Goran POPOVIIĆ 1 , Stefan PANIĆ2 , Jelena ANASTASOV 3 , Mihajlo STEFANOVIĆ3 ,Petar SPALEVIĆ 4

Megatrend University, Serba (1),Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Priština, Serbia (2)
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, Serbia (3),State University of Novi Pazar, Serbia (4)

Cooperative MRC diversity over Hoyt fading channels

Abstract. Performance analysis of cooperative non-regenerative transmission system operating over Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channels will be
presented in this paper. Usage of Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) space diversity technique at the reception will be considered. Closed form
expression will be provided for the moment generating function (MGF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Capitalizing on this, standard
performance measure, average symbol error probability (ASEP) over various modulation formats will be efficiently evaluated. Obtained numerical
results will be graphically presented in order to show the influence of system parameters, like fading severity and reception diversity order on overall
system performances.

Streszczenie. Przeanalizowano kooperacyjny system transmisji wykorzystuja̧cy kanałNagakami-q (Hoyt). Rozważono użycie techniki Maximal Ratio
Combining (MRC). Przedstawiono przykład ilustruja̧cy wpływ parametrów transmisji, takich jak zróżnicowanie zaniku (fading severity) czy różnorodność
porza̧dku odczytu (reception diversity order) na możliwości systemu. (Transmisja kooperacyjna MRC w kanałach Hoyt).

Keywords: Non-regenerative cooperative transmission, Amplify-and-Forward, Maximal Ratio Combining, Hoyt fading channels
Słowa kluczowe: transmisja kooperacyjna, kanały z zanikami

Introduction nel gains of all the source-relay links. To reduce the com-
Wireless systems in the future will be envisaged to of- plexity at the relays, the fixed-gain relaying scheme has been
fer ubiquitous high data-rate coverage in large areas [1]. A proposed, which maintains the long-term average transmit
promising solution for providing broader and more efficient power at each relay.
coverage in both modern (ad-hoc, WLAN) and traditional Multipath fading seriously degrades the performance of
(bent pipe satellites) communications networks, are multihop the system when signal components that are received over
relaying technology communications. Multihop transmission different propagation paths add destructively. Temporal, fre-
is a communication technique that arises in many applica- quency and spatial diversity are the basic diversity tech-
tions: to attain broader coverage without the need to use niques to overcome the effects of fading. In addition to these
large power at the transmitter; to communicate via ad hoc traditional diversity techniques, mobiles can also relay each
networks where nodes are communicating without the aid other’s information and the signals coming from the source
of central control/infrastructure; to combat the impairments and the relays can be used to provide additional diversity.
(multipath fading, shadowing and co-channel interference) The spatial diversity obtained through this virtual array is also
of the wireless channel through spatial/multiuser diversity. referred to as "user cooperation diversity" or "cooperative di-
With cooperative transmission, communication is achieved versity. The main idea of cooperative diversity networks is
by relaying the information from the source to the destination that (in addition to the direct signal from the source to the
thought a number of intermediate terminals, when the direct destination) some neighboring nodes can relay the signal of
link between the source and destination is in deep fade, so the source node to the destination node. As a result, the des-
the signals to the destination propagate through two or more tination node can receive multiple independent copies of the
hops/links in series [2]. same signal and can achieve diversity without the need to in-
Cooperative transmission can be classified into two main stall multiple antennas at the source node or the destination
categories, namely regenerative and non-regenerative trans- node.
mission, depending on the complexity and relay type used. There are several principal types of combining tech-
The most popular signal processing methods at relays are niques and division can be generally performed by their de-
decode-and-forward (DF) for regenerative and amplify-and- pendence on complexity restriction put on the communication
forward (AF) for nonregenerative cooperative transmission. system and amount of channel state information available
With DF, cooperative relays first try to decode the re- at the receiver. The optimal combining technique is maxi-
ceived information and then regenerate a new version to mum ratio combining (MRC) [3]. This combining technique
transmit to the destination. Non-regenerative relays just involves co-phasing of the useful signal in all branches, mul-
amplify and retransmit the information signal, as opposed tiplication of the received signal in each branch by the esti-
to regenerative relaying nodes. Additionally, relays of non- mated envelope of that particular signal and summing of the
regenerative systems are classified in two main subcate- received signals from all antennas.
gories, as channel state information (CSI) assisted relays, The most frequently used statistical models to describe
where they use the CSI from the previous hop to produce fading in wireless communications systems analysis distri-
their gain leading to a power control of the retransmitted sig- butions are Nakagami-m, Rice, Hoyt, Rayleigh, α-μ and
nal, and fixed-gain relays with lower complexity compared Weibull. Several studies have shown that the Hoyt fading
with CSI assisted ones, and which introduce a fixed gain and model provides a very accurate fit to experimental channel
thus a variable signal power at the output. measurements in a various communication applications, like
With AF, the relays retransmit scaled versions of the re- mobile satellite propagation channels and spans the range of
ceived information to the destination without decoding them. the fading figure from the one-sided Gaussian to the Rayleigh
Therefore, AF needs no sophisticated processing at the re- distribution. Similarly, the Hoyt distribution can be consid-
lays or the destination. To limit the transmit power at the re- ered as an accurate fading model for satellite links with strong
lays, the received signal at each relay can be amplified with ionospheric scintillation.
a varying or fixed gain. The varying gain relaying scheme Performances of non-regenerative transmission systems
maintains the constant transmit power at the relays at all are discussed in the literature [4],[5],[6]. Outage probability
times, but it requires knowledge of the instantaneous chan- of non-regenerative transmission over α-μ fading channels

