 7 in (1), we get
2
 5 
2    4(  7)  c  1
 2
  5  28  1 = c  c =  34
Substituting the values of ‘g’, ‘f ’ and ‘c’ in S = 0
We get the requried circle as
x2 + y2  5x  14y  34 = 0 Ans.
25. Prove that the radical axis of the circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2 g x +
2 f  y + c = 0 is the diameter of the latter circle (or the former bisects the circumference of the
later) if 2 g (g  g ) + 2 f  (f  f  ) = c  c .
Sol : The given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
S = x + y + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0
2 2
...(2)
The radical axis w.r.t the circles S = 0 and S = 0 is S  S = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c  x2  y2  2 g x  2 f  y  c = 0
 (2g  2 g ) x + (2f  2 f  ) y + c  c = 0
 2(g  g ) x + 2(f  f  ) y + c  c = 0 ...(3)
To find the condition for the radical axis to be the diameter of circle (2)
So, center of circle (2) is ( g ,  f  )
If the radical axis (3) is the diameter of circle (2), then its center ( g ,  f  ) should lie on (3)
2(g  g )( g ) + 2(f  f  ) ( f  ) + c  c = 0
 2 g (g  g ) + 2 f  ( f  f  ) = c  c
Hence proved
26. Show that the common chord of the circles x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2  8x  6y + 23
= 0 is the daimeter of the second circle and also find its length.
Sol : Given circles are
S = x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 = 0 2g = 6, 2f = 4, c = 9
and S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 23 = 0 2 g = 8, 2 f  = 6, c = 23
For circle S = 0 For circle S = 0
Centre = C1 = (3,2) Centre = C2 = (4,3)
raidus = r1  9  4  9  2 radius = r2  16  9  23  2
Distance C1C2  (4  3)2  (3  2)2  2  2  2.

|r1  r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 2  2  2  1.414 = 0.586
 The circles are intersecting cicles.
The common chord is the radaical axis S S = 0
 x 2  y 2  6 x  4 y  9  x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  23  0
 2 x  2 y  14  0
 x  y  7  0 ... (1) is the common chord
To show that it is the diameter of second circle S = 0 :-
Centre of S = 0 is (4,3)
Substituting (4, 3) in 1, we get 4 + 3 7 = 0
 The centre of the circle S = 0 lies on the radical axis that is, the common chord AB of the
circles S = 0 & S = 0.
 The common chord is the diameter of the second circle S = 0.
Hence proved.
 Length of common chord
= length of the diameter of circle (2)
= 2  raidus of circle (2) = 2 2 units
OR
Length of common chord
 2 r2  d 2
where r = radius of circle S = 0
d = length of the  r from the center C1 = (3,2) to the chord x + y  7 = 0
| ax1  by1  c |
 (formula)
a 2  b2
| 3 2  7 | 2
 
12  12 2
2 . 2
  2
2
2 2
length of common chord  2 r  d
 2  22  ( 2)2
 2 42
 2 2 units. Ans.
27. Find the eqn of the circle whose diameter is the common chord of the circles
S  x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and S  x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
Sol : Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
For circle S = 0, For circle S = 0,
 3   3 
Centre = C1 =  1,  Centre = C2 =  2, 
2 2
9 9
radius = r1 = 1  1 radius = r2 = 4 2
4 4
9 3 9 17
 .  2 
4 2 4 2
4.12
  2.06.
2
2
2  3 3 
Distance C1C2 = ( 2  1)    
 2 2
= 1.
3 17 
1   
2 2 
 | r1  r2 |  C1C2  | r1  r2 |
 The two circles intersect each other and the common chord AB is the radiacl axis
S  S = 0
2 2 2 2
 x + y + 2x + 3y + 1  x  y  4x  3y  2 = 0
 2x  1 = 0
 2x  1 = 0
Let L = 2x + 1 = 0
We know that the eqn of any circle passing through the points A and B is
S + (S  S ) = 0 where
Where A and B are the points of intersection of the circles S = 0 and S = 0
S + (S  S ) = 0 or S + L = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2x + 3x + 1 + (2x  = 0
 x2 + y2 + (2 + 2)x + 3y + (1  = 0 ...(1)
 (2  2 ) 3 
If (1) itself is the circle with AB as diametre, then its centre P   ,  lies on the
 2 2
radical axis L = 0
 (2  2 ) 
 2   1 0
 2 
 2  2 + 1 = 0
 2 = 1
1
 = 
2
Substituting in (1), we get the requried circle as
  1   1
x 2  y 2   2  2     x  3 y  1    0
  2   2
1
 x2  y 2  x  3 y  0
2
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 x  6 y  1  0.
Parabola 119
Unit 3
Parabola
Conic Sections
The Circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, a pair of intersecting straight lines; a straight line and
a point are called as conic sections because each is a section of a double napped right circular cone
with a plane.
Note: A pair of parallel straight lines is not a conic section as there is no plane which cuts the
cone along two parallel lines.
The generated conic sections are a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, a hyperbola. The
degenerated conic sections are a point, a straight line, a pair of intersecting straight lines.
Conic
Definition: The locus of a point moving ona plane such that its distances from a fixed point and
a fixed straight line in the plane are in a constant ratio ‘e’ is called a conic.
1. The fixed point is called the focus and is usually denoted by S.
2. The fixed straight line is called the directrix.
3. The constant ratio ‘e’ is called the eccentricity.
4. The straight line of the plane passing through the

focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called
the axis.
5. If e = 1, the conic is a parabola.
If 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse.

If e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola
If e = 0, the conic is a circle.
6. Foci are inside the conic
7. Directrices are outside the conic and never intersect the conic.
Parabola
Equation of a parabola in the general form
Let S(, ) be the focus and lx  my  n  0 be the directrix. Then by definition of the parobola.
SP = PM, where P(x, y) is a point on the parabola and PM is the  r distance from P to
the directrix.
lx  my  n
 ( x   )2  ( y   )2  , when P  ( x, y )
x2  y 2
(lx  my  n)2
 ( x   )2  ( y   )2  is the eqn. of parabola
l 2  m2
which is a second degree eqn. in x and y. The eqn. of axis is
m( x   )  l ( y   )  0 .
V Imp LAQ
Theorm. Derive the equation of the Parabola in the standard form as y 2  4ax
Proof: Let ‘S’ be the focus and l be the directix. Y

l

Let ZS be the axis which is passing through the focus,
P
M
S, and  r to the directix l.
X A X
Z S
Let ‘A’ be the midpoint of ZS and ‘A’ be the origin.
Then ZA = AS.
  Y
Let ZA = AS = a and AS be the positive x axis and AZ
be the negative x axis. Let YAY be the y axis,
Then A = (0,0), S = (a,0), Z = (-a,0)
The directrix l is parallel to y-axis and passes through Z.  Its equation is x = -a or x + a = 0.
Parabola 121
Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the parabola.
SP
Then according to the definition, 1
PM
 SP  PM
 SP 2  PM 2
where PM = perpendicular distance from P to the directrix x + a = 0
x1  a
  x1  a
12  02
ax1  by1  c
Formula:
a 2  b2
 SP 2  PM 2
2 2 2
  x1  a    y1  0   x1  a
2 2 2
 x1  a 2  2ax1  y1  x1  a 2  2ax1
2
 y1  4ax1
 The locus of P is y 2  4ax which is the required standard equation of the parabola.
Nature of the curve of the parabola y 2  4ax , (a>0)
1. The curve passes through origin  x = 0  y = 0

2. The y-axis is a tangent to the parabola at the origin.
3. For any positive real value of x, we obtain two values of y of equal magnitude but of
opposite in signs. So the curve is symmetric about X-axis and lies in the first and fourth
quadrants  x  0  . The curve doesnot exist on the left side of y-axis.
4. As x , y    . So the two branches of the parabola lying on opposite sides of the
X-axis extend to infinity towards the positive direction of the X-axis. Hence it is an open
curve.
5. For the parabola y 2  4ax, (a > 0) the focus S is (a, 0), directrix is x + a = 0 and axis
is y = 0. The vertex is A(0, 0).
6. If the vertex is at (h,k) and the axis of the parabola is parallel to X-axis then the
2
equation of the parabola is  y  k   4a  x  h  .
Definitions:
1. The line joining two points of a parabola is called ‘a chord’ of a parabola.
2. A chord passing through the focus is called a ‘focal chord’.
3. A chord through a point P on theparabola, which is perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola, is called the ‘double ordinate’ of the point P.
4. The double ordinate passing through the focus is called the ‘latus rectum’ of the
parabola.
5. Length of latus rectum is 4a, (a > 0)
Extremities of latus rectum are (a, 2a) and (a, 2a)
Note: When the latus rectum is known, the equation of the parabola is known in its
standard form, and the size and shape of the curve are determined accordingly.
Definition: The distance of a point on the
parabola from its focus is called the ‘focal
distance’ of the point.
Formula: The focal distance of the point p(x,
y) on the parabola y 2  4ax
whose focus is S(a, 0)is SP

= PM
= x1 + a
Parametric equations of the parabola y 2  4ax
The point P(at 2 , 2at ) satisfies the equation y 2  4ax of a parabola t R .
 x  at 2 , y  2at are the parametric equations of the parabola y 2  4ax . Any ‘point t’or
P(t) is P(at 2 , 2at )

Parabola 123
Notation:
S  y 2  4ax
S1  yy1  2a( x  x1 )
S11  y12  4ax1
S12  y1 y2  2a ( x1  x2 )
Position of a point w.r.t the parabola y 2  4ax or S  y 2  4ax  0
The part of the parabola which contains the focus is called the interior of the parabola and the other
is called the exterior of the parabola.
(i) P( x1 , y1 ) lies outside the parabola S  y 2  4ax  0  S11  0
(ii) The point P( x1 , y1 ) lies on the parabola S = 0  S11  0
(iii) The point P( x1 , y1 ) lies inside the parabola S = 0  S11  0
Various forms of the Parabola

(i) The focus is situated on the right side of directrix.
The axis is X-axis The axis is parallel to X axis
Eqn. of the Parabola : y 2  4ax, (a  0) ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h), (a  0)

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (a, 0) ( a  h, k )
Directrix : x  a x  h  a
axis :y=0 yk 0
Length of latusrectum : 4a 4a
Extremities of L.r. : ( a , 2 a ) ( a  h,  2 a  k )
(ii) The focus is situated on the left side of directix

The axis is X-axis The axis is parallel to X axis
Y
xha=0
Y
A
X X
S(a, 0) yk=0
S A
xa=0 X X
Y
Y
Eqn. of the Parabola : y 2  4ax, (a  0) ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h), ( a  0)

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (a, 0) (  a  h, k )
Directrix :x  a xh  a
axis :y=0 yk 0
Extremities of L.r. : (  a , 2 a ) (  a  h, 2 a  k )
(iii) The focus is above the directrix and the axis of the parabola isy-axis or parallel to y-axis
The axis is Y-axis The axis is parallel to Y axis
Y Y
S
S(0,a)
X A X
X A X
yk+a = 0
y +a = 0
Y Y xh=0
2
Eqn. of the Parabola : x  4ay ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (0, a ) ( h, a  k )
Directrix : y  a y  k  a
axis :x=0 xh 0
Extremities of L.r. : ( 2 a , a ) ( h  2a, a  k )
Parabola 125
(iv) The focus is below the directrix and the axis of the parabola isy-axis or parallel to y-axis
Y
Y
y a = 0 y ka = 0
A A
X X
S
S(0,  a)
X X
Y Y xh=0
Eqn. of the Parabola : x 2  4ay , a > 0 ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k ) , a > 0

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) (h, k)
Focus (S) : (0 , a) ( h,  a  k )
Directrix :y=a yk  a
axis :x=0 xh 0
Extremities of L.r. : (2a, a) ( h  2a,  a  k )
(v) Inclined Parabola
Eqn of parabola is
Y axis (lx  my  n) 2
( x   )2  ( y   )2 
l 2  m2
Focus (S) = ( ,  )
S() Directix : lx  my  n  0
A Axis = m( x   )  l ( y   )  0
X X
directrix
Y
Note: If the focus S lies on the directix, then the locus is a straight line passing through S and r
to the directix. It is a degnerated parabola.
Note: 1) The eqn of the parabola whose axis is parallel
(i) to the X-axis is x  ly 2  my  n
(ii) to the Y-axis is y  lx 2  mx  n where l , m, n  IR l  0
PROBLEMS
Very Short Answer Questions
I. 1. Find the vertex and focus of 4 y 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
Sol.: The given parabola is 4 y 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
 4 y 2  20 y  12 x  67
 4( y 2  5 y )  12 x  67
2 2
 2 5 5 5 
 4  y  2. y         12x  67
 2  2   2  

2 2
 5 5 
 4  y        12 x  67
 2   2  
2
 5  25  12 x  67
  y     
 2 4  4
2
 5 12 x  67 25
y   
 2 4 4
2
 5 12 x  42
y  
 2 4
 42 
12  x  
 12 

4
2
 5  7
  y    3  x  
 2  2
This is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
5 7 3
where  k  ,  h  , 4a  3  a 
2 2 4
7 5 3
h ,k  ,a 
2 2 4
For the parabola ( y  k ) 2  4 a ( x  h ) , the vertex is ( h, k ) and focus is (h  a, k )
 7 5
 for the given parabola, the vertex is (h, k )    2 , 2  Ans.
 
Focus = S = (h  a, k )
Parabola 127
 7 3 5 
  , 
 2 4 2
 17 5 
 ,  Ans.
 4 2
2. Find the vertex and focus of x 2  6 x  6 y  6  0
Sol.: Given parabola is x 2  6 x  6 y  6  0
 x 2  2.x.3  32  32  6 y  6  0
 x 2  2.x.3  32  6 y  3
 3
 ( x  3) 2  6  y  
 6
  1 
 ( x  3) 2  6  y     
  2 
This equation is in the form ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
1
 h  3, k   , 4a  6
2
3
a
2
 1
 The verex is (h, k )   3,  2  Ans
 
 1 3
Focus = (h, k  a )   3,     (3,1) Ans
 2 2
3. Find the equations of the axis and directix of the parabola y 2  6 y  2 x  5  0
Sol.: Given parabola is y 2  6 y  2 x  5  0
 y 2  2. y.3  2 x  5  0
 y 2  2. y.3  32  32  2 x  5  0
 ( y  3) 2  2 x  4
 ( y  3) 2  2( x  2)
This equation is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
 k  3,  h  2, 4a  2
1
 k  3, h  2, a  .
2
The axis of the parabola is y  k  0  y  3  0 Ans.

The Directrix of the parabola is x  h  a
1
 x2 0
2
 2 x  5  0 Ans.
4. Find the equations of the axis and directrix of the parabola 4 x 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
Sol.: Given parabola is 4 x 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
 4[ x 2  3 x]  20 y  67  0
 3
 4  x 2  2.x.   20 y  67  0
 2
2 2
 3 3 3 
 4  x 2  2.x.         20 y  67  0
 2  2   2  
2
 3  9
 4  x      20 y  67  0
 2  4 
2
 3
  x    9  20 y  67  0
 2
2
 3
 4  x    20 y  58  0
 2
2
 3
 4  x    20 y  58
 2
2
 3  58 
 4  x    20  y  
 2  20 
2
 3 20  29 
x   y 
 2 4  10 
2
 3  29 
  x    5 y  
 2  10 
This equation is in the form ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
3 29
Where h  , k  , 4a  5
2 10
Parabola 129
3 29 5
h ,k  , 4a 
2 10 4
The axis of the parabola is x  h  0
3
 x  0  2x  3  0 Ans.
2
The directrix of the parabola is y  k   a
29 5
 y 
10 4
29 5
 y  0
10 4
20 y  58  25
 0
20
 20 y  33  0 Ans
Long Answer Questions

5. Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus, the equation of the directrix and axis of the
following parabolas.
(i) y 2  4 x  4 y  3  0 (ii) x 2  2 x  4 y  3  0
Sol:. (i) The given parabola y 2  4 x  4 y  3  0
 y 2  2. y.2  4 x  3  0
 y 2  2. y.2  22  22  4 x  3  0
 ( y  2) 2  4  4 x  3  0
 ( y  2) 2  4 x  7
 7 
 ( y  2)2  4  x  
 4 
This equation is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
7
where k  2 , 4a  4 , h 
4
7
 k  2, a  1, h 
4
7 
The vetex is  (h, k )   , 2  Ans
4 
7 
Focus is   h  a, k     1, 2 
4 
3 
  , 2  Ans
4 
7
Directrix is x  h  a  x  1
4
 4 x  11  0 Ans
Axis is y  k  0  y  2  0 Ans
Sol.: (ii) The parabola is x 2  2 x  4 y  3  0
 x 2  2.x.1  12  12  4 y  3  0
 ( x  1) 2  1  4 y  3  0
 ( x  1) 2  4 y  4
 ( x  1) 2  4( y  1)
This equation of parabola is in the form
( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
 h  1, k  1, 4a  4  a  1
The vertex is  (h, k )  (1,1) Ans.
Focus is  ( h, k  a )  (1, 0) Ans
Directrix is y  k  a
 y  k  a  0  y  2  0 Ans
Axis is x  h  0
 x 1  0 Ans
Long Answer Question
6. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and which passes through
the points (2, 1), (1, 2) and (1, 3).
Sol. The axis of the prabola is parallel to X-axis
So let the parabola be ly 2  my  n  x. __(1)
(Since vertex is generally denoted by A, we take the points as P, B, C).
Now it passes through P(2, 1)
 l (1) 2  m(1)  n  2
 l  m  n  2 ___ (2)
Parabola 131
Similarly, it passes through B = (1, 2) and C (1, 3)

 l (2) 2  m(2)  n  1 and l (3)2  m(3)  n  1
 4l  2m  n  1 __ (3) and 9l  3m  n  1 __ (4)
Solving (2), (3) and (4) for l , m, n we get
l  m  n  2  (2) l  m  n  2  (2)
4l  2m  n  1  (3) 9l  3m  n  1  (4)
3l  m  3  (5) 8l  2m  1  (6)
 (3l  m  3) __(5)
8l  2m  1 __(6)
6l  2m  6
8l  2m  1 5
 2l  5  l
2
15
Substituting in (5), we get  m  3
2
15 21
m 3 
2 2
21
m
2
From (2), we get n  2  l  m
5 21
 n  2    10
2 2
 n  10
Substituting the values of l , m, n in (1), we get the required parabola as
5 2 21
y  y  10  x
2 2
5 y 2  21 y  20
 x
2
 5 y 2  21 y  20  2 x
 5 y 2  21 y  2 x  20  0 . Ans.
7. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to y-axis and which passes through
th e p o in ts (4 , 5 ), (2, 11) and R = (4, 21).
Sol. The axis of the parabola is parallel to y-axis.
So, let the parabola be lx 2  mx  n  y . __(1)
Now it passes through P(4, 5)
 l (4) 2  m(4)  n  5 .
 16l  4m  n  5 __(2)
Again, it passes through Q(2, 11) and R = (4, 21)
 l (2) 2  m(2)  n  11 and l (4) 2  m(4)  n  21
 4l  2m  n  11 ___(3) 16l  4m  n  21 ___(4)
Solving (2), (3), (4) for l , m, n, we get.
(2)  16l  4m  n  5 (3)  4l  2m  n  11
(3)  4l  2m  n  11 (4)  16l  4m  n  21
12l  6m  6 12l  2m  10

 6l  3m  3  (5)  6l  m  5 __(6)
(5)  6l  3m  3
(6)  6l  m  5
4m  8  m  2
Substituting in (6), we get 6l  2  5
 6l  5  2
 6l  3
1
 l
2
Substituting the values of l and m in (3),
1
we get 4    2(2)  n  11
2
 2  4  n  11
 n5
Substituting the values of l, m, n in (1), we get the required parabola as
1 2
x  (2) x  5  y
2
Parabola 133
x 2  4 x  10
 y
2
 x 2  4 x  10  2 y
 x 2  4 x  2 y  10  0 Ans.

8. F in d th e eq u atio n o f th e p arab o la w h o se fo cu s is (2, 3) and directrix is the line
2 x  3 y  4  0 . Also find the length of the latus rectum and the equation of the axis of the
paraqbola.
Sol: Since focus = S  ( 2, 3) and directrix is 2 x  3 y  4  0 are given, the equation of parabola
can be found using the definition : SP = PM.
Where P = ( x1, y1 ) is any point on the parabola and PM is the  r distance from P to the
directrix.
 SP = PM
2 x1  3 y1  4
 ( x1  2) 2  ( y1  3) 2 
2 2  32
2
13 ( x1  2)2  ( y1  3)2   2 x1  3 y1  4
 13( x12  4 x1  4  y12  6 y1  9)  4 x12  9 y12  16  12 x1 y1  24 y1  16 x1

 9 x12  12 x1 y1  4 y12  68 x1  54 y1  153  0
The locus of P is the equation of required parabola.
 The requried parabola is
 9 x 2  12 xy  4 y 2  68 x  54 y  153  0
Length of latus rectum
= 4a
= 2(2a)
= 2 x distance from focus to directrix
= 2 x SZ
2(2)  3(3)  4 ax1  by1  c
 2 formula :
22  32 a 2  b2
1
 2 where ( x1 y1 )  S
13
2

13
To find the equation of axis of the prabola:- We konw that the axis is  r to the directrix and
passes through the focus.
2 3
 The slope of difectrix is  The slope of the axis is
3 2
3
 The equation of axis of the parabola with slope and passing through S(2,3) is
2
3
y 3  ( x  2)
2
 3 x  2 y  12  0 Ans.
9. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is S(1, 7) and vertex is A(1, 2)
Sol.: For the parabola, focus = S  (1, 7)

Vertex = A  (1, 2)
Since the vertex, A and focus, S lie on the axis of the parabola, and since the x-coord of

S and A are same. AS is parallel to y-axis.
So the axis of the parabola is parallel to y-axis.

Since we know the vertex A  ( h, k )  (1, 2), the equation of the parabola can be
( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
But the focus = S = (1, 7) always lies inside the parabola.
Since A is above S, the parabola is a downward type of parabola.
So its equation is ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
Now distance AS = a  (1  1) 2  (2  7) 2  5
 The equation the required parabola is
( x  1) 2  4(5)( y  2)
 ( x  1) 2  20( y  2) Ans.
10. Find the position (interior or exterior or on) of the point(6, 6) with respect to the parabola
y2  6x .
Parabola 135
Sol. The parabola is S  y 2  6 x  0

Let ( x1 , y1 )  6, 6)
S11  y 2  6 x1
= (6) 2  6(6)
 36  36
=0
S11  0  The point (6, 6) lies on the parabola S = 0.
11. Find the coordinates of the points on the parabola y 2  8 x whose focal distance is 10.
Sol. Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the parabola y 2  8 x.
Then y12  8 x1 ___(1)
Now comparing y 2  8 x with the standard parabola y 2  4ax
we get 4a  8  a  2
The focal distance of P is 10 (given)
 x1  a  10
 x1  2  10  x1  8
Subst. in (1) we get y12  8(8)  64
 y1   64   8.
Therefore the points on the parabola whose focal distance is 10 are
( x1 , y1 )  (8,8) & (8, 8) Ans
1 
12. If  , 2  is one extremity of a focal chord of the parabola y 2  8 x , then find the coordinates
2 
of the other extremity.
Sol. Given parabola is y 2  8 x . Comparing it with y 2  4ax we get 4a  8  a  2
Focus = (a, 0) = (2, 0)
Let PB be the focal chord.
Let P   at , 2at    12 , 2 

2
1 1 (parametric coordinates)
1
 at12  , 2at1  2  2.2.t1  2
2
1
 t1 
2
Let B   at22 , 2at2 

Since PB is a focal chord, we have t1t2  1
1  1
 t2    2.
t1 1/2
 2
 B   at22 , 2at2   2  2  , 2(2)(2) 
= (8, 8) is the other extrenity of the focal chord PB .
13. Find the equation of the parabola whose vetex and focus are on the poistive x-axis at a
distance ‘a’ and ‘ a ’ from the origin respectively..
Sol. Since the vertex & focus of the parabola are on the x-axis at a distance of a and a from
the origin respectively, the coordinates of vertex A  (a, 0) & Focus = S = (a, 0)
Dist AS = ( a  a )
The equation of the parabola is ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h) , the standard equation, where
(h, k) = A = vertex & a = distance AS.
 The required parabola is
( y  0) 2  4(a  a )( x  a )
 y 2  4(a  a )( x  a ) Ans.
Q. Prove that the area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola y 2  4ax is
1
( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) where y1 , y2 y3 are the ordinates of its vertics.
8a
Sol. Given Parabola is y 2  4ax ___(1)
Let P(x1, y1 ), Q(x2 , y2 ) , R( x3 , y3 ) be three points on the parabola, then y12  4ax1 ,
y22  4ax2 , y32  4ax3
y12 y2 y2
 x1  , x 2  2 , x3  3
4a 4a 4a
1 x2  x1 x3  x1
 Area of ΔPQR =
2 y2  y1 y3  y1
y2 y2 y32 y12
1 2  1 
= 4a 4a 4a 4a
2
y2  y1 y3  y1
Parabola 137
1 1  y2  y1  y  y12 
2 2 2
3
=
2 4a y2  y1 y3  y1
1 ( y2  y1 )( y2  y1 ) ( y3  y1 )( y3  y1 )

8a y2  y1 y3  y1
1 y y y3  y1
 ( y2  y1 )( y3  y1 ) 2 1
8a 1 1
1
 ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 )
8a
Second Method:
Let P  ( x1, y1 )  (at12 ,2at1 )
Q = ( x2 , y2 )  (at22 , 2at2 )
R = ( x3 , y3 )  (at32 , 2at3 ) be 3 points on the parabola y 2  4ax
2 y1
Then x1  at1 , 2at1  y1  t1  .
2a
2
 y  ay 2 y 2
 x1  a  1   12  1
 2a  4a 4a
1
Area of PQR =
2
 x (y
1 2  y3 )
1 y12

2
 4a ( y2  y3 )
1  y12 y22 y32 

  ( y 2  y3 )  ( y3  y1 )  ( y1  y2 ) 
2  4a 4a 4a 
1
 y12 ( y2  y3 )  y22 ( y3  y1 )  y32 ( y1  y2 )
2  4a
1 2
 y1 y2  y12 y3  y22 y3  y1 y22  y1 y32  y2 y32
8a
1
 ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) Sq.units because
8a
( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 )
 ( y1  y2 )( y2 y3  y1 y2  y32  y1 y3 )
 y12 y2  y12 y3  y22 y3  y1 y22  y1 y32  y2 y32 .
1
 Area of PQR is ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) Sq. Units, Hence proved.
8a
15. If the coordinates of the ends of a focal chord of the parabola y 2  4ax are ( x1 , y1 ) and
( x2 , y2 ) , then prove that x1 x2  a 2 and y1 y2  4a 2
Sol.: Let P( x1 , y1 )  (at12 , 2at1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 )  (at22 , 2at2 ) be two end points of a focal chord
PQ of the parabola y 2  4ax where Focus = S = (a, 0)
Now P, S, Q are collinear.
 
 Slope of PS = slope of SQ
2at1  0 2at2  0
 at 2  a  at 2  a
1 2
2at1 2at2
 
a (t1  1) a (t22  1)
2
t1 t
 2
 22
t  1 t2  1
1
 t1  t22  1  t2  t12  1
 t1t22  t1  t12t2  t2  0
 t1t2 (t2  t1 )   t2  t1   0
 (t1t2  1)  t2  t1   0
 t1t2  1 = 0 because t1  t2
 t1t2  1
Because if t 1  t 2 then P & Q coincide & there is no chord.
Now x1. x2  at12 . at22
= a 2 (t1t2 ) 2  a 2 (1) 2  a 2
y1 y2  2at1.2at2
= 4a 2t1t2
 4a 2 (1)
 4a 2 Hence proved.
Parabola 139
Short Answer Questions

16. For a focal choid PQ of the parabola y 2  4ax , if SP = l and SQ = l  , then porve that
1 1 1
 
l l a
Sol. Let P  (at12 , 2at1 ) and Q  (at22 , 2at2 ) be the extremities of the focal chord PQ of the
parabola y 2  4ax whose focus is S = (a, 0).
Then t1t2  1 , because PQ is a focal chord.

Then Distance SP = l (given)
 SP  l  ( a  at12 ) 2  (0  2at1 ) 2
 a 2  a 2t14  2a 2t12  4a 2t12
 a 2  a 2t14  2a 2t12
 ( a  at12 ) 2
 a  at12
Similarly SQ = l   (a  at22 )2  (0  2at2 ) 2
 (a  at22 ) 2  4a 2t22
 ( a  at22 ) 2
a at12  a
 a  at22  a    t1t2  1
t12 t12
1 1 1 1
  1 2
 2 1
l l a  at1 at1  a t22 
t12 t12
1 t12
 
a  at12 a  at12
1  t12

a  at12

1  t   1
2
1
a 1  t  a
2
1
Unit 4
Ellipse
Definition: The conic with eccentricity less thanunity is called an ellipse. An ellipse is the locus of a
point whose distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line are in constant ratio 'e' which is less
than unity. The fixed point and the fixed straight line are called the focus and the directrix of the ellipse
respectively.
x2 y 2
Theorem: The equation of the ellipse in the standard form is 2  2  1, a  b
a b
x2 y 2
Nature of the curve of the eqn. of the ellipse : 2  2  1, (a  b  0)
a b
(i) The curve intersects X-axis at A(a, 0) and A'(–a, 0), hence AA' = 2a. The curve intsects Y-axis
of B(0, b) and B'(0, –b), hence BB'= 2b.
Major and Minor Axes
The line segment AA' and BB' of lengths 2a and 2b respectively are called axes of ellipse.
If a > b, AA' is called major axis and BB' is called minor axis and vice versa if a < b.
Chord, Focal Chord, Latus rectum
1. A line segment joining two points on the ellipse is called a 'chord' of the ellipse.
2. A chord passing through one of the foci is called a 'focal chord".
3. A focal chord perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse is called alatus rectum. An ellipse
has two latus recta.
Note: The foci S, S', the vertices A, A' lie on the major axis of the ellipse.
x2 y 2
The standard equation of the ellipse is   1, (a  b) .
a 2 b2
It is horizontal ellipse b2 = a2 (1–e2), 0 < e < 1
C = Centre = (0, 0), S = focus = (ae, 0), S' = focus = (–ae, 0)
Distance between the foci = Distance SS' = 2ae.
Ellipse 141
Directrix : Y
a a a a  a 
x  CZ  , Z   x , 0  Z'    , 0
e e e e  e 
B
a aa a  a  P
Directrices x   x   , Z
andCZ Z'  ,0 , 0 M  M
e ee e e 
X  C A X
Z A S S N Z
So, distance between the directrices
a B
= distance ZZ' = 2 .
e
Length of major axis : Distance AA' = 2a Y
[A = (a, 0), A' = (–a, 0)]
Length of minor axis : Distance BB' = 2b [ B = (0, b), B' = (0, –b)]
Centre of the ellipse = C = midpoint of SS'
= midpoint of AA'
= midpoint of ZZ'
Various forms of the ellipse
x2 y2
If a = b, then the ellipse   1 is a circle (x2 + y2 = a2) with centre at origin and having radius
a2 b2
‘a’ and we are familiar with circles. We assumeda  b and in the following discussion, we describe
different forms of the ellipse.
x2 y2
(i)   1 (a  b  0) (Fig. 4.4)
a2 b2
Major axis along X-axis
Length of major 2a
axis (A A )
Minor axis along Y-axis
Length of minor
axis (B B ) 2b
Centre C = (0, 0)
Foci S = (ae, 0),
S = (ae, 0)
Equation of x = a/e
the directrices x = a/e Fig
a2  b2
Eccentricity e=
a2
x2 y2
(ii)  (a<ab< b)0) (Fig. 4.5)
 1 (0
a2 b2
Major axis along Y-axis
Length of major 2b
axis (B B )
Minor axis along X-axis
Length of minor
ax is (A A ) 2a
Centre C = (0, 0)
Foci S = (0, be)
S = (0, be)
Equation of the y = b/e
directrices y = b/e
b2  a2
Eccentricity e= Fig.
b2
Centre not at the origin
If the centre is at (h, k) and the axes of the ellipse are parallel to the X-and Y - axis, then by shifting
the origin to (h, k) by translation of axes and using the results (i) and (ii) above, the following results (iii) and
(iv) can be obtained.
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
(iii)   1, (a  b  0) (Fig. 4.6)
a2 b2
Major axis along y = k
Length of major 2a
axis (AA )
Minor axis along x = h
Length of minor
axis (B B ) 2b
Centre C = (h, k)
Foci S = (h+ae, k)
S = (hae, k)
Equation of x = h+a/e
the directrices x = ha/e
a2  b2
Eccentricity e= Fig
a2
Ellipse 143
( x  h)2 ( y  k )2
(iv)   1, (0  a  b) , (Fig. 4.7)
a2 b2
Major axis alo n g x=h
Length of the major 2b
axis (B B )
Minor axis along y = k
Length of the minor
axis (AA ) 2a
Centre C = (h, k)
Foci S = (h, k + be)
S = (h, kbe)
Equation of y = k+b/e Fig.
the directrices y = kb/e
b2  a2
Eccentricity e=
b2
x2 y 2
Theorem : If P(x, y) is any point on the ellipse 2  2  1, (a  b) whose foci are S and S', then
a b
prove that SP + S'P is a constant.
Let S, S' be the foci and ZM, Z'M' be the corresponding directrices of the ellipse
x2 y 2
  1, (a  b) .
a 2 b2
Join SP and S'P where P(x, y) is a point on the ellipse. Draw PL perpendicular to x-axis and
M'MP perpendicular to the two directrices.
By definition of the ellipse,
a 
SP = e(PM) = e(LZ) = e(CZ – CL) = e   x
e 
 a
S'P = e(PM') = e(LZ') = e(CL + CZ') = e  x  
e
SP + S'P = 2a = constant = length of major axis (or)
or SP + S'P = e(PM + PM') = e(MM')
2a
= e × distance between the directrices = e × =2a = constant
e
Auxiliary circle
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called 'Auxiliary Circle' of the
ellipse.
x2 y 2
The equation of the Auxiliary Circle of the ellipse   1, (a  b) is x 2  y 2  a 2 .
a 2 b2
Eccentric angle and Parametric equation
Let P be any point on the ellipse. Draw PN perpendicular to the major axis and produce it to
meet the auxiliary circle at Q. Then angle ACQ is called the eccentric angle of the point P.
0   < 2.
x2 y 2
x= a cos, y = b sin are known as the parametric equations of the ellipse   1, where
a 2 b2
 is called the parameter.
Any point P on the ellipse is (acos, bsin ) = point  = P()
Notation
x2 y 2
S  1
a 2 b2
xx1 yy1
S1   1
a 2 b2
x12 y12
S11   1
a 2 b2
x1 x2 y1 y2
S12   2 1
a2 b
The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the ellipse S = 0 according as S11 is positive, zero or
negative respectively.
Ellipse 145
Director Circle
Director circle of the ellipse S = 0 is x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2 . It is the locus of the point of intersection
of perpendicular tangents to the ellipse.
Porblecms
2
1. Find the equation of the ellipse with focus at (1, –1), e  and directrix as x  y  2  0.
3
2
Sol. Let the focus S = (1, –1), e  and directrix is x  y  2  0 .
3
Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the ellipse.
SP
Then according to the definition, e ............ (1)
PM
where PM is the perpendicular distance from P to the directrix.
ax1  by1  c
 PM 
a 2  b2
x1  y1  2

12  12
From (1)
 SP = e PM
2 x1  y1  2
 ( x1  1) 2  ( y1  1) 2 
3 2
2
4 x1  y1  2
 ( x1  1) 2  ( y1  1) 2 
9 2
 7 x12  7 y12  4 x1 y1  26 x1  10 y1  10  0
 The locus of P(x1, y1) is
7 x 2  7 y 2  4 xy  26 x  10 y  10  0
which is the required equation of the ellipse.
2. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form whose distance between foci is 2 and the
length of latus rectum is 15 .

