Vidyamandir Classes Electrostatics ELECTRIC FIELD Coulomb’s Law and the Electric Field How a charge can be produced ? All bodies consist of atoms which contain equal amount of positive and negative charges in the form of protons and electrons respectively. The number of electrons being equal to the number of protons es an atom is neutral If the electrons are removed from a body it gets +vely charged, ‘Ways of charging a body : Charging by Friction : ‘When two bodies are rubbe electrons have been transferred is left with an excess of ve charge so it gets positively charged and the body which receives the electrons becomes -vely charged. The # ve and ~ve charges produced by rubbing aze always equal in magnitude. ether, a transfer of electrons take place from one body to another. The body {rom which ‘When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it loses its electrons and gets a 4ve charge. While the piece of silk acquires equal -ve charge. An ebonite rod acquires a—ve charge, ifitrubbed with wool (or fur). The piece of wool (or fur) acquires an equal +e charge. Charging by electrostatic induction : Conductor Insulated If +vely charged rod is brought near an insulated conductor, the —ve charges (electrons) in the conductor will be attracted towards the rod. As a result, there will be an excess of —ve charge at the end of the conductor near the rod and the excessive -tve charge at the far end, This known as electrostatic induction, The charges thus induced are found to be equal and ‘opposite to each other. When the positively charged rod is removed, the conductor will again become electrically neutral sverodis removed Insulated & * cartinatre “ening the body farend Cortned te svly charged set Stay ours for IJEE with Ontne Support 1Electrostaties ‘When a positive rod is brought near the conductor, -ve charge is induced at the near end and equal +e charge is induced at the far end of the conductor. Now if we touch the far end with a conducting wire connected to the eatth, the positive ‘charge here will be canceled by negative charge coming from carth through the conducting wire, Now, if we remove the wire first and then rod, the induced ve charge which was held atthe outer end will spread over entire conductor. It means the conductor has been negatively charged by induction. Inthe same way one can induce a +ve charge on a cond bringing ave charged rod near it, Charging by conduction Take two conductors, one charged and other uncharged. Bring the conductors in contact with each other. The charge (whether -ve or +ve) under its own repulsion will spread over both the conductors. Thus the conductors will be charged with the same sign. This is called as charging by conduction (through contact). uncharged +vely Bodies in both ave charged contact ely charged How a charged body (+ve or -ve) attracts an uncharged body : ‘When an uncharged body is brought near the charged body, electric induction takes place, As a result, the near end of the uncharged body acquires opposite charge and hence attraction takes place between the two unlike charged bodies. TThe other end (far end) ofthe uncharged body acquires the similar charge, hence there is force of repulsion between two like charges, but this force is weak enough because of larger distance, So the nel force between a charged and uncharged body is attrctive. e.g. after combing dry hair with a plastic comb if we take it near the small pieces of paper, they are attracted by in Conservation of charge : Electric charge can neither be created norbe destroyed ic. itis always conserved. This is known as principle of conservation of charge. Conductors : ‘The conductors are materials which allow electicity (electric charges) to pass through them due to presence of tree clectrons. e.g, metals are good conductors. Insulators : ‘The materials which don't allow electricity to pass through them as there are no free electrons in them. e.g. wood, plastics and glass etc. 2 Set Sadly Course for TEE wih Ole SupporRi Eure eed Electrostatics Electrostatic Interaction : Ilis the interaction between two bodies by virtue of their electric charges. The force of electric interaction between two bodies is given by Coulomb's La, which is stated as 4% % O O ‘The force between two point electric charges (g, and g, separated by a distance r) is 1 | a) are 9x 10°Nne & by k ,, where kis known as the dielectric constant or elative permittivity of the medium (je, k= 1 for air or vacuum). is known asthe permittivity of free space. If the medium between the charges is other than air or vacuum, &, is replaced S.l. unit of charge : S.1-unit of charge is Coulomb (C). One Coulomb is that quantity of charge which will repel an equal and similar charge placed at adistance of 1 meter from it with a force of 9% 10° W. Principle of Superposition : According to principle of superposition, the force on a charge at any point due to a number of other charges isthe vector sum of the forces which would be exerted by the individual charges on the charge at that point. For example: in the case of three charges shown inthe fig.,the net force exerted by the charges g, snd q, on q, is the vector sum of forces independently exerted by 4, and g, on 4, IF, is total force on g, due to g, and gy, Fy is the force on 4, due to 4, and Fy, is the force on 4 due 0 4, Ow Fi=FatFis Note: The gravitational and electrical interactions are very similar to each other but differ in some fundamental aspects, For both the interactions, the force is proportional tothe product ofthe interaction charges, inversely proportional to the square of distance between them and acts along the straight line joining the wo charges. But while there is only one kind of gravitational charge (mass), there are two opposite kinds of electric charges (-ve and 4). Electric Field : An electric field is defined as a region in which there should be a force upon a charge brought into that region. In simple {erms, we can also say that an electric field exerts force on any charge that is brought inside its region. % % O O Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 3Electrostatics Electric fields that we will study are usually produced by different types of charged bodies - point charges, charged plates, charged sphere ete, We can also define the electri field of a charged body as its region of influence within which it will exert force on other charges. If two point charges are placed as shown, we describe the forces on them in two ways ©) The charge g, isin the electric field of charge q,. Thus the electric field of charge 4, exerts force on qy (i) ‘The charge g, is in the eleetric field of charge q,, Hence the electric field of charge g, exerts a force on 4, exer foree oa Electric field XS HE OB, charges inside it cic field —SEEBLY charged podies Electric field can easily be compared to gravitational fields which are produced by bodies having mass. For example, the region surrounding earth is under the influence of earth’s gravitational field, This gra any other body inside this field. This force we usually call asthe weight of a body, While the gravitational field acts on any body having mass, the electric field exerts force on charged bodies only. tional field of earth exerts forces on Electric Field Intensity : Electric field intensity is the vector quantity ! which measures the electri field strength and its direction, (©) The magnitude of electric field intensity ata point is the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at A (0) The direction of electric field intensity at a point Ais the disection in which the electric field exerts foree on a (unit) positive charge placed at A Force exerted by a field on a charge inside it If we know the electric field intensity at «point in field, we can calculate the force acting on a charge q placed at that point using the relation Fagk Ir gis a+ve charge, force F on itis