(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

UNIT-5

TWO PORT NETWORKS

 Introduction
 Impedance Parameters
 Admittance Parameters
 Hybrid Parameters
 Transmission Parameters (ABC D)
 Conversion of one Parameter to other
 Conditions for reciprocity and symmetry
 Interconnection of two port networks in Series ,Parallel and Cascaded
configurations
 Image parameters
 Important Formulae, equations and relations
 Illustrative problems

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Introduction:

A general network having two pairs of terminals, one labeled the “input terminals’’ and the
other the “output terminals,’’ is a very important building block in electronic systems,
communication systems, automatic control systems, transmission and distribution systems, or
other systems in which an electrical signal or electric energy enters the input terminals, is acted
upon by the network, and leaves via the output terminals. A pair of terminals at which a signal
may enter or leave a network is also called a port, and a network like the above having two
such pair of terminals is called a Two - port network. A general two-port network with terminal
voltages and currents specified is shown in the figure below. In such networks the relation
between the two voltages and the two currents can be described in six different ways resulting
in six different systems of Parameters and in this chapter we will consider the most important
four systems.

Impedance Parameters: Z parameters (open circuit impedance parameters)

We will assume that the two port networks that we will consider are composed of linear
elements and contain no independent sources but dependent sources are permissible. We will
consider the two-port network as shown in the figure below.

Fig: A general two-port network with terminal voltages and currents specified. The two-port
network is composed of linear elements, possibly including dependent sources, but not
containing any independent sources.

The voltage and current at the input terminals are V1 & I1, and V2 & I2 are voltage and current at
the output port. The directions of I1 and I2 are both customarily selected as into the network at
the upper conductors (and out at the lower conductors). Since the network is linear and
contains no independent sources within it, V1 may be considered to be the superposition of two
components, one caused by I1 and the other by I2. When the same argument is applied to V2,
we get the set of equations
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2

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This set of equations can be expressed in matrix notation as

V1 Z11 Z12 I1
V2 Z21 Z22 I2

And in much simpler form as

[V] =[Z][I]
Where [V] ,[Z] and [I]are Voltage, impedance and current matrices. The description of the Z
parameters, defined in the above equations is obtained by setting each of the currents equal to
zero as given below.

Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0

Z12 = V1/I2 │ I1=0
Z21 = V2/I1 │ I2=0
Z22 = V2/I2 │ I1=0

Thus ,Since zero current results from an open-circuit termination, the Z parameters are known
as the Open-circuit Impedance parameters. And more specifically Z11 & Z22 are called Driving
point Impedances and Z12 & Z21 are called Reverse and Forward transfer impedances
respectively.
A basic Z parameter equivalent circuit depicting the above defining equations is shown in the
figure below.

Fig: Z-Parameter equivalent circuit

Admittance parameters: ( Y Parameters or Short circuit admittance parameters)

The same general two port network shown for Z parameters is applicable here also and is
shown below.

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Fig: A general two-port network with terminal voltages and currents specified. The two-port
network is composed of linear elements, possibly including dependent sources, but not
containing any independent sources.

Since the network is linear and contains no independent sources within, on the same lines of Z
parameters the defining equations for the Y parameters are given below. I1 and I2 may be
considered to be the superposition of two components, one caused by V1 and the other by V2
and then we get the set of equations defining the Y parameters.

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

where the Ys are no more than proportionality constants and their dimensions are A/V
(Current/Voltage). Hence they are called the Y (or admittance) parameters. They are also
defined in the matrix form given below.

I1 Y11 Y12 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 V2
And in much simpler form as
[I] = [Y][V]
The individual Y parameters are defined on the same lines as Z parameters but by setting either
of the voltages V1 and V2 as zero as given below.

The most informative way to attach a physical meaning to the y parameters is through a direct
inspection of defining equations. The conditions which must be applied to the basic defining
equations are very important. In the first equation for example; if we let V2 zero, then Y11 is
given by the ratio of I1 to V1. We therefore describe Y11 as the admittance measured at the
input terminals with the output terminals short-circuited (V2 = 0). Each of the Y parameters may
be described as a current-voltage ratio with either V1 = 0 (the input terminals short circuited) or
V2 = 0 (the output terminals short-circuited):

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Y11 = I1/V1 with V2 = 0

Y12 = I1/V2 with V1 = 0
Y21 = I2/V1 with V2 = 0
y22 = I2/V2 with V1 = 0

Because each parameter is an admittance which is obtained by short circuiting either the
output or the input port, the Y parameters are known as the short-circuit admittance
parameters. The specific name of Y11 is the short-circuit input admittance, Y22 is the short-
circuit output admittance, and Y12 and Y21 are the short-circuit reverse and forward transfer
admittances respectively.

