Course Introduction August 24, 2010

Today’s Class
Course Introduction • First class day items: roll, outline, etc.
• Class goals and learning objectives
Larry Caretto • Assessment quiz
Mechanical Engineering 370 • Discussion of dimensions and units
Thermodynamics – Physical quantities have dimensions
– Several units measure same dimension
August 24, 2010 – Use SI system of units (meter, kilogram, ...
– Also use engineering units (feet, pounds ...

…each day brings further

Basic Information evidence that the ways we use
• Larry Caretto, Jacaranda (Engineering) 3333, energy strengthen our
[email protected], 818.677.6448 (temporary) adversaries and threaten our
• Office hours Tuesday and Thursday 10 to
10:45 am; also by email or appointment planet.
• Web: http://www.csun.edu/~lcaretto/me370
• Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles, We will harness the sun and the
Thermodynamics, an Engineering Approach,
(seventh edition) McGraw-Hill, 2011. winds and the soil to fuel our
– Bring text to class for use of tables cars and run our factories.
• Class email list, [email protected] uses
CSUN email addresses Barak Obama, January 20, 2009
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Course Learning Objectives More Learning Objectives

• Understand the and be able to formulate • Understand the meaning of heat and
and solve problems using work and the notion that these energy
thermodynamic properties: pressure, terms are not properties
temperature, specific volume, internal • Formulate and solve energy balance
energy, enthalpy, entropy, and quality problems in engineering systems,
• determine thermodynamic properties of including those with fixed mass and
real substances those with steady and unsteady flows
• calculate thermodynamic properties of
ideal gases
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ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

Still More Learning Objectives Learning Objectives Concluded

• Understand the engineering significance • Formulate and solve problems that
of the second law of thermodynamics: require the use of the energy balance
maximum work and maximum efficiency from the first law and the principle of
in reversible processes maximum work from the second law
• Apply the first and second law to the
• Formulate and solve problems with first analysis of engine and refrigeration
law to find maximum work using the cycles, using common idealizations for
property entropy such cycles
• Solve problems using the concept of
isentropic efficiency as an empirical
correction to maximum work
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Class Operation Quizzes

• Thursday: lecture on new topic • Twelve during the semester
– Assigned reading and suggested • Based on group work and homework
homework on new material in outline • See sample of first quiz on line
• Tuesday: group problem solving on this – http://www.csun.edu/~lcaretto/me370
week’s topic • Use link to Homework, Quizzes and Examinations

• Thursday: Thirty-minute quiz on old • Count ten highest quiz grades for final
topic prior to lecture on new topic – No makeup quizzes; final quiz grade based
only on quizzes taken if fewer than ten
• First quiz is Thursday, September 2 • First four closed book; remainder use
– See sample quiz on-line sheet of equations from web site
9 10

Grading See the Course Outline

• Quiz grades 45% • Download from web site for your section
• Midterm October 14 20% • Contains lecture and quiz schedule
• Final Exam 35% • Also read information on following items
– Tuesday, December 14, 10:15 am
– Class participation and courtesy
• Plus/minus grading will be used – Collaboration versus plagiarism: students
• Grading criteria in course outline found cheating receive F grade in course
• No make-up quizzes or exams • Students are responsible for changes to
– Quiz grade details on previous slide outline announced in class
– Missed midterm grade from other grades
11 12

ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

You cannot Goals for this Course

teach people • My goal is to help all students find within
themselves sufficient knowledge of
anything; you thermodynamics so that they will all get
an A grade in the course
can only help
Galileo Galilei • What is your goal for this course?
(1564-1642)
them find it within • What will you do to achieve that goal?
themselves.
http://space.about.com/od/astronomyhistory/a/galileoquotes.htm

13 14

How to get your A How to Get your A, Part II

• Spend six to ten hours per week outside • Study with fellow students and try to
class studying for the course answer each other’s questions
• Prepare for lecture and be ready to ask • Do the homework as well as you can
questions before reviewing the on-line solutions
– Read the assigned reading before class • Contact me by email or during office
– Download, print, and review the lecture hours to ask questions
presentations before class
• Develop a good working relation with
• Use these as notes so that you can follow the
lecture; write additional notes on these other members of your self-study group
presentations
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What I will do to help Preliminary Assessment

• Arrive at class a few minutes early to • Designed to help instruction
answer any questions you may have • One set of questions on student
• Give lectures that stress application of background
basics to problem solving • Second set of questions is ungraded
quiz
• Return quizzes and exams promptly so
that you can learn from your errors • Take about 10 minutes for this
assessment
• Be available for questions via email, • Hand yours in when finished
office hours or phone/appointment – Will call time when most students are done
– Send entire class emails as appropriate
17 18

ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

Dimensions and Units Systems of Units

• Any physical quantity has a unique • Arbitrary units for fundamental
dimension: e.g., mass, length, time, … dimensions, e.g. mass, length, time,
• Several units may be available for any electric charge and temperature.
dimension • Units for other physical quantities from
– Length is measured in meters, feet, miles, the physical relations to quantities with
fathoms, furlongs, yards, light-years, etc. fundamental units
– You cannot measure length in units with – Velocity dimensions are length/time.
the dimension of mass – Acceleration dimensions are length/time2,
– Force dimension of (mass)(length)/(time)2
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More Dimensions Still More Dimensions

