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    Topic 2.2: WATER: Water Structure Hydrogen Bonding

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    Abed Zaghal
    Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with oxygen more electronegative and attracting electrons giving water polarity. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water's hydrogen bonding and polarity give it high cohesive and solvent properties, allowing it to dissolve many substances and absorb large amounts of heat before changing state. In comparison, methane lacks polarity and hydrogen bonding, resulting in lower heat capacity and higher boiling point than water.

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    Topic 2.2: WATER: Water Structure Hydrogen Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Abed Zaghal
    32 views1 page
    Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with oxygen more electronegative and attracting electrons giving water polarity. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water's hydrogen bonding and polarity give it high cohesive and solvent properties, allowing it to dissolve many substances and absorb large amounts of heat before changing state. In comparison, methane lacks polarity and hydrogen bonding, resulting in lower heat capacity and higher boiling point than water.

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    2.2 Water

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    Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with oxygen more electronegative and attracting electrons giving water polarity. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water's hydrogen bonding and polarity give it high cohesive and solvent properties, allowing it to dissolve many substances and absorb large amounts of heat before changing state. In comparison, methane lacks polarity and hydrogen bonding, resulting in lower heat capacity and higher boiling point than water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views1 page

    Topic 2.2: WATER: Water Structure Hydrogen Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Abed Zaghal
    Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with oxygen more electronegative and attracting electrons giving water polarity. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water's hydrogen bonding and polarity give it high cohesive and solvent properties, allowing it to dissolve many substances and absorb large amounts of heat before changing state. In comparison, methane lacks polarity and hydrogen bonding, resulting in lower heat capacity and higher boiling point than water.

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    Topic 2.

    2: WATER
    Water Structure Hydrogen Bonding

    Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently The dipolarity of the water molecule enables it to form polar
    bonded to an oxygen atom (molecular formula: H2O) associations with other charged molecules (polar or ionic)

    Oxygen has a higher electronegativity and attracts the Water molecules can also form hydrogen bonds with other
    shared electrons more strongly, resulting in polarity water molecules (between an δ+ hydrogen and an δ– oxygen)

    δ–
    O O

    H H δ+ H H δ+

    Water Structure Water Polarity Hydrogen bonds

    Cohesive Properties Solvent Properties

    Water can form intermolecular associations with other Water is commonly referred to as the universal solvent due to its
    molecules that share common properties (e.g. polarity) capacity to dissolve a large number of substances (ionic / polar)
    •  Large quantities of water molecules can sufficiently weaken
    •  Water can form hydrogen bonds with other water
    forces (e.g. ionic bonds) and form dispersive hydration shells
    molecules (cohesion: like molecules stick together)
    •  Water can form polar associations with charged Substances that can dissolve in water are called hydrophilic
    molecules (adhesion: unlike molecules stick together) •  Includes glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride, oxygen (low)

    The cohesive properties of water results in a relatively Substances that cannot dissolve in water are called hydrophobic
    high surface tension (can resist low level external forces) •  Includes lipids (fats and cholesterol)

    The adhesive properties of water allow for potential These solvent properties make water an important medium for
    capillary action (e.g. transpiration stream in plants) metabolic reactions, as well as a necessary transport medium

    Thermal Properties Water versus Methane

    Water has the capacity to absorb large amounts of heat Water and methane differ in thermal properties despite having
    energy before undergoing a resultant change in state similar structures (comparable weight, size, valence structure)
    •  Extensive hydrogen bonding must first be broken
    The differences are due to the polarity of water and its capacity
    Water therefore has a very high specific heat capacity to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds
    •  Energy required to raise temperature of 1g by 1ºC
    METHANE WATER
    These properties make water a very effective coolant
    •  Evaporation of sweat requires absorption of heat δ+


    δ+
    δ–
    Other Properties

    Formula CH4 H2O


    Water is transparent, allowing light to pass through it
    •  Important for photosynthesis and also for vision Polarity Non-polar Polar

    Heat Capacity
    Water expands when frozen, becoming less dense (J.g–1.ºC–1) 2.20 4.186
    •  Important for life on Earth as it means ice floats and
    the oceans underneath don’t automatically freeze Boiling Point (ºC) –161 100

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