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Assignment 1 - Introduction to
Machine Learning
For this assignment, you will be using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin
(Diagnostic) Database to create a classifier that can help diagnose
patients. First, read through the description of the dataset (below).

In [1]: import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_c

ancer

cancer = load_breast_cancer()

#print(cancer.DESCR) # Print the data set

description

Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) Datab

ase

==========================================
===

Notes

-----

Data Set Characteristics:

:Number of Instances: 569

:Number of Attributes: 30 numeric, pre

dictive attributes and the class

:Attribute Information:

- radius (mean of distances from c

enter to points on the perimeter)

- texture (standard deviation of g

ray-scale values)

- perimeter

- area

- smoothness (local variation in r

adius lengths)

- compactness (perimeter^2 / area

- 1.0)

- concavity (severity of concave p

ortions of the contour)

- concave points (number of concav

ti f th t )
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e portions of the contour)

- symmetry

- fractal dimension ("coastline ap

proximation" - 1)

The mean, standard error, and "wor

st" or largest (mean of the three

largest values) of these features

were computed for each image,

resulting in 30 features. For ins

tance, field 3 is Mean Radius, field

13 is Radius SE, field 23 is Worst

Radius.

- class:

- WDBC-Malignant

- WDBC-Benign

:Summary Statistics:

=====================================
====== ======

Min Max

=====================================
====== ======

radius (mean):
6.981 28.11

texture (mean):
9.71 39.28

perimeter (mean):
43.79 188.5

area (mean):
143.5 2501.0

smoothness (mean):
0.053 0.163

compactness (mean):
0.019 0.345

concavity (mean):
0.0 0.427

concave points (mean):

0.0 0.201

symmetry (mean):
0.106 0.304

fractal dimension (mean):

0.05 0.097

radius (standard error):

0.112 2.873

texture (standard error):

0.36 4.885

perimeter (standard error):

0.757 21.98

area (standard error):

6.802 542.2

smoothness (standard error):

0.002 0.031

compactness (standard error):

0.002 0.135

concavity (standard error):

0.0 0.396

concave points (standard error):

0.0 0.053

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symmetry (standard error):

0.008 0.079

fractal dimension (standard error):

0.001 0.03

radius (worst):
7.93 36.04

texture (worst):
12.02 49.54

perimeter (worst):
50.41 251.2

area (worst):
185.2 4254.0

smoothness (worst):
0.071 0.223

compactness (worst):
0.027 1.058

concavity (worst):
0.0 1.252

concave points (worst):

0.0 0.291

symmetry (worst):
0.156 0.664

fractal dimension (worst):

0.055 0.208

=====================================
====== ======

:Missing Attribute Values: None

:Class Distribution: 212 - Malignant,

357 - Benign

:Creator: Dr. William H. Wolberg, W.

Nick Street, Olvi L. Mangasarian

:Donor: Nick Street

:Date: November, 1995

This is a copy of UCI ML Breast Cancer Wis

consin (Diagnostic) datasets.

https://goo.gl/U2Uwz2

Features are computed from a digitized ima

ge of a fine needle

aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They des

cribe

characteristics of the cell nuclei present

in the image.

Separating plane described above was obtai

ned using

Multisurface Method-Tree (MSM-T) [K. P. Be

nnett, "Decision Tree

Construction Via Linear Programming." Proc

eedings of the 4th

Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognit

ive Science Society,

pp. 97-101, 1992], a classification method

which uses linear

programming to construct a decision tree.

Relevant features
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Relevant features

were selected using an exhaustive search i

n the space of 1-4

features and 1-3 separating planes.

The actual linear program used to obtain t

he separating plane

in the 3-dimensional space is that describ

ed in:

[K. P. Bennett and O. L. Mangasarian: "Rob

ust Linear

Programming Discrimination of Two Linearly

Inseparable Sets",

Optimization Methods and Software 1, 1992,

23-34].