2
2
x y2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 .
a b
Distance between foci = 2ae = 2  ae = 1.

2b 2 15
Length of the latus rectum = 
a 2
 4b 2  15a  b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  a 2  a 2 e 2
 4  a 2  a 2 e 2   15a
 4a 2  4a 2 e 2  15a  0
 4a 2  15a  4  0 a2e2  (ae)2  12  1
 (4a  1)( a  4)  0
1
a  or 4
4
1
 a 4 a is + ve, a 
4
 b 2  a 2  a 2 e 2  16  1  15
x2 y 2
 The required ellipse is   1.
a 2 b2
x2 y 2
  1
16 15
3. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form such that the distance between foci is 8 and
distance between directrices is 32.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse in the standard form be   1.
a 2 b2
Distance between the foci = 2ae = 8  ae = 4.
2a a
Distance between the directrices  32   16.
e e
a
Now, ae   4  16  a 2  64  a  8.
e
b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  a 2  a 2 e 2  64  (4) 2  64  16  48.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
 The ellipse is   1    1.
a 2 b2 64 48
4. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse (in standard form) if its length of latus rectum is equal to half of
its major axis.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 .
a b
Ellipse 147
1
Given, length of latus rectum = × length of major axis
2
2b 2 1
  (2a )  2b 2  a 2
a 2
 2 a2 (1  e2 )  a2
 2(1  e 2 )  1
1
 1  e2 
2
1 1 1
 e2  1   e
2 2 2
1
 The eccentricity of the ellipse is e  .
2
5. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form, if it passes through the points (–2, 2) and
(3, –1).
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 in the standard form.
a b
It passes through the points (–2, 2) and (3, –1).
2 2 2

 2 22
  1 and
 3  1
 1
a2 b2 a2 b2
 1   1   1  1
  4  2    4  2   1 and  9  2   1  2   1
 a   b   a   b 
1 1
Let 2
 m, 2  n
a b
Then 4m + 4n = 1
and 9m + n = 1
4m + 4n = 1
36m + 4n = 4
–32m = –3
3 3 5
m  n  1  9m  1  9  
32 32 32
2 1  2 1 
 The required ellipse is x  2   y  2   1
a  b 
 x2m  y 2n  1
 3  5
 x2    y 2    1
 32   32 
 3 x 2  5 y 2  32 is the required ellipse.

6. If the ends of major axis of an ellipse are (5, 0) and (–5, 0), then find the equation of the ellipse
in the standard form, if its focus lies on the line 3x – 5y – 9 = 0.
Sol. The ends of major axis of the ellipse are A(5, 0) and A'(–5, 0).
Midpoint of AA' = C = Centre of the ellipse
 5  ( 5) 0  0 
 ,   (0, 0)
 2 2 
x2 y 2
 The ellipse is   1 anb A = (5, 0) = (a, 0)  a = 5.
a 2 b2
The focus (ae, 0) = (5e, 0) lies on 3x – 5y – 9 = 0 (given).
 3(5e) – 5(0) – 9 = 0
 15e – 9 = 0
9 
e 
15 5
 9
 b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  25 1    16
 25 
x2 y 2
 The required ellipse is   1.
a 2 b2
x2 y 2
   1  16 x 2  25 y 2  400.
25 16
7. If the length of the major axis of an ellipse is 3 times the length of its minor axis, then find the
eccentricity of the ellipse.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse in the standard form be 2  2  1 .
a b
Given length of major axis = 3 × length of minor axis
 2a = 3 × 2b  a = 3b
But b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )
 b 2  (3b)2 (1  e 2 )
 b 2  9b 2 (1  e 2 )
b2
  (1  e 2 )
9b 2
Ellipse 149
1 8
 e2  1  
9 9
8 2 2
e  = eccentricity of the ellipse.
9 3
8. Find the length of the major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, coordinates of centre, foci
and the equations of directrices of the following ellipse.
(i) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 (ii) 4x2 + y2 –8x + 2y +1 = 0 (iii) x2 + 2y2 –4x + 12y +14 = 0
Sol. (i) Given ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
9 x 2 16 y 2 x2 y 2
   1  1
144 144 16 9
x2 y 2
Comparing this equation with the standard equation  1
a 2 b2
we get a2 = 16, b2 = 9  a = 4, b = 3.
a > b  b2 = a2(1–e2)
 9 = 16(1–e2)
9
  1  e2
16
9 7
 e2  1  
16 16
7 7
e 
16 4
a > b  The ellipse is a horizontal ellipse.
(i) Length of major axis = 2a = 8.
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2b = 6.
2b 2 2.9 9
(iii) Length of letus rectum =  
a 4 2
7
(iv) Eccentricity = e 
4
(v) Centre = (0, 0)
(vi) Foci = (±ae, 0) = (  7 , 0)
a 16
(vii) Directrices : x   x  7 x  16
e 7
(ii) Given ellipse is 4x2 + y2 –8x + 2y +1 = 0

Writing it in the standard form
(4 x 2  8 x)  ( y 2  2 y )  1  0
 4( x 2  2 x)  ( y 2  2. y.1  12  12 )  1  0
 4( x 2  2.x.1  12  12 )  ( y  1) 2  0
 4[( x  1)2  1]  ( y  1)2  0
 4( x  1) 2  4  ( y  1) 2  0
 4( x  1) 2  ( y  1) 2  4
2 2
4  x  1  y  1 4
  
4 4 4
2 2

 x  1  y  1
 1
1 4
2 2
Comparing with the standard equation

 x  h  y  k 
 1
a2 b2
We get h = 1, –k = 1  k = –1,
a2 = 1 a = 1, b2 = 4  b = 2
 a < b.
 The ellipse is a vertical ellipse.
a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )  1  4(1  e 2 )
1 1 3 3
  1  e2  e2  1    e 
4 4 4 2
(i) Length of major axis = 2b = 4.
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2a = 2.
2a 2 2.1
(iii) Length of latus rectum =  1
b 2
3
2
(v) Centre = (h, k) = (1, –1)
(vi) Foci = (h, k±be) = (1, 1  3 )
b 4
(vii) Directrices : y  k    y  1    3 y  3  4
e 3
Ellipse 151
(iii) x2 + 2y2 –4x + 12y +14 = 0

Writing in the standard from, we get
x2 –4x + 2y2 + 12y +14 = 0
 ( x 2  2.x.2)  2( y 2  6 y )  14  0
 ( x 2  2.x.2  22  22 )  2( y 2  2. y.3  32  32 )  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  4  2[( y  3)2  9]  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  4  2( y  3) 2  18  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  2( y  3) 2  8
( x  2) 2 2( y  3) 2
  1
8 8
( x  2) 2 ( y  3) 2
  1
8 4
2 2
Comparing with the standard equation

 x  h  y  k 
 1
a2 b2
We get h = 2, k = –3
a2 = 8 a = 2 2 , b2 = 4  b = 2
 a > b  The ellipse is a horizontal ellipse.
b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  4  8(1  e 2 )
4 4 4 1 1
  1  e2  e2  1     e 
8 8 8 2 2
(i) Length of major axis = 2a = 4 2 .
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2b = 4.
2b 2 2.4 4 4 2 4 2
(iii) Length of letus rectum =      2 2
a 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
(v) Coordinates of Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –3)
(vi) Coordinates of Foci = (h±ae, k) = (2±2, –3) = (4, –3), (0, –3)
a 2 2
(vii) Eqn. of Directrices : x  h    x2   x  2  4
e 1
2
 x  2  4, x  2  4
 x  6  0, x  2  0 are the directrices.
2 2
9. Find the equation of the ellipse in the form of

 x  h  y  k 
  1 given the following data
a2 b2
1
(i) Centre = (2, –1); one end of major axis = (2, –5) , e 
3
(ii) Centre = (4, –1); one end of major axis = (–1, –1) , passing through (8, 0)
2
(iii) Centre = (0, –3); e  , semi minor axis = 5
3
1
(iv) Centre = (2, –1); e  , Length of latus rectum = 4
2
Sol. (i) Centre = (2, –1) = (h, k)
one end of major axis = B = (2, –5) = vertex
Since the x-coordinate of C and B are same,

the line CA
CB is parallel to y-axis.
We know that, C and B lie on major axis.
 Major axis is parallel to y-axis.
The ellipse is a vertical ellipse.
CB  b  (2  2) 2  ( 1  5) 2  4
1
Given e 
3
 a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )
 1 8 128
 a 2  16 1    16  
 9 9 9
 x  h 2   y  k 2  1
 2
x  2  y  5

2
1
 The ellipse is
a2 b2 128 16
9
2 2
9  x  2  y  5
  1
128 16
(ii) Centre of the ellipse = C = (h, k) = (4, –1)
one end of major axis = A = (–1, –1)
Since the y-coordinate of C and A are same,

the line CA is parallel to x-axis.
We know that, C and A lie on major axis.
 Major axis is parallel to x-axis.
Distance C A  a  (4  1) 2  ( 1  1) 2  5
Ellipse 153
2 2 2 2
 The ellipse is
 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  4  y  1
  1 ............... (1)
a2 b2 25 b2
2

 8  4 12

12
 1 2  1
16 9

2
25 b b 25 25
Substituting in (1) we get the required ellipse as
2 2
 x  4 2 1  x  4  y  1 2  9  1
   y  1  2  1   
25 b 25 25
2 2
  x  4  9  y  1  25
2
(iii) Centre = (0, –3); e , semi minor axis = 5
3
Case (i) Centre = C = (h, k) = (0, –3)
2b
Length of semi minior axis =  b  5 (when the ellipse is a horizontal ellipse)
2
2
e  b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )
3
 4  5 9
 25  a 2 1    25  a 2    a 2  25   45
 9  9 5
2 2 2 2
 The required ellipse is

 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  0  y  3
  1.
a2 b2 45 25
Case (ii) Centre = C = (h, k) = (0, –3)
Length of semi minior axis = a = 5 (when the ellipse is a vertical ellipse)
2
e  a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )
3
 4
 25  b 2 1    b 2  45
 9

 x  h 2   y  k 2  1
 2
x  0  y  3

2
 1.
a2 b2 25 45
1
(iv) Centre = (2, –1); e  , Length of latus rectum = 4
2
1
Case (i) Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –1), e 
2
2b 2
Length of latus rectum =  4 (for horizontal ellipse)
a
 2b 2  4a  b 2  2a
 1
 a 2 (1  e 2 )  2a  a  1    2
 4
3a 8
  2a 
4 3
16
 b 2  2a 
3
2 2 2 2

 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  2  y  1
  1.
a2 b2 64 16
9 3
2 2
9  x  2 3  y  1
  1
64 16
1
Case (ii) Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –1), e 
2
2a 2
Length of latus rectum =  4 (for vertical ellipse)
b
 2a 2  4b  a 2  2b
 1 8
 b 2 (1  e 2 )  2b  b  1    2  b 
 4 3
16
 a 2  2b 
3
2 2 2 2

 x  2 
 y  1 1
3  x  2  9  y  1
  1.
16 64 16 64
3 9
10. Find the radius of the circle passing through the foci of an ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 and having
least radius.
Sol. The given ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
9 x 2 16 y 2 x2 y 2
   1  1
144 144 16 9
x2 y 2
Comparing this equation with the standard equation  1
a 2 b2
we get a2 = 16, b2 = 9  a = 4, b = 3.
a > b The ellipse is horizontal ellipse.
Ellipse 155
 b2 = a2(1–e2)
 9 = 16(1–e2)
9
  1  e2
16
9 7
 e2  1  
16 16
The focie are S  (ae, 0)    
7, 0 , S'  (  ae, 0)   7, 0 
The circle passing through S and S' with least radius is the circle with SS' as diameter.
Its equation is ( x  x1 )( x  x2 )  ( y  y1 )( y  y2 )  0
  
 x  7 x  7  ( y  0)( y  0)  0
 x2  7  y 2  0
2
 x2  y 2   7
The required radius is 7 units.
x2 y 2
11. Prove that the equation of the chord joining the points 
' ' and '' on the ellipse   1 is
a 2 b2
x     y        
cos    sin    cos 
a  2  b  2   2 
x2 y 2
Sol. The given ellipse is   1.
a 2 b2
The points '' and '' on the ellipse are
P = (a cos, b sin), Q = (a cos, b sin)
y2  y1
 The equation of chord PQ is y  y1  ( x  x1 )
x2  x1
b sin   b sin 
 y  b sin   ( x  a cos  )
a cos   a cos 
b(sin   sin  )
 y  b sin   ( x  a cos  )
a (cos   cos  )
 
b.2 cos .sin
 y  b sin   2 2 ( x  a cos  )
      
a  2sin .sin 
 2 2 

b cos
 ( y  b sin  )   2 ( x  a cos  )
 .......... (1)
a sin
2

y  b sin  cos
  2 ( x  a cos  )
a 
a sin
2

y cos
  sin    2  x  a cos  
b     a a 

sin
2
y    x 
   sin   sin   cos   cos  
b  2 2 a
y   x  
 sin  sin  sin   cos  cos  cos
b 2 2 a 2 2
x  y   
 cos  sin  cos  cos  sin  sin
a 2 b 2 2 2
 
= co s    
 2 
 
 cos
2
x     y      
 cos    sin    cos is the equation of the chord joining the points
a  2  b  2  2
'' and ''.
(or)
       
sin    cos 
 2   2 
Eq. (1)  ( y  b sin  ).  ( x  a cos  )
b a
       
sin    cos 
 2   2 
 ( y  b sin  ).  ( x  a cos  )
b a
y   x  
 sin  sin  sin   cos  cos  cos
b 2 2 a 2 2
Ellipse 157
x  y   

 cos  sin  cos  cos  sin  sin
a 2 b 2 2 2
 
 cos    
 2 
 
 cos
2
x  y   
 The equation of the chord is cos  sin  cos . Hence proved.
a 2 b 2 2
12. If 1, 2 are the eccentric angles of the extremities of a focal chord (other thant he vertices) of the
x2 y 2
ellipse   1 , a > b, and e, its eccentricity, then show that
a 2 b2
   2     2  e 1    
(i) e cos  1   cos  1 (ii)  cot  1  .cot  2 
 2   2  e 1  2  2
x2 y 2
Sol. (i) Point 1 and point 2 are the extremities of a focal chord of the ellipse   1.
a 2 b2
Focus = S = (ae, 0)
Point 1 = P = (a cos1, bsin1)
Point 2 = Q = (a cos2, bsin2)
Now points P, S, Q are collinear.
 Slope of SP = Slope of SQ
b sin 1  0 b sin  2  0
 
a cos 1  ae a cos  2  ae
b sin 1 b sin  2
 . 
a cos 1  e a cos  2  e
 sin 1 (cos  2  e)  sin  2 (cos 1  e)
 sin 1 cos  2  e sin 1  sin  2 cos 1  e sin  2
 e sin  2  e sin 1  sin  2 cos 1  cos  2 sin 1
 e[sin  2  sin 1 ]  sin( 2  1 )
   2          
 e.2 cos  1  .sin  2 1   2sin  2 1  .cos  2 1 
 2   2   2   2 
   2     2 
 e cos  1  cos  1
 2    2  . Hence proved.
e 1    
(ii)  cot  1  .cot  2 
e 1  2  2
   2     2 
We proved that e cos  1   cos  1
 2   2 
   2 
cos  1
 2 
e
   2 
cos  1
 2 
   2     2     2 
cos  1  cos  1   cos  1
 2   2   2 
1
 1   2     2 
cos   cos  1
e 1  2   2 
  
e 1  1   2     2     2 
cos   cos  1   cos  1
 2   2   2 
1
 1   2     2 
cos   cos  1
 2   2 
         
cos  1  2   cos  1  2  2 cos  1  cos  2 
 2 2  2 2  2  2
 
         
cos  1  2   cos  1  2  2sin  1  sin  2 
 2 2  2 2  2  2
cos(A+B) + cos(A  B) = 2 cosA cosB 

 
cos(A  B)  cos(A+B) = 2 sinA sinB 
   
 cot  1  .cot  2 
 2  2
e 1    
  cot  1  .cot  2  . Hence proved.
e 1  2  2
The End
Hyperbola 159
Unit 5
Hyperbola
Hyperbola is a conic in which the ecentricity is greater than unity.