Fig: Y parameter equivalent circuit

Hybrid parameters: ( h parameters )

h parameter representation is used widely in modeling of Electronic components and circuits

particularly Transistors. Here both short circuit and open circuit conditions are utilized.
The hybrid parameters are defined by writing the pair of equations relating V1, I1, V2, and I2:

V1 = h11. I1 + h12.V2
I2 = h21.I1 + h22.V2
Or in matrix form :
V1 I1
h
I2 V2

The nature of the parameters is made clear by first setting V2 = 0. Thus,

h11 = V1/I1 with V2 =0 = short-circuit input impedance

h21 = I2/I1 with V2 =0 = short-circuit forward current gain

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Then letting I1 = 0, we obtain

h12 = V1/V2 with I1=0 = open-circuit reverse voltage gain

h22 = I2/V2 with I1=0 = open-circuit output admittance

Since the parameters represent an impedance, an admittance, a voltage gain, and a current
gain, they are called the “hybrid’’ parameters.
The subscript designations for these parameters are often simplified when they are applied to
transistors. Thus, h11, h12, h21, and h22 become hi, hr, hf, and ho, respectively, where the
subscripts denote input, reverse, forward, and output.
EXA

H Fig: h parameter equivalent circuit 17.9

Transmission parameters:

The last two-port parameters that we will consider are called the t parameters, the ABCD
parameters, or simply the transmission parameters. They are defined by the equations

V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2

and in Matrix notation these equations can be written in the form

V1 = AB V2
I1 = CD –I2

where V1, V2, I1, and I2 are defined as as shown in the figure below.

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Fig: Two port Network for ABCD parameter representation with Input and output Voltages
and currents
The minus signs that appear in the above equations should be associated with the output
current, as (−I2). Thus, both I1 and −I2 are directed to the right, the direction of energy or signal
transmission.
Note that there are no minus signs in the t or ABCD matrices. Looking again at the above
equations we see that the quantities on the left, often thought of as the given or independent
variables, are the input voltage and current, V1 and I1; the dependent variables, V2 and I2, are
the output quantities. Thus, the transmission parameters provide a direct relationship between
input and output. Their major use arises in transmission-line analysis and in cascaded networks.

The four Transmission parameters are defined and explained below.

First A and C are defined with receiving end open circuited i.e. with I2 = 0

A = V1/V2 with I2 = 0 = Reverse voltage Ratio

C = I1/V2 with I2 = 0 = Transfer admittance

Next B and D are defined with receiving end short circuited i.e. with V2 = 0

B = V1/−I2 with V2 = 0 = Transfer impedance

D = I1/−I2 with V2 = 0 = Reverse current ratio

Inter relationships between different parameters of two port networks:

Basic Procedure for representing any of the above four two port Network parameters in terms of
the other parameters consists of the following steps:
1. Write down the defining equations corresponding to the parameters in terms of which
the other parameters are to be represented.
2. Keeping the basic parameters same, rewrite/manipulate these two equations in such a
way that the variables V1 ,V2 ,I1 ,and I2 are arranged corresponding to the defining
equations of the first parameters.
3. Then by comparing the parameter coefficients of the respective variables V 1 ,V2 ,I1 ,and
I2 on the right hand side of the two sets of equations we can get the inter relationship.

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Z Parameters in terms of Y parameters:

Though this relationship can be obtained by the above steps, the following simpler method is
used for Z in terms of Y and Y in terms of Z:

Z and Y being the Impedance and admittance parameters (Inverse), in matrix notation they are
governed by the following inverse relationship.

Or:

Thus :

Z Parameters in terms of ABCD parameters:

The governing equations are:

V1 = AV2 – BI2
I1 = CV2 – DI2

from the second governing equation [ I1 = CV2 – DI2 ] we can write

Now substituting this value of V2 in the first governing equation [V1 = AV2 – BI2] we get

Comparing these two equations for V1 and V2 with the governing equations of the Z parameter
network we get Z Parameters in terms of ABCD parameters:

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Z Parameters in terms of h parameters:

The governing equations of h parameter network are:

V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2

From the second equation we get

Substituting this value of V2 in the first equation for V1 we get:

Now comparing these two equations for V1 and V2 with the governing equations of the Z
parameter network we get Z Parameters in terms of h parameters:

Here Δh = h11 h22 – h12 h21

Y Parameters in terms of Z parameters:

Y and Z being the admittance and Impedance parameters (Inverse), in matrix notation they are
governed by the following inverse relationship.
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Or:

Thus:

Here ΔZ = Z11 Z22 – Z12 Z21

The other inter relationships also can be obtained on the same lines following the basic three
steps given in the beginning.