This database is also available through th

e UW CS ftp server:

ftp ftp.cs.wisc.edu

cd math-prog/cpo-dataset/machine-learn/WDB
C/

References

----------

- W.N. Street, W.H. Wolberg and O.L. Ma

ngasarian. Nuclear feature extraction

for breast tumor diagnosis. IS&T/SPIE

1993 International Symposium on

Electronic Imaging: Science and Techn

ology, volume 1905, pages 861-870,

San Jose, CA, 1993.

- O.L. Mangasarian, W.N. Street and W.

H. Wolberg. Breast cancer diagnosis and

prognosis via linear programming. Ope

rations Research, 43(4), pages 570-577,

July-August 1995.

- W.H. Wolberg, W.N. Street, and O.L. M

angasarian. Machine learning techniques

to diagnose breast cancer from fine-n

eedle aspirates. Cancer Letters 77 (1994)

163-171.

The object returned by load_breast_cancer() is a scikit-learn

Bunch object, which is similar to a dictionary.

In [2]: cancer.keys()

Out[2]: dict_keys(['target_names', 'DESCR', 'featu

re_names', 'target', 'data'])

Question 0 (Example)
How many features does the breast cancer dataset have?

This function should return an integer.

In [4]: # You should write your whole answer withi

n the function provided. The autograder wi
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n the function provided. The autograder wi
ll call

# this function and compare the return val

ue against the correct solution value

def answer_zero():

# This function returns the number of

features of the breast cancer dataset, wh
ich is an integer.

# The assignment question description

will tell you the general format the auto
grader is expecting

return len(cancer['feature_names'])

# You can examine what your function retur

ns by calling it in the cell. If you have
questions

# about the assignment formats, check out

the discussion forums for any FAQs

answer_zero()

Out[4]: 30

Question 1
Scikit-learn works with lists, numpy arrays, scipy-sparse matrices, and
pandas DataFrames, so converting the dataset to a DataFrame is not
necessary for training this model. Using a DataFrame does however
help make many things easier such as munging data, so let's practice
creating a classifier with a pandas DataFrame.

Convert the sklearn.dataset cancer to a DataFrame.

This function should return a (569, 31) DataFrame with

columns =

['mean radius', 'mean texture', 'mean perimet

er', 'mean area',

'mean smoothness', 'mean compactness', 'mean

concavity',

'mean concave points', 'mean symmetry', 'mean

fractal dimension',

'radius error', 'texture error', 'perimeter e

rror', 'area error',

'smoothness error', 'compactness error', 'con

cavity error',

'concave points error', 'symmetry error', 'fr

actal dimension error',

'worst radius', 'worst texture', 'worst perim

eter', 'worst area',

'worst smoothness', 'worst compactness', 'wor

st concavity',

'worst concave points', 'worst symmetry', 'wo

rst fractal dimension',

'target']

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and index =

RangeIndex(start=0, stop=569, step=1)

In [48]: def answer_one():

return pd.DataFrame(data=np.c_[cancer.
data, cancer.target], columns=list(cancer.
feature_names) + ['target'])