in the direction of E If qis ave charge, F on itis opposite tothe direction of E Electric Field created by a point charge ‘The electric fielé produced by a point charge q at a distance r from itis given as I (the force on a unit +ve charge). e-_l# O- tne It is easily seen that it is simply another statement of Coulomb's Law. The above equation gives the magnitude of field intensity. The direction of field intensity is away from q if tis positive and towards qifitis negative. Hence in veetor from EI, sete stay course for 113£€ with Online SupportNiCr Eucuc laces Electrostatics Electric field due to a group of point charge: Since electri field is vector quantity, the resultant of (wo or more field intensities is obtained by taking the vector sum. ‘When there are a number of charges, the net field intensity is the vector sum ofthe individual intensities of each charge. E=E, +B +By+ Units of electric field intensity are \/ (Newton per Coulomb). Electric field Lines c field Electiic lines of force are imaginary lines that we draw to aid our visualisation of the properties of the elect The tangent to these lines of force at any point represents the direction of field intensity. > The electric lines of forces are continuous curves in an electric field starting from a positively charged body and ending fon a negatively charged body. The tangent to the curve at any point gives the direction of the electric field intensity, Lines of forces never intersect each other. ‘The lines of forces are always normal to the surface of a conductor while leaving the conductor or ending on it. vyyvy At points where the intensity is low, the lines of forces will be widely separated and where the intensity is higher, the lines of forces will be closely packed, Electric lines of forces Electric lines of forces, due to ve charge due to-ve charge Electric lines of forces due to two equal but opositely charged bodies Sel Study Course for ITJEE with Ontne Support 5Electrostatics Charged Particle in an Electric Field : 1. Force on the charged particle ‘fa particle carrying a charge q is placed at a point where electric field strength is it experiences a force given by FaqE Hence > qtends to move in direction of field if q is positive > qtends to move opposite to field if q is negative, 2. Motion of a charged particle in uniform electric field Inauniform clectric field, the intensity E has same magnitude and direction everywhere, Due to the constant force «!', the charged particles moves with uniform acceleration, () If initial velocity is zero or parallel to the field, it moves in a straight line along the field with constant acceleration (2) (ii) IFinitial velocity is at an angle withthe field, the trajectory is parabola. Let the initial velocity be w at right angles tothe field &. Le E= Ej anda Aftertime r: Velocity Equation of trajectory 1 (#4) ey raat Electric Dipole : ‘An arrangement of two equal and opposite charges separated by a fixed distance is known as an eleciric dipole O4=O* ETI. sere study course for THEE with Ontine SupportVidyamandir Classes Electrostatics Let g and ~q be two charges separated by distance 2¢. The dipole moment ofthe dipole is pe 20 Iisa vectorquantity ands diected from ve charge towards the sve charge. The line through q and gis known the air ofthe dipole. Electric field at axis : Electric field ofa short dipole om its axis ata point A ata distance r from dipole (é << 7) Electric field at equator : Electic field at a point distance r from the centre of the short dipole (? << r) 4 are (242) yt ara (PP) fea Electric field at any point A (r, 8) due to short dipole Let A be a point at a distance r from the mid-point 0 of the short dipole, Let @ be the angle between (\ and the dipole ‘moment In order to find the field at A, we resolve the dipole moment into its components slong OA and perpendicular to OA. ‘These two components are p cos0 and p sin0 respectively. The point A now lies on the axis of the dipole p cos and on the right bisector of the dipole p sin@ y= field component along OA (crested by pcos0) B= field component to OA created by psin 8 dpeosd si PO ne Of = P28 yon Aneor Aner Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportElectrostatics CUO Urey E,- (ho |? fin sora) amy Z makes an angle ct with OA such that os tone =F =1 ano = er tan (=? m2 2 pind lectric field at A 2, Fe isere —Ot_@—_ 4regr =P Dipole in an external uniform electric field : Ifa dipoles placed ina uniform electric field, 1. foree-on the dipole is ero 2. torque on the dipole is given as + = gE (2 sin6) aE. PE F=pEsin@ of where Ois the angle between 5 and E 5. Potetil energy ofthe dipole Taking U=0310 = 2/2, 0 (0 = work done by an external agency from 0= n/2%0 0 ° = J rao mn = [ pesnose a =-pE cos 8 > U)=~pBcos0 =~ BE. 4. (a) When @ =0 the dipole moment p is in the direction of the field F and the dipole is in stable equilibrium, Iitis slightly isplaced, it performs oscillations. (b) When 8 = 180°, the dipole moment pis opposite to the direction ofthe field and the dipole is in unstable equilibrium. 8 Set Study Coure for TEE with One SupporRirtcurucimeres Electrostatics Dipole in a Non-uniform electric field : When « dipole is placed in « non-uniform Electric field, the net force as well as the net torque on it may not be zero. The net {force or torque can be calculated by considering the two force acting on the charges —g and +g of the dipole. (SEED) i is required to hotd four equal point charges =q each in equilibrium at the comers of a square. Find the point charge that will do this if placed at the centre ofthe square ? SOLUTION : Let us first calculate the net force on any of these e [2 + Jonas along BD charges. Aneyat 2. Fe F ‘The charge @ placed at the centre must be negative so 4 l/,. that it exerts an opposite force which is equal oF. a . —leal_._¢ hee | ame(a/3) Aree 2 a ale Lavi ~~ = tee, Considering the forces onthe charge at D, oe 2 Paiste = on jtie ly 2 2 raf ¢ ots) —, ane anal ESTES SS 30* with each other. When suspended in a liquid of density 800 kg/m’, the angle remains the same. What is the dielectric ‘constant of the liquid ? The density of the material of the sphere is 1600 kg/m’. SOLUTION : Let T., Tbe the tensions in the string when spheres are in air and in liquid respectively. h v Er mg war INuaUID Tsin =F T sind =F Teos8 =mg. B+T cosd =m = F=mgran6 =F s(mg—B)tan8 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportElectrostaties F = electrostatic repulsion in air from force diagrams ; 2 Fm g where B is buoyant force Po raye Fo omg-B * In liquid this force is F’ and is given as = 2 —1____ where k is dielectric constant Anegk a = = x The electric field benveen the plates ofa cathode ray oscillograph is 1.2 x 10" NIC. What deflection would an electron experience if it enters at right angles to the field with kinetic energy of 2 keV, she length of the assembly being 15 cm? SOLUTION : Letu=speed of electon when it enters 1 mu” =2000 € > = Letr= time taken to cross the field The components of acceleration are 5 cE (taking dowowatddiecton a: +19 ‘A metal sphere is held fixed on a smooth, horizontal insulated plate and another metal sphere is placed some distance away. Ifthe fixed sphere is piven a charge, how will the other sphere react? SOLUTION : fro O- fixed -—@Q © If the fixed sphere is given a charge, it will attract the uncharged sphere due to electrostatic induction, ‘The uncharged sphere will go and collide with fixed sphere. After collision, charge will be equally shared and the spheres will then repel each other. so CENSUS couse rte thon SupportEEE saps coins rvn oppor cag magna IG YS 2em. The dipole is placed in an external field of 1 x 10° NIC (©) What maximum torque does the field exert on the dipole ? (>) How much work must an external agent do to turn the dipole end for end starting from a position of alignment 6 =07 SOLUTION Fpax= PE SiN WU, -U,= (pF cosl80%)- (pi cos0?)