Value 1 5 10: I, Ii, Iii, Iv, V, Vi, Vii, Viii, Ix, X, Xi, Xii
Value 1 5 10: I, Ii, Iii, Iv, V, Vi, Vii, Viii, Ix, X, Xi, Xii
are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing
numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are
represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven
symbols, each with a fixed inte
Symbol I V X L C D M
Value 1 5 10The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of
the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced
by Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals
persists in some applications to this day.
One place they are often seen is on clock faces. For instance, on the clock of Big
Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
50 100 500 Description
Roman numerals are essentially a decimal or "base 10" number system, but instead of place value
notation (in which place-keeping zeros enable a digit to represent different powers of ten) it uses a
set of symbols with fixed values. Tally-like combinations of these fixed symbols correspond to the
digits of Arabic numerals. This structure allows for significant flexibility in notation, and many
variant forms are attested.
In fact, there has never been an officially binding, or universally accepted standard for Roman
numerals. Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times.
Even the post-renaissance restoration of a largely "classical" notation has failed to produce total
consistency: variant forms are even defended by some modern writers as offering improved
"flexibility".[3] On the other hand, especially where a Roman numeral is considered a legally
binding expression of a number, as in U.S. Copyright law (where an "incorrect" or ambiguous
numeral may invalidate a copyright claim, or affect the termination date of the copyright period)
[4] it is desirable to strictly follow the usAncient Romans used a special method of
showing numberl style described below.1000ger value:[1]