Out[48]:
mean mean mean mean mean
radius texture perimeter area smoothness

0 17.990 10.38 122.80 1001.0 0.11840

1 20.570 17.77 132.90 1326.0 0.08474

2 19.690 21.25 130.00 1203.0 0.10960

3 11.420 20.38 77.58 386.1 0.14250

4 20.290 14.34 135.10 1297.0 0.10030

5 12.450 15.70 82.57 477.1 0.12780

6 18.250 19.98 119.60 1040.0 0.09463

7 13.710 20.83 90.20 577.9 0.11890

8 13.000 21.82 87.50 519.8 0.12730

9 12.460 24.04 83.97 475.9 0.11860

10 16.020 23.24 102.70 797.8 0.08206

11 15.780 17.89 103.60 781.0 0.09710

12 19.170 24.80 132.40 1123.0 0.09740

13 15.850 23.95 103.70 782.7 0.08401

14 13.730 22.61 93.60 578.3 0.11310

15 14.540 27.54 96.73 658.8 0.11390

16 14.680 20.13 94.74 684.5 0.09867

17 16.130 20.68 108.10 798.8 0.11700

18 19.810 22.15 130.00 1260.0 0.09831

19 13.540 14.36 87.46 566.3 0.09779

20 13.080 15.71 85.63 520.0 0.10750

21 9.504 12.44 60.34 273.9 0.10240

22 15.340 14.26 102.50 704.4 0.10730

23 21.160 23.04 137.20 1404.0 0.09428

24 16.650 21.38 110.00 904.6 0.11210

25 17.140 16.40 116.00 912.7 0.11860

26 14.580 21.53 97.41 644.8 0.10540

27 18.610 20.25 122.10 1094.0 0.09440

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28 15.300 25.27 102.40 732.4 0.10820

29 17.570 15.05 115.00 955.1 0.09847

... ... ... ... ... ...

539 7.691 25.44 48.34 170.4 0.08668

540 11.540 14.44 74.65 402.9 0.09984

541 14.470 24.99 95.81 656.4 0.08837

542 14.740 25.42 94.70 668.6 0.08275

543 13.210 28.06 84.88 538.4 0.08671

544 13.870 20.70 89.77 584.8 0.09578

545 13.620 23.23 87.19 573.2 0.09246

546 10.320 16.35 65.31 324.9 0.09434

547 10.260 16.58 65.85 320.8 0.08877

548 9.683 19.34 61.05 285.7 0.08491

549 10.820 24.21 68.89 361.6 0.08192

550 10.860 21.48 68.51 360.5 0.07431

551 11.130 22.44 71.49 378.4 0.09566

552 12.770 29.43 81.35 507.9 0.08276

553 9.333 21.94 59.01 264.0 0.09240

554 12.880 28.92 82.50 514.3 0.08123

555 10.290 27.61 65.67 321.4 0.09030

556 10.160 19.59 64.73 311.7 0.10030

557 9.423 27.88 59.26 271.3 0.08123

558 14.590 22.68 96.39 657.1 0.08473

559 11.510 23.93 74.52 403.5 0.09261

560 14.050 27.15 91.38 600.4 0.09929

561 11.200 29.37 70.67 386.0 0.07449

562 15.220 30.62 103.40 716.9 0.10480

563 20.920 25.09 143.00 1347.0 0.10990

564 21.560 22.39 142.00 1479.0 0.11100

565 20.130 28.25 131.20 1261.0 0.09780

566 16.600 28.08 108.30 858.1 0.08455

567 20.600 29.33 140.10 1265.0 0.11780

568 7.760 24.54 47.92 181.0 0.05263

569 rows × 31 columns

Question 2
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 Question 2
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What is the class distribution? (i.e. how many instances of

malignant and how many benign?)

This function should return a Series named target of length 2 with

integer values and index = ['malignant', 'benign']

In [82]: def answer_two():

cancerdf = answer_one()

df = cancerdf['target'].value_counts()
df.index = ['benign', 'malignant']

return df

Out[82]: benign 357

malignant 212

Name: target, dtype: int64

Question 3
Split the DataFrame into X (the data) and y (the labels).

This function should return a tuple of length 2: (X, y), where

X has shape (569, 30)

y has shape (569,).

In [105]: def answer_three():

cancerdf = answer_one()

X = cancerdf.iloc[:, 0:30]

y = cancerdf['target']

return X, y

Out[105]: ( mean radius mean texture mean per

imeter mean area mean smoothness \

0 17.990 10.38
122.80 1001.0 0.11840

1 20.570 17.77
132.90 1326.0 0.08474

2 19.690 21.25
130.00 1203.0 0.10960

3 11.420 20.38
77.58 386.1 0.14250

4 20.290 14.34
135.10 1297.0 0.10030

5 12.450 15.70
82.57 477.1 0.12780

6 18.250 19.98
119.60 1040.0 0.09463

7 13.710 20.83
90.20 577.9 0.11890

8 13.000 21.82
87.50 519.8 0.12730

9 12.460 24.04
83.97 475.9 0.11860

10 16.020 23.24
102.70 797.8 0.08206

11 15.780 17.89
103.60 781.0 0.09710

12 19.170 24.80
132.40 1123.0 0.09740
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132.40 1123.0 0.09740

