DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

FALCUTY OF HIGH QUALITY

Research Method Report

TOPIC: FIBONACCI
Lecturer: PhD. Dang Hung Son

Group 6:
Nguyen Hien Duc 20147164
Bui Duc Hieu 20145366
Bui Trung Hieu 20142326
Dang Phu Gia 20116171

Ho Chi Minh city – November/2021

PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

LECTURER REVIEW
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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

TABLE OF ASSIGNED WORK

No. Name ID Work

1 Nguyen Hien Duc 20147164 Make word file,

research and
2 Bui Duc Hieu 20145366 presentation
3 Bui Trung Hieu 20142326
Make power point,
4 Dang Phu Gia 20116171 research and
presentation
PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

The life and numbers of Fibonacci

by R.Knott
1st Nguyen Hien Duc 2nd Bui Trung Hieu
Faculty for High Quality Training Faculty for High Quality Training
University of Education and Technology University of Education and Technology
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3rd Bui Duc Hieu 4th Dang Phu Gia
Faculty for High Quality Training Faculty for High Quality Training
University of Education and Technology University of Education and Technology
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract
This report is about the history of the birth of the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio
expressed in nature and surrounding life. Help readers understand and discover new
knowledge of the Fibonacci sequence having structural similarities with the human body,
animals, plants, natural phenomena and the surrounding world.

Introduction
I. What is the fibonacci numbers ? called an index). The Fibonacci sequence
The Fibonacci numbers were first can elaborately written as
discovered by a man named Leonardo (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233…).
Pisano. He was known by his nickname,
II. Fibonacci sequence in nature:
Fibonacci. The Fibonacci sequence is a
sequence in which each term is the sum 2.1 The golden ratio:
of the 2 numbers preceding it. The If we take the ratio of two successive
Fibonacci Numbers are defined by the numbers in Fibonacci's series, dividing
recursive relation defined by the each by the number before it, we will
find the following series of numbers:
equations Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 for all n ≥ 3
where F1 = 1; F2 = 1 where Fn 1/1 = 1, 2/1 = 2, 3/2 = 1.5, 5/3 = 1.666...,
8/5 = 1.6, 13/8 = 1.625, 21/13 =
represents the nth Fibonacci number (n is
1.61538...

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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

If you plot a graph of these values the stem expand and so the growing
you'll see that they seem to be tending to point rises. Also, these cells grow in a
a limit, which we call the golden spiral fashion: it's as if the meristem
ratio (also known as the golden turns by an angle, produces a new cell,
number and golden section). turns again by the same angle, produces
a new cell, and so on. These cells may
It has a value of   
then become a seed, a new leaf, a new
( approximately 1.618034) and is often
branch, or perhaps on a flower become
represented by a Greek letter Phi, written
petals and stamens.
as  . The closely related value which we
write as  , a lowercase phi, is just the
decimal part of Phi, namely 0.618034... (
), the number that accounts
for the spirals in the seedheads and the
arrangements of leaves in many plants.

Figure 2: Golden growth.[2]

The leaves here are numbered in turn –

each is exactly 0.618 of a clockwise turn
(222.5°) from the previous one.
Figure 1: Ratio of successive Fibonacci Petals on flower:
terms. [1]
Probably most of us have never taken
2.2 Golden growth: the time to examine very carefully the
Botanists have shown that plants grow number or arrangement of petals on a
from a single tiny group of cells right at flower. If we were to do so, we would
the tip of any growing plant, called find that the number of petals on a flower
the meristem. that still has all of its petals intact and
has not lost any, for many flowers is a
There is a separate meristem at the end
Fibonacci number.
of each branch or twig where new cells
are formed. Once formed, they grow in For example, buttercups have 5 petals;
size, but new cells are only formed at lilies and iris have 3 petals; some
such growing points. Cells earlier down delphiniums have 8; corn marigolds have

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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

13 petals; some asters have 21 petals ; At the edge of this picture of a

daisies can be found with 34, 55 or even sunflower, if you count those curves of
89 petals. seeds spiralling to the left as you go
outwards, there are 55 spirals. At the
same point there are 34 spirals of seeds
spiralling to the right. A little further
towards the centre and you can count 34
spirals to the left and 21 spirals to the
right.
Fibonacci shells:
Fibonacci number also appear in the
beautiful shapes of shells. To see this,
let's build up a picture starting with two
small squares of size 1 next to each
Figure 3: a.White calla lily (1 petal), other. On top of both of these draw a
b.Euphorbia (2 petals), c.Trillium (3 square of size 2 (=1+1). We can now
petals) , d.Columbine (5 petals), draw a new square – touching both one
e.Bloodroot (8 petals), f.Black-eye susan of the unit squares and the latest square
(13 petals), g. Shasta daisy (21 petals) of side 2 – so having sides 3 units long;
[3] and then another touching both the 2-
2.3. Spirals and shells: square and the 3-square (which has sides
of 5 units). We can continue adding
A particularly beautiful appearance of squares around the picture, each new
fibonacci numbers is in the spirals of
square having a side which is as long as
seeds in a seed head. The next time you
the sum of the latest two square's sides.
see a sunflower, look at the arrangements
This set of rectangles whose sides are
of the seeds at its centre. They appear to
be spiralling outwards both to the left two successive Fibonacci numbers in
and the right. length and which are composed of
squares with sides which are Fibonacci
numbers, we will call the Fibonacci
Rectangles.
Figure 5:
The edges
are the
Fibonacci
Figure 4: Sunflower spiral.[4] numbers.

