Nursing Research Test Bank (20 Questions) - Nurseslabs 2

FULL-TEXT: Nursing Research Test Bank (60 Questions) - Nurseslabs 11/9/21, 10:14 PM
FULL-TEXT: Nursing
Research Test Bank (60
Questions)
UPDATED ON OCTOBER 27, 2021 BY MATT VERA, BSN, R.N.
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Nursing Research NCLEX

Practice Quiz #2 (20
Questions)
Nurseslabs-Question-02-001
Which one of the following statements about hypothesis is most

accurate?
A. Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied and

are the foundations of research studies.
B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory.
C. Hypotheses provide the means to test nursing theory.
D. A hypothesis can also be called a problem statement.
Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the

validity of a theory.
Although theories cannot be tested directly, hypotheses provide a

bridge between theory and the real world. A hypothesis is a
predetermined declaration regarding the research question in
which the investigator(s) makes a precise, educated guess about
a study outcome. This is sometimes called the alternative
hypothesis and ultimately allows the researcher to take a stance
based on experience or insight from medical literature.
Option A: It is the research question that represents the

main idea to be studied. Investigators conducting studies
need research questions and hypotheses to guide
analyses. Starting with broad research questions (RQs),
investigators then identify a gap in current clinical practice
or research.
Option C: Theories cannot be tested directly. To test a
hypothesis, researchers obtain data on a representative
sample to determine whether to reject or fail to reject a null
hypothesis. In most research studies, it is not feasible to
obtain data for an entire population.
Option D: The research question is also called the problem
statement. Any research problem or statement is grounded
in a better understanding of relationships between two or
more variables. Research questions do not directly imply
specific guesses or predictions; the researcher must
formulate research hypotheses.
A nurse wants to study the effectiveness of meditation on people

with anxiety disorder. Which variable would be most relevant to
explore in the literature on this topic?
A. Use of meditation during childbirth.

B. Meditation techniques found to be effective.
C. Pain management for people with anxiety disorders.
D. Outcomes of meditation when used by elderly
populations.
Correct Answer: B. Meditation techniques found to be

effective.
Framing a study using variables is a common approach to

organizing the elements of a social sciences research study in
order to discover relevant and meaningful results. A variable in
research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon
that the researcher is trying to measure in some way. The best

way to understand the difference between a dependent and
independent variable is that the meaning of each is implied by
what the words tell us about the variable being used.
Option A: Dependent variable is the variable that depends

on other factors that are measured. These variables are
expected to change as a result of an experimental
manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is
the presumed effect.
Option C: Independent variable the variable that is stable
and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to
measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is
systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the
presumed cause.
Option D: Designation of the dependent and independent
variable involves unpacking the research problem in a way
that identifies a general cause and effect and classifying
these variables as either independent or dependent.
What is a characteristic of an independent variable?
A. It is the variable that is predicted to change.

B. It varies with a change in the dependent variable.
C. It is manipulated by the researcher.
D. It can be identified only by changes in the dependent
variable.
Correct Answer: C. It is manipulated by the researcher.
The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher and

has a presumed effect on the dependent variable. They are either
manipulated by the researcher or are observed by the researcher
so that their values can be related to that of the dependent
variable. For example, in a research study on the relationship
between mosquitoes and mosquito bites, the number of
mosquitoes per acre of ground would be an independent variable”
(Jaeger, 1990, p. 373).
Option A: It is the dependent variable that is predicted to

change. The dependent variable is the outcome. In an
experiment, it may be what was caused or what changed as
a result of the study. In a comparison of groups, it is what
they differ on.
Option B: The independent variable is presumed to change
the dependent variable. In a research study, independent
variables are antecedent conditions that are presumed to
affect a dependent variable.
Option D: The independent variable is manipulated by the
researcher and is identified at the beginning of the study.
While the independent variable is often manipulated by the
researcher, it can also be a classification where subjects
are assigned to groups. In a study where one variable
causes the other, the independent variable is the cause. In
a study where groups are being compared, the
independent variable is the group classification.
Which statement is most accurate regarding hypotheses?
A. Hypothesis operationally defines the dependent