13 15.850 23.95
103.70 782.7 0.08401

14 13.730 22.61
93.60 578.3 0.11310

15 14.540 27.54
96.73 658.8 0.11390

16 14.680 20.13
94.74 684.5 0.09867

17 16.130 20.68
108.10 798.8 0.11700

18 19.810 22.15
130.00 1260.0 0.09831

19 13.540 14.36
87.46 566.3 0.09779

20 13.080 15.71
85.63 520.0 0.10750

21 9.504 12.44
60.34 273.9 0.10240

22 15.340 14.26
102.50 704.4 0.10730

23 21.160 23.04
137.20 1404.0 0.09428

24 16.650 21.38
110.00 904.6 0.11210

25 17.140 16.40
116.00 912.7 0.11860

26 14.580 21.53
97.41 644.8 0.10540

27 18.610 20.25
122.10 1094.0 0.09440

28 15.300 25.27
102.40 732.4 0.10820

29 17.570 15.05
115.00 955.1 0.09847

.. ... ...
... ... ...

539 7.691 25.44

48.34 170.4 0.08668

540 11.540 14.44

74.65 402.9 0.09984

541 14.470 24.99

95.81 656.4 0.08837

542 14.740 25.42

94.70 668.6 0.08275

543 13.210 28.06

84.88 538.4 0.08671

544 13.870 20.70

89.77 584.8 0.09578

545 13.620 23.23

87.19 573.2 0.09246

546 10.320 16.35

65.31 324.9 0.09434

547 10.260 16.58

65.85 320.8 0.08877

548 9.683 19.34

61.05 285.7 0.08491

549 10.820 24.21

68.89 361.6 0.08192

550 10.860 21.48

68.51 360.5 0.07431

551 11.130 22.44

71 49 378 4 0 09566
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71.49 378.4 0.09566

552 12.770 29.43

81.35 507.9 0.08276

553 9.333 21.94

59.01 264.0 0.09240

554 12.880 28.92

82.50 514.3 0.08123

555 10.290 27.61

65.67 321.4 0.09030

556 10.160 19.59

64.73 311.7 0.10030

557 9.423 27.88

59.26 271.3 0.08123

558 14.590 22.68

96.39 657.1 0.08473

559 11.510 23.93

74.52 403.5 0.09261

560 14.050 27.15

91.38 600.4 0.09929

561 11.200 29.37

70.67 386.0 0.07449

562 15.220 30.62

103.40 716.9 0.10480

563 20.920 25.09

143.00 1347.0 0.10990

564 21.560 22.39

142.00 1479.0 0.11100

565 20.130 28.25

131.20 1261.0 0.09780

566 16.600 28.08

108.30 858.1 0.08455

567 20.600 29.33

140.10 1265.0 0.11780

568 7.760 24.54

47.92 181.0 0.05263

mean compactness mean concavity m

ean concave points mean symmetry \

0 0.27760 0.300100
0.147100 0.2419

1 0.07864 0.086900
0.070170 0.1812

2 0.15990 0.197400
0.127900 0.2069

3 0.28390 0.241400
0.105200 0.2597

4 0.13280 0.198000
0.104300 0.1809

5 0.17000 0.157800
0.080890 0.2087

6 0.10900 0.112700
0.074000 0.1794

7 0.16450 0.093660
0.059850 0.2196

8 0.19320 0.185900
0.093530 0.2350

9 0.23960 0.227300
0.085430 0.2030

10 0.06669 0.032990
0.033230 0.1528

11 0.12920 0.099540
0.066060 0.1842

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12 0.24580 0.206500
0.111800 0.2397