Hyperbola is the locus of a point that moves so that the ratio of the distance from a fixed point
to its distance froma fixed straight line is greater that 1.
The fixed point is called focus, the fixed straight line is called difectrix.
The equation of hyperbola in the standard form is
x2 y 2
 1 where b 2  a 2  e 2  1 and e > 1
a 2 b2
Y
B M P
X . X
S' A Z C Z A N S
B
Y
Trace of the Curve:
x2 y 2
The hyperbola in the standard form is S    1  0 where a > 0, b > 0 and
a 2 b2
b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
(i) The hyperbola cuts the x-axis at A(a, 0) and A1(a, 0) called as vertices.
(ii) x  0  y   b 2  The curve does not intersect y-axis.

b 2
(iii) y x  a2  x2  a2 ,  0  x  a or  a
a
a a
x y 2  b 2 x y  
y 2 when
b 2  xy 

b b
The curve does not exist between the vertical lines x  a and x  a .
y is real  x is real  each horizontal line y  k intersects the hyperbola at two points.
The curve is unbounded  x     y   
(iv) The curve is symmetric about X-axis and also about Y-axis. The curve consists of two
symmetrical branches each extending to infinity in two directions.
(v) AA1 is called as Transverse axis of the hyperbola
BB1 is called as conjugate axis where BC = B C  b  a e  1 and B, B' lie on Y-axis.

1 2
(vi) As in the ellipse, the symmetry of the curve about its axis shows that it has two foci,
a
S  ( ae, 0) , S  ( ae, 0) and two directrics x   .
e
(vii) C is called the centre of the hyperbola. It is the point of intersection of the transverse and
conjugate axis. C bisects every chord of the hyperbola that passes through itself.
Theorem:
Prove that the difference of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant.
Proof: Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola whose centre is the origin C, foci are S, S ,
 
directrices are ZM and ZM . Let PN, PM, PM  be the perpendiculars drawn from P upon
x-axisand the two directices respectively.
Y
M M P
X X
S Z C Z N S
Y
 a
Now SP = e(PM) = e(NZ) = e(CNCZ) = e  x    ex  a .
 e
 a
SP = e(PM) = e(NZ) = e(CN + CZ) = e  x    ex  a .
 e
Hyperbola 161
 SP  SP  (ex  a )  (ex  a)  2a  constant.

 The difference of the focal distances of the point P is a constant.
Note: Hyperbola is also difined as the Locus of a point, the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points is constant.
Notation
x2 y 2
S  1
a 2 b2
xx yy
S1  21  21  1
a b
x12 y12
S11   1
a 2 b2
xx yy
S12  1 2 2  1 2 2  1
a b
Definition Rectangular Hyperbola
1. Define Rectangular Hyperbola and find its eccerticity.
Ans. In a hyperbola, if the length of the transverse axis (2a) is equal to the length of the conjugate
axis (2b), then the hyperbola is called as Rectangular Hyperbola.
Its equation is x 2  y 2  a 2
b  a  a 2  a 2 (e 2  1)  e 2  1  1  e 2  2  e  2
 The ecentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is 2 .
Definition: Auxiliary Circle:
The circle described on the transverse axis of a hyperbola as diameter is called as the
auxiliary circle of the hyperbola.
The equation of the quxiliary circle of the hypergbola S = 0 is x 2  y 2  a 2 .
Parametric equation:
Y P(x, y)
Q
a 
X X
A C A M
Y
Let the equation of the hyperbola be S = 0, then the quation of the auxiliary circle is
x2  y 2  a2 .
Let P( x, y ) be any point on the hyperbola and C be the centre.

Let M be the porjection of P on the transverse axis. Draw the tangent QM to the auxiliary
circle from M. Let MCQ  θ
x  a sec θ
Then y = b tan θ are the parametric equations of the hyperbola S = 0.
 3
θ  [0,2 ), θ  ,
2 2
Definition: Conjugate Hyperbola
The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axis are respectively the conjugate and
transverse axis of a given hyperbola is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
The conjugate hyperbola of 2  2  1 is 2  2  1
a b a b
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
If S = 2  2  1  0 
and S  2  2  1  0 then
a b a b
each hyperbola is the conjugate of the other.
PROBLEMS
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. One focus of a hyperbola is located at the point (1, -3) and the correspoinding directrix is
3
the line y = 2, Find the equation of the hyperbola if its eccentricity is .
2
Sol. Note : To find the equation of the conic (parabola, ellipse, hyperbola).
When eccentricity, focus and directrix are given, always use the definition of conic ie.
SP
e.
PM
3
Let S  (1, 3), e  , directrix is y  2  0
2
Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the hyperbola.
SP
Then according to the definition of hyperbola =e
PM
Hyperbola 163
Where PM is the  r distance from P to the directrix

 SP  e PM
3 y1  2
 ( x1  1)2  ( y1  3)2 
2 02  12
Squaring on both sides, we get Formula:-
9 ax1  by1  c
( x1  1) 2  ( y1  3) 2  ( y1  2) 2
4 a 2  b2
9 2
 x12  1  2 x1  y12  9  6 y1  ( y1  4  4 y1 ) Here ax  by  c  0
4
 4( x12  y12  2 x1  6 y1  10)  9 y12  36  36 y1 That is o.x  1. y  2  0
 4 x12  4 y12  8 x1  24 y1  40  9 y12  36  36 y1  0
 4 x12  5 y12  8 x1  60 y1  4  0
 The locus of P( x1 y1 ) is 4 x 2  5 y 2  8 x  60 y  4  0 which is the required Hyperbola.
5
2. If the eccentricity of a hyperbola is , then find the eccentricity of the congujate hyperbola.
4
Sol. We know that
If e and e are the accentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola, then
1 1
 1
e (e) 2
2
5
Given e 
4
1 1
 2
 1
5 (e) 2
 
4
1 16 9
 2
  1 
 e  25 25

 e  
25
 e 
25 5

1 9 9 3
= eccentricity of the conjugate hyperbola.
Short Answer Type Questions

1. If e and e1 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola, then prove that
1 1
 1
e 2 e12
x2 y 2
Sol.: Let the hyperbola be 2  2  1 ___ (1)
a b
2 2 2 b2
Its eccentricity 'e' is given by b  a (e  1)  2
 e2  1
a
b2 a 2  b2
 e2  1   e 2

a2 a2
1 a2
  ___ (2)
e2 a 2  b2
x2 y 2
The conjugate hyperbola of eqn. (1) is   1
a 2 b2
Its eccentricity e1 is given by a 2  b 2 (e12  1)
a2
 e12  1 
b2
a 2 b2  a 2
 e12  1  
b2 b2
1 b2
  __(3)
e12 a 2  b 2
From (2) and (3) we get
1 1 a2 b2
  
e2 e12 a2  b2 a2  b2
a 2  b2
 1 Hence proved.
a 2  b2
2. Find the centre, foci, ecentricity, equation of the directrics, length of the latus rectum of the
following hyperbolas,
(i) 16 y 2  9 x 2  144
(ii) 9 x 2  16 y 2  72 x  32 y  16  0
Sol. (i) The given hyperbola is 16 y 2  9 x 2  144
 9 x 2  16 y 2  144
Hyperbola 165
9 x 2 16 y 2 144
  
144 144 144
x2 y 2
   1
16 9
It is a hyperbola whose centre is (0, 0)
and transverse axis is along y-axis.
So, a 2  b 2 (e 2  1) , where a 2  16, b 2  9
 16  9(e 2  1) a  4, b  3
16
 e2  1 
9
16 25
 e2  1 
9 9
5
 e
3
 Centre = (0, 0)
Foci   0,  be    0,  5
5
ecentricity e =
3
2a 2 32
Length of latus rectum = 
b 3
b
Equation of the directrics = y  
c
9
 y
5
 5y  9  0
(ii) Given hyperbola is 9 x 2  16 y 2  72 x  32 y  16  0
 (9 x 2  72 x)  (16 y 2  32 y )  16  0
 (9 x 2  8 x)  16( y 2  2 y )  16  0
 9[ x 2  2.x.4]  16[ y 2  2. y.1]  16
 9[ x 2  2.x.4  42  42 ]  16[ y 2 2. y.1  12  12 ]  16
 9[( x 2  4)  16]  16[( y  1)2  1]  16
 9( x  4) 2  144  16( y  1) 2  16  16
 9( x  4) 2  16( y  1) 2  144
9( x  4) 2 16( y  1) 2
  1
144 144
( x  4) 2 ( y  1) 2
  1
16 9
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
Comparing this equation with  1
a2 b2
we get h  4, k  1, a  4, b  3, b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
b2 9
 e2  1  
a 2 16
9 25
 Centre = ( h, k )  ( 4, 1)  e2  1  
16 16
5
Foci  ( h  ae, k )  ( 4  5, 1) e
4
= (4  5, 1) and (4  5, 1)
= (1, 1) and (9, 1)
5
ecentricity e 
4
a
Equations of directrices : x  h  
e
16
 x4
5
 5 x  20  16
 5 x  20  16 and 5 x  20  16
 5x  4  0 and 5 x  36  0
2b 2 2  9 9
Length of latus rectum =   Ans
a 4 2
3. Find the equation to the hyperbola whose foci are (4, 2) and (8, 2) and eccentricity is 2.
Sol.: The foci of the hyperbola are S = (4, 2) and S= (8, 2) since the y-cordinate of S & S'

are same. SS is parallel to X-axis
 The transverse axis is parallel to X-axis.
 The equation of hyperbola is of the form
Hyperbola 167
2
 x  h 
( y  k )2
1 ___ (1)
a2 b2
 4+8 2  2 
Centre = C = ( h, k ) = Midpoint of SS =  , 
 2 2 
 (6, 2)
 h  6, k  2
Distance between foci = SS' = (8  4) 2  (2  2) 2  4
e = 2 (given)  2ae  4
 2.a.2  4
 a 1
b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
 1(4  1)  3
 The hyperbola is
( x  6) 2 ( y  2) 2
 1
12 3
3( x  6) 2  ( y  2) 2
 1
3
 3( x 2  36  12 x)  ( y 2  4  4 y )  3
 3 x 2  y 2  36 x  4 y  101  0
4. Find the equation of the hyperbola of given length of transverse axis 6 whose vertex bisects
the distance between the centre and the focus.
x2 y 2
Sol.: Let the hyperbola be  1
a 2 b2
Length of transverse axis = 2a  6 (given)
 a3
Vertex bisects the distance between the centre & focus
 Vertex is the midpoint of CS
Where C = (0, 0), focus = S = (ae, 0)
Vertex = (a, 0)
 0  ae 0  0 
 (a, 0)   , 
 2 2 
ae
a  e2
2
Now b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)  9(4  1)  27 .
5. If the lines 3 x  4 y  12 and 3 x  4 y  12 meets on a hyperbola S = 0, then find the
eccentricity of the hyperbola S = 0.
Sol.: The lines 3 x  4 y  12 and 3 x  4 y  12 meet on the hyperbola S = 0.
The combined equation of the lines is (3 x  4 y )(3 x  4 y )  12  12
 9 x 2  16 y 2  144
9 x 2 16 y 2 144
  
144 144 144
x2 y 2
   1 which represent a hyperbola.
16 9
 b 2  a 2 (e 2  1) where a2 = 16, b2 = 9
 9  16(e 2  1)
9 9 25
  e2  1  e2  1  
16 16 16
25 5
e 
16 4
Integration 169
Unit 6
Integration
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. The process of finding the function whose
derivative is given, is called as Integration.
Definition: Let E be a subset of R such that E contains a right or a left neighbourhood of each of its
points and let f : E  R be a function. If there is a function F on E such that F'(x) = f (x) xE, then
we call F an antiderivative of f or a primitive of f.
Idefinite Integral: Let f : I  R. Suppose that f has an antiderivate F on I. Then we say thatf has an
integral on I and for any real constant c, we call F + c an indefinite integral of f over I, denote it by
 f ( x)dx and read it as 'ingegral f (x) dx'. We also denote  f ( x)dx as  f .

Thus we have  f   f ( x)dx  F( x)  c .
'c' is called a 'constant of integration'.

'f ' is called the 'integrand' and 'x' is called the 'variable of integration'.
d
Note: (i)
dx
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)
(ii)  f '( x) dx  f ( x)  c , 'c' is the constant of integration.

d
 dx f ( x)dx  f ( x)  c
d d
(iii)
dx
 f ( x)  c   g ( x)   g ( x)dx  f ( x)  c    f ( x)  c  dx  f ( x)  c
dx
(iv) y  f ( x )  dy  f '( x )dx
Standard Formulae
n x n 1
1.  x dx  n 1
 c, n  1  dx   1.dx  x  c
3
x2 x 2
 x.dx  2  c  x dx 
3
c
2
1 x3
 x
dx  2 x  c 2
 x dx  3
c
3 x4
 x dx  4  c
1 x ax
2.  x dx  log e x  c 3.  a .dx  log e a  c, a  0, a  1
x x
4.  e dx  e c 5.  sin x dx   cos x  c
2
6.  cos x dx  sin x  c 7.  sec x dx  tan x  c
2
8.  cosec x dx   cot x  c 9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
10.  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  c
Examples
(i) d ( x 2 )  2 x dx (ii) d (t 2 )  2t dt
 x 3  y 3 .3 x 2 dx  x3 .3 y 2 dy
(iii) d ( x3 y 3 )  x3 .3 y 2 dy  y 3 .3 x 2 dx (iv) d 3  2
y   y3 
1  
11.  dx  sin 1 x  c   cos 1 x  c  cos x  sin x  
1 1
2 2
1 x
1  
12.  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c   cot 1 x  c  tan x  cot x 
1 1

2
1
13.  dx  sec 1 x  c   cosec 1 x  c  
 sec x  cosec x  
1 1
2
x x 1 2
14.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 15.  cosh x  sinh x  c

2 2
16.  sech x dx  tanh x  c 17.  cosech x   coth x  c
18.  sech x.tanh x dx   sech x  c 19.  cosech x.coth x dx   cosech x  c

1
20.  dx  sinh 1 x  c  log e  x  x 2  1   c
1 x 2  
1
21.  dx  cosh 1 x  c  log e x  x 2  1  c
2
x 1
Integration 171
1
22.  1 x 2
dx  tanh 1 x  c  coth 1 x  c
23.  ( f  g )( x) dx   f ( x).dx  g ( x).dx  c

24.  a. f ( x) dx  a f ( x).dx  c where aR
Integration by the method of Substitution
Formulae
1.  f ' g ( x).g '( x).dx  f  g ( x)  c
f '( x)
2.  f ( x)
dx  log f ( x)  c
n 1
n  f ( x) 
3.   f ( x)  . f '( x).dx 
n 1
 c , n  1
 f ( x)  2  c
4.  f ( x). f '( x).dx 
2
3
 f ( x)  2
5.  f ( x). f '( x).dx 

3
c
2
f '( x)
6.  f ( x)
dx  2 f ( x)  c
f (ax  b)
7.  f '(ax  b) dx  a
c
f 1 ( x) 1
8.  2
f ( x)
dx 
f ( x)
c
9.  tan x dx  log | sec x | c   log | cos x | c

10.  cot x dx  log | sin x | c
 x
11.  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x | c  log tan  4  2   c
 x
12.  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x | c  log tan  2   c   log | cosec x  cot x | c
1 1  x
13. a 2 2
dx  tan 1    c
x a  a
1 1 a x
14. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
c
1 1 xa
15. x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
log
xa
c
1  x
16.  dx  sinh 1    c  log[ x  a 2  x 2 ]  c
a x2 2  a
1  x
17.  dx  sin 1    c
a2  x2  a
1  x
18.  dx  cosh 1    c  log x  x 2  a 2  c
x a2 2  a
2 x 2
2 a2  x
19.  a  x dx  a  x  sinh 1    c
2
2 2  a
x 2 a2  x
20.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1    c
2 2  a
x 2 a2  x
21.  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  cosh 1    c
2 2  a
Examples:
ex x
1.  e x  1 dx  log e  1  c
1 log ax  b 1 2 ax  b 1 log 3  8 x
2.  ax  b dx  a
 c,  ax  b
dx 
a
 c,  3  8 x dx  8
c
ax e ax x e x
3.  e dx  a
 c,  e dx  1
c
 cos( ax  b)  cos(9 x)
4.  sin(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  sin(9 x) dx  9
c
sin( ax  b) sin(2 x)
5.  cos(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  cos(2 x) dx  2
c
(2  3x) n 1 (2  3x)5
6.
 (2  3x) dx  n 3 1  c,  (2  3x) dx  53  c
n 4
2 tan(ax  b)
7.  sec (ax  b) dx  a
c
Integration 173
2  cot( ax  b)
8.  cosec (ax  b) dx  a
c
 cosec(ax  b )
9.  cosec(ax  b).cot(ax  b) dx  a
c
sec(ax  b)
10.  sec(ax  b).tan(ax  b) dx  a
c
3
2
(7  5 x) 3
 x 2
3   x dx  
11. 2  3 
 7  5 x dx 
5
c  2
1 2 3  9x  1 
12.  dx  c   x dx  2 x 
3  9x 9  
5x
log 4 
1 7  1 
13.  5x
dx 
5
c   x dx  log x 
4 
7 7
2x
2x 3
5
3
5
e  e x dx  e x 
14. e dx 
2
c   

5
1 1
15.  1  x dx  log 1  x  c,  1  x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c (understand the difference)
Solved Problems
1. Find  cot 2 x dx .
Sol.  cot
2

x dx   cos ec2 x  1 dx 
  cos ec 2 x. dx   1. dx   cot x  x  c
 x 6  1
2. Find   dx .
 1  x 2 
 x 6  1  2 
Sol.   2
dx   ( x 4  x 2  1)  dx
 1 x   1  x2 
x5 x3
   x  2 tan 1 x  c
5 3
3. Find  1  x 4  3x3  2 x dx .