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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

If we now draw a quarter of a circle in Simple observation confirms that

each square, we can build up a sort of Fibonacci numbers are represented by
spiral. The spiral is not a true many human parts: one trunk, one head,
mathematical spiral (since it is made up one heart, etc. Then there are pairs: arms,
of fragments which are parts of circles legs, eyes, ears. Three is represented by
and does not go on getting smaller and the number of bones in each leg and arm
smaller) but it is a good approximation to and the three main parts of the hand:
a kind of spiral that does appear often in wrist, metacarpus and set of fingers
nature. consisting of three phalanxes, main,
mean and nail. Considering each finger
individually, the lengths the phalangeal
bones relate to each other according to
the rule of golden proportion
(Akhtaruzzaman and Shafie).
Five appendages adjoin the torso: the
arms, legs and a head; five appendages
are on each of these: five fingers on
hands and foot; and there are five
Figure 6: Logarithmic spiral.[6]
openings on the face. Back to the hand,
2.4. Fibonacci in humans: five fingers are connected to five
The same phenomena of Phi that is metacarpal bones forming the basis of
found in nature’s objects from snail the palm, which is connected to the wrist
shells to the spirals of galaxies is found structure. Continuing the count, the
also in the design and structure of the human arm together with fingers consists
human body. of eight parts. There are 12 pairs of ribs .
14 facial bones, 6 middle ear bones and
For example, the cochlea of the ear is a the throat total 21 bones. Human
Fibonacci spiral as is the spiral of the backbone with the skull consists of 34
umbilical cord. bones: Eight skull bones (Crania), 24
Figure 7: Vertebrae, one Sacrum and one Coccyx.
Fibonacci in The base column of human body
the ear.[7] structure therefore totals 55 (21 + 34 =
55) bones (Akhtaruzzaman and Shafie).
All of these numbers – 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34 and 55 – are numbers in the
Fibonacci series.

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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

in sea wave curves and in the tributary

patterns of stream and drainage patterns
and in weather patterns which sometimes
very closely match the Golden Spiral,
such as whirlpools and hurricanes
(Scotta and Marketos; Tracy). Both
Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Katrina
were said to have manifested the Golden
Spiral structure (Boeyens and
Thackeray).

Figure 8: A human body with the Golden

Ratio.[8]
2.5. Fibonacci in geography and
weather.
Fibonacci sequence numbers and Figure 9: Sandy storm.[9]
relationships between them are displayed

Method
Fibonacci retracements
Fibonacci retracements are the most widely used of all the Fibonacci trading tools. That
is partly because of their relative simplicity and partly due to their applicability to almost
any trading instrument. They can be used to draw support lines, identify resistance levels,
place stop-loss orders, and set target prices. Fibonacci ratios can even act as a primary
mechanism in a countertrend trading strategy.
Result
The main result of this report is the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers in nature and
the relationship with golden ratio. Research had shown that the mysterious numbers
(Fibonacci numbers) pop up in plants, fruits, flowers, human hand in which they
have been fullydiscussed in this report. It was also shown that Fibonacci numbers can
be generated mathematically through recursive relation formula Fn = Fn - 1 + Fn - 2 with
intial condition, F1 = 1 and F2 = 1 for n ≥ 3.

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PhD Dang Hung Son Fibonacci

Discussion
The main significant limitations need to be acknowledged in this current study is the
findings that human body and face are proportions according to golden ratio. The results
of these indings are base on the literature of the scholars, since there is no practical
measurement of human body and face in this research.
Conclusion
The Fibonacci numbers are Nature’s numbering system. They appear everywhere in
Nature from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of the florets of a flower, the
bracts of a pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple. The Fibonacci numbers are therefore
applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single cell, a grain of
wheat, a hive of bees, and even all of mankind. Nature follows the Fibonacci numbers
astonishingly. But very little we observe the beauty of nature. The Great poet
Rabindranath Tagore also noted this. If we study the pattern of various natural things
minutely we observe that many of the natural things around us follow the Fibonacci
numbers in real life which creates strange among us. So let us finish by the words of
Leonardo da Vinci “Learn how to see, Realize that everything connects to everything
else”.

Reference
[1] The life and numbers of Fibonacci by R.Knott, D.A.Quinney and PASS Maths
(plus.maths,org)
[2] Citations from Master Fibonacci: The Man Who Changed Math(fibonacci.com)
[3] Geometrical Substantiation of Phi, the Golden Ratio and the Baroque of Nature,
Architecture, Design and Engineering
[4] Organismal Biology: Flying Along a Logarithmic Spiral