=2pE ‘An electron moving with a speed 5 x 10° cmls is shot parallel to an electric field of strength 1.0 x 10° NIC arranged so as 10 retard its motion (©) How far will the electron travel in the field before coming to rest ( momentarily) ? ()) How much time will elapse ? (c) If the electric field ends abruptly after 0.8 cm, what fraction of its energy will the electron loose in traversing it ? SOLUTION loss in KE =work against field 1 | pu? =e8d 2 fs O-u mw mat time TeE/n eE = da coomtm ue Energy losin tranversing field = eB where +=038 om Alterativel e x yO tacit Eo FE a=accelemtion = Wamu? Edd owte2as Two positive point charges a distance b apart have sum 0. For what values ofthe charges is the Cima SOLUTION 2 2 tot nregs0.Nebnetominise q+ ==) = qqggtusxinur or (@,-4)=0 = q=qror. The water molecule has a dipole moment p=62% 10 om. Find te force onan ion of charge eat a distance of 0.5 nm : (a) along p; (b) normal to p. (Use the far field approximation) SOLUTION Fone, = 2P (@) Bate p= Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support cryElectrostatics CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS en Electric field due to a continuous charge distribution : ‘Tofind the field of a continuous charge distribution, we divide the charge into infinitesimal charge elements. Each infinitesimal charge element is then considered as a point charge and its field is given by dy 4xeor er ata point distant r from the element. The net field a this point isthe summation of fields of al the elernents B-[aé Taking dB = dB,i + d6,} we have E, fac, awa far, ‘The total field isthe integral of al the d's from infinitesimal elements dq Because of the vector nature ofthe integration, the mathematical procedure must be catried out with care, Fortunately, inthe ccases we consider, the symmetty of the charge distribution will usually result in a simplified calculation Bach type of charge distribution is described (in the table given below) by an appropriate Greek-letter parameter: 2, 6 of p. Note the units for each. How we choose the charge element dg depends upon the particular type of charge distribution. Charge Distribution | Relevant Parameter StUnits | charge element dq ‘Along a line 2, charge per unit length cm dg=hds Ona surface 6 charge per unit area Cm? | dq=oaa Throughout a volume |p, charge per unit volume Cm’ | dq=pdV electric field E at point P a distance r along the perpendicular bisector. SOLUTION : 2 Inall the problems which involve distributions of charge, we choose an element of charge dy (o find the element of field dE” produced atthe given location, Then we sum all such dF°s to find the total field F at that location. You must note the symmetry of the situation. For each element dg located at positive X, there is a similar dg (see mirror-images in origin) located at the same negative value of x. The dE, produced by one dg is cancelled by the dE, in the Ee) A uniform line charge A\in coulombs per meter) exists along the X-axis from x =-a to x= +a. Find the ae opposite direction due to the other dy. Hence, as we sum all the d's along the line, all the dé, components add to zero ‘So we need to sum only the dE, components, a scalar sum since they all point in the same direction, The element of charge is dg= Ade Si Sindy Cure Yor TEE Wik One SanyaRiu a eee Electrostatics a Ade Sa (P=) anei( +?) 5 = Jat, = fursino=0 by symnesey b= Jat, = futcovo E Ade r ar j_te lane (ree) dese 4m 2, 2p? are (Psx) fre? 40 (P+e) The integral on the right hand side can be evaluated by substituting x= rtan o and de =r sec? rdor j— fosiaee feos at 4 sino Pea IP ¥ - 4 _ta ore! Bee ‘Note : In ease of an infinite line charge, the field is everywhere perpendicular to the line of charge. The field at a distance r from the lin is calculated by taking a —> «in the above result E (infinite line charge) = lt 2 a Tage a = Basse TEESE Derive an expressionfor the field atthe centre of an arc of radius R and having a charge Q uniformly distributed on it. The arc subtends an angle 0 atthe centre. Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 13Electrostaties SOLUTION: ‘dE = field due tothe elemer Another mizor image element in M located in the left half of the are produces dE as shown. The horizontal components ofthese di vectors balance each other. Thus the net field st centre is produced by adding wp ‘the vertical components only, b= fatcoro= | 28° coca dn tteek Let be the mid point of the are AB and O be its centre, We tke OM asthe reference for defining angular sina! coordinates of points of the are, Consider an element locked between points whose angular coordinates s @ sina/ measured from OM are 8 and @+d0 as shown. 4neyR? a/2 Charge on this element d0= (Rd8) IEEEEY Tivo tong straight parael wires carry charges A, and A, per unit length. The separation between their axes is D. Find the magnitude ofthe force exerted on unit length of one due to the charge on the other. SOLUTION: Force on 2 per unit length = 2 (field due to 1) = 2,6, a [eee ee ee (as) : Two infinite line of charge with equal linear charge densities f 4.Cim are placed along the x and y axes. What is the electric field strength at an 8 ” arbitrary point (x,y)? z Se SOLUTION B = 2a) EEE Se 5 course force wits nine SuppordRie ou Electrostatics A semi-infinite line of charge has a uniform charge density Cm. Find the field strength at a distance R from its end a (©) along the axis ; (6) perpendicular tothe axis. o Fae Seas] _R SOLUTION : adv (0) Bungaus = [2-4 “ pate SER ) Eiseite, i - 7 Ad A 6 leans A a (Solve both integrals by substitution x = R ran cand = Jab cosa = y J lento (RP) Re a. 2 Amegr dy =R sectorda) = B= AVE as" with vans. ier IENEMEEOY A total postive charge Q is distributed uniformly around a thin, circular, non-conducting ring of radius R. Find the electric Field E at a point P along the axis ofthe ring, a distance x from the center as shown in figure below. SOLUTION Note the symmetry of tis situation, Every element dg ‘canbe paired with a similar element on the opposite side of the ring. Every component dE, perpendicular to the x axis is thus cancelled by a component dE, in the opposite direction. Inthe summation process, all n= fie, le dy the perpendicular components dE, add to zero. Thus. Ane (e+ eye We only add the dE, components, which all lie along. the +X direction, and this is simple scalar integral rom Coulomb's Law investor form, constant and faa =@ ‘As we integrate around the ring, all the terms remain Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 15Electrostaties So the total field (E,) is Do yourself _a «oh A flat citculat, non-conducting disk of radius R has a Ane (2 ane" ‘uniform charge per unit area o on one side of the disk. ‘Show that the electric field F ata point P along the axis ( 1 } x0 of the disk, a distance x from the centre of the disk is Are) (2 aR)? TESS SY Where wilt the electric field intensity be maximum along the axis ofa charged ring of radius R? SOLUTION =. Ox FO ae > PeR2e 5 a0 “e Fereu)tobemaximum, 0 2 kc » 2 pry? 3 aR ae_g (S28) oe gVeeRen Note that for= 0, £= Oand asx -9=, £0. ak ane, (ey ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW Electric flux The electric flux through a surface placed in a electric field isa measure ofthe numberof field lines passing through that surface, The flux represented as 6 can be calculated by the scalar product of field intensity E andthe area A vector normal to the surface. (a) Flux through a flat surface in a uniform field Inaniform field E , the fux through a flat surface of area A canbe easily calculated as O° E A= EAcos0 where Gis the angle between the field E and the normal area vector A , The area vector A is perpendicular to the surface and is usually assumed s0 that 0 < 0 < 90”. a E E J GZ = EAcos =EAcos =A (field noma © oo Ecos the surface) KR 1s TEED, stacy course for rt with ont supportRie eu aoe Electrostatics A © $-EAcos90°=0 (eld parallel 10 the surface) Flux leaving a closed surface is positive, whereas Dux entering a closed surface is negative, ‘The electric flux through a closed surface S in a field Eis given by o=G8. 