13 0.10020 0.099380
0.053640 0.1847

14 0.22930 0.212800
0.080250 0.2069

15 0.15950 0.163900
0.073640 0.2303

16 0.07200 0.073950
0.052590 0.1586

17 0.20220 0.172200
0.102800 0.2164

18 0.10270 0.147900
0.094980 0.1582

19 0.08129 0.066640
0.047810 0.1885

20 0.12700 0.045680
0.031100 0.1967

21 0.06492 0.029560
0.020760 0.1815

22 0.21350 0.207700
0.097560 0.2521

23 0.10220 0.109700
0.086320 0.1769

24 0.14570 0.152500
0.091700 0.1995

25 0.22760 0.222900
0.140100 0.3040

26 0.18680 0.142500
0.087830 0.2252

27 0.10660 0.149000
0.077310 0.1697

28 0.16970 0.168300
0.087510 0.1926

29 0.11570 0.098750
0.079530 0.1739

.. ... ...
... ...

539 0.11990 0.092520

0.013640 0.2037

540 0.11200 0.067370

0.025940 0.1818

541 0.12300 0.100900

0.038900 0.1872

542 0.07214 0.041050

0.030270 0.1840

543 0.06877 0.029870

0.032750 0.1628

544 0.10180 0.036880

0.023690 0.1620

545 0.06747 0.029740

0.024430 0.1664

546 0.04994 0.010120

0.005495 0.1885

547 0.08066 0.043580

0.024380 0.1669

548 0.05030 0.023370

0.009615 0.1580

549 0.06602 0.015480

0.008160 0.1976

550 0.04227 0.000000

0 000000 0 1661
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0.000000 0.1661

551 0.08194 0.048240

0.022570 0.2030

552 0.04234 0.019970

0.014990 0.1539

553 0.05605 0.039960

0.012820 0.1692

554 0.05824 0.061950

0.023430 0.1566

555 0.07658 0.059990

0.027380 0.1593

556 0.07504 0.005025

0.011160 0.1791

557 0.04971 0.000000

0.000000 0.1742

558 0.13300 0.102900

0.037360 0.1454

559 0.10210 0.111200

0.041050 0.1388

560 0.11260 0.044620

0.043040 0.1537

561 0.03558 0.000000

0.000000 0.1060

562 0.20870 0.255000

0.094290 0.2128

563 0.22360 0.317400

0.147400 0.2149

564 0.11590 0.243900

0.138900 0.1726

565 0.10340 0.144000

0.097910 0.1752

566 0.10230 0.092510

0.053020 0.1590

567 0.27700 0.351400

0.152000 0.2397

568 0.04362 0.000000

0.000000 0.1587

mean fractal dimension

... worst radius \

0 0.07871
... 25.380

1 0.05667
... 24.990

2 0.05999
... 23.570

3 0.09744
... 14.910

4 0.05883
... 22.540

5 0.07613
... 15.470

6 0.05742
... 22.880

7 0.07451
... 17.060

8 0.07389
... 15.490

9 0.08243
... 15.090

10 0.05697
... 19.190

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11 0.06082
... 20.420

12 0.07800
... 20.960

13 0.05338
... 16.840

14 0.07682
... 15.030

15 0.07077
... 17.460

16 0.05922
... 19.070

17 0.07356
... 20.960

18 0.05395
... 27.320

19 0.05766
... 15.110

20 0.06811
... 14.500

21 0.06905
... 10.230

22 0.07032
... 18.070

23 0.05278
... 29.170

24 0.06330
... 26.460

25 0.07413
... 22.250

26 0.06924
... 17.620

27 0.05699
... 21.310

28 0.06540
... 20.270

29 0.06149
... 20.010

.. ...
... ...