Conditions for reciprocity and symmetry in two port networks:

A two port network is said to be reciprocal if the ratio of the output response variable to the
input excitation variable is same when the excitation and response ports are interchanged.
A two port network is said to be symmetrical if the port voltages and currents remain the same
when the input and output ports are interchanged.
In this topic we will get the conditions for Reciprocity and symmetry for all the four networks.
The basic procedure for each of the networks consists of the following steps:
Reciprocity:
 First we will get an expression for the ratio of response to the excitation in terms of the
particular parameters by giving voltage as excitation at the input port and considering
the current in the output port as response ( by short circuiting the output port i.e
setting V2 as zero ). i.e find out ( I2 /V1 )
 Then we will get an expression for the ratio of response to the excitation in terms of the
same parameters by giving voltage as excitation at the output port and considering the
current in the input port as response ( by short circuiting the input port i.e. setting V1 as
zero ). i.e find out ( I1 /V2 )
 Equating the RHS of these two expressions would be the condition for reciprocity

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Symmetry:
 First we need to get expressions related to the input and output ports using the basic Z
or Y parameter equations.
 Then the expressions for Z11 and Z22 ( or Y11 and Y22 ) are equated to get the conmdition
for reciprocity.

Z parameter representation:

Condition for reciprocity:

Let us take a two port network with Z parameter defining equations as given below:

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2

First we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I 2) to the excitation (V1) in terms of the
Z parameters by giving excitation at the input port and considering the current in the output
port as response ( by short circuiting the output port i.e. setting V2 as zero ).The corresponding
Z parameter circuit for this condition is shown in the figure below:

( Pl note the direction of I2 is negative since when V2 port is shorted the current flows in the
other direction )

Then the Z parameter defining equations are :

V1 = Z11 . I1 − Z12. I2 and

0 = Z21 . I1 − Z22. I2

To get the ratio of response (I2) to the excitation (V1) in terms of the Z parameters I1 is to be
eliminated fom the above equations.

So from equation 2 in the above set we will get I1 = I2. Z22/ Z21
And substitute this in the first equation to get

V1 = (Z11 .I2. Z22/ Z21)− Z12. I2 = I2 [(Z11 . Z22/ Z21 ) − Z12 ] = I2 [(Z11 . Z22− Z12.Z21 ) / Z21 ) ]

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I2 = V1 . Z21/(Z11 . Z22− Z12.Z21 )

Next, we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I1) to the excitation (V2) in terms of
the Z parameters by giving excitation V2 at the output port and considering the current I1 in the
input port as response (by short circuiting the input port i.e. setting V1 as zero). The
corresponding Z parameter circuit for this condition is shown in the figure below:

( Pl note the direction of current I1 is negative since when V1 port is shorted the current flows
in the other direction )

Then the Z parameter defining equations are :

0 = −Z11 . I1 + Z12. I2 and

V2 = −Z21 . I1 + Z22. I2

To get the ratio of response (I1) to the excitation (V2) in terms of the Z parameters I2 is to be
eliminated fom the above equations.

So from equation 1 in the above set we will get I2 = I1. Z11/ Z12
And substitute this in the second equation to get

V2 = (Z22.I1. Z11/ Z12)− Z21. I1 = I1 [(Z11 . Z22/ Z12 ) – Z21 ] = I1 [(Z11 . Z22− Z12.Z21 ) / Z12 ) ]

I1 = V2 . Z12/(Z11 . Z22− Z12.Z21 )

Assuming the input excitations V1 and V2 to be the same, then the condition for the out
responses I1 and I2 to be equal would be

Z12 = Z21

And this is the condition for the reciprocity.

Condition for symmetry:

To get this condition we need to get expressions related to the input and output ports using the
basic Z parameter equations.

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V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2

To get the input port impedance I2 is to be made zero. i.e V2 should be open.

V1 = Z11 . I1 i.e Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0

Similarly to get the output port impedance I1 is to be made zero. i.e V1 should be open.

V2 = Z22 . I2 i.e Z22 = V2/I2 │ I1=0

Condition for Symmetry is obtained when the two port voltages are equal i.e. V1 = V2 and the
two port currents are equal i.e. I1 = I2. Then

V1/I1 = V2/I2 i.e Z11 = Z22

And hence Z11 = Z22 is the condition for symmetry in Z parameters .

Y parameter representation:

Condition for reciprocity :

Let us take a two port network with Y parameter defining equations as given below:

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

First we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I2) to the excitation (V1) in terms of the
Y parameters by giving excitation (V1) at the input port and considering the current (I2) in the
output port as response ( by short circuiting the output port i.e. setting V2 as zero )
Then the second equation in Y parameter defining equations would become

I2 = Y21V1 + 0 and I2 / V1 = Y21

Then we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I1) to the excitation (V2) in terms of the
Y parameters by giving excitation (V2) at the output port and considering the current (I1) in
the input port as response ( by short circuiting the input port i.e setting V1 as zero )
Then the first equation in Y parameter defining equations would become

I1 = 0 + Y12V2 and I1 / V2 = Y12

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Assuming the input excitations V1 and V2 to be the same, then the condition for the out
responses I1 and I2 to be equal would be

I1 / V2 = I2 / V1

And hence Y12 = Y21 is the condition for the reciprocity in the Two port network with Y
parameter representation.