44 In case of a closed surface, the flux is proportional to the net charge enclosed by the surface. The relation is given by Gauss's Law: $b.a-% where the integral is taken over the complete surface. The area vectors of different elements are taken normally outwards, where q is the net charge enclosed by the surface S. In case of a continuous charge distribution with volume density p (charge per unit volume) pat Soar = ‘where integral on the right hand side is taken over the entire volume enclosed by the susface S. Electric flux through a curved surface aK aa In case of a curved surface all the area vector of small elements are in different directions, The flux in such situations is evaluated by summing up the volumes of flux from different area elements using an integral = fao= faa EEL 4 uniform posi charge density p (in units of charge per volume) exists throughout « spherical volume of radius R. Find the electric field (a) outside the sphere and inside the sphere (b) Self study Course for IDEE with Online Support Try 1,Electrostatics CO GIUEUURS Cee SOLUTION : By symmetry , we conclude that the field £ ean only be radially outward, both inside and outside the sphere. Moreover, for a given value of r, £ has the same (radially outward) ‘magnitude everywhere. To match this symmetry, we choose a Gaussian surface in the form of a sphere of radius r, centted on the spherical volume. (b) For rR: The total charge q,, inside the spherical volume (surface a) is oJ nar=p funrar=p Se) Forr R) a conducting sphere Solving for gives # = 2, Axe9r Q carrying acharge Qis This is just the inverse-square-law field for a point e sited Anegr charge Q concentrated at the center of the sphere, To obtain the answer in terms ofthe given parameters, we (4s) subsite O=p[ SR? ) to obwin (ISEEREED) Derive an expression forthe field of an infinite charged sheet having a charge density ce ETE, st sty course for swith one SupporElectrostatics Rieu ace SOLUTION sia WT The field lines due to the sheet emerge perpendicular fEaa- f Edd + f Bad vying sci Pom bs fedd+o CE ssparatictto d& atop 1 bottom faces) E Jaa = Ea) By Gauss Law GE a tothe sheet and go away ifthe sheet is positively es and go away is positively 5 comZ4 charged. Consider a Gausian surface i the frm of a % cuboid of cross-section area A and total height 2r ° The sheet passes through the middle of the cuboid. ° 2e “The field lines are parallel to the vertical faces of the cuboid and E,dA = 0 through these four vertical faces, LESSONS An infinitely long, straight line of uniform positive charge has a charge per unit length of A Cin. Find the electric field E at an arbitrary distance r from the line using Gauss's Law: SOLUTION From each finitesimal element of charge along the + line, an electric field eman: es equally in all directions. E However, by symmetry, the superposition of the fields from all of the infinitesimal elements of charges results ina cancellation of fields parallel to the line of charge. ‘The result is a net field directed radially outward from, the line, Atall points ata given distance rfrom the line (in any direction), the field bas the same magnitude, ‘Therefore, we match this symmetry with « Gaussian surface in the form of acylinder of radius rand length L whose axis is the line of charge. At every point on the curved side ofthe cylinder, Fis parallel to the area elements dA, and it has the same magnitude everywhere. On the end caps of the cylinder, E is, Perpendicular to dA everywhere. The net charge 4, * inside the cylinder is 2.L. Applying Gauss's Law, we obtain day Self Stuy Course or IEE with Olive Support reElectrostatics CECA GE date Bem + 0-24 fapatarr fy Bas 2 Solving for E gives “ ~ zi 4 (radially outward) (c010*=1,c0990" =0) ner ‘An isolated metal shell has a uniform surface charge density — Gon its inner surface of radius a and @ uniform surface charge density + 6 on its outer surface of radius b. What can you deduce from this information ? SOLUTION : ‘The net charge enclosed by a Gaussian surface S through the metal shell must be zero because the surface is passing through a feld-ftee region, Hence a positive charge g ~ 6 (4ns?) must be present inside this shell. (EEETEREEY A uniform electric field & is parallel to the central axis of a hemisphere of radius R, as shown in Fig. What is the flux through the hemisphere? SOLUTION : an 4, Ecos 180° = 0 Let us close the hemisphere by the adding a circular 4) plate the bottom. Applying Gauss's Law on this closed, hemisphere EA.cos 180° = eA = ExR GB a= So MODES ce pe of cde 1 os sy ple Whar te Plough the pla de oa worm fied = 107 +90 £ NIC? 20 EERIE sy cours forsee with Onion SupportNie eeu Electrostatics SOLUTION Area of plate = A= (0.12)? mk = (101+90K). (0.127 & = @= EA (niform field) = 90 (0.0144) Nn?/C= 1.296 Nwt/C ME a tbe of side U has one comer ot the origin and its sides lie along the x, , and z axes, respectively. There isa field given by E= (a + bx) i (©) What is the net flus through the cube? (b) What is the net charge enclosed by the cube? SOLUTION ‘The flux will be non-zero only through the faces which are normal to E, Through the faces parallel to — E Se a yy E, [E.dA=0as BLdA oo 9 = Pome: * # eee —_— = B(2=0) 1? cos 180" + EG=1) Leos" Sal? + (a+ dD? xo x =oD ‘Also, Yenc! = BL?.€) IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A Choose the correct option for each of the following. Questions marked with “*’ have more than one correct option. L Under the influence of the Coulomb field of charge + Q, a charge ~ q is moving around it in an elliptical orbit. Find out the correct statement(s). (A) The angular momentum of the charge ~q is constant (B) The linear momentum of the charge ~q is constant (©) The angular velocity of the charge ~ q is constant (D) The linear speed of the charge ~ q is constant 2 Ima regular polygon of n sides, each comer is at a distance r from the centre. Identical charges of magniturde Q are placed at (n~ 1) corners. The field at the centre is no ww eB 2 op © 2» = r 7 nly * 3. Along string with a charge of A per unt length passes through opposite faces of an imaginary cube of edge a. The maximum flux of the electre field through the cube will be A) ale, (B) RAa/ey 1 b4aXte, D) Vaal ey Se¥ Study Court oF TEE with One Suppor aElectrostatics CUCU Gee “7, "9, nL. A nonconducting ring of radius R has uniformly distributed positive charge Q. A small part of the ring, of length 4d, is removed (d << R). The electric field at the centre of the ring will now be (4) Directed towards the gap, inversely proportional to R° (B) Directed towards the gap, inversely proportinal to R? (©) Directed away from the gap, inversely proportinal to R? (D) Directed away from the gap, inversely proportional to R A positive charge is fixed at the origin of coordinates. An electric dipole, which is free to move and rotate, is placed on the positive x-axis. te moment is directed away from the origin. The dipole will (4) Move towards the origin (B) Move away from the origin (©) Rotate by ni. (D) Rotate by x Three charges + Q, +0 and ~ 0 are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle, The ratio of the force on a positive ‘charge to the force on the negative charge will be equal to aol ® 2 oO 8 » Charges Q, and Q, lie inside and outside respectively ofa closed surface S. Let E be the field at any point on S and § be the flux of E over S (A) HfQ, changes, both Band @ will change (B) If, changes, E will change but @ will not change (© HQ,=0andO,40thenE20buo=0 (0) Q, #0and Q, =O then E=0 burg 20. Three infinitely long charge sheets are placed as shown in figure. The electric field at point P is a 26 26 5 © é - Oe ° % 20 fo, 4o 5 : oe o 