539 0.07751
... 8.678

540 0.06782
... 12.260

541 0.06341
... 16.220

542 0.05680
... 16.510

543 0.05781
... 14.370

544 0.06688
... 15.050

545 0.05801
... 15.350

546 0.06201
... 11.250

547 0.06714
... 10.830

548 0.06235
... 10.930

549 0.06328
... 13.030

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550 0.05948
... 11.660

551 0.06552
... 12.020

552 0.05637
... 13.870

553 0.06576
... 9.845

554 0.05708
... 13.890

555 0.06127
... 10.840

556 0.06331
... 10.650

557 0.06059
... 10.490

558 0.06147
... 15.480

559 0.06570
... 12.480

560 0.06171
... 15.300

561 0.05502
... 11.920

562 0.07152
... 17.520

563 0.06879
... 24.290

564 0.05623
... 25.450

565 0.05533
... 23.690

566 0.05648
... 18.980

567 0.07016
... 25.740

568 0.05884
... 9.456

worst texture worst perimeter wor

st area worst smoothness \

0 17.33 184.60
2019.0 0.16220

1 23.41 158.80
1956.0 0.12380

2 25.53 152.50
1709.0 0.14440

3 26.50 98.87
567.7 0.20980

4 16.67 152.20
1575.0 0.13740

5 23.75 103.40
741.6 0.17910

6 27.66 153.20
1606.0 0.14420

7 28.14 110.60
897.0 0.16540

8 30.73 106.20
739.3 0.17030

9 40.68 97.65
711.4 0.18530

10 33 88 123 80
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10 33.88 123.80
1150.0 0.11810

11 27.28 136.50
1299.0 0.13960

12 29.94 151.70
1332.0 0.10370

13 27.66 112.00
876.5 0.11310

14 32.01 108.80
697.7 0.16510

15 37.13 124.10
943.2 0.16780

16 30.88 123.40
1138.0 0.14640

17 31.48 136.80
1315.0 0.17890

18 30.88 186.80
2398.0 0.15120

19 19.26 99.70
711.2 0.14400

20 20.49 96.09
630.5 0.13120

21 15.66 65.13
314.9 0.13240

22 19.08 125.10
980.9 0.13900

23 35.59 188.00
2615.0 0.14010

24 31.56 177.00
2215.0 0.18050

25 21.40 152.40
1461.0 0.15450

26 33.21 122.40
896.9 0.15250

27 27.26 139.90
1403.0 0.13380

28 36.71 149.30
1269.0 0.16410

29 19.52 134.90
1227.0 0.12550

.. ... ...
... ...

539 31.89 54.49

223.6 0.15960

540 19.68 78.78

457.8 0.13450

541 31.73 113.50

808.9 0.13400

542 32.29 107.40

826.4 0.10600

543 37.17 92.48

629.6 0.10720

544 24.75 99.17

688.6 0.12640

545 29.09 97.58

729.8 0.12160

546 21.77 71.12

384.9 0.12850

547 22.04 71.08

357.4 0.14610

548 25.59 69.10

364.2 0.11990

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549 31.45 83.90
505.6 0.12040

550 24.77 74.08

412.3 0.10010

551 28.26 77.80

436.6 0.10870

552 36.00 88.10

594.7 0.12340

553 25.05 62.86

295.8 0.11030

554 35.74 88.84

595.7 0.12270

555 34.91 69.57

357.6 0.13840

556 22.88 67.88

347.3 0.12650

557 34.24 66.50

330.6 0.10730

558 27.27 105.90

733.5 0.10260

559 37.16 82.28

474.2 0.12980

560 33.17 100.20

706.7 0.12410

561 38.30 75.19

439.6 0.09267

562 42.79 128.70

915.0 0.14170

563 29.41 179.10

1819.0 0.14070

564 26.40 166.10

2027.0 0.14100

565 38.25 155.00

1731.0 0.11660

566 34.12 126.70

1124.0 0.11390

567 39.42 184.60

1821.0 0.16500

568 30.37 59.16

268.6 0.08996

worst compactness worst concavity

worst concave points worst symmetry \

0 0.66560 0.71190
0.26540 0.4601

1 0.18660 0.24160
0.18600 0.2750

2 0.42450 0.45040
0.24300 0.3613

3 0.86630 0.68690
0.25750 0.6638

4 0.20500 0.40000
0.16250 0.2364

5 0.52490 0.53550
0.17410 0.3985

6 0.25760 0.37840
0.19320 0.3063

7 0.36820 0.26780
0.15560 0.3196

8 0.54010 0.53900
0.20600 0.4378

9 1.05800 1.10500
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0.22100 0.4366