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was discussed in [4]. Outage probability is derived for both considering [6] as:
nonregenerative relays: channel state information (CSI) and
M

fixed gain relay. Similar analysis over Nakagami-m fading
channels is presented in [5]. In [6], the moment generating
(3) Mequ (s) = Myf (s) Myi (s)
i=1
function (MGF) based approach has been used extensively to
calculate the average SER of M -ary modulation schemes for where Myf (s) i Myi (s) are the MGF of yf and yi =
MRC diversity systems over Nakagami-m fading channels. min(ygi , yhi ), respectively.
Using the well-known fact that MGF can be determined
System model from the relation MX (s) = E(esX ) (with E being the sta-
Let us consider cooperative transmission from a a tistical average operator), with respect to (2), easily can be
source node (S) to a destination node (D) communicate over shown:
a channel with a flat Hoyt fading coefficient (f ), as shown at  4)  2m
(1−qf
Fig.1. ∞ Γ(2m+1)
1+qf2 8q 2 y¯f
(4) Myf (s) = 2qf y¯f m=0 
f

(1−q 2 ) 2m+1
s+ 2 f Γ(m+1)m!
4q y¯f
f

with qf being fading amplitude f severity parameter, while

yf = E[f 2 ]Es /No denotes the average SNR value in the
link between S and D.Γ(a, x) denotes incomplete Gamma
function [8]. In order to determine MGF function of yi , it is
necessary first to determine cumulative distribution function
(CDF) of yi by using:

Fyi (y) = 1 − P (yhi > y) − P (ygi > y) =

 2k  2 2k+1
∞ 1+q2 (1−qh4
) (4qh y¯hi
1 − k=0 2qh yh¯hi 8q 2 y¯
h
i i
(1+q 2 )2
i i hi i hi
 
2 )2
Γ
(1+qh
2k+1, 2 i y  2l
Fig. 1. Cooperative diversity wireless network. (5) 4q y¯
hi hi ∞ 1+qg2 (1−qg4 )
× Γ(k+1)k! × i
l=0 2qgi y¯
gi
i
8qg2 y¯
gi
i
 
2 )2
A number of cooperating nodes (Ri , i = 1, 2, .. . ,M) re-  2l+1 Γ 2l+1,
(1+qg
2 yg
i y
lay the signal to provide the destination with multiple copies (4qg2 y¯
gi
4qg
i
¯
i
× i
(1+qg2 )2 Γ(l+1)l!
of the original signal. The channel coefficients between the i

source S and Ri (hi ) and between Ri and D (gi ) are also flat
Hoyt fading coefficients. In addition, f, hi and gi are mutually- with qhi and qgi being severity parameters of fading ampli-
independent and non-identical. We also assume here without tudes hi and gi , respectively, while yhi = E[h2i ]Es /No and
any loss of generality that all additive white Gaussian noise ygi = E[gi2 ]Es /No denote the average SNR value of the
(AWGN) terms have zero mean and equal variance N0. As- corresponding links. By differenting probability density func-
suming MRC at the destination node, the total SNR at the tion (PDF) of yi can be obtained in the form of:
(6)
destination node can be written as:  2k  2k+1
∞ 1+qh2 4
(1−qh ) 2
(4qh y¯
hi
M
 yhi ygi pyi (y) = k=0 2qhi y¯
i
hi
2 y¯
8qh
i
hi (1+qh
i
2 )2
yequ = yf + i i


(1)
yhi + ygi + 1  2k+1  2 2
i=1 (1+qh2 2
) (1+qh )
y 2k
× i
2 y¯
(4qh Γ(k+1)k! exp − 4q 2 y¯
i
y
where yhi = h2i Es /No denotes the instantaneous SNR be- i
hi

h hi i

tween S and Ri , ygi = gi2 Es /No denotes the instantaneous  2l  2l+1
∞ 1+qg2 (1−qg4 ) (4qg2 y¯gi
SNR between Ri and D, while yf = f 2 Es /No is the in- × l=0
i
2qgi y¯
gi
i
8qg2 y¯
gi
i
(1−qg2 )2
i i
stantaneous SNR between S and D. Es stands for the sig-  
nal transmitted energy. Communication is obtained over a (1+qg 2 )2
i