Sol. 1  x  4  3x 3  2 x   1  x  12  8 x  9 x  6 x 2 
 
 1  x  12  x  6 x 2  12  x  6 x 2  12 x  x 2  6 x 3  6 x 3  5 x 2  13 x  12
  1  x  4  3x 3  2 x  dx   (6 x3  5 x2  13x  12) dx
x4 x3 x2 3 x 4 5 x3 13 x 2
 6  5  13  12 x     12 x  c
4 3 2 2 3 2
4. Find  1  sin 2x dx .
Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  2sin x cos x dx
  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  2sin x cos x dx   (sin x  cos x )2 dx
  (sin x  cos x ) dx   cos x  sin x  c
2 x3  3x  5
5. Evaluate  dx for x > 0 and verify the result by differentiation.
2x2
2 x3  3x  5  2 x3 3x 5 
Sol.  2x2 dx    2 x 2  2 x 2  2 x 2  dx
 3 1 5 
   x  .  x 2  dx
 2 x 2 
x2 3 5 x 21
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 2  1
x2 3 5 x 1
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 1
x2 3 5 1
  log | x |  .  c
2 2 2 x
Verification:
d  x2 3 5 1 
  log | x |  .  c 
dx  2 2 2 x 
2x 3 1 5 3 5
  .  (  x 11 )  x   2
2 2 x 2 2x 2x
x(2 x 2 )  3( x)  5 2 x3  3x  5
  . Hence verified.
2x2 2x2
Integration 175
x 2  3x  1
6. Evaluate  dx .
2x
x 2  3x  1  x 2 3x 1 
Sol.  2x
dx     
 2 x 2 x 2 x 
dx
1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
   .x  .1  .  dx   x. dx   1. dx   . dx
2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x
1 x2 3 1 x 2 3x 1
 .  x  log | x |  c    log | x |  c
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
 2 3
7. Evaluate   1   2  dx .
 x x 
 2 3 x 21 1
Sol.  1  x  x2  dx  x  2 log | x | 3. 2  1  c  x  2 log | x | 3. x  c
 4 
8. Evaluate   x   dx .
 1  x2 
 4  1 x2
Sol.   1  x 2 
x  dx   x. dx  4  1  x 2  2  4 tan 1 x  c
dx
 1 2 
9. Evaluate   e x    dx .
 x x2  1
 x 1 2  x 1
Sol.   e 
x

2
x 1
 dx  e  log | x | 2 cosh x  c
 1 1 
10. Evaluate    dx .
 1  x 1  x 2 
2
 1 1 
Sol.   1  x 2
 2
dx  tanh 1 x  tan 1 x  c
1 x 
 1 2 
11. Evaluate     dx .
2
 1 x 1  x2 
 1 2  1 1
Sol.   1 x 2

1 x 2 

dx  
1 x 2
dx  2
1  x2
dx
 sin 1 x  2 sinh 1 x  c
2
12. Evaluate  elog(1 tan x)
dx .
log(1 tan 2 x ) 2
Sol. e dx   elog(sec x)
dx   sec 2 x dx  tan x  c  a log a x
x 
sin 2 x
1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 2 1 2
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx  2  tan x dx  2  (sec x  1) dx
1 1 1 1
  sec 2 x dx   1. dx  tan x  x  c
2 2 2 2
 3 2 1 
14. Evaluate     2  dx .
 x x 3x 
 3 2 1  1 1 1
Sol.     2  dx  3 dx  2 dx   x 2 dx
x x 3x  x x 3
1 x 21 1 1
 3.2 x  2 log | x |   c  6 x  2 log | x |  .  c
3 ( 2  1) 3 x
2
 x 1 
15. Evaluate    dx .
 x 
2
 x 1  x 1 2 x
Sol.   x  dx   x 2 dx
 
 x 1 2 x 12  1 1
2 
2
  2  2  2  dx     x  2.x 2  dx
x x x  x 
 
3
3  1
1  x 21 x 2
    x 2  2.x 2  dx  log | x |   2. c
x  2  1 3
 1
2
1
1  1 4.
 log | x |   4.x 2  c  log | x |   c
x x x
 1 2 3 
16. Evaluate     dx .
 x x2  1 2 x 2 
 1 2 3  3  1
Sol.   x   2
dx  2 x  2 cosh 1 x    
x2  1 2x  2  x
3
 2 x  2 cosh 1 x  c
2x
Integration 177
 1 
17. Evaluate   cosh x   dx .
 x2  1
 1  1
Sol.   cosh x  2
x 1
 dx  sinh x  sinh x  c
 
1
18. Evaluate   sinh x  1
 dx .
 x2  1   2
 
 
1  dx   sinh x dx   1 dx
Sol.   sinh x  2 1
2 x2  1
 
x 1  
 cosh x  cosh 1 x  c
(a x  b x )2
a xb x
(a x  b x )2 a 2 x  b 2 x  2a x b x
Sol.  a xb x dx   a xb x
dx
 a2x b 2 x 2a x b x 
   x x  x x  x x  dx
a b ab ab 
 ax bx  ax bx
   x  x  2 dx   x dx   x dx  2 1. dx
b a  b a
x x
 a  b
   
b a
   2x  c
 a  b
log e   log e  
 b  a
20. Evaluate  sec2 x cosec2 x dx .

2
Sol.  sec x cosec 2 x dx   (1  tan 2 x )(cosec 2 x ) dx
  (cosec2 x  tan 2 x cosec2 x ) dx
  (cosec2 x  sec2 x ) dx
  cot x  tan x  c
Alternate method:
2 1 1
 sec x cosec 2 x dx   2
. 2 dx  sin 2

x  cos 2 x  1
cos x sin x
1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 dx   cos2 x.sin 2 x dx
cos 2 x.sin 2 x
 sin 2 x cos 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x.sin 2 x cos 2 x.sin 2 x 
 1 1 
   dx
 cos x sin 2 x 
2
  sec 2

x  cosec2 x dx
 tan x  cot x  c
1  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x 1  cos2 x
Sol.  1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x dx
dx 
 1 cos 2 x  1 1 
  2
 2 
dx    cosec2 x  cot 2 x dx
 2sin x 2sin x  2 2 
1 1

2   
cosec2 x  cot 2 x dx   cosec2 x  cosec2 x  1 dx
2

1 1

2  2

2 cosec2 x  1 dx   2(  cot x )  x 
x
  cot x  c
2
22. Evaluate  1  cos 2x dx .
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2sin 2 x dx
  2 sin x dx  2( cos x)   2 cos x  c
1
cosh x  sinh x
1 cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
Sol.  cosh x  sinh x  cosh x  sinh x dx
dx   cosh 2
x  sinh 2 x  1
(cosh x  sinh x)(cosh x  sinh x)
 dx
cosh x  sinh x
  (cosh x  sinh x ) dx  sinh x  cosh x  c
Integration 179
1
1  cos x
1 1 1  cos x
Sol.  1  cos x dx   1  cos x  1  cos x dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
 2
dx   dx
1  cos x sin 2 x
 1 cos x 
  2  dx
 sin x sin x sin x 

  cosec2 x  cot x.cosec x dx 
  cot x  cosec x  c
1 1 1
Note: To evaluate  dx,  dx,  dx similar method can be used.
1  cos x 1  sin x 1  sin x
Integration by Substitution
Evaluate the following integrals:
ex
1.  e x  1 dx
Sol. Put ex + 1 = t  ex.dx = dt.
ex dt 1
 e x  1 dx   t   t dt
 log | t | log | e x  1| c
f '( x)
(OR)  f ( x)
dx  log | f ( x) |
Let f (x) = ex + 1  f '(x) = ex

ex f '( x)
 x dx   dx  log | f ( x) | log | e x  1| c
e 1 f ( x)
x2
2.  1 x
dx
Sol. Put 1  x  t  1  x  t 2   dx  2t dt  x  1  t 2
x2 (1  t 2 )2
 dx   ( 2t )dt
1 x t
 t 5 2t 3  2 4
2 2 4 2
 2 (1  t ) dt  2 (1  t  2t ) dt  2 t     2t  t 5  t 3
 5 3  5 3
2 4
 2 1  x  ( 1  x ) 5  ( 1  x ) 3  c
5 3
(sin 1 x) 2
3.  1  x2
dx
1
Sol. P u t sin -1(x) =t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 3 1 3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   t 2 dt  t  (sin x)  c (or)
1  x2 3 3
n 1
n  f ( x)  1
  f ( x) 
1
f '( x) dx  where f ( x)  sin ( x), f '( x) 
n 1 1  x2
1 (sin 1 x) 21 (sin 1 x)3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   c
1  x2 2 1 3
1
4.  1  (2 x  1) 2
dx .
dt
Sol. Put 2 x  1  t  2.1.dx  dt  dx 
2
1 1 dt
 1  (2 x  1) 2
dx  
1 t2 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 (2 x  1)  c (or)
2 1 t 2 2
f (ax  b)
 f '(ax  b) dx  a
1 1 1 tan 1 (ax  b)
 dx  tan x   1  (ax  b)2 dx 
1  x2 a
1 tan 1 (2 x  1) 1
 2
dx   tan 1 (2 x  1)  c
1  (2 x  1) 2 2
x5
5.  1  x12 dx .
dt
Sol. Put x 6  t  6.x 5 dx  dt  x 5 dx 
6
dt
5 5
x x dx
 1  x12 dx   1  ( x6 )2 dx   1 6t 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 6 )  c
6 1 t 6 6
Integration 181
3
6.  cos x sin x dx .
Sol. Put cos x  t   sin xdx  dt  sin xdx   dt
  cos3 x sin x dx   t 3 ( dt )
3  t4  (cos x )4 cos4 x
   t dt        c
 4 4 4
 1
 1   x  
7.  1  x 2  .e x dx
1  1
Sol. Put x   t  1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
 1  1  1
 1   x   x   1  x  
  1  2  .e x  dx   e x   1  2
. dx   e t
. dt  e t
 e x
c
 x  x 
1
8.  sin 1 x 1  x 2
dx
1 1
Sol. Put sin x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 1 1
 dx   . dx
sin 1 x 1  x 2 sin 1 x 1  x2
1
 . dt  2 t  2 sin 1 x  c
t
sin 4 x
9.  cos6 x dx
sin 4 x sin 4 x 1
Sol.  cos6 x  cos4 x . cos2 x dx
dx 
  tan 4 x.sec2 x dx n  f ( x)n1

  f ( x) . f '( x).dx  n 1
4 1 5
tan x tan x
  c
4 1 5
2
10.  sin x dx
2 1  cos 2 x 1
Sol.  sin x dx  
2
dx   (1  cos 2 x ) dx
2
1 1  sin 2 x 
  1. dx   cos 2 x. dx    x  c
2  2 2 
1
11.  a sin x  b cos x dx
1 1
Sol.  a sin x  b cos x dx   a b2 2
dx
(a sin x  b cos x)
a 2  b2
a b b  b
Let  cos ,  sin   tan      tan 1  
2
a b 2 2
a b 2 a  a
1 1
 dx   dx
a 2  b2  a b 
(a sin x  b cos x) a 2  b2  sin x  cos x 
2 2 2 2
a 2  b2  a b a b 
1  1 

a 2  b2
  cos  sin x  sin  cos x  dx
1 1

a 2  b2
 sin( x  ) dx
1

a  b2
2  cosec( x  ) dx
1
 log | cosec ( x  ).  cot( x  ) |  c
a  b2
2
x2
12.  x5
dx
Sol. Put x  5  t  x  5  t   dx  2t dt and x  t 2  5  x 2  (t   5) 2  t 4  25  10t 2
x2 t 4  25  10t 2
 dx   .2t dt
x5 t
t5 10t 3 
 2 (t  25  10t ). dt  2   25t 
4 2
5 3 
5 3

 2
 x5   25 x  5 
10  x5 
 
 5 3 
 
2 5 1 20 3
 ( x  5) 2  50( x  5) 2  ( x  5) 2  c
5 3
Integration 183
x2
13.  1  x2
dx
Sol. Put x  sin   dx  cos  d  and   sin 1 x
cos   1  sin 2 x  1  x 2
x2 sin 2 
 1  x2
dx  
1  sin 2 
cos  d 
sin 2 
 cos  d    sin 2  d 
cos 
1  cos 2 1
 d    (1  cos 2) d 
2 2
1 sin 2  1  2sin  cos  
       
2 2  2 2
 1 sin 1 x 1 2 sin 1 x x
  sin  cos    x 1 x   1  x2  c
2 2 2 2 2 2
dx
14.  4  9x2
dx
1 1 1  x
Sol.  4  9x 2
dx  
2
2  (3 x ) 2
dx
 a x2
dx  sin 1  
2  a
 3x 
sin 1  
 2  1 1  3 x 
  sin    c
3 3  2
1
15.  1 4x 2
dx
1 1 1 1  x
Sol.  1 4x 2
dx   dx a dx  tan 1  
1  (2 x) 2
2 2
 x2 a  a
 2x 
tan 1  
 1 1
  tan 1 (2 x)  c
2 2
1
16.  4  x2
dx
1 1 x
Sol.  dx   dx  sin 1    c 
1  x
dx  sin 1  
4 x 2 2
2 x 2  2 2
a x 2  a
17.  4 x 2  9 dx
x 2 a2  x
4 x 2  9 dx   (2 x) 2  32 dx   x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  sinh 1  
Sol.  2 2  a
2x 9  2x 
4 x 2  9  sinh 1  
2 2  3

2
x 9  2x 
 4 x 2  9  sinh 1    c
2 4  3
18.  9 x 2  25 dx
x 2 a2  x
9 x 2  25 dx   (3x)2  52 dx   x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  cosh 1  
Sol.  2 2  a
3x 25  3x 
9 x 2  25  cosh 1  
2 2  5

3
x 25  3x 
 9 x 2  25  cosh 1    c
2 6  5 
19.  16  25x 2 dx
x 2 a2  x
16  25 x 2 dx   42  (5 x)2 dx   a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1  
Sol.  2 2  a
5x 16  5x 
16  25 x 2  sin 1  
2 2  4

5
x 16  5x 
 16  25 x 2  sin 1    c
2 10  4
x
20.  1 x 2
dx
x 1 2x f '( x)
 1 x 
2  1  x2
Sol. 2
dx  dx dx  log | f ( x) |  c
f ( x)
1
 log |1  x 2 |  c
2
Integration 185
(log x )2
21.  x dx
(log x )2 2 1 n  f ( x) 
n 1
Sol.  x dx   (log x) . x . dx    f ( x)  . f '( x) dx 

n 1
(log x )21 (log x )3

  c
2 1 3
1
e tan x
22.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1
e tan x tan 1 x 1
 1  x2 dx   e .1  x2 . dx
1
  e t . dt  et  e tan x
c
sin(tan 1 x)
23.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
sin(tan 1 x) 1 1
 1  x 2 dx   sin(tan x).1  x 2 dx
  sin t. dt   cos t   cos(tan 1 x )  c
3x 2
24.  1  x6 dx
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt
3x 2 3x 2 dx
 1  x6 dx   1  x3 2   dt 2  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x3 )  c
 
1 t
2
25.  25  9 x 2
dx
 3x 
sinh 1  
2 1  5 2  3x 
Sol.  dx  2 dx  2  sinh 1    c
25  9 x 2 2
5  (3x) 2 3 3  5
3
26.  9x2  1
dx
 3x 
cosh 1  
3 1  1
Sol.  dx  3 dx  3  cosh 1 (3x )  c
9x2  1 2
(3x )  12 3
27.  sin mx cos nx dx