10 0.15510 0.14590
0.09975 0.2948

11 0.56090 0.39650
0.18100 0.3792

12 0.39030 0.36390
0.17670 0.3176

13 0.19240 0.23220
0.11190 0.2809

14 0.77250 0.69430
0.22080 0.3596

15 0.65770 0.70260
0.17120 0.4218

16 0.18710 0.29140
0.16090 0.3029

17 0.42330 0.47840
0.20730 0.3706

18 0.31500 0.53720
0.23880 0.2768

19 0.17730 0.23900
0.12880 0.2977

20 0.27760 0.18900
0.07283 0.3184

21 0.11480 0.08867
0.06227 0.2450

22 0.59540 0.63050
0.23930 0.4667

23 0.26000 0.31550
0.20090 0.2822

24 0.35780 0.46950
0.20950 0.3613

25 0.39490 0.38530
0.25500 0.4066

26 0.66430 0.55390
0.27010 0.4264

27 0.21170 0.34460
0.14900 0.2341

28 0.61100 0.63350
0.20240 0.4027

29 0.28120 0.24890
0.14560 0.2756

.. ... ...
... ...

539 0.30640 0.33930

0.05000 0.2790

540 0.21180 0.17970

0.06918 0.2329

541 0.42020 0.40400

0.12050 0.3187

542 0.13760 0.16110

0.10950 0.2722

543 0.13810 0.10620

0.07958 0.2473

544 0.20370 0.13770

0.06845 0.2249

545 0.15170 0.10490

0.07174 0.2642

546 0.08842 0.04384

0.02381 0.2681

547 0.22460 0.17830

0.08333 0.2691

548 0 09546 0 09350

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548 0.09546 0.09350
0.03846 0.2552

549 0.16330 0.06194

0.03264 0.3059

550 0.07348 0.00000

0.00000 0.2458

551 0.17820 0.15640

0.06413 0.3169

552 0.10640 0.08653

0.06498 0.2407

553 0.08298 0.07993

0.02564 0.2435

554 0.16200 0.24390

0.06493 0.2372

555 0.17100 0.20000

0.09127 0.2226

556 0.12000 0.01005

0.02232 0.2262

557 0.07158 0.00000

0.00000 0.2475

558 0.31710 0.36620

0.11050 0.2258

559 0.25170 0.36300

0.09653 0.2112

560 0.22640 0.13260

0.10480 0.2250

561 0.05494 0.00000

0.00000 0.1566

562 0.79170 1.17000

0.23560 0.4089

563 0.41860 0.65990

0.25420 0.2929

564 0.21130 0.41070

0.22160 0.2060

565 0.19220 0.32150

0.16280 0.2572

566 0.30940 0.34030

0.14180 0.2218

567 0.86810 0.93870

0.26500 0.4087

568 0.06444 0.00000

0.00000 0.2871

worst fractal dimension

0 0.11890

1 0.08902

2 0.08758

3 0.17300

4 0.07678

5 0.12440

6 0.08368

7 0.11510

8 0.10720

9 0.20750

10 0.08452

11 0.10480

12 0.10230

13 0.06287

14 0.14310

15 0.13410

16 0.08216

17 0.11420

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18 0.07615

19 0.07259

20 0.08183

21 0.07773

22 0.09946

23 0.07526

24 0.09564

25 0.10590

26 0.12750

27 0.07421

28 0.09876

29 0.07919

.. ...

539 0.10660

540 0.08134

541 0.10230

542 0.06956

543 0.06443

544 0.08492

545 0.06953

546 0.07399

547 0.09479

548 0.07920

549 0.07626

550 0.06592

551 0.08032

552 0.06484

553 0.07393

554 0.07242

555 0.08283

556 0.06742

557 0.06969

558 0.08004

559 0.08732

560 0.08321

561 0.05905

562 0.14090

563 0.09873

564 0.07115

565 0.06637

566 0.07820

567 0.12400

568 0.07039

[569 rows x 30 columns], 0 0.0

1 0.0

2 0.0

3 0.0

4 0.0

5 0.0

6 0.0

7 0.0

8 0.0

9 0.0

10 0.0

11 0.0

12 0.0

13 0.0

14 0.0

15 0.0

16 0.0

17 0.0

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17 0.0

18 0.0

19 1.0

20 1.0

21 1.0

22 0.0

23 0.0

24 0.0

25 0.0

26 0.0

27 0.0

28 0.0

29 0.0

...