Condition for symmetry:

To get this condition we need to get expressions related to the input and output ports ( In this
case Input and output admittances ) using the basic Y parameter equations

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

To get the input port admittance, V2 is to be made zero. i.e V2 should be shorted.

I1 = Y11 . V1 i.e Y11 = I1/V1 │ V2=0

Similarly to get the output port admittance V1 is to be made zero. i.e V1 should be shorted.

I2 = Y22 . V2 i.e Y22 = I2/V2 │ V1=0

Condition for Symmetry is obtained when the two port voltages are equal i.e. V1 = V2 and the
two port currents are equal i.e. I1 = I2. Then

I1/V1 = I2/V2

And hence Y11 = Y22 is the condition for symmetry in Y parameters.

ABCD parameter representation:

Condition for reciprocity :
Let us take a two port network with ABCD parameter defining equations as given below:

V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2

First we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I2) to the excitation (V1) in terms of the
ABCD parameters by giving excitation (V1) at the input port and considering the current (I2) in
the output port as response ( by short circuiting the output port i.e. setting V2 as zero )
Then the first equation in the ABCD parameter defining equations would become
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V1 = 0 – B.I2 = B.I2
i.e I2 / V1 = – 1/B

Then we will interchange the excitation and response i.e. we will get an expression for the ratio of
response (I1) to the excitation (V2) by giving excitation (V2) at the output port and considering
the current (I1) in the input port as response ( by short circuiting the input port i.e. setting V1
as zero )
Then the above defining equations would become
0 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2
Substituting the value of I2 = A.V2 /B from first equation into the second equation we get

I1 = C.V2 – D. A.V2 /B = V2 (C – D. A /B )
i.e I1/V2 = ( BC – DA ) / B = – (AD –BC)/B

Assuming the input excitations V1 and V2 to be the same , then the condition for the out
responses I1 and I2 to be equal would be
I1 / V2 = I2 / V1
i.e – (AD –BC)/B = – 1/B
i.e (AD –BC) = 1

And hence AD – BC = 1 is the condition for Reciprocity in the Two port network with ABCD
parameter representation.

Condition for symmetry:

To get this condition we need to get expressions related to the input and output ports. In this
case it is easy to use the Z parameter definitions of Z11 and Z22 for the input and output ports
respectively and get their values in terms of the ABCD parameters as shown below.
V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2

Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0

Applying this in both the equations we get
Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0 = (A.V2 – B.I2)/(C.V2 – D.I2) │ I2=0
= (A.V2 – B.0)/(C.V2 – D.0)
= (A.V2)/(C.V2) = A/C
Z11 = A/C

Similarly Z22 = V2/I2 │ I1=0

and using this in the second basic equation I1 = C.V2 – D.I2
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we get 0 = C.V2 – D.I2 or C.V2 = D.I2

V2 / I2 = D/C
Z22 = D/C
And the condition for symmetry becomes Z11 = Z22 i.e A/C = D/C

Or A = D
Hence A = D is the condition for Symmetry in ABCD parameter representation.

h parameter representation:
Condition for reciprocity :
Let us take a two port network with h parameter defining equations as given below:

V1 = h11. I1 + h12.V2
I2 = h21. I1 + h22.V2

First we will get an expression for the ratio of response (I2) to the excitation (V1) in terms of the
h parameters by giving excitation (V1) at the input port and considering the current (I2) in the
output port as response ( by short circuiting the output port i.e. setting V2 as zero )

Then the first equation in the h parameter defining equations would become

V1 = h11. I1 + h12.0 = h11. I1

And in the same condition the second equation in the h parameter defining equations would
become
I2 = h21. I1 + h22.0 = h21. I1

Dividing the second equation by the first equation we get

I2 / V1 = ( h21. I1) / (h11. I1) = h21 /h11

Now the excitation and the response ports are interchanged and then we will get an expression for
the ratio of response (I1) to the excitation (V2) in terms of the h parameters by giving excitation
(V2) at the output port and considering the current (I1) in the input port as response ( by short
circuiting the input port i.e. setting V1 as zero )
Then the first equation in h parameter defining equations would become

0 = h11. I1 + h12.V2 i.e h11. I1 = – h12.V2

i.e. I1 / V2 = – h12 / h11

Assuming the input excitations V1 and V2 to be the same, then the condition for the out
responses I1 and I2 to be equal would be
I1 / V2 = I2 / V1
i.e = – h12 / h11 = h21 /h11

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i.e. h12 = – h21

And hence [h12 = – h21 ] is the condition for the reciprocity in the Two port network with h
parameter representation.