1
Sol. We have sin mx cos nx  (2sin mx cos nx)
2
1
 sin( mx  nx)  sin( mx  nx) 
2
1

2
sin(m  n) x  sin( m  n) x 
1
  sin mx cos nx dx  
2
sin( m  n) x  sin( m  n) x  dx
1   cos(m  n) x  cos(m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
28.  sin mx sin nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have sin mx sin nx  (2sin mx sin nx)  cos( mx  nx)  cos( mx  nx) 
2 2
1
  sin mx sin nx dx  
2
cos(m  n) x  cos(m  n) x dx
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
29.  cos mx cos nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have cos mx cos nx  (2 cos mx cos nx )   cos(mx  nx )  cos(mx  nx ) 
2 2
1
  cos mx cos nx dx    cos(m  n) x  cos(m  n) x  dx
2
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
Integration 187
Sol.
30.  sin x.sin 2 x.sin 3x. dx
Sol. sin x.sin 2 x.sin 3x
1
 (2sin x sin 2 x) sin 3 x
2
1
  cos( x  2 x)  cos( x  2 x)  sin 3 x
2
1 1
   2 cos x sin 3 x  2 cos 3 x sin 3 x 
2 2
1
  2sin 3x cos x  2sin 3x cos 3x 
4
1
 sin(3 x  x)  sin(3 x  x)  sin(3 x  3 x)  sin(3 x  3 x)
4
1
 sin 4 x  sin 2 x  sin 6 x 
4
 sin x.sin 2 x.sin 3x. dx

1

4
sin 4 x  sin 2 x  sin 6 x . dx
1   cos 4 x  cos 2 x  cos 6 x 
  
4  4 2 6 
 cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 6 x
   c
16 8 24
sin x
31.  sin(a  x) dx
sin x sin(( x  a)  a)
Sol.  sin(a  x) dx   sin( a  x)
dx
sin( x  a) cos a  cos( x  a ) sin a

 dx
sin( a  x)
 sin( x  a) cos a cos( x  a ) sin a 

  dx
 sin( a  x) sin( a  x) 
  cos a  cot( x  a ).sin a  dx
 cos a  1. dx  sin a cot( x  a ) dx

 (cos a )( x)  (sin a) log | sin( a  x) |  c
1
32.  7 x  3 dx
1 log | 7 x  3 |
Sol.  7 x  3 dx  7
c
log(1  x)
33.  1 x
dx
2
log(1  x) 1 log(1  x)  c
Sol.  1  x dx   log(1  x).1  x dx  2
dx
34.  1  5x
dx
dx 2 1  5x
Sol.  1  5x
dx 
5
c
3 2
35.  (1  2 x ) x dx
3 2 2 5x3 2 x 6 x3 x 6
Sol.  (1  2 x ) x dx   ( x  2 x ) dx  3  6  3  3  c
sec2 x
36.  (1  tan x)3 dx
Sol. Put 1  tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt
sec2 x dt 3 t 31 t 2 1 1
 (1  tan x)3 dx  
 t3  t dt    2
 c
3  1 2 2t 2(1  tan x)2
3
37. x sin x 4 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x3 dx  dt  x3 dx 
4
3
x sin x 4 dx   (sin x 4 ).x 3 dx
dt 1 1  cos x 4
  sin t   sin t dt  (  cos t )  c
4 4 4 4
cos x
38.  (1  sin x) 2
dx
Sol. Put 1  sin x  t  cos x dx  dt

cos x dt 2 t 21 1 1
 (1  sin x)2 dx   t 2 dt   t dt  2  1   t   1  sin x  c
Integration 189
3
39.  sin x .cos x dx
1
1 1 4
3 (sin x) 3
3
3
Sol.  sin x .cos x dx   (sin x ) .cos x dx   (sin x ) 3  c
1 4
1
3
x2
40.  2x e dx
Sol. P u t x2 = t  2x dx = dt
2 2 2
x x t t x
 2 x e dx   e .2 x dx   e dt  e  e  c
elog x
41.  x dx
1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
elog x log x 1 t t log x
 x dx   e x dx   e dt  e  e  c
x2
42.  1  x6
dx
dt
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt  x 2 dx 
3
x2 x 2 dx 1 dt 1 1 1
 dx     sin t  sin 1 ( x3 )  c
1  x6 1  ( x3 )2 1 t2 3 3 3
2 x3
43.  1  x8 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x3 dx  dt  2.2 x3 dx  dt  2 x3 dx 
2
dt
3 3
2x 2 x dx 1 1 1 1
 1  x8 dx   1  ( x4 )2   1 2t 2  2  1  t 2 dt  2 tan t  2 tan ( x )  c
1 1 4
x8
44.  1  x18 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 9  t  9 x8 dx  dt  x8 dx 
9
dt
x8 x8 dx 1 1 1 1
dx  dx  9   dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 9 )  c
 1  x18  1  ( x9 )2  1 t2 9 1 t 2
9 9
e x (1  x)
45.  cos2 ( xe x ) dx
Sol. Put xe x  t  ( x.e x  e x .1) dx  dt  e x ( x  1)dx  dt  e x (1  x)dx  dt
e x (1  x) dt 2 x
 cos2 ( xe x ) dx   cos2 t   sec t dt  tan t  tan( xe )  c
cosec2 x
46.  (a  b cot x)5 dx
dt
Sol. Put a  b cot x  t  b(  cosec 2 x)dx  dt  cosec 2 xdx 
b
dt
2
cosec x b   1 1 dt
 (a  b cot x) 5
dx  
t5 b  t5
1 5 1 t 51 1 t 4 1 1
   t dt     4
 4
c
b b 5  1 b 4 4bt 4b  a  b cot x 
x
47. e sin e x dx
Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x
e sin e x dx   sin t dt   cos t   cos(e x )  c
sin(log x)
48.  x
dx
1
x
sin(log x) 1
 x
dx   sin(log x). dx   sin t.dt   cos t   cos(log x)  c
x
1
49.  x log x dx
1
x
1 1 1 1
 x log x dx   log x . x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log x | c
(1  log x) n
50.  x dx
1
Sol. Put 1  log x  t  dx  dt
x
Integration 191
(1  log x) n n 1 n t n 1 (1  log x )n 1
 x dx   (1  log x ) .
x
dx   t . dt 
n 1

n 1
c
cos(log x )
51.  x
dx
1
x
cos(log x) 1
 x
dx   cos(log x). dx   cos t. dt  sin t  sin(log x)  c
x
cos x
52.  x
dx
Sol. Put x  t  x  t 2  dx  2t dt
cos x cos t
 x
dx  
t
.2t dt  2 cos t dt  2sin t  2sin x  c
2x  1
53. x 2
 x 1
dx
Sol. Put x 2  x  1  t  (2 x  1)dx  dt

2x  1 1 1
x 2
dx   2 (2 x  1) dx   . dt  log | t |  log | x 2  x  1|  c
 x 1 x  x 1 t
ax n 1
54.  bx n  c dx
dt
Sol. Put bx n  c  t  (b.n.x n 1 )dx  dt  x n 1dx 
bn
ax n 1 1 n 1 1 dt
 bx n  c dx   bx n  c . ax dx   t . a. bn
a 1 a a
  . dt  log | t | log | bx n  c  c
bn t bn bn
1
55.  x log x log(log x) dx
Sol. Put log(log x )  t  1 d
log x dx  dt
log x dx
1 1 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt
log x x x log x
1 1 1 1
 x log x log(log x ) dx   log(log x ) . x log x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log(log x ) |  c
56.  coth x dx
cosh x
Sol.  coth x dx   sinh x dx  log | sinh x |  c
1
57.  ( x  3) x2
dx
Sol. Put x  2  t  x  2  t 2  x  t 2  2  dx  2t.dt

1 1
 ( x  3) x2
dx   2
(t  2  3).t
2t dt
1
 2 2
dt  2 tan 1 t  2 tan 1 x  2  c
t 1
1
58.  1  sin 2 x dx
1 1 1  sin 2 x
Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  sin 2 x .1  sin 2 x dx
1  sin 2 x 1  sin 2 x
 2
dx   dx
1  sin 2 x cos 2 2 x
 1 sin 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x 
2
   sec 2 2 x  tan 2 x sec 2 x  dx
tan 2 x sec 2 x
  c
2 2
x2  1
59.  x4  1
dx
 1
2 x 2 1  2 
x 1  x 
Sol.  4
x 1
dx  
2 2 1
dx
x x  2
 x 
1 1  1 
1 1   1  2 
 x 2 dx  x2 dx   x  dx
1  2 1   1 2
x2  2 x  2 22
x x x  2
 x
1  1
Put x   t  1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
Integration 193
dt dt 1 t
 2
dx   2 2
dx  tan 1
t 2 t  ( 2) 2 2
 1
 x  2
1 1 x 1 1  x  1 
 tan   tan  c
2  2  2  2x 
 
dx
60.  cos 2
x  sin 2 x
dx sec2 x
Sol.  cos2 x  sin 2 x   sec2 x(cos2 x  sin 2x ) dx
sec2 x sec2 x
 dx   dx
1 1  2 tan x
(cos2 x  sin 2 x )
cos 2 x
dt
Put 1  2 tan x  t  2sec 2 xdx  dt  sec 2 xdx 
2
dt
 2  1 1 dt  1 log | t |  1 log |1  2 tan x |  c
t 2 t 2 2
x2
61.  (a  bx)2 dx
dt ta (t  a ) 2 t 2  a 2  2at
Sol. Put a  bx  t  b. dx  dt  dx  , x  x2  
b b b2 b2
x2 (t 2  a 2  2at ) dt
 dx   b2t 2
(a  bx)2 b
1  t 2 a 2 2at  1  1
 3  2
 2  2  dt  3  1  a 2t 2  2a  dt
b t t t  b  t
1  a 2t 1  1  a2 
  t   2 a log | t |  3 t   2a log | t |
b3  1  b  t 
1  a2 
  ( a  bx )   2a log | a  bx |  c
b3  a  bx 
62.  1  cos 2x dx
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx   2 cos x dx  2 sin x  c

cos x  sin x
63.  1  sin 2 x
dx
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

Sol.  1  sin 2 x
dx  
sin x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x
2
dx
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

 dx   dx   1. dx  x  c
(sin x  cos x) 2 sin x  cos x
sin 2 x
64.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx  
(a  b cos x )2
dx
dt t a
Put (a  b cos x)  t  b sin x dx  dt  sin x dx   cos x 
b b
2sin x cos x cos x.sin x dx
 2
dx  2
(a  b cos x ) (a  b cos x )2
t  a 1 dt 2  t a
 2 2
 2   2  2  dt
b t b b  t t 
2 1 2  2  at 21 
b 2   t
   at  dt  log | t | 
b 2  2  1
2  a 2  a 

b 2 log | t |  t   b 2 log | a  b cos x |  a  b cos x   c
sec x
65.  (sec x  tan x) 2
dx
Sol. Put (sec x  tan x )  t  (sec x tan x  sec2 x ) dx  dt

dt
 sec x (tan x  sec x ) dx  dt  sec x (t )dx  dt  sec x dx 
t
sec x 1 dt dt
 2
dx   2  3
(sec x  tan x ) t t t
3t 31 1 1
  t dt   2  c
3  1 2t 2(sec x  tan x )2
dx
66. a 2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
dx sec2 x dx
Sol.  a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x   sec2 x(a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x )
Integration 195
Put tan x  t  sec2 x dx  dt
sec2 x dx dt 1
 2 2 2
 2 2 2
 dt
a tan x  b a t b (at )  b2
2
 at 
tan 1  

1  b   1 tan 1  a(tan x)   c
 
b a ab  b 
dx
67.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)   sin(b  a) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) dx
sin  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
 dx
sin(b  a )sin( x  a )sin( x  b )
1 sin( x  a) cos( x  b)  cos( x  a ) sin( x  b)

sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx  b  a  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a ) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) 
dx
1

sin(b  a) 
cot( x  b)  cot( x  a) dx
1  log | sin( x  b) | log | sin( x  a) |  1 sin( x  b)

     log c
sin(b  a)  1 1  sin(b  a) sin( x  a)
dx
68.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)   sin(b  a) cos( x  a) cos( x  b) dx
1 sin  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
 
sin(b  a ) cos( x  a ) cos( x  b )
dx
1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a ) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  cos( x  a ) cos( x  b) cos( x  a ) cos( x  b ) 
dx
1

sin(b  a) 
 tan( x  b)  tan( x  a) dx
1

sin(b  a)
log | sec( x  a ) |  log | sec( x  b ) |  c
1  sec( x  a) 
 log c
sin(b  a )  sec( x  b) 
sin 2 x
69.  a cos 2
x  b sin 2 x
dx
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  a cos 2 2
x  b sin x
dx  
a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x
dx
Put (a cos2 x  b sin 2 x )  t   a 2cos x ( sin x )  b 2sin x cos x  dx  dt

dt
2sin x cos x(  a  b)dx  t  2sin x cos x dx 
ba
2sin x cos x 1 dt
 a cos 2 2
dx  
x  b sin x t ba
1 1 1 1
  dx  log | t |  log | a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x |  c
ba t ba ba
1  tan x
70.  1  tan x dx
sin x
1
1  tan x x dx  cos x  sin x dx
Sol.  1  tan x dx   cos
sin x  cos x  sin x
1
cos x
Put (cos x  sin x)  t  (  sin x  cos x) dx  dt
dt
  log | t | log | sin x  cos x |  c
t
cot(log x)
71.  x
dx
1
x
cot(log x ) 1
 x
dx   cot(log x ). .dx
x
  cot t.dt  log | sin t |  log | sin(log x) |  c
Integration 197
x x
72.  e .cot e .dx
Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x x x x
 e .cot e . dx   cot e . e . dx
x
  cot t. dt  log | sin t | log | sin e | c
2x  3
73.  x 2  3x  4
dx
2x  3  f '( x) 
Sol.  dx  2 x 2  3 x  4  c   dx  2 f ( x) 
2  f ( x) 
x  3x  4
2
74.  cosec x cot x dx
Sol. Put cot x  t   cosec2 x dx  dt  cosec2 xdx   dt

2
 cosec x cot x dx   cot x cosec2 x.dx
3
1 t 2 2 3
  t (  dt )    t 2
dt    (cot x ) 2  c
3 3
2
75.  sec x log (sec x  tan x) dx

1
Sol. Put log(sec x  tan x)  t  sec x tan x  sec 2 x  dx  dt
sec x  tan x
sec x(tan x  sec x )
 dx  dt  sec x dx  dt
(sec x  tan x )
 sec x log (sec x  tan x) dx   log (sec x  tan x ).sec x.dx

2
t 2  log(sec x  tan x )
  t. dt   c
2 2
3
76.  cos x dx
cos 3 x  3cos x
Sol. Put cos 3 x  4 cos3 x  3cos x  cos3 x 
4
3 cos 3x  3cos x
 cos x dx  
4
dx
1 1  sin 3 x  1 3

4  (cos 3x  3cos x ) dx  
4 3
 3sin x   sin 3 x  sin x  c
 12 4
77. x 4 x  3 dx
2 1 t2  3
Sol. Put 4 x  3  t  4 x  3  t  4.d x  2t dt  dx  t dt  x 
2 4
t2  3 t 1
 x 4 x  3 dx   . t. . dt   (t 2  3). t 2 . dt
4 2 8
1 4 2 1  t 5 3t 3  t 5 t 3
  (t  3 t ) dt     
8 8  5 3  40 8
5 3
( 4 x  3)5 ( 4 x  3)3 (4 x  3) 2
(4 x  3) 2
    c
40 8 40 8
1
78. a 2
 (b  cx) 2
dx
 b  cx 
tan 1 
1 1  a   1 1 1  x  
Sol.   a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a  
 a 2  (b  cx)2 dx  a c
1  b  cx 
 tan 1  c
ac  a 
Unit 7
Definite Integrals
The fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

If f is integrable on [a, b] and if there is a differentiable function F on [a, b] such that F' =f, then
b b

a
f ( x) = F(b) – F(a). We call
 f ( x) dx , the definite integral of f from, a to b. 'a' is called the lower
a
limit, 'b' is called the upper limit of the integral.
The letter 'x' is called the variable of integration.
b b b a
Note: We write  F( x )a for F(b) – F(a). Also  F( x )a is not dependent on x and  F( x ) a    F( x ) b .
b b
The function f in  f ( x) dx is called the 'integrand'. The numerical value of  f ( x) dx depends
a a
on f and does not dependent on the symbol x. The letter 'x' is a "dummy symbol" and may be replaced
by any other convenient symbol.
Properties:
b b
1.  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
a a
2.  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
b a
3.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a b
b c b
4.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a < c < b.

a a c
 a
2 f  x  dx. if f (  x)  f ( x)
a  0
5. 
 f ( x) dx  
a  0, if f (  x)   f ( x)


 a
2 f  x  dx. if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
2a  0
6. 
 f ( x) dx  
0  0, if f (2a  x)   f ( x)


Problems
 5
2
cos 2 x
1. Evaluate  5 5
dx .
0 2 2
sin x  cos x
 5
2
cos 2 x
Sol. Let I = 
0
5 5
dx .........(1)
2 2
sin x  cos x
5
  2

2 cos   x a a
2 
I =  5 5
dx   f ( x)dx   f  a  x  dx
0 2 
  2 
 
sin   x  cos   x 0 0
2  2 
 5
2
sin 2 x
= 
0
5 5
dx .........(2)
2 2
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 5  5
2 2 2 2
cos x sin x
I+I=  0
5 5
dx + 
0
5 5
dx
2 2 2 2
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x
 5 5
 2 2 2

cos x sin x
2I =   5 5
 5 5
 dx
0
 2 
 sin x  cos 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 5 5
2 2 2
cos x  sin x
= 
0
5 5
dx
2 2
sin x  cos x

2
  
  1. dx   x 0 2  0
0
2 2
 
 2I  I
2 4
Definite Integrals 201
 5
2
cos 2 x 
I=  5 5
dx 
0 2 2
4
sin x  cos x

2
x 
2. Show that  sin x  cos x dx  2
0 2
log( 2  1) .