variables.
B. Hypotheses are statements about the relationships
among variables.
C. Hypotheses describe the effect of the dependent
variable on the independent variable.
D. Hypotheses must include a definition of the treatment or
intervention used.
Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses are statements about the

relationships among variables.
Hypotheses are statements about the relationships between two

or more variables that suggest an answer to the research
question. A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the
relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific,

testable prediction about what the researcher expects to happen
in a study.
Option A: Hypotheses are not concerned with

operationally defining the variables involved in the study. In
the scientific method, whether it involves research in
psychology, biology, or some other area, a hypothesis
represents what the researchers think will happen in an
experiment.
Option C: The independent variable is not affected or
changed by the dependent variable. A variable is a factor or
element that can be changed and manipulated in ways that
are observable and measurable. However, the researcher
must also define how the variable will be manipulated and
measured in the study.
Option D: Hypotheses are not concerned with
operationally defining the variables involved in the study,
including treatments or interventions. These precise
descriptions are important because many things can be
measured in a number of different ways. One of the basic
principles of any type of scientific research is that the
results must be replicable.
What is a characteristic of a hypothesis?
A. It flows from interpretation of the data collected.

B. It operationally defines the variable to be studied.
C. It eliminates the need to designate a dependent variable.
D. It implies a causative or associative relationship.
Correct Answer: D. It implies a causative or associative

relationship.
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A hypothesis implies a causative or associative relationship.

Investigators conducting studies need research questions and
hypotheses to guide analyses. Starting with broad research
questions (RQs), investigators then identify a gap in current
clinical practice or research. Any research problem or statement is
grounded in a better understanding of relationships between two
or more variables.
Option A: A hypothesis guides the research design and

collection of data. To test a hypothesis, researchers obtain
data on a representative sample to determine whether to
reject or fail to reject a null hypothesis. In most research
studies, it is not feasible to obtain data for an entire
population. Using a sampling procedure allows for
statistical inference, though this involves a certain
possibility of error.
Option B: Operational definitions are not included in the
hypothesis. A hypothesis is a predetermined declaration
regarding the research question in which the investigator(s)
makes a precise, educated guess about a study outcome.
This is sometimes called the alternative hypothesis and
ultimately allows the researcher to take a stance based on
experience or insight from medical literature.
Option C: The hypothesis indicates the dependent
variable. A hypothesis states a presumed relationship
between two variables in a way that can be tested with
empirical data. It may take the form of a cause-effect
statement, or an “if x,…then y” statement.
When should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher during

the research process?
A. Before development of the research question.

B. After development of the research question.
C. After a research design is determined.
D. Before any statistical analysis.
Correct Answer: B. After development of the research

question.
The hypothesis is developed after development of the research

question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question
that the researcher wants to answer. The question should be
focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of the
project.
Option A: The initial answer to the question should be

based on what is already known about the topic. The
researcher should look for theories and previous studies to
help form educated assumptions about what the research
will find. At this stage, the researcher might construct a
conceptual framework to identify which variables will be
studied and what the relationships are between them.
Option C: A research design encompasses the
methodology and procedure employed to conduct
scientific research. Although procedures vary from one
field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish
scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining
knowledge.
Option D: If the research involves statistical hypothesis
testing, the researcher will also have to write a null
hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that
there is no association between the variables. The null
hypothesis is written as H0, while the alternative hypothesis
is H1 or Ha.
Which research hypothesis is most testable?
A. There is a relationship between meditation and anxiety

disorders.
B. Patients with anxiety disorders who learn meditation
techniques have less anxiety than those who do not.
C. Teaching one meditation technique to patients with
anxiety disorders will be better than teaching multiple
techniques.
D. The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in patients
with anxiety disorder than those who do not meditate.
Correct Answer: D. The ability to meditate causes lower

anxiety in patients with anxiety disorder than those who do
not meditate.
This hypothesis meets the criteria of testability. Hypotheses are