3" » ~3 ° ‘Asimple pendulum has «time period 7: Tae bob is now given some positive charge (A) some postive charge is placed atthe point of suspension, Twill increase (B) If some positive charge is placed at the point of suspension, T will not change (©) Wa uniform downward electric field is switched on, Twill increase (D) Ia uniform downward electric field is switched on, Twill decrease AL si-ajs sk) (D) 52 2 SEN/C C ct D) sBNve By aTElectrostatics N ——+b- 108 Inthe figure m,=my= 1 kg. Block Ais neutral while g,=-LC, sizes of AandB | x= 18 Nim ‘are negligible, B is released from rest ata distance 1.8 mfrom A. Initially spring [Basten | A B . is neither compressed nor elongated. smooth x x= 18m raxis 12, Ifcollision berween A and B is perfectly inelastic, what is velocity of combined mass just afer collision ? ) 6mls 3s 9mis ©) ams 1, Equilibrium postion ofthe combined mass is at x= 'm. 2 » o 3 » 2 woon5 @ 5 oO 5 oO 3 For 14-15 In each of the following questions two statements are given as Statement-1 and Statement-2. Examine the statements carefully and answer the questions according to the instructions given below : (A) If Statement-t is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1. (©) If Statement-a is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement: (C)__ If Statement-t is True, Statement-2 is Fase. (0) If Statement-t is False, Statement-2 is Tue. 14, Stotoment 1: Mags of a body decreases slightly when it is negatively charged. Statement 2 Charging is due to transfer of electrons, 15, Statement 1 Ifaproton and an electron are placed inthe same uniform electric field, they experience diferent acceleration. Statement 2 Blectrie force on atest charge is independent ofits mass. MATCH THE FOLLOWING : 16. Inthe figure shown P isa point on the surface of an imaginary sphere. “4 P Column | Column I (&)— Blectrie field at point P 1 due to q, only (8) Electric flux through a small arca at P 2 due t0 4, only (©) Electric flux through whole sphere 3 due 10 4, and 4, (D) —_Blectric field inside the sphere 4 tere CAT ear ITE 2Electrostatics COEUR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Section - 4 ‘The work done in taking a unit positive charge from infinity (point of zero potential) to @ point A is known as the cleciri< potential sl A This work done gets stored in the form of potential enery. ICV, and V, are the electric potentials of two points A and B, the potential difference between A and B is equal to V, ~ Vi. ‘work done in taking a charge q from A to Bis W’,..,~)(V,-V,) Relation Between E and V Let Feu be the force which balances gE while wansferring the charge qfror.A to B (0) The work done in aking charge q ftom A to Bean also be calculated as = ) Ifthe charge q is given infinitely small displecement dr, the work done dW by Fez (=—qE)by is given by aW=4dV=—4E dr wv ar ‘This is another relation between field intensity E and potential V. Blectvic field intensity E may be called asthe negative ‘of potential gradient ic. the rate of decrease of potential with distance = & Electric Potential in the field of a point charge : ‘The electric potential at a point A ia the electric field of a point charge g given by Vi) can be evaluated using the above ‘equation by taking A at a distace r and B at infinity. Vin-Vim)= JE.dr = vo= Sage te wn = 38 (taking V(*)=0) areur 4___ where r: distance of A from the point charge g Trae [Note that in calculating potential, we substitute the charge q witht sign (+ or-). Hence ifq is negative, V, willbe negative 2 Sel Study Course or TEE with Online SupportElectrostatics Electric potential due to a group of point charges : ‘The potential at any point due to a group of point charges is the algebraic sum of the potentials contributed at the same point by all the individual point charges. VeVi AVya¥y4 Electric potential due to a continuous charge distribution ‘The potential due to a continuous charge distribution is the sum of potentials of all the infinitesimal charge elements in which the distribution may be divided, ve fav aq ve fees Potential difference in a Uniform field A -v,=E. far Incase of a uniform electic field, = Vv, —Vy = BAB) Equipotential Surfaces 1f we join the points in an electric field which are at same potential, che surface (or curve) obtained is known as eipotential surface (curve). Notes (i) ‘The lines of forces are always normal to equipotential surfaces. (ii) The net work done in taking a charge from A to Bis zero if A and B are on same equipotential surface. EXAMPLES 41. In the field of a point charge, the equipotental surfaces are spheres centered on the point charge 2, Ina uniform electric field, the equipocential surfaces are planes which are perpendicular tothe field lines 5. Inthe field of an infinite line charge, the equipotental surfaces are co-axiel cylinders having their axes a the line charge. Properties of a Conductor in an electric field (0) The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface and the inside of a conductor is equipotential space. (0) There is no electric field (and charge) inside the conductor's surface, (©) The lines of forces are always normal tothe surface of a conductor. (©) Any charge given to a conductor always resides on the conductor's surface and not in the interior. section al26 Electrostatic Potential Energy Potential Energy in an Electric Field: Ira charge is moved botween two points in an clectc fed, work s sully done gains the field or bythe field. In the figure, if charge i moved from B to Cin the electic feldof cage +0, he work wll ave be done by some ouie agency inpusing eC) charge + against the force of field of +0. “ ‘This situation is very similar to that of a mass moved in gravitational field of earth away from it, Work done against the ‘gravitational pull of earth is stored in GPE and be reco < potential enesy and can be recovered back. Ifthe charge +y is taken back from C'to B, the electric force will uy to accelerate the charge and hence to recover the PE stored in the form of KE. sé back. Similarly in electric field, work done against an electric field is stored in the form of elect As the work done against an electric field can be recovered back, electrostatic forces and flelds fall under the category of ‘conservative forces sd fieles. Amother property of these fields is thatthe work done is independent of path taken from one point to the another and the work done a closed path is zero, Potential Energy of a system of two point charges : ‘The potential energy possessed by a system of two point charges q, and q, separated by a distance r is the work required to be done bring them to this arrangement from infinity. This electrostatic potential energy is given by ide 4 & Grey O———+——-90 Electric Potential Energy of a system of point charges : The electric potential energy of such a system is the work done in assembling this system starting from infinite separation between any two point charges. Fors system of point charges gy. y+. the potential energy is 414) Leigh 94) DL th we ES Mun 1t simply means that we have to consider all the pairs that are possible. Note the following |, Work done required by an external agency to move a charge q from A to B in an electtie Field with constant speed Wage =dVq~ Ve) 2, Whena charge qs et free in an external elect field i loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy. It goes from Ato B, then ‘Total energy at A =Total energy at B REET 555 ore for rice wit Onne SportRic Eee Electrostatics 3. Bnergy stored in an electric field per unit volume is given by cnerty perunitvotine =e where Eis the electric field intensity and dike costant of bein ten edi sein Wf KEV where dVis the volume of an infinitesimal region in electric field E TEE ve point charges q and 24 are placed ata distance 6a apart. Find the locus of the point in the plane of charges where the field potential is zero. SOLUTION Let us take the charges on Xeaxis 5 4 4g 57 4.atA (0, 0)and2q at B (64, 0) Pee? (x6ay+y Potential ata point P (x,y) is > theLocusis (r— 6a)? =4x°+3)* 4 ‘ vy-—_4—+_1 ey) Ane? +y? Aregyf(s—6ay + y aloo Bao 7. @ v=0 ESE fi ad charge 10 fat ove nan lc fil gos frm wove poten! 