 2k
Γ 2l+1, y
2 yg
4qg
i
¯
i ∞ 1+qh2 4
(1−qh )
Hoyt fading channel with a following probability density func- × Γ(l+1)l! + k=0 2qhi y¯
i
hi
2 y¯
4qh
i
hi
tion (PDF) of SNR [7]:  
i

 2
    2k+1 (1+qh 2 )2

Γ 2k+1, 2 i y
1 + q2 (1 − q 2 ) r (1 − q 4 )r 2
(4qh y¯
hi 4q y¯
hi hi ∞
(2) pr (r) = exp − I0 × i
2 )2 Γ(k+1)k! × l=0
2qr̄ 4q 2 r̄ 4q 2 r̄ (1+qh
i
 2l  2l+1
1+qg2 (1−qg4 ) (4qg2 y¯
In previous expression r = E|r|2 P2 /N0 denotes the chan- i i i
gi
2qgi y¯
gi 8qg2 y¯
gi (1−qg2 )2
nel average SNR value, I0 (x) is the zero-th order modified i i

Bessel function of the first kind and 0 ≤ q ≤ 1 is the desired

 2l+1  2


(1+qg2 ) 2
y 2l (1+q 2 )
signal Hoyt fading parameter. Hoyt distribution spans the × i
(4qg2 y¯
gi Γ(l+1)l! exp − 4q2 gyi¯g y
i g i
i
range from one-sided Gaussian fading (q = 0) to Rayleigh
fading (q = 1). It is typically observed on satellite links sub- Considering [8], Myi (s) can be presented as (7), with
ject to strong ionosphere scintillation.
2 F1 (a, b; c; x) denoting Gauss hypergeometric function.
After substituting (4) and (7) into (3), we can obtain
Performance analysis closed form expression for the MGF of the destination node
Assuming the statistical independence of f, hi and gi
the MGF of the destination node SNR value can be written

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SNR Myeq (s).
(7)
 2k
∞ ∞ 1+qh2
1+qg2 4
(1−qh )
Myi (s) = k=0 l=0 2qhi y¯
i i
hi 2qgi y¯
gi
2 y¯
8qh
i
hi
 4
2l i

(1−qg ) Γ(l+k+2)
i
  2k+2l+2
8qg2 y¯
gi (1+q 2 )2 (1+qg 2 )2
i hi
Γ(k+1)Γ(l+1)k!l! s+ 2 + 4q2 yi¯
4q y¯ gi gi
hi hi
 (1+qh 2 )2
i

s+ 2
4q y¯
hi hi 1
2 F1 1, 2k + 2l + 2; 2k + 2; (1+q 2 )2 (1+qg 2 )2 2k+1
hi i
s+ 2 + 4q2 y¯
4q y¯ gi gi
hi hi
 (1+qg 2 )2
i


s+ 4q2 y¯
gi gi 1
+2 F1 1, 2k + 2l + 2; 2l + 2; (1+q 2 )2 (1+qg 2 )2 2l+1
hi i
s+ 2 + 4q2 y¯
4q y¯ gi gi Fig. 3. ABEP over MDPSK modulation scheme for various values of
hi hi
fading severity and number of cooperating nodes Ri .
Capitalizing on this expression, standard system perfor-
Conclusions
mance measure, average symbol error probability (ASEP)
In this paper, we have outlined a simple, unified ap-
can be derived over various digital modulation formats [9].
proach for deriving closed-form ASEP for AF cooperative
M-ary modulations are increasingly being used in wireless
MRC reception over Hoyt fading channels. The main contri-
mobile channels as the need for high data rates and spec-
bution is closed form expression for MGF of destination node
tral efficiency in such environments increases. Therefore,
SNR. Capitalizing on this ASEP values are efficiently evalu-
the computation of the achievable symbol-error rate (SER) of
ated over MDPSK and BFSK modulation schemes. In order
these modulation schemes in fading environments has been
to discuss effects of various system parameters on the to-
an important topic in digital communication theory. For exam-
tal link performances, numericaly obtained results for the are
ple, ASEP values for the cases when Binary Frequency-Shift
graphicaly presented..
Keying (BFSK) modulation and M-ary Differential Phase Shift
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Authors: Mr. G. Popović, Megatrend University,

Bulevar Umetnosti 29, 11070 Beograd, Serbia, e-mail:
[email protected]; Dr. S. Panić, Faculty of Natural
Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38300 Kosovska
Mitrovica, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected]; Dr. M. Ste-
fanović, MSc. J. Anastasov, Faculty of Electronic Engineer-
ing, University of Niš, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14,18000 Niš,
Fig. 2. ABEP over BFSK modulation scheme for various values of Serbia, emails: [email protected]; Dr. P. Spalević, State
fading severity and number of cooperating nodes Ri . University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadzića bb, 36300 Novi
Pazar, Serbia email: [email protected];

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