testable explanations of a problem, phenomenon, or observation.
While there is no single way to develop a hypothesis, a useful
hypothesis will use deductive reasoning to make predictions that
can be experimentally assessed. If results contradict the
predictions, then the hypothesis under examination is incorrect or
incomplete and must be revised or abandoned.
Option A: Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby

an analyst tests an assumption regarding a population
parameter. The methodology employed by the analyst
depends on the nature of the data used and the reason for
the analysis.
Option B: The null hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of
equality between population parameters; e.g. a null
hypothesis may state that the population mean return is
equal to zero. The alternative hypothesis is effectively the
opposite of a null hypothesis (e.g., the population mean
return is not equal to zero). Thus, they are mutually
exclusive, and only one can be true. However, one of the
two hypotheses will always be true.
Option C: Statistical analysts test a hypothesis by
measuring and examining a random sample of the
population being analyzed. All analysts use a random

population sample to test two different hypotheses: the null
hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis?
A. It is a null hypothesis.
B. It predicts a positive relationship among variables.
C. It is a complex hypothesis.
D. It describes data-analysis methods.
Correct Answer: A. It is a null hypothesis.
Statistical hypotheses, called null hypotheses, state that there is

no relationship between the independent and dependent
variables. Hypothesis testing is used to assess the plausibility of a
hypothesis by using sample data. The test provides evidence
concerning the plausibility of the hypothesis, given the data.
Option B: In hypothesis testing, an analyst tests a

statistical sample, with the goal of providing evidence on
the plausibility of the null hypothesis. Statistical analysts
test a hypothesis by measuring and examining a random
sample of the population being analyzed. All analysts use a
random population sample to test two different
hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis.
Option C: The null hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of
equality between population parameters; e.g., a null
hypothesis may state that the population mean return is
equal to zero.
Option D: The alternative hypothesis is effectively the
opposite of a null hypothesis (e.g., the population mean
return is not equal to zero). Thus, they are mutually
exclusive, and only one can be true. However, one of the
two hypotheses will always be true.
When will a null hypothesis be rejected?
A. There is no association among variables.

B. There is evidence of significance.
C. The independent and dependent variables are related.
D. The research hypothesis is rejected.
Correct Answer: C. The independent and dependent variables

are related.
Because the null hypothesis states that there is no relationship

between the independent and dependent variables, it is rejected if
they are related. H0 symbolizes the null hypothesis of no
difference. It presumes to be true until evidence indicates
otherwise. Analysts look to reject the null hypothesis because
doing so is a strong conclusion. This requires strong evidence in
the form of an observed difference that is too large to be
explained solely by chance.
Option A: The null hypothesis is a characteristic arithmetic

theory suggesting that no statistical relationship and
significance exists in a set of given, single, observed
variables between two sets of observed data and measured
phenomena.
Option B: The alternative hypothesis proposes that there is
a difference. A null hypothesis is a type of conjecture used
in statistics that proposes that there is no difference
between certain characteristics of a population or data-
generating process.
Option D: Hypothesis testing provides a method to reject a
null hypothesis within a certain confidence level. (Null
hypotheses cannot be proven, though.) Failing to reject the
null hypothesis—that the results are explainable by chance
alone—is a weak conclusion because it allows that factors
other than chance may be at work but may not be strong
enough to be detectable by the statistical test used.
Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence

provided by the results of a quasi-experimental study?
A. Level I
B. Level II
C. Level III
D. Level IV
Correct Answer: C. Level III
Evidence provided by quasi-experimental studies is level III.

Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without
randomization (i.e. quasi-experimental). Levels of evidence
(sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies
based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and
applicability to patient care. These decisions give the “grade (or
strength) of recommendation.”
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Option A: Level I evidence is obtained from a systematic

review of all randomized, controlled trials. Evidence is from
a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs
(randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical
practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or
three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar
results.
Option B: Level II evidence is obtained from at least one
well-designed randomized, controlled trial. Evidence is
obtained from at least one well-designed RCT (e.g. large
multi-site RCT).
Option D: Level IV evidence is obtained from
nonexperimental studies. Evidence is from well-designed
case-control or cohort studies. In level V, evidence is from
systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
(meta-synthesis). In level VI, evidence is from a single
descriptive or qualitative study. Lastly, in level VII, evidence

is from the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert
committees.
A researcher wants to discover why patients of certain ethnic

backgrounds are reluctant to ask for pain medication. Because
there is little data in the literature on this topic, the researcher
designs a study to explore the relationships between cultural
belief systems, the experience of pain, and the effective use of
medication to relieve pain. The researcher plans to use the
findings of this study to formulate hypotheses for a future study.
What is a characteristic of this study?
A. It is a quasi-experimental study.
B. It will lead to level II data.
C. It has a directional hypothesis.
D. It is a hypothesis-generating study.
Correct Answer: D. It is a hypothesis-generating study.
Not enough is known in this area at this time to formulate

hypotheses, so the researcher will conduct this qualitative study
and use the findings to generate hypotheses for future studies. In
hypothesis-generating research, the researcher explores a set of
data searching for relationships and patterns and then proposes
hypotheses that may then be tested in some subsequent study.
Option A: This is a qualitative study, not a quasi-

experimental study. Qualitative research involves collecting
and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.
Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative
research, which involves collecting and analyzing numerical
data for statistical analysis.
Option B: Level II evidence is obtained from at least one
well-designed randomized, controlled trial. Evidence is
obtained from at least one well-designed RCT (e.g. large
multi-site RCT). Levels of evidence (sometimes called

hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on the
methodological quality of their design, validity, and
applicability to patient care. These decisions give the
“grade (or strength) of recommendation.”
Option C: This study has no hypothesis. A directional
hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding
a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference
between two variables of a population.
The nurse develops the following hypothesis: Elderly women

receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer than do
younger women. Which variable would be considered to be the
dependent variable?
A. Degree of treatment received.

B. Age of the patient.
C. Type of cancer being treated.
D. Use of inpatient treatment.
Correct Answer: A. Degree of treatment received.
The degree of treatment received is considered the dependent

variable. Dependent variable is the variable that depends on other
factors that are measured. These variables are expected to
change as a result of experimental manipulation of the
independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
Option B: The age of the patient is an independent

variable. Independent variable is the variable that is stable
and unaffected by the other variables the researcher is
trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an
experiment that is systematically manipulated by the
investigator. It is the presumed cause.
Option C: The type of cancer being treated can be a
predictor variable. Predictor variables can be used to
predict the value of a dependent variable. Predictor variable
is the name given to an independent variable used in

regression analyses. The predictor variable provides
information on an associated dependent variable regarding
a particular outcome. At the most fundamental level,
predictor variables are variables that are linked with
particular outcomes.
Option D: The use of inpatient treatment is not specified.
Researchers often use charts or graphs to visualize the
results of their studies. The norm is to place the
independent variable on the “x” or horizontal axis and the
dependent variable on the “y” or vertical axis.
The nurse develops the following hypothesis: Elderly women

receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer than do
younger women. Which variable would be considered to be the
independent variable?
A. Degree of treatment received.

B. Age of the patient.
C. Type of cancer being treated.
D. Use of inpatient treatment.
Correct Answer: B. Age of the patient.
The age of the patient would be the independent variable.

Independent variable is the variable that is stable and unaffected
by the other variables the researcher is trying to measure. It refers
to the condition of an experiment that is systematically
manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
Option A: The degree of treatment received is considered

the dependent variable. Dependent variable is the variable
that depends on other factors that are measured. These
variables are expected to change as a result of
experimental manipulation of the independent variable or
variables. It is the presumed effect.
Option C: The type of cancer being treated can be a
predictor variable. Predictor variables can be used to