Condition for symmetry:

To get this condition we need to get expressions related to the input and output ports. In this
case also it is easy to use the Z parameter definitions of Z11 and Z22 for the input and output
ports respectively and get their values in terms of the h parameters as shown below.
h parameter equations are : V1 = h11. I1 + h12.V2
I2 = h21. I1 + h22.V2
First let us get Z11 :
Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0

= h11 + h12.V2 / I1
Applying the condition I2=0 in the equation 2 we get
0 = h21. I1 + h22.V2 i.e –h21. I1 = h22.V2
or V2 = I1 (–h21 / h22)
Now substituting the value of V2 = I1 (–h21 / h22) in the above first expression for V1 we get
V1 = h11. I1 + h12. I1.( –h21 / h22 )
Or V1/ I1 = (h11. h22 – h12. h21 )/ h22 = Δh / h22

Or Z11 = Δh / h22

Where Δh = (h11. h22 – h12. h21 )

Now let us get Z22 :

Z22 = V2/I2│ I1 = 0

Applying the condition I1 = 0 in the second equation we get

I2 = h21. 0 + h22.V2 i.e V2/I2 = 1/ h22

And Z22 = 1/ h22
Hence the condition for symmetry Z11 = Z22 becomes (Δh / h22) = (1/ h22 ) i.e Δh = 1

Hence Δh = 1 is the condition for symmetry in h parameter representation.

Table: Summary of conditions for reciprocity and symmetry for Two port networks in terms of
all four parameters.

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Different types of interconnections of two port networks:

Series Connection:
Though here only two networks are considered, the result can be generalized for any number
of two port networks connected in series.
Refer the figure below where two numbers of two port networks A and B are shown connected
in series. All the input and output currents & voltages with directions and polarities are shown.

Fig : Series connection of two numbers of Two Port Networks

Open circuit Impedance parameters ( Z ) are used in characterizing the Series connected Two
port Networks .The governing equations with Z parameters are given below:

For network A :

And for network B:

Referring to the figure above the various voltage and current relations are:

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Now substituting the above basic defining equations for the two networks into the above
expressions for V1 and V2 and using the above current equalities we get:

And similarly

Thus we get for two numbers of series connected two port networks:

Or in matrix form:

Thus it can be seen that the Z parameters for the series connected two port networks are the
sum of the Z parameters of the individual two port networks.

Cascade connection:
In this case also though here only two networks are considered, the result can be generalized
for any number of two port networks connected in cascade.
Refer the figure below where two numbers of two port networks X and Y are shown connected
in cascade. All the input and output currents & voltages with directions and polarities are
shown.

Fig: Two numbers of two port networks connected in cascade

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Transmission ( ABCD ) parameters are easily used in characterizing the cascade connected
Two port Networks .The governing equations with transmission parameters are given below:

For network X:

And for network Y:

Referring to the figure above the various voltage and current relations are:

Then the overall transmission parameters for the cascaded network in matrix form will become

Where

Thus it can be seen that the overall ABCD Parameter matrix of cascaded two Port Networks is
the product of the ABCD matrices of the individual networks.
Parallel Connection:
Though here only two networks are considered, the result can be generalized for any number
of two port networks connected in parallel.
Refer the figure below where two numbers of two port networks A and B are shown connected
in parallel. All the input and output currents & voltages with directions and polarities are
shown.
.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Fig: Parallel connection of two numbers of Two Port Networks

Short circuit admittance (Y) parameters are easily used in characterizing the parallel connected
Two port Networks .The governing equations with Y parameters are given below:

For network A:

And for network B:

Referring to the figure above the various voltage and current relations are:

Thus

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Thus we finally obtain the Y parameter equations for the combined network as:

And in matrix notation it will be:

Thus it can be seen that the overall Y parameters for the parallel connected two port
networks are the sum of the Y parameters of the individual two port networks.

Image impedances in terms of ABCD parameters:

Image impedances Zi1 and Zi2 of a two port network as shown in the figure below are defined as
two values of impedances such that :
a) When port two is terminated with an impedance Zi2 , the input impedance as seen from
Port one is Zi1 and
b) When port one is terminated with an impedance Zi1 , the input impedance as seen from
Port two is Zi2

Figure pertining to condition (a) above

Corresponding Relations are : Zi1 = V1 / I1 and Zi2 = V2 / – I2

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Figure pertining to condition (b) above

Corresponding Relations are : Zi1 = V1 / – I1 and Zi2 = V2 / I2

Such Image impedances in terms of ABCD parameters for a two port network are obtained
below:
The basic defining equations for a two port network with ABCD parameters are :

V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2

First let us consider condition (a).

