Indian reunification

Indian reunification refers to the potential

reunification of India (the Republic of India) with
Pakistan and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan),
which were partitioned from British India in 1947.

Contents
Background
Views
Academics
Political thinkers
Religious groups
India in 1947, before the partition, included the
See also modern Republic of India, along with the land that
became Pakistan and Bangladesh.[1]
References
External links

Background
In 1947, British India was partitioned into the modern
Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, the
latter of which included northwest India and part of
eastern India.[2] Those who opposed the vivisection
of the country often adhered to the doctrine of
composite nationalism.[3] The Indian National
Congress, as well as the All India Azad Muslim
Conference, opposed the partition of India; the
president of the All India Azad Muslim Conference
and Chief Minister of Sind, Shadeed Allah Bakhsh
Soomro, stated that “No power on earth can rob
anyone of his faith and convictions, and no power on
earth shall be permitted to rob Indian Muslims of their
just rights as Indian nationals.”[4] Khaksar Movement Map of British India (1909)
leader Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India
because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely
lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India (cf. Hindu-
Muslim unity).[5] Mashriqi claimed the two-nation theory was a British plot to maintain control of the
region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another.[5] He
reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both
sides of the border.[5] Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if
any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the
country."[5] To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their
own power by serving the British agenda."[5]

The author of Composite Nationalism and Islam, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, a Deobandi Muslim
scholar and proponent of a united India, argued that in order to maintain their divide and rule policies, the
British colonial government were attempting to "scare Muslims into imagining that in a free India, Muslims
would lose their separate identity and be absorbed into the Hindu fold", a threat that "aim[ed] at
depoliticizing the Muslims, weaning them away from struggle for independence."[6] In the view of Madani,
support for a two-nation theory would result of the entrenchment of British colonial rule.[6]

The pro-separatist All-India Muslim League, on the other hand, campaigned for a separate country,
Pakistan, and their demand for the partition of India took place.[7] Since that time, various individuals and
political parties, as well as religious groups have called for Indian reunification.[8]

Mahatma Gandhi, for example, had wished to settle in Noakhali in order to start a campaign for Indian
reunification among the Muslim community of Pakistan.[9]

Indian nationalists felt that following the departure of the British from the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan
would destabilize and reunite with India; both the British, as well as the Indian National Congress thus
thought it would be best for the British to leave sooner.[9] On the other hand, Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the
Muslim League wished to delay the departure of the British as he felt that it would allow the newly created
state of Pakistan to receive its share of joint assets.[9]

In August 1953, several newspapers in India reported that meetings held on United India Day presented
Indian reunification as the goal of patriots.[9] One of them, Parbhat wrote that: "Pakistani leaders are well
aware of the fact that the majority of the Indian population does not accept the partition of 1947 and will
come out in the open to do away with it at the first opportunity."[9]

In the 1950s, the Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha included in their programme "Annulment of the ill-fated
partition and reunification of India."[10] On 4 February 4 1957, the Muslim League's Morning News
published an article stating that "there is a party even in Pakistan which is working for reunification and it is
growing in strength", with reference to the Awami League, possibly in an attempt to lambast it.[10]

Lord Listowel remarked that "It is greatly to be hoped that when the disadvantages of separation have
become apparent in the light of experience, the two Dominions will freely decide to reunite in a single
Indian Dominion, which might achieve that position among the nations of the world to which its territories
and resources would entitle it."[9]

The subject of undoing the partition and reunifying India has been discussed by both Indians and
Pakistanis, especially in recent times.[11]

Views

Academics

Arvind Sharma (Professor of Comparative Religion at McGill University), Harvey Cox (Professor of
Divinity at Harvard University), Manzoor Ahmad (Professor at Concordia University) and Rajendra Singh
(Professor of Linguistics at the Université de Montréal) have stated that the malaise and sectarian violence
within South Asia is a consequence of the partition of India, which took place without a referendum in pre-
1947 colonial India; these professors have stated that "Inhabitants of the subcontinent of India are
poignantly reminded at this moment of the grave injustice that was done to them in 1947, when British
India was partitioned without taking the wishes of its inhabitants into account."[12] Sharma, Cox, Ahmad
and Singh further expressed “regret that the fate of a quarter of the population of the globe was decided
arbitrarily by the representative of an imperial power and by those who were not even duly elected by adult
franchise.”[12] In view of this, Sharma, Cox, Ahmad and Singh in The New York Times in 1992 demanded
that "a plebiscite be held over the entire territory that comprised British India on the question of its partition
into India and Pakistan."[12] These professors argued that "As the Kashmir problem is ineluctably tied to
the partition of India, all Indians should have had a say in their future in the India that preceded
partition."[12]