predict the value of a dependent variable. Predictor variable
is the name given to an independent variable used in
regression analyses. The predictor variable provides
information on an associated dependent variable regarding
a particular outcome. At the most fundamental level,
predictor variables are variables that are linked with
particular outcomes.
Option D: The use of inpatient treatment is not specified.
Researchers often use charts or graphs to visualize the
results of their studies. The norm is to place the
independent variable on the “x” or horizontal axis and the
dependent variable on the “y” or vertical axis.
The following are considered steps in the qualitative research

process, except?
A. Literature review
B. Hypothesis
C. Sample
D. Data collection
Correct Answer: B. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is the tool of quantitative studies and is only found in

such studies. A hypothesis states the predictions about what the
research will find. It is a tentative answer to a research question
that has not yet been tested. A hypothesis is not just a guess — it
should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to
be testable, which means the researcher can support or refute it
through scientific research methods (such as experiments,
observations, and statistical analysis of data).
Option A: A literature review is a comprehensive summary

of previous research on a topic. The literature review
surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources
relevant to a particular area of research. The review should
enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and

clarify this previous research.
Option C: In research terms, a sample is a group of people,
objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for
measurement. The sample should be representative of the
population to ensure that we can generalize the findings
from the research sample to the population as a whole.
Option D: This step revolves around obtaining the
information
Care Plans that the researcher will
Exams needNotes
Study to solve the issue
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or problem identified. Data collection involves a field force
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or staff that operates either in the field, as in the case of
personal interviewing (in-home, mall intercept, or
computer-assisted personal interviewing), from an office by
telephone (telephone or computer-assisted telephone
interviewing), or through the mail (traditional mail and mail Study for Step
panel surveys with recruited households).
1 With
Nurseslabs-Question-02-015 AMBOSS
Which of the following could be considered the “context” of a USMLE Practice
study? Select all that apply. Questions
Practice questions and be
A. Cultural understandings and beliefs of study prepared for USMLE Step 1
participants. with the AMBOSS Qbank
B. The physical setting of the study. and Library.
C. The sample selected for the study.
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D. The number of subjects in the study.
E. The research design used.
Correct Answers: A, B
OPEN
Contextual perspective is an essential aspect of a research
proposal and requires critical attention while writing the proposal.
In the Introduction section of the proposal, the writer should try to
create interest in the readers about the proposed research.
Option A: Contextual perspectives consider the

relationship between individuals and their physical,
cognitive, and social worlds. They also examine socio-
cultural and environmental influences on development.

Option B: Simply put, a research setting is the physical,
social, or experimental context within which research is
conducted. In a research paper, describing this setting
accurately is crucial since the results and their
interpretation may depend heavily on it.
Option C: The sample is not included in the context of the
study. Make sure to include relevant references and
citations. If presented adequately, the contextual
perspective effectively establishes not only the need for
the proposed research but also indicates the expertise of
the writer in that specific research area.
Option D: The number of subjects is not included in the
context of the study. It is also called a sample. Establish
context by providing a brief and balanced review of the
pertinent published literature that is available on the
subject. The key is to summarize for the reader what is
known about the specific research problem before the
researcher did an analysis. This part of the introduction
should not represent a comprehensive literature review–
that comes next.
Option E: The research design used is seen in the
methodology. The context of the study consists of a
general review of the important, foundational research
literature [with citations] that establishes a foundation for
understanding key elements of the research problem.
Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm? Select all that

apply.
A. There are multiple realities.

B. The truth is objective.
C. Context does not matter as much as truth.
D. The participant (subject) is an active part of the study.
E. Knowledge is gained through facts.
Correct Answer: A, D
Constructivism implies that reality is constructed through human

interaction. Knowledge is a human product and is socially and
culturally constructed. Individuals create meaning through their
interactions with each other and with the environment in which
they live. Social constructivism emphasizes the importance of
culture and context in the process of knowledge construction and
accumulation.
Option A: In social constructivism, human interests are