Dividing the first equation with the second equation we get

But we also have Zi2 = V2 / – I2 and so V2 = – Zi2 I2. Substituting this value of V2 in the above
we get

Now let us consider the condition (b):

The basic governing equations [V1 = A.V2 – B.I2 ] and [I1 = C.V2 – D.I2 ] are manipulated to get

But we also have Zi1 = V1 / – I1 and so V1 = – Zi1 I1. Substituting this value of V1 in the above
we get :

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Solving the above equations for Zi1 and Zi2 we get :

Important formulae, Equations and Relations:

 Basic Governing equations in terms of the various Parameters:

 Z Paramaters : V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2
 Y Parameters: I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
 h Parameters : V1 = h11. I1 + h12.V2
I2 = h21.I1 + h22.V2
 ABCD Parameters: V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2
 Conditions for Reciprocity and symmetry for Two Port Networks in terms of the
various parameters :

 Relations of Interconnected two port Networks :

 The overall Z parameters for the series connected two port networks are the sum
of the Z parameters of the individual two port networks.
 The overall Y parameters for the parallel connected two port networks are the
sum of the Y parameters of the individual two port networks.
 The overall ABCD Parameter matrix of cascaded two Port Networks is the
product of the ABCD matrices of the individual networks.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Illustrative problems :

Example 1: Find the Z Parameters of the following Two Port Network and draw it’s equivalent
circuit in terms of Z1 Z2 and Z3 .

Solution: Applying KVL to the above circuit in the two loops ,with the current notation as
shown, the loop equations for V1 and V2 can be written as :

Comparing the equations (i) and (ii) above with the standard expressions for the Z parameter
equations we get :

Equivalent circuit in terms of Z1 Z2 and Z3 is shown below.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Example 2: Determine the Z parameters of the π type two port network shown in the figure
below.

Solution:
From the basic Z parameter equations We know that
Z11 = V1/I1 │ I2=0
Z12 = V1/I2 │ I1=0
Z21 = V2/I1 │ I2=0
Z22 = V2/I2 │ I1=0
We will first find out Z11 and Z21 which are given by the common condition I2 = 0
1. We can observe that Z11 = V1/I1 with I2=0 is the parallel combination of R1 and (R2 + R3) .
∴ Z11 = R1 (R2 + R3) / (R1+R2 + R3)
2. Z21 = V2/I1 │ I2=0
By observing the network we find that the current I 1 is dividing into I3 and I4 as shown in the
figure where I3 is flowing through R2(and R3 also since I2=0)

Hence V2 = I3 xR2
From the principle of current division we find that I 3 = I1 . R1 / (R1+R2 + R3)
Hence V2 = I3 xR2 = [ I1 . R1 / (R1+R2 + R3) ].R2 = I1 . R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
And V2/I1 = R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
∴ Z21 = R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
Next we will find out Z12 and Z22 which are given by the common condition I1 = 0
3. Z12 = V1/I2 │ I1=0
By observing the network we find that the current I 2 is now dividing into I3 and I4 as shown in
the figure where I4 is flowing through R1 ( and R3 also since I1 = 0 )
Hence V1 = I4 xR1
Again from the principle of current division we find that I4 = I2 . R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
Hence V1 = I4 xR1 = [ I2 . R2 / (R1+R2 + R3) ].R1 = I2 . R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
And V1/I2 = R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
∴ Z12 = R1 R2 / (R1+R2 + R3)
4. We can again observe that Z22 = V2/I2 with I1=0 is the parallel combination of R2 and (R1 + R3)
.
∴ Z22 = R2 (R1 + R3) / (R1+R2 + R3)

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Example 3 : Determine the Z parameters of the network shown in the figure below.

1). We will first find out Z11 and Z21 which are given by the common condition I2 = 0 (Output
open circuited)

With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

Since the current source is there in the second loop which is equal to I 1 and I2 is zero, only
current I1 flows through the right hand side resistance of 10Ω and both currents I1( both loop
currents ) pass through the resistance of 5 Ω as shown in the redrawn figure .
Now the equation for loop one is given by :
V1 = 10x I1 + 5 ( 2 I1 ) = 20 I1 and V1/I1 = 20Ω

∴ V1/I1 │I2=0 = Z11 = 20Ω

Next the equation for loop two is given by :
V2 = 10x I1 + 5 ( 2 I1 ) = 20 I1 and V2/I1 = 20Ω

∴ V2/I1 │I2=0 = Z21 = 20Ω

2). Next we will find out Z12 and Z22 which are given by the common condition I1 = 0 (input
open circuited)

With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Now since the current I1 is zero ,the current source of I1 would no longer be there in the output
loop and it is removed as shown in the redrawn figure. Further since input current I1= 0 ,there
would be no current in the input side 10Ω and the same current I2 only flows through common
resistance of 5 Ω and output side resistance of 10 Ω .With these conditions incorporated, now
we shall rewrite the two loop equations ( for input V1 and output V2 ) to get Z12 and Z22
Equation for loop one is given by :

V1 = 5 I2 and V1/I2 = 5Ω
∴ V1/I2 │I1=0 = Z12 = 5Ω
And the equation for loop two is given by:

V2 = 10 x I2 + 5 x I2 = 15 I2 and V2/I2 = 15Ω

∴ V2/I2 │I1=0 = Z22 = 15Ω

Finally: Z11 = 20Ω ; Z12 = 5Ω ; Z21 = 20Ω ; Z22 = 15Ω

Example 4: Obtain the open circuit parameters of the Bridged T network shown in the figure
below.