60 Vw «plas B whose poet! 0 V. Wha the veloc of he bl the pie A, if tpt Bi 20 mls? ‘Aca geo mininiz is potent energy itis Tot cng = Tol egy Solveto get», (DESESEEESY Tivo fived equal postive charges, each of magnitude 5 x 10° C are located at points A and B, separated by a distance of 6 m. An equal and opposite charge ‘moves towards them along the line COD, the perpendicular bisector of line AB. The moving charge, when it reaches the point C at a distance of 4 m from O, has a kinetic energy of 4 6.73 mis. Joules. Calculate the distance of the farthest point D which the negative charge will reach before returning towards C. SOLUTION ‘The kinetic e y is lost and converted to electrostatic potential energy of the system as the negative charge goes form C to D and comes to x at D instantaneously. The total energy (TE) is conserved TE at D=TE aC Self study Course (or KEE with Onne Support OTD 2,Electrostatics COE LS 04D V,=44 Ca) Ve 4=4Ve-Vo) (DESEENEESY As one follows a given field line inthe direction ofthe field, does the potential increase, decrease, or stay fixed 7 SOLUTION : If we go in the direction of field E av = Gis negative = Vdecreases with r positive LSESISST 1s it possible 10 move a charge in an electric field without doing work ? If so, how ? SOLUTION : Along an equipotential surface (curve), work done = g (V, - V) 4()=0 So we ean move ackarge along equipotetial path (110 ) without any work ISS What is the shape of an equipotential surface for an infinite line of charge ? SOLUTION: pen cylinders having « common axis at the line charge are the equipotentisl surface, The field lines are ceatting these at 90° COTE ares het of radine 10 em i charged lit potential is 10.V (@) What is the potential at the center ? (b) What is the electric field at the center ? SOLUTION : @ ¥, gaye = 70 V (all points on or inside a metal surface are same potential). (>) E=Oatall points ina conductor. (DESEEIEEY 4 itor electric field is given by E=~180 & Vim. (©) What is the change in potential from z,=5 cm to z = 150m? (b) How far apart along the z axis are two points that differ in potential by 27 V? 2 Self study Course for TEE with Onin SupportRieu aoe Electrostatics SOLUTION a it ® AB= 1808), (15 5) xm =—18v 1808) .15-yhx ‘AB |=|(-190)-1@| = /=015m CESEEELY Given the following electric fields, find the corresponding potential functions V (2) (3) E=(@lxy 7. TakeV=Oarx=xy; (bd) E=aexp CB) T Take V=O.arx=0 SOLUTION % ) Ve=02 J 2ar=atog2® a .* * jusing Vy—V, = [Ear (b) VQ)-0= {ca (--*-1) a B (DESEIEESY Four charges +4, 49-4 .-g are placed respectively atthe comers A,B, Cand D of a square of side a arranged in the given order Calculate the electric potential and the intensity at O, the centre of the square. If E and F are ‘midpoint of the sides BC and CD , what will be the work done in carrying charge ¢ from E 10 F ? SOLUTION A B i “¢ “4 L E oat xe atq-4q- aaeyaB Aneya/ — 44 Jerease an, (a/83) Electric Field and Potential for Some Charge Distributions 1. Line charge of infinite length : linear charge density) (a) Meld ata distance » from the line a 2réyr (b)_ Potential difference between two points A and B at distances o and ) respectively from the line, J Self study Course for HEE with Onne Support TOTTI 29Electrostaties V4 Vn Iv. -vp = BS 2. Line charge of finite length £ : (i= charge density) () Plootie Field ata distance on the right bisector Pi go __ 4 7] 2ney Jeo ar ttteheeee a] en {()) Flectnc field ata point collinear with the line charge and at a distance r from the nearer end At sees are r(r+ i) a2 3. Charged ring of radius R: Let Q= total charge on the ving (a) Electric field at centre is zero. (b) lect eld atapoint Pon axis at a distances from the centre is 2 __ PF an (24 ®) (©) Electric potential at the same point P is 2 4mey yee 4. Arc of a circle charged uniformly : Let Q=total charge; or= angle subtended at centre by the are; R= radius of arc i (for x=0, we get the potential at centre) (a) Blectic field ateentre __@ sinas2 © 4meR? a/2 E is directed along the bisector of angle a (©) Potential at centre Q axe 30 ‘Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportElectrostatics RUC EUCUC cece 5. Spherical conductor of radius R : Let = total charge on conductor's surface E (0) loci il (ata distance r from the centre) 0 for rR aneyr —| aI y, (©) Blectrc potential (ata distance r from centre) Q Q as forr>R | Sner ‘Note «The same results apply for a charged thin spherical shell of radius R, Uniformly charged non-conducting sphere : Let p= volume charge density throughout the sphere Q = total charge =p (4/3 2°) (0) Hlecwie Hie ata distance rfrom centre i" erp for rk amar Beyr (0) Blots potential (ata distance r fom centre) v oe 39 eR) ere HR 4x62 * ° 2 for r> R aregk R ? Aner Note carefully that spherically symmetric charge distributions behave like point charge (placed at centre) forthe region outside their surface (ie. for r> R). 7. Infinite thin charged sheet Let o = charge contained in « unit area of the sheet. (0) Electric field ata distance r from the sheet a 3 Sat Study Course for IZEE with Ontos Support TTT 3:Electrostatics MC EGU ocr ()) Potential diference between the two points A and B at distances v and b from the sheet. IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B LA particle of mass 40 mg and carrying a charge of 5 10" C is moving directly towards a fed positive point charge of ‘magnitude 1 x 10" C. When itis ata distance of 10 em from the fixed positive charge ,ithas a velocity of $0 mis. At what distance from the fixed point change will the particle come momentarily to rest? Is the acceleration constant daring the ‘motion ? 2A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow spheres of radii rand R(R>r) such thatthe surface density of two spheres are equal. Find the potential at the common centre. Choose the correct option for each of the following. Questions marked with ‘*’ have more than one correct option. ForQ.3-5 20 ‘Two concenttic spherical shells of radi R and 2R have charges Q and 20 as shown in figure 3. A graph berween potential V and distance r from the centre, be v v v4 +, oR PA | r rd +r or ROR 2R ROR 2R w @) © o 4. A graph between electric field E and distance rfrom the centre, wil be E KR E E. Ey ROR " ® " "year" w ®) © ” 2 Se stay Cours or TIE with Gime SuporNiet ecuc acces Electrostatics 5 Choose the correct option. 0 (8) Ata distance (R-) (Wnt) ae 10. The electric potential Vat any point x,y, zal n metres) in space is given V= Ax* volts. The electric field (in Vim) at the point (1m,0.2m)is wo a8 BF -161 wi L, Acharge +q is placed at each of the points x= xy X= 3%y.%= Sty, infinitum on the X-axis, and charge ~4 is placed at each ofthe points x= 2, x= 454, = 6%. ad infinitum. Here, xy isa postive constant. Take the electric potential at a point due to charge Q ata distance r from it to be Ql(An,f). Then, the potential atthe origin due fo the above system of chargesis 4 qin a) © ten O° Ce en 12, A solid sphere of radius R is charged uniformly. At what distance from its surface is the electrostatic potential half of the potential atthe centre ? woR BR © RB DR Set study Course for IEE with Online Support AITO Iy s5Electrostatics Vidyamandir Classes 13, 14. 16. 4, 18. 19. 