important for research purposes and knowledge is
constructed through social interaction. Such knowledge is
shared rather than an individual experience. According to
constructivists, reality is a subjective creation. There is no
single reality. Race, for example, is a social construct.
Claiming that people are different based on the skin of their
color is a (subjective) social construct.
Option B: The aim of constructivist research is to
understand particular situations or phenomena. Rich data is
gathered from which ideas can be formed. The interaction
of a number of people is researched, mostly to solve social
problems of the target group.
Option C: Learners add to and reshape their mental models
of reality through social collaboration, building new
understandings as they actively engage in learning
experiences. Scaffolding, i.e. guidance and support, play an
important role in the learning process. Research is, of
course, largely a learning process and researchers on any
level can use it to gain knowledge and to structure their
research.
Option D: Social constructivism is based on the principles
of constructivism. Like positivism, social constructivism
also uses observation to gather information. Different from
positivism, the researcher is part of what is being observed
in social constructivism.
Option E: Positivism and constructivism are not the same.
Both are epistemologies that present a different idea of
what constitutes knowledge. However, positivism is a
philosophical stance that emphasizes that knowledge
should be gained through observable and measurable
facts, whereas constructivism states that reality is a social

construct.
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Which of the following are consistent with the constructivist

paradigm? Select all that apply.
A. Subjectivism is valued.
B. Natural laws exist.
C. Time and place are important.
D. Generalizability is valued.
E. Knowledge is gained through observable facts.
Correct Answers: A, C
Constructivism implies that reality is constructed through human

interaction. Knowledge is a human product and is socially and
culturally constructed. Individuals create meaning through their
interactions with each other and with the environment in which
they live. Social constructivism emphasizes the importance of
culture and context in the process of knowledge construction and
accumulation.
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Option A: In social constructivism, human interests are

important for research purposes and knowledge is
constructed through social interaction. Such knowledge is
shared rather than an individual experience. According to
constructivists, reality is a subjective creation. There is no
single reality. Race, for example, is a social construct.
Claiming that people are different based on the skin of their
color is a (subjective) social construct.
Option B: Constructivist research programs specifically

study the status of ‘knowledge’ (Tsoukas 2005), the
relation to the ‘world’ (Goodman 1987), and the process of
the scientific generation of knowledge (Knorr Cetina 2002),
thus reflecting research as a construction process, which
inherently implies epistemological considerations.
Option C: Constructivism implies that reality is constructed
through human interaction. Knowledge is a human product
and is socially and culturally constructed. Individuals create
meaning through their interactions with each other and
with the environment in which they live. Social
constructivism emphasizes the importance of culture and
context in the process of knowledge construction and
accumulation.
Option D: The constructivist programs question a concept
of ‘reality as something that is ‘objectively given’, instead of
focusing on the construction processes implied in the
creation, establishment, and stabilization of ‘reality. This
explains why constructivist perspectives imply ontological
considerations, as embedded in (social) practice itself.
Option E: Positivism and constructivism are not the same.
Both are epistemologies that present a different idea of
what constitutes knowledge. However, positivism is a
philosophical stance that emphasizes that knowledge
should be gained through observable and measurable
facts, whereas constructivism states that reality is a social
construct.
Which paradigm provides the basis for qualitative research?
A. Empirical analytical research

B. Constructivism
C. Postpositivism
D. Naturalistic research
Correct Answer: B. Constructivism
The paradigm that provides the basis for qualitative research is

constructivism. Constructivism implies that reality is constructed
through human interaction. Knowledge is a human product and is
socially and culturally constructed. Individuals create meaning
through their interactions with each other and with the
environment in which they live.
Option A: Empirical research is a type of research

methodology that makes use of verifiable evidence in order
to arrive at research outcomes. In other words, this type of
research relies solely on evidence obtained through
observation or scientific data collection methods.
Option C: Postpositivism or postempiricism is a
metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends
positivism and has impacted theories and practices across
philosophy, social sciences, and various models of
scientific inquiry.
Option D: Naturalistic observation is a nonexperimental,
primarily qualitative research method in which organisms
are studied in their natural settings. Behaviors or other
phenomena of interest are observed and recorded by the
researcher, whose presence might be either known or
unknown to the subjects.
Which type of research allows researchers to be neutral

observers?
A. Qualitative research
B. Ethnographic research
C. Quantitative research
D. Case studies
Correct Answer: C. Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing

numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages,
make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations.
Option A: In qualitative research, researchers are never

considered neutral. Qualitative research involves collecting
and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It
can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research.
Option B: In ethnography, a type of qualitative research,
researchers are never considered neutral. Researchers
immerse themselves in groups or organizations to
understand their cultures.
Option D: In case studies, a type of qualitative research,
researchers are never considered neutral. A case study is a
research approach that is used to generate an in-depth,
multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-
life context. It is an established research design that is used
extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in
the social sciences.
Which type of research study can be affected by detracting

values of the researcher?
A. Qualitative
B. Naturalistic
C. Ethnographic
D. Quantitative
Correct Answer: D. Quantitative
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing

numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages,
make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results
to wider populations.
Option A: The values of the researcher must be

acknowledged in qualitative research. Qualitative research
involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g.,

text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or
experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into
a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Option B: The values of the researcher must be
acknowledged in naturalistic research. Naturalistic
observation is a nonexperimental, primarily qualitative
research method in which organisms are studied in their
natural settings. Behaviors or other phenomena of interest
are observed and recorded by the researcher, whose
presence might be either known or unknown to the
subjects.
Option C: The values of the researcher must be
acknowledged in qualitative research. In ethnography, a
type of qualitative research, researchers are never
considered neutral. Researchers immerse themselves in
groups or organizations to understand their cultures.
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FULL-TEXT: Nursing Research Test Bank (60 Questions) - Nurseslabs 11/9/21, 10:14 PM

USMLE Step 1 Resource

Nursing Research NCLEX

Which one of the following statements about hypothesis is most

A. Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied and

Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the

Although theories cannot be tested directly, hypotheses provide a

based on experience or insight from medical literature.

Option A: It is the research question that represents the

A nurse wants to study the effectiveness of meditation on people

A. Use of meditation during childbirth.

Correct Answer: B. Meditation techniques found to be

Framing a study using variables is a common approach to

that the researcher is trying to measure in some way. The best

Option A: Dependent variable is the variable that depends

What is a characteristic of an independent variable?

A. It is the variable that is predicted to change.

Correct Answer: C. It is manipulated by the researcher.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher and

(Jaeger, 1990, p. 373).

Option A: It is the dependent variable that is predicted to

Which statement is most accurate regarding hypotheses?

A. Hypothesis operationally defines the dependent

Correct Answer: B. Hypotheses are statements about the

Hypotheses are statements about the relationships between two

relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific,

Option A: Hypotheses are not concerned with

What is a characteristic of a hypothesis?

A. It flows from interpretation of the data collected.

Correct Answer: D. It implies a causative or associative

All-in-1 Step 1 Study Resource -

A hypothesis implies a causative or associative relationship.

Option A: A hypothesis guides the research design and

When should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher during

A. Before development of the research question.

Correct Answer: B. After development of the research

The hypothesis is developed after development of the research

Option A: The initial answer to the question should be

Which research hypothesis is most testable?

A. There is a relationship between meditation and anxiety

Correct Answer: D. The ability to meditate causes lower

This hypothesis meets the criteria of testability. Hypotheses are

Option A: Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby

population being analyzed. All analysts use a random

What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis?

Correct Answer: A. It is a null hypothesis.

Statistical hypotheses, called null hypotheses, state that there is

Option B: In hypothesis testing, an analyst tests a

When will a null hypothesis be rejected?

A. There is no association among variables.

Correct Answer: C. The independent and dependent variables

Because the null hypothesis states that there is no relationship

Option A: The null hypothesis is a characteristic arithmetic

Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence

Correct Answer: C. Level III

Evidence provided by quasi-experimental studies is level III.

Option A: Level I evidence is obtained from a systematic

descriptive or qualitative study. Lastly, in level VII, evidence

A researcher wants to discover why patients of certain ethnic

Correct Answer: D. It is a hypothesis-generating study.