Open circuit parameters are same as Z parameters.

1). We will first find out Z11 and Z21 which are given by the common condition I2 = 0 (Output
open circuited)

With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

From the inspection of the figure in this condition it can be seen that ( since I2 is zero ) the two
resistances i.e the bridged arm of 3Ω and output side resistance of 2Ω are in series and
together are in parallel with the input side resistance of 1Ω.
Hence the loop equation for V1 can be written as:
V1 = I1 x [(3+2) ǁ 1 + 5] = I1 x 35/6 and V1/I1 = 35/6
∴ V1/I1 │I2=0 = Z11 = 35/6Ω
Next the loop equation for V2 can be written as :

V2 = I3 x2 + I1x5
But we know from the principle of current division that the current I3 = I1 x [1/(1+2+3)] = I1 x 1/6
Hence V2 = I1 x 1/6 x 2 + I1x 5 = I1 x 16/3 and V2 / I1 = 16/3 Ω
∴ V2/I1 │I2=0 = Z21 = 16/3 Ω

2). Next we will find out Z12 and Z22 which are given by the common condition I1 = 0 (input
open circuited)
With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

From the inspection of the figure in this condition it can be seen that ( since I1 is zero ) the two
resistances i.e the bridged arm of 3Ω and input side resistance of 1Ω are in series and together
are in parallel with the output side resistance of 2Ω. Further I2 = I5 + I6
Hence the loop equation for V1 can be written as :
V1 = I5 x1 + I2x5
But we know from the principle of current division that the current I5 = I2 x [2/(1+2+3)] = I2 x 1/3
Hence V1 = I2 x 1/3 x 1 + I2x 5 = I2x 16/3 and V1 / I2 = 16/3 Ω
∴ V1/I2 │I1=0 = Z12 = 16/3 Ω
Next the loop equation for V2 can be written as:

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

V2 = I6 x2 + I2x5

But we know from the principle of current division that the current I 6 = I2 x [1/(1+2+3)] = I2 x
(3+1)/6 = (I2 x 2/3)

Hence V2 = I2 x (2/3)x 2 + I2x5 = I2 x 19/3 and V2/I2 = 19/3

∴ V2/I2 │I2=0 = Z22 = 19/3 Ω

Example 5 : Obtain Z parameters of the following π network with a controlled current source of
0.5 I3 in the input port.

1). We will first find out Z11 and Z21 which are given by the common condition I2 = 0 (Output
open circuited)
With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

In this condition we shall first apply Kirchhoff’s current law to the node ‘c’:
Then I1 = 0.5I3 + I3 (I3 being the current through the resistances of 8 Ω and 5 Ω )
i.e I1 = 0.5I3 + I3 or I1 = 1.5I3 or I3 = I1/1.5 i.e I3 = (2/3)I1
Now we also observe that V1 = I3(8+5) = 13. I3
Using the value of I3 = (2/3)I1 into the above expression we get
V1 = 13(2/3)I1 and V1/ I1 = 26/3 = 8.67
∴ V1/I1 │I2=0 = Z11 = 8.67Ω
Next we also observe that V2 = 5 . I3 and substituting the above value of I3 = (2/3)I1 into this
expression for V2 we get :
V2 = 5 . I3 i.e V2 = 5 . (2/3)I1 i.e V2 / I1 = 10/3 = 3.33Ω

∴ V2/I1 │I2=0 = Z21 = 3.33 Ω

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

2). Next we will find out Z12 and Z22 which are given by the common condition I1 = 0 (input
open circuited)
With this condition the circuit is redrawn as shown below.

In this condition now we shall first apply Kirchhoff’s current law to the node ‘e’:
Then I2 = 0.5I3 + I3 ( 0.5.I3 being the current through the resistance of 8 Ω and I3 being the
current through the resistances of 5 Ω )
i.e I2 = 0.5I3 + I3 or I2 = 1.5I3 or I3 = I2/1.5 i.e I3 = (2/3)I2
Now we also observe that V1 = (-0.5I3 x 8 + I3x5) = I3 ( it is to be noted here carefully that – sign
is to be taken before 0.5I3 x8 since the current flows through the resistance of 8 Ω now in the
reverse direction.
Using the value of I3 = (2/3)I2 into the above expression for V1 we get
V1 = (2/3)I2 and V1/ I2 = 0.67
∴ V1/I2 │I1=0 = Z12 = 0.67Ω
Next we also observe that V2 = 5 . I3 and substituting the above value of I3 = (2/3)I2 into this
expression for V2 we get :
V2 = 5 . I3 i.e V2 = 5 . (2/3)I2 i.e V2 / I2 = 10/3 = 3.33Ω

∴ V2/I2 │I1=0 = Z21 = 3.33 Ω

Example 6 : Find the Y parameters of the following π type two port network and draw it’s Y
parameter equivalent circuit in terms of the given circuit parameters.