Political thinkers

In The Nation, Kashmiri Indian thinker Markandey

Katju has advocated the reunification of India with
Pakistan under a secular government.[14] Katju
claimed that the primary causes of the partition were
divide and rule policies of the British colonial
government, which were implemented after Hindus
and Muslims joined forces to fight against the rule of
the East India Company during the Indian Rebellion
of 1857.[14] Katju serves as the chairman of the
Indian Reunification Association (IRA), which seeks
to campaign for this cause.[13][15] Markandey Katju, former Justice of the Supreme
Court of India, serves as the Chairman of the
Pakistani historian Nasim Yousaf, the grandson of
Indian Reunification Association (IRA).[13]
Allama Mashriqi, has also championed Indian
Reunification and presented the idea at the New York
Conference on Asian Studies on 9 October 2009 at
Cornell University; Yousaf stated that the partition of India itself was a result of the divide and rule policies
of the British government that sought to create another buffer state between the Soviet Union and India to
prevent the spread of Communism, as well the fact that a "division of the people and territory would
prevent a united India from emerging as a world power and keep the two nations dependent on pivotal
powers."[16] Yousaf cited former Indian National Congress president Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, who
wrote in the same vein:[16]

If a united India had become free...there was little chance that Britain could retain her position
in the economic and industrial life of India. The partition of India, in which the Muslim
majority provinces formed a separate and independent state, would, on the other hand, give
Britain a foothold in India. A state dominated by the Muslim League would offer a permanent
sphere of influence to the British. This was also bound to influence the attitude of India. With a
British base in Pakistan, India would have to pay far greater attention to British interests than
she might otherwise do. ... The partition of India would materially alter the situation in favour
of the British.[16]

Yousaf holds that "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of the All-India Muslim League and later founder
of Pakistan, had been misleading the Muslim community in order to go down in history as the saviour of
the Muslim cause and to become founder and first Governor General of Pakistan."[16] Allama Mashriqi, a
nationalist Muslim, thus saw Jinnah as "becoming a tool in British hands for his political career."[16]
Besides the pro-separatist Muslim League, Islamic leadership in British India rejected the notion of
partitioning the country, exemplified by the fact that most Muslims in the heartland of the subcontinent
remained where they were, rather than migrating to newly created state of Pakistan.[16] India and Pakistan
are currently allocating a significant amount of their budget into military spending—money that could be
spent in economic and social development.[16] Poverty, homelessness, illiteracy, terrorism and a lack of
medical facilities, in Yousaf's eyes, would not be plaguing an undivided India as it would be more
advantaged "economically, politically, and socially."[16] Yousaf has stated that Indians and Pakistanis speak
a common lingua franca, Hindustani, "wear the same dress, eat the same food, enjoy the same music and
movies, and communicate in the same style and on a similar wavelength".[16] He argues that uniting would
be a challenge, though not impossible, citing the fall of the Berlin Wall and the consequent German
Reunification as an example.[16]

French journalist François Gautier wrote that:[17]

Kashmir may hold the key to India's reunification with Pakistan, whether by force or by
mutual consent. For that is the crux of the problem: as long as Pakistan and India are divided
there will be other Kashmirs, other Ayodhyas, other wars with Pakistan--nuclear maybe--and
India will never be at peace with its own Muslim community, which is a permanent danger to
herself. For India and Pakistan Are one. Yet they are two different entities, each one with its
own personality. Remember Sri Aurobindo's words in 1947, "The old communal division into
Hindu and Muslim seems to have hardened into the figure of a permanent division of the
country. It is hoped that the Congress and the nation will not accept the settled fact as for ever
settled, or as anything more than a temporary expedient. For if it lasts, India may be seriously
weakened, even crippled: civil strife may remain always possible; possible even a new
invasion and foreign conquest. The Partition of the Country Must Go."[17]