• Pressure = force per unit area • Another energy term
= (force) / (length)2 – Potential energy = mgh =
= (mass) (length) / [(time)2(length)2] (mass)(acceleration)(length) =
= (mass) / [(time)2(length)] (mass)(length)2/(time)2
• Common dimensions for energy terms • Power = (energy)/(time)
are (mass)(length)2/(time)2 = (mass) (length)2 /(time)3
– Work = force times distance
= (force)(length) • Will see thermodynamic work is PdV
= (mass)(length)2/(time)2 – This is like Fdx where P = F/A and dV =
– Kinetic energy = mV2/2 Adx (A is area)
= (mass)(velocity)2
= (mass)(length)2/(time)2 – PdV dimensions are (length)3(force)/(area)
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which also is (mass)(length)2/(time)2 22

SI Units Other Units

• Basic definitions for fundamental units • Light intensity and molar units
– Mass: kilogram (kg) = international prototype • Other quantities have derived units
– Time: second (s) = time for 9 192 631 770 based on their physical definitions
periods of radiation from Cs133
– Length: meter (m) = length light travels in – Velocity and acceleration are m/s and m/s2
1/299 792 458 of a second – Force is kg·m/s2
– Temperature: kelvin (K) = 1/273.16 of the • 1 newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s2
triple point of water – Energy units energy are kg(m/s)2 = N·m
– Current: ampere (A) defined in terms of • 1 joule (J) = 1 N·m = 1 kg·m2/s2
induced force

23 24

ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

Still More Units Prefixes

• Power: (energy)/(time) = joules/second
– 1 watt (W) = 1 J/s = 1 N·m/s = 1 kg·m2/s3
pico, p nano, n micro,  milli, m
• Pressure: (force)/(area) = newtons per
square meter 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3
– 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 =1 kg/(m·s2 )
• Note that Isaac Newton has a capital N, tera, T giga, G mega, M kilo, k
1 newton of force does not, unless it is
abbreviated as 1 N (true for all units
named after individuals) 1012 109 106 103

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Engineering Units More Engineering Units

• Basic time unit, second, same as SI • foot-pound is work (energy unit)
• The foot = 0.3048 m (exactly) is the • British thermal unit (Btu = 778.16 ft-lbf)
basic unit of length • Horsepower as power unit
• Pound is confusing because it is used to – 1 hp·hr = 2,545 Btu = 1.98x106 ft·lbf
represent two dimensions – 1 kW·hr = 3,412 Btu
– Mass: pound-mass (lbm = 0.453592 kg) • The metric unit, calorie = 1/252 Btu
– Force: pound force (lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2)
• The food calorie is a kilocalorie often
• What is SI equivalent for pound force?
spelled with a capital C, Calorie
1 lbf = 4.4482 N
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Calculating Units Units quiz

• What is kinetic energy of a 100 lbm mass • What is the change in potential energy
moving at 10 ft/s when a mass of 20 lbm is raised a
• mV2/2 = (100 lbm)(10 ft/s)2/2= 5000 lbm·ft·s-2 distance of 15 ft?
• Unit conversion • Do you need more data to answer this
(100 lbm )  10 ft 
2
lb f  s 2 question?
KE     165.4 ft  lb f
2  s  32.174 lbm  ft • What is g? Use 5 ft/s2 for this problem
lb f  s 2
• Note algebraic cancellation with unit PE  (20 lbm )
5 ft
15 ft   46.62 ft  lb f
conversion factors = 1 lb  s 2 s 2
32.174 lbm  ft
f
1
32.174 lbm  ft 29 30

ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

Typical Thermodynamic Units Thermodynamics Problems

Quantity SI units Engr units • Use pressure in kPa and energy in kJ
and volume in m3 for consistent units
Energy kJ or MJ ft-lbf or Btu
– 1 kPa·m3 = 1 kJ
Specific energy kJ/kg Btu/lbm – 1 MPa = 1000 kPa, 1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 103 L
Pressure kPa = kN/m2 psia = lbf/in2(abs) • Engineering units, with pressure in psia
Atmosphere 101.325 kPa 14.696 psia and volume in ft3 give PdV work in units
Temperature K = oC + 273.15 R = oF + 459.67 of psia·ft3
Power W, kW, MW hp, Btu/hr – Multiply psia·ft3 by 144 in2/ft2 to get ft·lbf or
divide by 5.40395 psia·ft3/Btu to get Btu
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Kinetic and Potential Energy How Much Energy is a Joule

• Watch these units • 1 W = 1 J/s
• Look at energy per unit mass (KE/m = • Electrical energy measured in kWh
V2/2 and PE/m = gz) 1000 J 3,600 s/
1 kWh = (1 kW h/ ) = 3.6 x10 6 J = 3.6 MJ
/ s/ 1 h/
kW
• A velocity of 1 m/s has a KE/m of 1
m2/s2 = 1 J/kg = 0.001 kJ/kg • 1 J of electrical energy costs $3x10-8
• 1 J of natural gas costs $1x10-8
• A velocity of 1 ft/s has KE/m of 1 ft2/s2 =
0.031081 ft·lbf/lbm = 3.9942x10-5 Btu/lbm • World energy use  450x1018 J/yr
• US energy use about 25% of world use
• Similar conversions for PE/m
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What does 1J Cost? TPES

• Average San Fernando Valley home Mtoe = Million tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg) of oil equivalent
utility bills in 2008 (without fees and tax) 1 Mtoe = 4.1868x1016 J = 3.968x1013 Btu
– Electricity: $32x10-9 per joule
– Natural gas: $11x10-9 per joule
• What about gasoline at $3 per gallon?
– With taxes in the three dollars (usual case):
$26x10-9 per joule
– Without California taxes of $0.585 per
gallon: $21x10-9 per joule
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ME 370 – Thermodynamics
Course Introduction August 24, 2010

http://www.iea.org/Textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1199

ME 370 – Thermodynamics