20, Two positively charged particles X and ¥ are initially far away from each other and at rest, X begins to move towards ¥ with some initial velocity. The total momentum and energy of the system are p and E. (A) WYis fixed, both p and E ae conserved (@) —Yisfixed, Bis conserved, but not p. (©) If both are free to move, p is conserved but not E. (0) If both are free, Bis conserved, but not p. In a uniform electric field, the potential is 10 V at the origin of coordinates, and 8 V at each ofthe points (1,0, 0), (0, 1,0) and (0, 0, 1). The potential at the point (1, 1, 1) will be wo @ 4v © sv ov Two conducting, concentric, hollow spheres A and B have radii a and b respectively, with A inside B and A uncharged. Their common potential is V.A is now given some charge such that its potential becomes zero. the potential of B will now be “wo B) Wd=alb © Valo ©) Ve-a)/b+a) An electric dipole is fixed at the origin of coordinates, ts moment is directed in the positive x-direction. A positive charge is moved from the point (r, 0) t0 the point (~ r, 0) by external agent. In this process, the work done by the agent (A) Positive and inversely proportional tor (8) Positive and inversely proportinal to (©) negative and inversely proportional tor (D) Negative and inversely proportiona tor Ina regular polygon of n sides, each corner is at a distance F from the centre. identical charges are placed at (n -1) corners. At the centre, the intensity is E and the potential is V. the ratio VIE has magnitude. ora Bray © @tr OD) rn-Din A point charge Q is placed at the centre of an uncharged conducting shell. let r be the distance of a point from Q. The ‘point may lie either inside or outside the shell. the electric intensity at the point will be Of4ne,r? if the point lies (4) Inside the shell but not outside it. (B) Outside the shell but not inside it. (©) either inside or outside the shell. (D) Close to either of the surface of the shell only. Two rings A and B have the same radius and equal amounts of charge. Charge is distributed nonuniformly on A and uniformly on B. X and ¥ are points on the axes of A and B respectively, at equal distance from their centres. X and Y will have (A) The same potential and intensity (B) The same potential but different intensities (©) Different potentials but the same intensity (D) Different potentials and different intensities. 1000 identical drops of mercury are charged to a potential of 1 V each. They join to form a single drop. The potential of this drop will be — oolv ® ov © wv ©) ov "21, Four identical charges are placed at the points (1,0,0), 0, 1,0), (-1,0, 0) and (0,1, 0). (4) The potential at the origin is zero. (B) The field at the origin is zero. (©) The potential at all points on the z-axis, other than the origin, is zero. (D) The field at all points on the z-axis, other than the origin, acts along the z-axis. 22, Four charges, all of the same magnitude, are placed at the four comers of a square. At the centre of the square, the potential is V and the field is E. By suitable choices of the signs of the four charges, which of the following can be obtained? () V=0,£=0 @B)-V=0,B40 © (C)V40,E=0—D) VO, E40 34 IIA, sete study course for 113E€ with Online SupportRi EM Sed Electrostatics “23. A ring with uniform charge Q and radius R, is placed in the yz plane with its centre at the orign. (A) The field at the origin is zero (B) The potential at the origin is k 2 R (© Thefield atthe point (x,0,0)is KZ) The field atthe point (x, 0, 0)is k “24. particle A of mass mand charge Q moves directly towards a fixed particle B, which has charge Q. The speed of Ais v when itis far away from B. The minimum. separation between the particles is proportional to . 1 1 1 wa @ ® F oO F o | 825, Let Vand E be the potential and the field respectively at a point. Which of the following assertions are not correct? (V0, Emust be zero (8) -IfVF0, Ecannet be zero. (©) FE#0, V cannot be zero. (D) None of these. 26, Inauuniform electric field, which of the following is not correct. (A) All points are at the same potential (B) No two points can have the same potential (©) Pairs of points separated by the same distance must have the same difference in potential. (D) None of the above °27, A spherical conductor A lies inside a hollow spherical conduetor B, Charges O, and Q, are given to A and B respectively (A) Charge Q, will appear on the outer surface of A (B) Charge -Q, will appear on the inner surface B. (©) Charge Q, will appear on the outer surface B (D) Charge Q, + Q, will appear on the outer surface of B. SUBJECTIVE SOLVED EXAMPLES (EXEEEDD’ A system consists ofa ball of radius R carrying a spherically symmetric charge and the surrounding space filled with a charge of volume density p=.a/r where ais a constant, ris the distance from the centre of ball. Find the balls charge at which the magnitude of the electric field is independent of r outside the ball. How high is this strength ? SOLUTION Let us considera spherical surface of radius (r> R) aR?) 1 ta concentric withthe ball and apply Gauss's Law. = oe |e fae ge.a-+4 % For E tobe independent ofr, Let Q = total charge on the ball On? nak! and the value of Bis KEURP)= 04 [paxvar 2 SE 4m )=0+ 40 fexrac k EGR )=0+2 na(P—R) Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support ET eae cual Lard 35Electrostatics CER [EDDIRENN io paris of mass m and te carry a charge q each. ally the heavier patil eat et on a maoth horizontal plane and the other is projected along the plane directly towards the first from a distance d with speed u. Find the closest distance of approach. SOLUTION : As the mass 2m is not fixed, it will also move away from m due to repulsion. The distance between the paticles is minimum when theirtelative velocity is zero i.e, when they have equal velocities Hence at closest approach, v, =, By conservation of momentum mu=mv, +2.mv, 3 By conservation of energy loss in KE = gain in PE rt? —{ nt = Lam 4 (1-4) ama roma worse) falta) Amegmu? 3a 34 agd 3q° +4 egw (SEINE oops gins casos put cs go om uniform surface density SOLUTION : Rao Soy Zs ot Consider a ring-shaped element on the surface of the hemisphere at an angle @ above the base as shown. ‘AB = the radius of the ring = R sin 8 distance of centte of ring B from O= R cos 0 charge on the element = dy = 6 (area) dq=0 (27R sin 0) R40 36 eed Field at O due to this infinitesimal element = dE ee (aay(Reoee) dire (Rin? + Ros?) (using the result forthe field at axis of a ring) Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportMic acu ae Electrostatics EE 4 charge gis distributed uniformly over the volume of a ball of radius R. Find : (a) the energy stored in the ball ) SOLUTION “To calculate the energy stored in an electric fied, we can use energy per unit volume = 172 k 6 1 pep BD U= lke av = 3K 1 ‘Assuming k l, ge Jka = Uy Let us recall the expression forthe field of a uniformly distributed charge in a non-conducting sphere. or fork Ane, R 2 for r>R ‘ney F (@) Energy inside the ball i=fia ea Consider an element of radius r and thickness dr nt o \ = fhe | P| | aertar uy, a Jeera é 4 eR ) Energy outside the ball u, fiesta 2 fin [—2 5) anu felt] * “ the energy in the surrounding space (©) hence or otherwise, find the total energy of the system. (©) total energy =U, +0, 2 2 Ue Oy WaraR Trae Ul = seek Alternatively : total energy = work done to assemble the parts of the ball starting from infinity ‘The potential at the surface of the ball at the instant when ithas a radius xis charge on ball Qx” Anes 4megR ‘The work done to add a charged layer of thickness dx. from infinity is or 47 er we oleae dW =Vdg (pav) © 4m eR | Sak? Jaw =f 30 ay 30? garegR® 2orek ‘Total work done = 30% ‘Hence total energy of the system e ee 0x eR (SIE A cube of edge a metres carries a point charge q at each comer. Calculate the resultant force on any one of the charges. Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Beas 37Electrostatics SOLUTION: Letus take one comer of cube as origin 0 (0, 0,0) and the opposite corneras P (a, a, a). We will calculate the electric field at P due to the other seven charges at Expressing the field of a point charge in vector form. a are? (i) Field at P due to A, B,C 4 deg IP + BP + | -ghplatet ea] Field at P due to D, E, F Note that DP = EP = FP = a2 4neo(av2)) —— “ens (a ) fa jed] (civat )+(ul +a) +(0i+af)] “eqs | idyamandir Classes (ii) Field at P due to 0 op=a\3 1 _or area) 4 fing wate it) 5-2 wrap fF] Resultant Field at P Bam +B, +B outward along OP Force on charge at Pis F=q E wee outwards along disgonal OP ‘Note : In this problem, we bave non-coplanar point charges and hence itis best to use vector approach in general form. (SEER Point charges +4, +4. 