2
x
Sol. Let I =  sin x  cos x dx
0
a a

But 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx , where a 
0 2
here
   

2   x 
2   x
2 2
 I    

 0 cos x  sin x
dx
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 
   
2
 2 x 
   sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x  dx
0  
  
2 2
2 x
 
0
sin x  cos x
dx  
0
sin x  cos x
dx

2
 1

2  sin x  cos x dx  I
0

2
 1
I+I 
2  sin x  cos x dx
0

2
 1
I 
4  sin x  cos x dx
0
x 1 x 2t 1 t2 x
Put t  tan  dt  sec2 dx, sin x  2
, cos x  2
and sec 2  1  t 2
2 2 2 1 t 1 t 2

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x  , t  1 . Thus
2
 1 2x
2 sec 1
 2 2  2dt
I   dx  
4 1 x 4 0 2t  1  t 2
0 (sin x  cos x )  sec2 
2 2
1
 dt
 
4 0 ( 2)  (t  1) 2
2
 1 2  t  1   2 1 
  log  log  
4 2 2 2  t  1 4 2  2 1
 2 1 

2 2
log 
2 1 2 2
log  
2 1 .
 
2 2
n n
3. Show that  sin
0
x dx   cos
0
x dx .

2
n
Sol. Let I =  sin x dx
0

Let a  , f ( x)  sin n x  (sin x) n
2
n
    
f (a  x)  f   x  sin   x 
2   2 
 (cos x )n  cosn x
a a
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
 
2 2
n n
  sin x dx 
0
 cos x dx
0
Hence proved.

3
sin x
4. Evalute  dx.
 sin x  cos x
6
  sin x
Sol. Let a  , b  , f ( x) 
6 3 sin x  cos x
   
Then a  b  x    x    x
6 3  2 
 
sin   x
  2  cos x
 f ( a  b  x )  f   x  
2  cos x  sin x
   
sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

3
sin x
Let I   dx.
 sin x  cos x
6
b b
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
 
3 3
sin x cos x
I dx  I   dx.
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6
Adding them, we get

 
3 3
sin x cos x
I I   dx   dx
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6

3 sin x cos x 
2I      dx
  sin x  cos x sin x  cos x 
6

3
sin x  cos x
 dx
 sin x  cos x
6

3 
  
  1. dx  [ x] 3   
 6
3 6 6
6

3
  sin x 
I  I   dx  .
6  2 12  sin x  cos x 12
6

x sin x
0
1  sin x

x sin x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0
x sin x
Let a  , f ( x) 
1  sin x
(  x) sin(   x)
Then f (a  x)  f (  x) 
1  sin(   x)
(  x) sin x

1  sin x
a a
We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0
 
x sin x (  x) sin x
I dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

 sin x  x sin x
I dx
0
1  sin x

  sin x x sin x 
    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x
 
 sin x x sin x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

sin x
  dx  I
0
1  sin x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  sin x

1  sin x  1
 2 I   dx
0
1  sin x

  1  sin x 1 
 I     dx
2 0  1  sin x 1  sin x 

  1 
  1   dx
2 0  1  sin x 
 
 1 
  1. dx   dx 
2 0 0
1  sin x 

  1 1  sin x 
  x 0    dx 
2 0
1  sin x 1  sin x 

 1  sin x 
    dx 
2 0
cos 2 x 

2   1 sin x 
     dx
2 2 0  cos x cos2 x 
2

2 

2 2 0
 
sec2 x  sec x tan x dx 
2  
   tan x  sec x 0
2 2
2 
   tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2 2
2 
   0  ( 1)  0  1
2 2
2  2
  (2)  
2 2 2

x sin x 2
 dx  
0
1  sin x 2
4
6. Evaluate  x x 2  1 dx .
1
4 4
1
Sol.
2 2
 x x  1 dx   x  1   2
. x dx
1 1
4 n 1
1
  x2  1  
1
2
.2 x dx
n  f ( x) 
21   f ( x)  . f '( x)dx 
n 1
4
 2 1 
1

1  x 1 2 
 


2  1 1 
 2 1
4
 3 
2
 1 x 1

  2

3 
2 
 2 1
1 2 3 1 3
  (42  1) 2  (1  1) 3    (15) 2 
2 3  2  3  
2
7. Evaluate  4  x 2 dx .
0
2 2
 x 2 a2 1  x 

Sol.  4  x 2 dx   22  x 2 dx 2 2 2
  a  x dx  2 a  x  2 sin  a  
0 0
2
x 4 x
  4  x 2  sin 1 
2 2 2 0
2  2   0 
 4  4  2sin 1      4  0  2sin 1 0 
2  2   2 
= 0 + 2sin–1(1) – 0 – 0

 2  .
2

2
8. Evalute 

sin x dx .
2
 
2 0 2
Sol.   sin x dx   sin x dx   sin x dx

  0
2 2

0 2
sin(  x) dx     
   sin xdx    x  0  x   x, 0  x   x  x
2 2
 0
2
0

   sin x dx    cos x 0 2
 2
0   
  cos x      cos  (  cos 0)
2  2 
   
 cos 0  cos       0  1
  2 
= 1 – 0 – 0 + 1 = 2.
3
2x
9. Evaluate  dx.
2
1  x2
3
2x 2
3  f '( x) 
Sol. 2 1  x 2 dx   log 1  x    dx  log f ( x) 
 2  f ( x) 
= log 10 – log 5
 10 
= log   = log 2.
5

10. Evaluate  2  2 cos  d .
0
 

Sol.  2(1  cos ) d    4.cos2 d
0 0
2

   
 sin  
    2 
  2.cos   d    2.
0
 2  1 
 2 0

    
  4sin    4sin  4sin 0   4.
 2 0  2 

11. Evaluate  sin 3 x cos3 x dx.

0
Sol. Let I   sin 3 x cos3 x dx

0
a a
We have  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
 
 I   sin x cos x dx   sin 3 (  x) cos3 (  x) dx

3 3
0 0
   sin 3 x cos 3 x dx   I
0
 I = – I  2 I = 0  I = 0.

  sin 3 x cos3 x dx  0.
0
2
12. Evaluate  1  x dx.
0
2 1 2
Sol.  1  x dx   1  x dx   1  x dx
0 0 1
1 2
  (1  x)dx   (1  x ) dx  0  x  1  1  x  (1  x), 1  x  2  1  x  (1  x)  (1  x) 
0 1
1 2
 x2   x2 
  x     x  
 2 0  2 1
 1    4  1 
 1    (0  0)    2     1   
 2    2  2 
1 1
 1  2  2  1   1.
2 2

2
cos x
13. Evaluate  1 e x
dx.

2

2
cos x
Sol. Let I   1 e x
dx

2
  cos x
Let a   , b  , f ( x) 
2 2 1  ex
    cos( x)
f (a  b  x)  f     x   f ( x) 
 2 2  1  e x
cos x cos x x
  e
1 ex  1
1 x
e
e x .cos x

1  ex
b b
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
 I  dx  I   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2
Adding them, we get

 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
I I   dx   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2
 
 cos x e x .cos x 
2 2
cos x  e x .cos x
 2I      dx   dx
 
1  ex 1  ex  
1  ex
2 2
 
2
cos x (1  e x ) 2
 2I   dx   cos x dx

1  ex 
2 2
   
 2 I   sin x  2  sin  sin   
2 2  2
 2 I = 1 – (–1) = 2

2
cos x
 I 1 I   1 e x
dx  1.

2
3
x
0 x 2  16
3 3
x 1 2x
Sol.  dx   dx
0 x 2  16 2 0 x 2  16
3
1 
  .2 x 2  16 
2 0
3
  x 2  16  0
 32  16  02  16
=5–4
= 1.
1
2
15. Evaluate  x.e  x dx .
0
1 1
2 2
x x
Sol.  x.e dx   e . x dx
0 0
 dt
Put –x2 = t  –2x dx = dt  x dx 
2
U.L: x = 1  t = –1 and L.L: x = 0  t = 0
1 1
 x2   dt 
 x.e dx   et .  
0 0  2 
1
1 1 1
   et dt    et 
20 2 0
1 1 0 11 

2
 e  e      1
2e 
1 1 1 1 
    .
2e 2  2 2e 
5
1
0 2x 1
5
5
dx  2 2x 1 
Sol.  dx   
0 2x 1  2 1
5
  2x 1 
1
 10  1  2  1  9  1
= 3 – 1 = 2.
4
x2
0
1 x
4 4
x2  1 
Sol. 0 1  x dx  0 ( x  1)  x  1 dx
4
 x2 
   x  log x  1 
2 0
 42  0 
   4  log 4  1     0  log1
 2  2 
 8  4  log 5  0
  4  log 5
2
x2
18. Evaluate  x2  2 dx .
1
2 2
x2  2 
Sol. 1 x 2  2 dx  1 1  x 2  2  dx
2 2
1
  1 dx  2  2
dx
1 1 x2    2
2
2  1 x 
  x 1   2. tan 1
 2 2  1
 2  1 2  1   
  2  (1)     tan  tan 1  
 2 2  2 
 1 
 3  2  tan 1 2  tan 1 
 2
4
19. Evaluate  2  x dx .
0
4 2 4
Sol.  2  x dx   2  x dx   2  x dx
0 0 2
2 4
  (2  x) dx   (2  x) dx
0 2
2 4
 x2   x2 
  2 x     2 x  
 2 0  2 2
 4   16   4 
  4   0    8     4   
 2   2  2 
= 2 + [0 + 4 – 2]
=4

20. Evaluate
2
sin 5 x .

0
sin 5 x  cos5 x

Sol. Let I =
2
sin 5 x
 0
sin 5 x  cos5 x
a a
We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0
 

5
 sin 5   x  
2
sin x 2
2 
2
cos5 x
 sin 5
  dx   dx
I= x  cos5 x 5  5  cos5 x  sin 5 x
0 0 sin   x   cos   x  0
2  2 
 
2
sin 5 x 2
cos5 x
 II   dx   dx
0
sin 5 x  cos5 x 0
cos5 x  sin 5 x

 sin 5 x
2
cos5 x 
 2I    5 5
 5 5  dx
0 
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 

 sin 5 x  cos5 x 
2
 0  sin 5 x  cos5 x  dx

2
 
  1.dx   x 0 2 
0
2
 
 2I  I
2 4

2
sin 5 x 
I   5 5
dx 
0
sin x  cos x 4

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Sol. Let I =  dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x
a a
We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0
   

2 2 2

2 sin 2   x   cos 2   x 
sin x  cos x 2  2  dx
 I  sin 3
dx  I  
x  cos3 x    
0 0 sin 3   x   cos3   x 
2  2 

2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
  dx
0
cos3 x  sin 3 x
 
2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x 2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 I I   dx   dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x 0
cos3 x  sin 3 x

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
2
2I  0  sin 3 x  cos3 x  cos3 x  sin 3 x  dx

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
  dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
  0 dx  0
0

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
I0   dx  0.
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
dx
22. Evaluate  4  5cos x .
0
x 2dt 1 t2
Sol. Let tan  t  dx   cos x 
2 1 t2 1 t2
 
U.L: x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and L.L: x   t  tan  1
2 4
 2dt
2 1
dx 1 t2
  
0
4  5cos x 0  1 t2 
4  5 2 
 1 t 
1
2dt

0 4(1  t )  5 1  t 2 
2
1 1
2dt 1
 2 2
 2  2 2 dt
0
9t 0
3 t
1
1 3t 
 2. log
2 3  t  0
1 4  1
 log    log 1   log 2
3 2  3

4
sin x  cos x
23. Evaluate  9  16sin 2 x dx .
0

4
sin x  cos x
Sol.  9  16sin 2 x dx
0
Put sin x – cos x = t (cos x + sin x) dx = dt

t2 = (sin x – cos x)2 = sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x
= 1 – sin2x
 sin2x = – t2 +1 = 1 – t2
  
U.L.: x   t  sin  cos  0
4 4 4
L.L.: x  0  t  sin 0  cos 0  1

4 0
sin x  cos x dt
 dx  
0
9  16sin 2 x 1
9  16(t 2  1)
0
dt
 
1
16t 2  25
0
dt
  2 2
1 5   4t 
0
 1 5  4t 
 2(5) .log 5  4t 
 
 4 
 
1
1  5  4(1) 
 log1  log 
40  5  4(1) 
1  1
  0  log 
40  9
1 1
 .log
40 9
1 1 1
 .log 91  log 9  log 32
40 40 40
1
 log 3.
20

2
a sin x  b cos x
0
sin x  cos x

2
a sin x  b cos x
Sol. Let I =  dx ........ (1)
0
sin x  cos x
a a
We know that 0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0
    
a sin   x  b cos   x
2
2  2 
I dx
   
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

2
a cos x  b sin x
 dx ........ (2)
0
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 
2 2
a sin x  b cos x a cos x  b sin x
I+I=  dx   dx
0
sin x  cos x 0
cos x  sin x

2
a sin x  b cos x  a cos x  b sin x
 2I   dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
a (sin x  cos x )  b(cos x  sin x )
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
(a  b)(sin x  cos x )
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2

 (a  b) 1. dx  (a  b)( x)0 2
0

 ( a  b)
2

 I  ( a  b)
4

x
0
1  sin x

x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0
a a
0 0
 
(  x) x
I   dx   dx
0
1  sin(   x) 0
1  sin x

  x 
 I    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 
 x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

1
  dx  I
0
1  sin x

1 1  sin x
 I I     dx
0
1  sin x 1  sin x
 
1  sin x 1  sin x
 2 I   2
dx   
0
1  sin x 0
cos 2 x

  1 sin x 
I     dx
2 0 cos x cos 2 x 
2


  (sec2 x  sec x tan x ) dx
20
 

2
 tan x  sec x 0

  tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2
 

2
 0  ( 1)  0  1   2  
2

x
 dx  .
0
1  sin x
1
log(1  x)
0
1  x2
1
log(1  x)
Sol. 
0
1  x2
dx
2 2 2 2
Put x  tan   dx  sec  d   1  x  1  tan   sec 

U.L.: x  1  tan   1    , L.L.: x  0  tan   0    0
4

1 4
log(1  x ) log(1  tan  ) 2
0 1  x2 dx  
0
sec2 
sec  d 

4
  log (1  tan ) d 
0

4
Let I   log (1  tan ) d 

0
a a
0 0

4
  
I   log 1  tan  4    d 
0

4
 1  tan  
  log 1  1  tan   d 
0

4
 (1  tan )  (1  tan ) 
  log 
0
1  tan   d 

4
 2 
  log  1  tan   d 
0

4
  [log 2  log(1 tan ]d 
0
 
4 4
 
0
log 2 d    log (1  tan ) d 
0

4
 log 2  1. d   I
0
  
 I I  log 2.  0 4  log 2    0
 4

 2I  log 2
4

I log 2
8

x sin x
0
1  cos 2 x
a a
Sol. We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx

0 0

x sin x
Let I =  1  cos
0
2
x
dx
 
(  x) sin(   x) (   x) sin x
I 2
dx   dx
0
1  cos (  x ) 0
1  cos2 x
  
 sin x  x sin x  sin x x sin x
I   2
dx   2
dx   dx
0
1  cos x 0
1  cos x 0
1  cos2 x

sin x
  dx  I
0
1  cos 2 x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  cos 2 x
Put cos x  t  sin xdx   dt
U.L.: x    t  cos   1 , L.L.: x  0  t  cos 0  1
1
 dt
 2I  
1
1 t2
1
 1
I 
2 1 1 t2
dt
 
  [tan 1 t ]11   [tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (1)]
2 2
       2
     
2  4 4  2 2 4

4
28. Evaluate  log 1  tan x dx .
0

4
Sol. Let I   log 1  tan x dx
0
a a
0 0

4
  
I   log 1  tan  4  x  dx
0

4
 1  tan x 
  log 1  1  tan x  dx
0

4
1  tan x  1  tan x 
  log 
0
1  tan x  dx

4
 2 
  log  1  tan x  dx
0

4
  log 2  log 1  tan x dx
0

4
I   log 2 dx  I
0

4
 I I  (log 2)  1.dx
0

 2 I  (log 2)  x 0 4
  
 log 2   0  log 2
4  4

I  log 2
42

4

  log 1  tan x dx  8 log 2
0
Unit 8
Differential Equations
Definition: An equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives with respect to one
independent variable is called as Ordinary Differential Equation.
dy
Eg:  5 x  cos x
dx
2 3
 d2y   dy  x
 2   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
Definition: If a D.E. contains one dependent variable and more than one independent variables,
then it is called as Partial D.E.
z z  2  2  2
Eg: x. y z   0
x y x 2 y 2 z 2
z  f ( x, y )   f ( x, y , z )
We learn about Ordinary D.E.