Applying KCL at node (a) we get

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Similarly applying KCL to node (c ) we get

Comparing the equations (i) and (ii) above with the standard expressions for the Y parameter
equations we get :

Observing the equations (i) and (ii) above we find that :

 The terms V1 (YA+ YB) and V2(Yc+YB) are the currents through the admittances Y11 and
Y22 and
 The terms -YB .V2 and -YB .V1 are the dependent current sources in the input and the
output ports respectively.
These observations are reflected in the equivalent circuit shown below.

In the above figure Y11 = (YA+ YB) & Y22 = (Yc+YB) are the admittances and

Y12 .V2 = -YB .V2 & Y21 .V1 = -YB .V1 are the dependent current sources

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Example 7: Find the Y parameters of the following network

Solution: We will solve this problem in two steps.

1. We shall first express the Z parameters of the given T network in terms of the impedances
Z1, Z2 and Z3 using the standard formulas we already know and substitute the given values of Z1,
Z2 and Z3 .

2. Then convert the values of the Z parameters into Y parameters i.e express the Y parameters
in terms of Z parameters using again the standard relationships.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Example 8: Find the ‘ h’ parameters of the network shown below. (fig12.34)

First let us write down the basic ‘ h’ parameter equations and give the definitions of the ‘ h’
parameters.
V1 = h11. I1 + h12.V2
I2 = h21.I1 + h22.V2
h11 = V1/I1 with V2 =0 h21 = I2/I1 with V2 =0

h12 = V1/V2 with I1=0 h22 = I2/V2 with I1=0

Now

1). We will first find out h11 and h21 which are given by the common condition V2 = 0 (Output
short circuited)
In this condition it can be observed that the resistance R C and the current source αI1 become
parallel with resistance RB.
For convenience let us introduce a temporary variable V as the voltage at the node ‘o’. Then
the current through the parallel combination of RB and RC would be equal to

Then applying KCL at the node ‘o’ we get

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Next applying KVL at input port we get V1 = I1.RA + V and V1/ I1 = RA + V / I1

Now using the value of V we obtained above in this expression for V1/ I1 we get

Again from inspection of the figure above it is evident that

Therefore

2). Next we will find out h12 and h22 which are given by the common condition I1 = 0 (Input
open circuited)
Now since I1 is zero , the current source disappears and the circuit becomes simpler as shown in
the figure below.

Now applying KVL at the output port we get:

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Again under this condition:

Example 9 : Z parameters of the lattice network shown in the figure below.

First we shall redraw the given lattice network in a simpler form for easy analysis as shown
below.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

We will then find out Z11 and Z21 which are given by the common condition I2 = 0 (Output
open circuited )

It can be observed that the impedances in the two arms ‘ab’ and ‘xy’ are same i.e Z1 + Z2 and
their parallel combination is ( Z1 + Z2 )/2
Hence applying KVL at the input port we get

Next we find that

( VC and VD being the potentials at points ‘c’ and ‘d’ )

It can also be observed from the simplified circuit that the currents I3 and I4 through the
branches ‘ab’ and ‘xy’ are equal since the branch impedances are same and same voltage V1 is
applied across both the branches. Hencethe current I divides equally as I3 and I4
i.e I3 = I4 = I/2
Now substituting these values of I3 and I4 in the expression for V2 above:

As can be seen the circuit is both symmetrical and Reciprocal and hence :

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

Example 10: Find the transmission parameters of the following network (fig 12.51)

First let us write down the basic ABCD parameter equations and give their definitions.

V1 = A.V2 – B.I2
I1 = C.V2 – D.I2

A = V1/V2 with I2 = 0
C = I1/V2 with I2 = 0
B = V1/−I2 with V2 = 0
D = I1/−I2 with V2 = 0

1).We will then find out A and C which are given by the common condition I2 = 0 (Output open
circuited)

The resulting circuit in this condition is redrawn below.

Applying KVL we can write down the two mesh equations and get the values of A and C :

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

2.) Next we will find out B and D which are given by the common condition V2 = 0 (Output
short circuited)

The resulting simplified network in this condition is redrawn below.

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(R18A0206) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Lecture Notes Unit 5 : Two Port Networks

The voltage at the input port is given by : V1 = I1 x1 + (I1 + I2) x2

i.e. V1 = 3I1+2I2 …………. (i)
And the mesh equation for the closed mesh through ‘cd’ is given by :
0 = I2 x1 + (I1 + I2) x2 or 3 I2 + 2 I1 = 0 or
I1 = -(3/2). I2 ..………. (ii)
Using equation (ii) in the equation (i) above we get :

V1 = -(9/2) I2 + 2I2 = -(5/2)I2

Or V1 /-I2 = B = (5/2)
And from equation (ii) above we can directly get

I1 /- I2 = D = 3/2

Hence the transmission parameters can be written in matrix notation as :

Here we can see that AD – BC = 1 and A ≠ D

Hence the network is Symmetrical but not Reciprocal.

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