4. -q are located at the vertices A, B, C and D respectively of a square with diagonals of length 22, Find the electric field intensity ata point located symmetrically with respect to the vertices of the square at a distance a from its centre SOLUTION : Let the square be in XY plane with its centre at origin at. Let us further take the diagonals ofthe square as Xand Yaxes. 38 Subjective Solved Examples Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportVidyamandir Classes Electrostatics Hence the vertices are : ‘Similarly we have; A=(6,0,0), B=(0,£,0) C=(-£,0,0) D=(0.-£.0) We have to calculate the field ata point P (0, 0, a} on Zeaxis. The field at P is the vector sum of the fields contributed by charges at A, B, C and D. B=Ey +i, + be + Ep Observing that AP = BP = CP =DP = iP = ance (AP) 4 szx(20 (3 +i] aras(P se) 4 ua ane (O +a) > a Vne,(P +a) ‘ f(P 4a) 1 BP . 4meo(BP) Directed mid- way between ve X and -ve y axis ic, . 4 Ito sides AD and BC. 4ne(@+0) [EEE Tivo concentric spheres of radii R, and R, (R, < R,) have charges q, and qy respectively distributed uniformly over their surfaces (®) Find the potential difference between the two surfaces . (b) Find the charges on all the surfaces of the shells, (©) What will happen if the spheres are connected by a conducting wire? SOLUTION : a Potential Difference: © ane, Note That potential difference does not depend on the < charge of the outer sphere. (a), Potential of inner sphere jotential due to g, + potential due to 4, my 4x6 R, | Ame, Ry Potential of outer sphere jotential due to g, + potential due to 4, 4 cA ane R448 Ry Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support es 39Electrostatics (©) By passing & Gaussian surface through the inner shell, We see that by Gauss’s Law, ot wf Bdd= a 4 one E a conductor) (as E=0isaconducin) = Gent =9 Hence there is no charge on the inner most surface. So the charge g, lies entirely on the outer surface of the inner shell. By passing another Gaussian surface through the outer, shell. CO GUCU Seer As there is charge 4, inside this Gaussian surface, there must be a charge —g, also on the inner surface of another shell Hence charge on outer surface of outer shellis q, +45 (©) When the shells are connected, they attain equal ‘potential by redistributing their charges. Let xand y be the final charges on them, styea ta x y x y SmegR,” Ane, AneyR, ” 4neyR, fasV, Solve to get x=Oand y=, + 45 4 dete onfatl (5 B=Oisncontucet) outer tel dacs =O Tice poral tlc plas cach fara hen pies QQ 39 shown in figure and charges Q, -20 and 3Q are given to them as shown (a) Find the resulting charge distribution on all the six surfaces. Weglect the edge effect) () Draw the graph of Electric Field as the function of x. (Take x=0 at P) (©) Draw the graph of Electric Potential as the function of x. (Take V=0 at P) SOLUTION: oa) |e {, {, P As the tolal charge on each plate remains the same. 2g +qy=0 > acta > & Ht 4 HME He Hay =2O As Plies inside the conductor, electri field at point P ALP. charge g, will given an electric field towards right Allother charges q,,4,...--etc., wil give the electric field towards lett. So, E,=0 1 = Ja Wh ~ 44a ~ Ie 4p )= 9 Failte t0-4-4) = (24,-20)=0 > 4,=2 co = 4s 40 eae neck aed Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportNic Eure By considering a gaussian surface at P and Q, we can show that g, = 4, > 450 > 4,=-20 Similriyg, =-4y=20 = 4-2 Electrostatics MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE Choose the correct options for each of the following questions. Questions marked with * may have more than one correct options. 1 ‘Two identical positive charges are fixed on the y-axis, at cequal distance from the origin O. A particle with anegative charge starts on the x-axis at a large distance from 0, moves along the x-axis, passes through O and moves far away from 0. Its acceleration ais taken as positive along its ditection of motion, The particle's acceleration ais plotted agains its »-coordinate, Which of the following best represents the plot ? w + ® sf as ‘Two identical point charges are placed at a separation of 1 Pisapointon the line joining the charges, ata distance from any one charge. The field at P is E. E is plotted, ‘against x for values of x from close to zero to slighily less than . Which ofthe following best represents the resulting curve? ! © Sa cnElectrostatics Two identical pendulums, A and 8 are suspended from the same point, The bobs are given positive charges, with A having more charge than 8, They diverge and reach equilibrium, with and B making angles 8, nd @, withthe vertical respectively. Then O) O>% BQ <& () OH6, (D) The tension in ais greater than in B, ‘Aint charge q moves fom point Po points along tbe path PORSina uniform electic field E pointing parallel tothe positive direction of the x-axis. The coordinates of the points P,Q, R and Sate (a, b.0), (24,0, 0), (a,b, 0) and (0, 0, 0 respectively. The work done by the field in the above process is given by the expression: y Pea, b,9) (0,0,0)8 Ran.0) (8) qk (wae © a roo) ©) ME In aregion of space, the elestc fields inthe s-itection and propemionsl to x, i, E = Egxi . Consier an Pp imaginary cubical volume of edge a, with its edges parallel (othe axes of coordinates, The charge inside this volume zero B) eke Le 1 2 t kya FE ya © Fu | In a certain charge distribution, all points having zero potential can be joined by acircle $. Points inside S have positive potential, and points outside 5 have negative potential. A positive charge, which is free to move, is placed inside S. Then ()_ Iewillremainin equilibria (B) _Tean move inside 5, but it eannot eross 5 (©) Temust cross $ at some time (D) Ismay move, but will ultimately return to its starting point CO EME LUM 1. 10, A large flat metal surface has a uniform density +o. An electron of mass m and charge ¢ leaves the surface at point A with speed u, and returns to it at point B, Disregard gravity. The maximum value of AB is iy hme (sy Wee oe mo © te wo @ee om ey An electric dipole is placed at the origin and is directed along the a-axis. Ata point P, far away from the dipole, the electric field is parallel to the y-axis. OP makes an angle @ with the x-axis. Then (A) ano=J8 (8) 0-45" tan = 2 tan = © o ¥ In the basic CsCI crystal structure, Cs* and CI ions are, arranged in a bec configuration as shown in the figure, ‘The net electrostatic force exerted by the eight Cs* ions: oa the CI ion is ae we 2 ‘fer wy ie ic tay 3 1 ae eo © ts Gres 3a ©) 210 ‘A spring-block system undergoes simple harmonic ‘motion on a smooth horizontal surface. The block is now given some positive charge, and a uniform horizontal clectic field to the right is switched on. As a sesult, ee Bese bbe (A) The tims period of oscillation will nerease (8) _ the time period of oscillation will decrease (©) thetime period of oscillation will main unaffected (D) the mean postion of simple harmonic motion will shift tothe right a2 ies icueer ec Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportNiCr EMeutacr Electrostatics ANSWERS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES LA 2A 3.0 4A 5A 6.0 Alas 9.ap 10.4 1c 12.8 13.c 15.8 16.(4.3} [6-3] [C-1] (03) 1.0.09m AA ge aA 5.3 6.0 ne “anegh +R?) B laa 9.4 10.4 1.0 12.¢ 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.0 17.8 1a.c 19.8 20.0 21.80 2.ABCD —23.AB 24, ABD 25, A8C 26. 8 27.480 ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET 1B 20 3 4.8 5.8 6c nA a8 9.0 10. cD Self Study Course for ITJEE with Online Support GI” 43