Lal Khan, a Pakistani political activist and founder of the Marxist organization The Struggle, suggested that
undoing the partition is a necessity because it would resolve the Kashmir conflict, as well as reduce the
power of the "security-bureaucratic machine", thus guaranteeing a true secular, socialist and democratic
society.[18] Advocating for a common revolution, Khan declared that "Five thousand years of common
history, culture and society is too strong to be cleavaged by this partition."[19] His views are described his
book "Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?" in which Khan states that
"revolutionary transformation of the economies and societies is an essential prerequisite for the reunification
of the subcontinent."[20]

Reunification cannot be imposed on any nationality, community, religion or ethnic group. It

must be a voluntary socialist federation. The main dynamic will be the programme and
perspective of the revolutionary party, leading the insurrection. The programme must be based
on the principles of scientific socialism. The eradication of misery, poverty, disease, ignorance,
exploitation, national oppression and the subjugation of women and minorities in society is
only possible through the overthrow of capitalism. The annihilation of the existing decaying
and repressive states will be linked to the creation of a greater proletarian state based on a
workers’ democracy. —Lal Khan[20]

Educationalist P. A. Inamdar commented at the Rangoonwala College of Dental Science in July 2017 that
the reunification of Pakistan and Bangladesh with India would "keep India prosperous and peaceful".[21]

Lieutenant General Asad Durrani, the former director-general of both Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence
and Military Intelligence, envisioned in 2018 a future Indo-Pakistani Confederation that would possess a
common currency and laws.[22] Durrani stated that such an Indo-Pakistan Confederation would soften the
borders of India and Pakistan and eventually integrate the armed forces of both entities, paving the way for
peaceful Indian reunification, in which Delhi would serve as the capital city of united India.[22]

The Mumbai President of the Nationalist Congress Party, Nawab Malik, said in 2020 that the NCP
advocates that "India, Pakistan and Bangladesh should be merged". Malik compared this to German
reunification: "If the Berlin wall can be demolished then why not India, Pakistan and Bangladesh come
together?"[23]

Religious groups

Kingsley Martin observed that "Hindus ... have not forgiven the Muslim League for destroying the unity of
the subcontinent when the British agreed to independence."[9] Many Hindus were devastated by the fact
that "part of the motherland envisaged in the ancient Hindu scriptures" was partitioned from India.[9] The
Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu political organisation held the creation of Akhand Bharat as one of its
objectives; in this context, Akhand Bharat's borders were that of India, before its partition in 1947.[24][25]
Ram Madhav, a spokesman for the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu nationalist organisation, stated
that “The RSS still believes that one day these parts, which have for historical reasons separated only 60
years ago, will again, through popular goodwill, come together and Akhand Bharat will be created.”[21]

A group of 200 Islamic clerics gathered in Pune in July 2017 and issued a statement calling for Indian
Reunification:[21]

Until and unless the borders of India are peaceful we won’t be able to achieve economical,
societal and educational development. Tensions at borders are leading to enormous
expenditures and development work is stalled. The division made by British was unnatural so
we request honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi to use all military options and unite
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan to make Akhand Bharat. The dream saw by Indian
leaders before and after independence will come true and India will become most powerful
country in the world.[21]

The musician Mehdi Hassan, when visiting Ajmer Sharif Dargah, always prayed for the "reunification of
India and Pakistan in some peaceful form or the other."[26]

The Islamist group Lashkar-e-Taiba has framed the prophecy of Ghazwa-e-Hind, as one in which India is
defeated and united with Pakistan, unifying the Indian subcontinent under Muslim rule.[27]