Definition: The order of a D.E is the order of the highest order derivative occuring in it.
Definition: The degree of a D.E is the largest exponent of the highest order derivative occuring in it
after the equation has been expressed in a form of a polynomial equation in derivatives.
(The exponent of x and y need not be an integer)
dy x1/ 2
1. 
dx y1/ 2 1  x1/ 2 
order = 1, degree = 1
2 5/ 3
d 2 y   dy  
2.  1 
   
dx 2   dx  
Differential Equations 221
3 2 5
 d 2 y    dy  
  2   1    
 dx    dx  
2 2 3/ 2
 d 2 y    dy  
3. 1   2   2    
 dx    dx  
2 3
  d 2 y  2    dy  2 
 1   2     2    
  dx     dx  
d2y dy  dy 
4. 2
 2  y  log  
dx dx  dx 
Order is 2 and Degree is not defined since the equation cannot be expressed as a polynomial
equation in the derivatives.
d2y
5.   p2 y
dx 2
2 2
 d3y   dy  x
6.  3   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
6/5
 d 2 y  dy  3 
7.*  2     6y
 dx  dx  
3
d 2 y  dy  5
 2     6 y 6
dx  dx 
The general form of an ordinary differential equation of nth order is
 dy d 2 y dny 
F  x, y, , 2 ,....., n   0
 dx dx dx 
Solution of a D.E: A solution of a D.E is a relation between dependent variable; independent variables
and along with some arbitrary constants satisfying the D.E.
General Solution :A solution of a D.E in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order
of the D.E is called the general solution.
Particular Solution :A particular solution of a D.E is a solution obtained by giving particular values to
the arbitrary constants in the general solution.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Form the D.E corresponding to y  cx  2c 2 , where c is a parameter..
sol: Given: y  cx  2c 2 - (1)
It has only one arbitrary constant
So differentiating once with respect to x, we get
dy
 c 1  0
dx
dy
Substituting c  in (1), ‘c’ gets eliminated
dx
2
 dy   dy 
 The required D.E is y    x  2  
 dx   dx 
2. Form a D.E corresponding to y  A cos 3x  B sin 3 x where A,B are parameters.
Sol: Given: y  A cos 3x  B sin 3 x - (1)
Since there are two arbitrary constants or parameters,
differentiating two times successively with respect to x, we get
dy
 3 A sin 3 x  3B cos 3 x   2 
dx
d 2 y d  dy 
    9 A cos 3x  9 B sin 3x
dx 2 dx  dx 
= 9  A cos 3x  B sin 3x 
= 9y
d2y
 2  9 y is the required D.E. Where A and B are eleminated
dx
d2y
 9y  0
dx 2
3. Find the order of the D.E. obtained by eliminating the arbitrary constants b and c from the
equation xy  ce x  be x  x 2
Sol: There are two arbitrary constants b and c in the equation
xy  ce x  be x  x 2 ...... (1)
So diff. twice successively w.r.t. x, we get

dy
x.  y.1  ce x  be x (1)  2 x ........(2)
dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  .1   ce x  be x  2 ........(3)
dx dx dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  
dx dx dx

 ce x  be  x  2 
= ( xy  x 2 )  2 from (1)
d2y dy
 x. 2
 2  xy  x 2  2 is the D.E.
dx dx
 Order = 2.
4. Find the order of the D.E. of the family of all circles with their centres at the origin.
Sol.: The general eqn. of the circle with centre (0, 0) is
x2  y 2  r 2 ............ (1)
r2 is the arbitrary constatnt.
So, diff. eq. (1) only once, we get
dy dy
2x  2 y 0 x y 0
dx dx
 Order = 1.
5. From the D.E. of the following family of curves where parameters are given in brackets.
(i) y  c( x  c) 2 ........ (1)
diff once w.r.t. x we get
dy
 c.2( x  c) ....... (2)
dx
(1) y c( x  c)2
Now  
(2)  dy  c.2( x  c)
 
dx
y xc
 
dy 2
dx
2y
  xc
dy
dx
2y
c  x
 dy 
 
 dx 
Substituting in (1) we get
2
 2y   2y 
x   
y dy    dy 
 dx   dx 
   
dy
x.  2y
dx 4. y 2
y  2
dy  dy 
dx  
dx
3
 dy   dy 
 y     x  2 y  4 y2 Ans
 dx   dx 
3
 dy  dy
    4 xy  8 y 2 Ans
 dx  dx
6. xy  ae x  be x .....(1); a, b are parameters
Since there are two parameters, differentiating eqn. (1) twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
x.  y.1  ae x  be  x .( 1)
dx
dy
 x.  y  ae x  be  x .........(2)
dx
Again diff.
d 2 y dy dy
x. 2
 .1   ae x  be  x  xy from (1)
dx dx dx
d2y dy
x. 2
 2.  xy  0 is the required diff. eqn.
dx dx
7. y  a cos( nx  b)...(1); a, b are parameters
Since there are two parameters, differentiating (1), twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
  a sin( nx  b)  n
dx
dy
   an sin( nx  b)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t.x.
d2y
 a n cos(nx  b)  n
dx 2
 a n 2 cos(nx  b)
 n 2  cos(nx  b)
 n2 y
d2y
 2  n 2 y is the required differential eqn.
dx
Solving Differential Equations:
Methods to solve first order, first degree D.E.
dy
The general first order, first degree D.E. contains the terms of , x and y.
dx
dy
So it is of the form, = F(x, y) where F is a function of x and y.
dx
Variables Separable Method:
If the given D.E. can be written in the form of f ( x ).dx  g ( y ).dy  0 , then its solution can be
obtained by integrating each term. This method of solving the D.E. is called variables separable method.
Long Answer Type Questions
dy
1. Solve : x  y 0
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E is x  y 0
dx Note: After integration on both sides, write
dy the constant of integration, C, on
y  x
dx any one side.
 ydy   xdx
Integrating on both sides,we get
 ydy    xdx
y2 x2
   c
2 2
x2 y 2
  c
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2c is the required solution
dy
2. Solve  e x y
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E  e x y
dx
dy
  e x .e y
dx
dy
  e x .dx
ey
 e  y dy  e x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get

y
e dy   e x dx
 e  y  e x  c
 e x  e  y  c  0 is the required solution
dy y 2  2 y
3. Solve 
dx x 1
dy y 2  2 y
Sol. Given D.E is 
dx x 1
dy dx
 2 
y  2 y x 1
dy 1
 2
 dx
y  2y x 1
1
 2 dy  log | x  1|  c
y  2 y  12  12
1
 2
dy  log | x  1|  c
 y  1  12
1 y  1 1
 log | | log | x  1|  log c
2 1 y 11
y
 log | | 2 log   x  1  c 
y2
y 2
 log  log   x  1  c 
y2
y 2
 log  log  x  1  c 2
y2
y 2
  c 2  x  1
y2
2
 y  c 2  y  2  x  1 is the required solution.
4. Solve y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0
Sol. y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0
 y 1  x  dx   x 1  y  dy
y 1  x  dy
 
 x 1  y  dx

1  x   y

dy
x 1  y dx

1  x  dx  1  y dy
x y
 
1  x dx  1 y
dy
x  y
1 x 1 y
    dx     dy
x x  y y
1  1 
     1dx     1dy
x  y 
   log x  x    log y  y   c
  log x  x  log y  y  c
 x  y  log x  log y  c  0 is the required solution
5. Solve 1  x2 1  y 2 dx + xy dy = 0
Sol.  xydy   1  x 2 1  y 2 dx
ydy 1  x 2 dx
 
1 y2 x
ydy 1 x2 dx
    1
1  y2 x
L.H.S
ydy

1 y2

1 2y
dy f 1 ( x)

2 1 y2  f ( x)
dx  2 f ( x)
1
 .2 1  y 2
2
 1 y2
1  x2
R.H.S =  dx Put 1  x 2  t 2  t  1  x 2
x
dx  x2  t 2 1  x  t 2 1
  1  x2 .
x  2 xdx  2tdt
tdt tdt
  t. 2
 dx 
t 1 x
t2 dx tdt tdt
 dt   
t 2 1 x x.x x 2
t 2 1 1 tdt
 dt  2
t 2 1 t 1
 t 2 1 1 
  2  2 dt
 t 1 t 1 
 1 
  1  2 dt
 t 1 
1 t 1
t log
2.1 t 1
1 21  x2 1
 1  x  log c
2 1  x2  1
Substituting in (1), we get

 1 1  x2  1 
1  y 2    1  x 2  log c
 2 1  x 2  1 
1 1  x2 1 1  x2 1 1  x2  1
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log c 
2 1  x2  1 1  x2  1 1  x2  1
 
2

1  x 2

1
2 1 2 x 2
 1  y  1  x  log 
2 2
 c
 1 x 1 
 1  x  12
x2
 x   2
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log 
1  x 2
 1
c  1  x  12
 
2
 x 
2 2
 1  y  1  x  log x  log  1  x  1  c
2 
 1  x  1
2
6. Solve 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0
Sol. Given 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0
 1  x 2 dy   1  y 2 dx
dy  dx
 
2
1 y 1  x2

1 1
 dy    dx
1 y2 1  x2
 sin 1 y   sin 1 x  c
 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  c is the required solution.
dy 1  y 2
7. Solve 
dx 1  x 2
dy 1  y 2
Sol. 
dx 1  x 2
dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2

dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2
Tan 1 y  Tan 1 x  c is the required solution.

dy
8. Solve  e yx
dx
dy
Sol.  e yx
dx
dy e y
 
dx e x
dy dx
 
e y ex
 e  y dy  e  x dx
  e  y dy   e  x dx
e y e x
  c
1 1
 e  y  e  x  c is the solution.
Solve  e  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0
x
9.
Sol. Given  e x  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0
  e x  1 ydy    y  1 dx
ydy  dx
  x
y 1 e 1
Integrating on both sides, we will get

ydy  dx
  x ....................(1)
y 1 e 1
y
L.H.S:  y  1 dy
y 11
 dy
y 1
 y 1 1    1   1 
    dy   1     dy   1. dy     dy
 y 1 y 1    y 1    y 1 
 y  log | y  1|
dx
RHS: e x
1
Put e x  t
dt
 e x dx  dt
t (t  1)
1 1  dt dt
    dt dx   .
 t t 1  ex t
 log t  log t  1
 log e x  log e x  1  c
substituting in (1) we get the required solution as
y  log y  1   log e x  log e x  1  c
 y  log  y  1  log e x  log(e x  1)  log c
 ( y  1)(e x  1)c   ex 1 ex 1 x 
y  log e    x  x  x  1  e 
 ex   e e e 
( y  1)(e x  1).c
 ey 
ex
 e y  c( y  1)(1  e  x )
Problems for Practice:
dy x3
1. Solve:  e x y  x 2e y Ans: e y  ex  c
dx 3
2. Solve: tan y dx  tan x dy  0 Ans: sin x.sin y  c
10. Solve 1  x 2 dx  1  y 2 dy  0
Sol.  1  x 2 dx   1  y 2 dy
 1  x 2 dx    1  y 2 dy
x 1 y 1 
 1  x 2  sinh 1 ( x)    1  y 2  sinh 1 y   c
2 2 2 2 
 x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  sinh 1 x  sinh 1 y  2c
dy xy  y
11. Solve 
dx xy  x
dy xy  y
Sol. 
dx xy  x
dy y ( x  1)
 
dx x( y  1)
dy y x 1
  .
dx y  1 x
y 1 x 1
 dy  dx
y x
 y 1  x 1
    dy     dx
 y y  x x
 1  1
 1   dy  1   dx
 y  x
Integrating on both sides
 1  1
  1   dy   1   dx
 y  x
 y  log y  x  log x  c is the required solution.
dy
12. Solve D.E. is  yx ____(1)
dx
Sol. Put y  x  t 2
diff w.r.t x
dy dt
 1  2t
dx dx
dy dt
  1  2t
dx dx
Subsituting in (1), we get
dt
1  2t t
dx
dt t  1
 
dx 2t
 t 1  2tdt
 dt    dx   dx
 2t  t 1

t.dt
2  dx
t 1 
____(2)
t 11
LHS = 2  dt
t 1
 t 1 1 
 2    dt
 t 1 t 1 
 1 
 2 1   dt
 t 1 
 2 t  log t  1 
2 t  log t  1   x  c
 2  y  x  log y  x  1  x  c is the required solution of the given D.E.
Problems for Practice

dy
1. Solve:  1  e x y Ans: e  ( x  y )  x  c  0
dx
Hint put x  y  t
dy
13. Solve  (3x  y  4)2
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  (3x  y  4)2 ___ (1)
dx
put 3 x  y  4  t
diff. w.r.t ‘x’, we get
dy dt
3.1 + 0
dx dx
dy dt
  3
dx dx
dt
 3  t2
dx
dt
  t2  3
dx
 dt  (t 2  3)dx.
dt
 2
 dx.
t 3
dt
t  dx
2
3 
1
 dt   dx
t  ( 3) 2
2
1  t 
 tan 1    xc
3  3
1  3x  y  4 
 tan 1    x  c is the required solution of the given D.E.
3  3 
dy
14. Solve  x tan( y  x)  1
dx
dy dt
Sol: Put y  x  t so that 1  .
dx dx
Therefore, the given equation becomes
dt
1  x tan t  1
dx
dt
(or)  x tan t.
dx
Therefoe, cot t dt  x.dx so that  cot t dt   x dx .
x2
Hence, log | sin t |  c
2
x2
i.e. log sin( y  x)   c which is the required solution.
2
1  dy 
15. Solve sin    x  y
 dx 
1  dy 
Sol. Given D.E. is sin    x  y
 dx 
dy
 sin( x  y )
 __(1)
dx
Put x  y  t
diff w.r.t to ‘x’
dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
dt
 1  sin t
dx
dt
  1  sin t
dx
 dt  (1  sin t ) dx
dt
  dx
1  sin t
dt
 1  sin t   dx
 1 1  sin t 
    dt   dx
 1  sin t 1  sin t 
1  sin t
 dt   dx
1  sin 2 t
1  sin t
 dt   dx
cos 2 t
 1 sin t 
  2
 2 
dt   dx
 cos t cos t 
   sec2 t  tan t sec t  dt   dx
  sec2 t. dt   tan t sec t dt   dx

 tan t  sec t  x  c
 tan( x  y )  sec( x  y)  x  c is the required solution of the given D.E.
dy
16. Solve :  tan 2 ( x  y )
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  tan 2 ( x  y ) ____ (1)
dx
Put x y t
diff w.r.t x, we get
dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
dt
 1  tan 2 t
dx
dt
  1  tan 2 t
dx
 sec 2 t
dt
  sec 2 t
dx
 dt  sec2 t . dx
dt
  dx
sec 2 t
 cos 2 t dt  dx
2
 cos t dt   dx
1 cos2t
 dt   dx
2
1
 (1  cos 2t ) dt   dx
2
1  sin 2t 
 t  xc
2  2 
sin 2t
t
 2  xc
2
1
 t  sin 2t  2 x  2c put t = x + y
2
1
 x  y  sin 2  x  y   c  0
2

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MATHEMATI

BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL

Sri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS

Dr. Md. Abdul Khaliq

Educational Research and Training Wing

Vasundhara Devi Kanjarla

Learning Material Contributors

The material can also be accessed through our websitewww.tsbie.cgg.gov.in.

Commissioner & Secretary

Unit - 2 System of Circles 90 - 118

Unit - 3 Parabola 119 - 139

Unit - 4 Ellipse 140 - 158

Unit - 5 Hyperbola 159 - 168

Unit - 6 Integration 169 - 198

Unit - 7 Definite Integrals 199 - 219

Unit - 8 Differential Equations 220 - 236

AB = 2CB = (2 x radius) is called the diameter of the circle

The standard equation or General equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 whose

The parametric equations of the circle are

Any ‘point ’ on the circle is ‘point ’ = (x, y)

S12 = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c

 (0, 0) is a point on the circle

 The circle passing through origin is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0

x - intercept = length of chord PQ = DistancePQ  2 g 2  c

 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

or y - intercept is zero  2 f 2  c f 2 – c = 0

 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

circle touches x - axis g2 = c circle touches y - axis f 2 = c

Example : If S = x2 + y2 + 3x – 5y + 9, (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)

Length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) to the circle

It is given by the formula S11 . PT = Length of tangent from P = S11 .

The equation of tangent, w.r.t the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

(ii) y  f  m  x  g   r 1  m2 in the slope form

where r  g 2  f 2  c = radius and m is the slope of tangent

(iii) (x + g) cos + (y + f ) sin = r in the parameteric form

where r = radius = g 2  f 2  c and ‘point ’ on the circle is

(–g + r cos , –f + r sin (x1, y1), is the parameter

(ii) y  mx  r 1  m 2 in the slope form, where m is the slope of tangent.

The length of the chord AB = 2 r 2  d 2

Chord of Contact, Pole Polar  r

If the tangents drawn through P(x1, y1) to the circle

The pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1g + m1 f – n1) (l2g + m2 f – n2) where r  g 2  f 2  c

The inverse of the point P with respect to the circle C•

Solving (2) and (3), we get

That is, x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.

But PB = S11 = length of tangent drawn from P R

BQ = S22 = Length of tangent drawn from Q M(x1, y1) N(x2, y2)

Transverse Common Tangent

Direct Common Tangents

The point Q, divides the segment C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 externally..

P, Q, C1, C2 are all collinear.

Let C1C2 represent the line segment fromC1 to C2.

condition : C1C2 > r1 + r2 , (r1  r2)

In this case the two circles do not intersect.

Direct Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents Transverse Common Tangents

condition C1C2 > r1 + r2 , r1  r2

Direct Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents