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Electronic Structure

The document discusses the electronic structure of atoms. It explains the quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic) that describe an electron's location and energy level. Orbitals are defined by these numbers and take on s, p, d or f shapes. The Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill the orbitals. Electron configurations show how electrons are distributed among the energy levels and orbitals of an atom. The periodic table is structured based on these electron configurations.

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Alyssa Crizel Calotes
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96 views26 pages

Electronic Structure

The document discusses the electronic structure of atoms. It explains the quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic) that describe an electron's location and energy level. Orbitals are defined by these numbers and take on s, p, d or f shapes. The Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill the orbitals. Electron configurations show how electrons are distributed among the energy levels and orbitals of an atom. The periodic table is structured based on these electron configurations.

Uploaded by

Alyssa Crizel Calotes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Structure

of Atoms

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Other Subatomic Particles

• Protons were discovered by Rutherford


in 1919.
• Neutrons were discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Subatomic Particles
• Protons and electrons are the only particles that
have a charge.
• Protons and neutrons have essentially the same
mass.
• The mass of an electron is so small we ignore it.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS ARE SYMBOLIZED BY ONE OR


TWO LETTERS.
Electronic
Structure
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. of Atoms
ATOMIC NUMBER

ALL ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT HAVE


THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS:
THE ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
Electronic
Structure
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. of Atoms
ATOMIC MASS

THE MASS OF AN ATOM IN ATOMIC MASS


UNITS (AMU) IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE ATOM.
Electronic
Structure
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. of Atoms
Principal Quantum Number (n)

• The principal quantum number, n,


describes the energy level on which the
orbital resides.
• The values of n are integers ≥ 1.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (l)
• This quantum number defines the
shape of the orbital.
• Allowed values of l are integers ranging
from 0 to n − 1.
• We use letter designations to
communicate the different values of l
and, therefore, the shapes and types of
orbitals. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (l)

Value of l 0 1 2 3
Type of orbital s p d f

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

• The magnetic quantum number


describes the three-dimensional
orientation of the orbital.
• Allowed values of ml are integers
ranging from -l to l:
−l ≤ ml ≤ l.
• Therefore, on any given energy level,
there can be up to 1 s orbital, 3 p
Electronic
orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f orbitals, etc. Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

• Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.


• Different orbital types within a shell are
subshells.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
s Orbitals

• The value of l for s


orbitals is 0.
• They are spherical in
shape.
• The radius of the
sphere increases with
the value of n.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
p Orbitals

• The value of l for p orbitals is 1.


• They have two lobes with a node between
them.

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
d Orbitals
• The value of l for a
d orbital is 2.
• Four of the five d
orbitals have 4
lobes; the other
resembles a p
orbital with a
doughnut around
the center.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Spin Quantum Number, ms

• In the 1920s, it was


discovered that two
electrons in the same
orbital do not have
exactly the same energy.
• The “spin” of an electron
describes its magnetic
field, which affects its
energy. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Spin Quantum Number, ms

• This led to a fourth


quantum number, the
spin quantum number,
ms.
• The spin quantum
number has only 2
allowed values: +1/2
and −1/2.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pauli Exclusion Principle

• No two electrons in the


same atom can have
exactly the same energy.
• Therefore, no two
electrons in the same
atom can have identical
sets of quantum
numbers.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Electron Configurations
• This shows the
distribution of all
electrons in an atom.
• Each component
consists of
– A number denoting the
energy level,

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Electron Configurations
• This shows the
distribution of all
electrons in an atom
• Each component
consists of
– A number denoting the
energy level,
– A letter denoting the type
of orbital,

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Electron Configurations
• This shows the
distribution of all
electrons in an atom.
• Each component
consists of
– A number denoting the
energy level,
– A letter denoting the type
of orbital,
– A superscript denoting
the number of electrons
in those orbitals. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Orbital Diagrams

• Each box in the


diagram represents
one orbital.
• Half-arrows represent
the electrons.
• The direction of the
arrow represents the
relative spin of the
electron. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hund’s Rule

“For degenerate
orbitals, the lowest
energy is attained
when the number of
electrons with the
same spin is
maximized.”

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Periodic Table

• We fill orbitals in
increasing order of
energy.
• Different blocks on the
periodic table (shaded
in different colors in
this chart) correspond
to different types of
orbitals. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Some Anomalies

Some
irregularities
occur when there
are enough
electrons to half-
fill s and d
orbitals on a
given row.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Some Anomalies

For instance, the


electron
configuration for
copper is
[Ar] 4s1 3d5
rather than the
expected
[Ar] 4s2 3d4.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Some Anomalies

• This occurs
because the 4s
and 3d orbitals
are very close in
energy.
• These anomalies
occur in f-block
atoms, as well.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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