See also
German reunification
Korean reunification
Romanian reunification

References
1. Markandey Katju (August 21, 2019). "Reunification of India a necessity" (https://www.dailypi
oneer.com/2019/columnists/reunification-of-india-a-necessity.html). Firstpost.
 2. Kolb, Tine (31 May 2016). "The tragedy of India's partition – Was the bloody path to
independence really necessary?" (https://medium.com/from-empire-to-europe/the-tragedy-of
-indias-partition-was-the-bloody-path-to-independence-really-necessary-aa57e7325bce).
Medium. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
3. Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad (2009). Islam and the Secular
State. Harvard University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-674-03376-4. "The Jamiya-i-ulama-
Hind founded in 1919, strongly opposed partition in the 1940s and was committed to
composite nationalism."
4. Ali, Afsar (17 July 2017). "Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims" (http://www.mill
igazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims). The Milli
Gazette.
5. Yousaf, Nasim (31 August 2018). "Why Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India?" (htt
ps://www.globalvillagespace.com/why-allama-mashriqi-opposed-the-partition-of-india/).
Global Village Space. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
6. Syeda, Lubna Shireen (2014), "Madani and Composite Nationalism" (http://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/
handle/10603/54426/), A study of Jamiat-Ulama-i-Hind with special reference to Maulana
Hussain Ahmad Madani in freedom movement (A.D. 1919-A.D.1947), Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Marathwada University/Shodhganga, p. 207–211, 257–258
7. Keen, Shirin (1998). "Partition of India" (https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2
014/06/21/partition-of-india/). Emory University. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
8. Alastair Lamb (1971). "Review: War in the Himalayas". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge
University Press. 5 (4): 397. JSTOR 312054 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/312054).
9. Burke, S. M. (1974). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies (https://archive.or
g/details/mainspringsofind00burk). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 57 (https://archive.org/
details/mainspringsofind00burk/page/57)–59, 66–67, 73. ISBN 9781452910710.
10. Lambert, Richard D. (1959). "Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan". Far Eastern
Survey. American Institute of Pacific Relations. 28 (4): 56. doi:10.2307/3024111 (https://doi.o
rg/10.2307%2F3024111). JSTOR 3024111 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024111). "That
such plots continue to be discovered is indicated in an editorial in the Morning News of
February 4, 1957: A vigorous campaign has been launched in Bharat to undo Pakistan and
re-unite it with Bharat, according to authoritative reports reaching here from Calcutta. A
political party, the Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha which claims that its political programme is
based on the 'teaching of Sri Aurobindo' is fighting general elections in Bharat with a
programme the first item of which reads: 'Annulment of the ill-fated partition and reunification
of India.' In its election manifesto, which has been widely distributed and even sent to some
newspapers in Pakistan, the party claims that 'there is a party even in Pakistan which is
working for reunification and it is growing in strength.' The editorial in this Muslim League
newspaper goes on to remark that the party in East Bengal is not named but hints very
strongly that it is the Awami League. It is this latter charge (that they are at best dupes and at
worst agents of seditious groups) that has been used most effectively against the regionalist
groups—so much so that it made Mr. Bhashani cry out in an interview, "Call me an agitator,
call me anything, but when they say that I am an enemy of Pakistan and am destroying it, I
can only cry my agony to the high heavens for justice and retribution.""
11. O'Mahony, Anthony; Siddiqui, Ataullah (2001). Christians and Muslims in the
Commonwealth: A Dynamic Role in the Future. The Altajir Trust. ISBN 978-1-901435-08-5.
"In South Asia, recent years have seen the subject of reunification being considered by
people in both India and Pakistan. Inevitably, there is a diversity of views on such a subject.
Among Indians and Pakistanis who generally agree on the merits of reunification, some
regard it as feasible only when national prejudices of one country against the other are
overcome."
12. Arvind Sharma; Harvey Cox; Manzoor Ahmad; Rajendra Singh (December 16, 1992). "Time
to Undo Damage of Indian Partition" (https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/16/opinion/l-time-to-
undo-damage-of-indian-partition-966992.html). The New York Times.
13. "Mission Statement of the Indian Reunification Association" (https://indicanews.com/2019/0
2/07/mission-statement-of-the-indian-reunification-association/). Indica News. 7 February
2019.
14. Markandey Katju. "The truth about Pakistan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131110103720/
http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2
013/the-truth-about-pakistan). The Nation. Archived from the original (http://www.nation.com.
pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pak
istan) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
15. Markandey Katju (10 April 2017). "India And Pakistan Must Reunite For Their Mutual Good"
(https://www.huffingtonpost.in/markandey-katju/india-and-pakistan-must-reunite-for-their-mut
ual-good_a_22033158/). The Huffington Post.
16. Yousaf, Nasim (9 October 2009). "Pakistan and India: The Case for Unification" (https://ww
w.scribd.com/document/243159495/Pakistan-and-India-The-Case-for-Unification-by-Nasim-
Yousaf). New York Conference on Asian Studies (NYSCAS).
17. François Gautier (2001). A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns. Har-Anand
Publications. p. 29. ISBN 9788124107959.
18. Samaddar, Ranabir (27 February 2008). "Indian review of 'Partition - can it be undone?' " (htt
ps://www.marxist.com/indian-review-of-partition.htm). Marxists Internet Archive.
19. Khan, Lal; Ghosh, Paramita (24 October 2007). "Can Partition be Undone? – An Interview
with Lal Khan" (https://radicalnotes.org/2007/10/24/can-partition-be-undone-an-interview-wit
h-lal-khan/). Radical Notes. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
20. Khan, Lal (2005). Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?. The
Struggle Publications. pp. 127, 128.
21. "Pune Muslim Clerics Support RSS' Akhand Bharat" (https://theshahab.com/2017/07/21/pun
e-muslim-clerics-supported-rss-akhand-bharat/). 21 July 2017.
22. A. S. Dulat, Aditya Sinha, Asad Durrani (2018). The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the
Illusion of Peace. HarperCollins. p. 223. ISBN 978-93-5277-926-0.
23. "NCP will welcome BJP's decision to merge India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, says Maharashtra
minister" (https://scroll.in/latest/979191/ncp-will-welcome-bjps-decision-to-merge-india-pakis
tan-bangladesh-says-maharashtra-minister). Scroll.in. 23 November 2020.
24. Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2012). Encyclopedia of Hinduism.
Routledge. p. 385. ISBN 9781135189785. "The reunification of India - Akhandha Bharat -
was an objective and it rejected the notion of India as a federation of states, as stated in the
Indian constitution, but considered it as Bhārat Māta (Mother India), the original pre-partition
India, undivided and unitary."
25. Indurthy, Rathnam (2019). India–Pakistan Wars and the Kashmir Crisis. Taylor & Francis.
ISBN 9780429581762. "As such, the Jan Sangh Party (it later changed its name to the BJP)
did not believe in the two-nation principle and, therefore, advocated for quite some time for
the reunification of mother India with Pakistan."
26. Kulkarni, Sudheendra (15 June 2012). "A poet-PMs get-well-soon letter to Mehdi Hassan" (h
ttps://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-poetpms-getwellsoon-letter-to-mehdi-has
san/). The Indian Express.
27. Haqqani, Husain (27 March 2015). "Prophecy & the Jihad in the Indian Subcontinent - by
Husain Haqqani" (https://www.hudson.org/research/11167-prophecy-the-jihad-in-the-indian-
subcontinent). Hudson Institute. "For example, Lashkar-e-Taiba has often spoken of
Ghazwa-e-Hind as a means of liberating Kashmir from Indian control. The group’s founder,
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, has declared repeatedly that “[i]f freedom is not given to the
Kashmiris, then we will occupy the whole of India including Kashmir. We will launch
Ghazwa-e-Hind. Our homework is complete to get Kashmir.” Pakistani propagandist Zaid
Hamid has also repeatedly invoked Ghazwa-e-Hind as a battle against Hindu India led from
Muslim Pakistan. According to Hamid, “Allah has destined the people of Pakistan” with
victory and “Allah is the aid and helper of Pakistan.”"
External links
Reunification of India; Kashmir perspective by Rasikh Barkat, Riyaz Ahmad, Afiya Javaid,
and Mohsin Ilahi - Rabwah Times (https://www.rabwah.net/reunification-of-india-kashmir-per
spective/)
"India’s Partition in the Face of Opposition: An Unveiled Perspective" published by "Harvard
Asia Quarterly" (Spring 2009, Vol XII, No. 2) (https://www.facebook.com/IndiasPartitionInThe
FaceOfOpposition)

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