539 1.0

540 1.0

541 1.0

542 1.0

543 1.0

544 1.0

545 1.0

546 1.0

547 1.0

548 1.0

549 1.0

550 1.0

551 1.0

552 1.0

553 1.0

554 1.0

555 1.0

556 1.0

557 1.0

558 1.0

559 1.0

560 1.0

561 1.0

562 0.0

563 0.0

564 0.0

565 0.0

566 0.0

567 0.0

568 1.0

Name: target, dtype: float64)

Question 4
Using train_test_split, split X and y into training and test sets
(X_train, X_test, y_train, and y_test).

Set the random number generator state to 0 using

random_state=0 to make sure your results match the
autograder!

This function should return a tuple of length 4: (X_train, X_test,

y_train, y_test), where

X_train has shape (426, 30)

X_test has shape (143, 30)
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y_train has shape (426,)
y_test has shape (143,)

In [106]: from sklearn.model_selection import train

_test_split

def answer_four():

X, y = answer_three()

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = tr

ain_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)

return X_train, X_test, y_train, y_te

st

Out[106]: ( mean radius mean texture mean per

imeter mean area mean smoothness \

293 11.850 17.46

75.54 432.7 0.08372

332 11.220 19.86

71.94 387.3 0.10540

565 20.130 28.25

131.20 1261.0 0.09780

278 13.590 17.84

86.24 572.3 0.07948

489 16.690 20.20

107.10 857.6 0.07497

346 12.060 18.90

76.66 445.3 0.08386

357 13.870 16.21

88.52 593.7 0.08743

355 12.560 19.07

81.92 485.8 0.08760

112 14.260 19.65

97.83 629.9 0.07837

68 9.029 17.33
58.79 250.5 0.10660

526 13.460 18.75

87.44 551.1 0.10750

206 9.876 17.27

62.92 295.4 0.10890

65 14.780 23.94
97.40 668.3 0.11720

437 14.040 15.98

89.78 611.2 0.08458

126 13.610 24.69

87.76 572.6 0.09258

429 12.720 17.67

80.98 501.3 0.07896

392 15.490 19.97

102.40 744.7 0.11600

343 19.680 21.68

129.90 1194.0 0.09797

334 12.300 19.02

77.88 464.4 0.08313

440 10.970 17.20

71.73 371.5 0.08915

441 17.270 25.42

112.40 928.8 0.08331

137 11.430 15.39

73.06 399.8 0.09639

230 17.050 19.08

113.40 895.0 0.11410

7 13 710 20 83
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7 13.710 20.83
90.20 577.9 0.11890

408 17.990 20.66

117.80 991.7 0.10360

523 13.710 18.68

88.73 571.0 0.09916

361 13.300 21.57

85.24 546.1 0.08582

553 9.333 21.94

59.01 264.0 0.09240

478 11.490 14.59

73.99 404.9 0.10460

303 10.490 18.61

66.86 334.3 0.10680

.. ... ...
... ... ...

459 9.755 28.20

61.68 290.9 0.07984

510 11.740 14.69

76.31 426.0 0.08099

151 8.219 20.70

53.27 203.9 0.09405

244 19.400 23.50

129.10 1155.0 0.10270

543 13.210 28.06

84.88 538.4 0.08671

544 13.870 20.70

89.77 584.8 0.09578

265 20.730 31.12

135.70 1419.0 0.09469

288 11.260 19.96

73.72 394.1 0.08020

423 13.660 19.13

89.46 575.3 0.09057

147 14.950 18.77

97.84 689.5 0.08138

177 16.460 20.11

109.30 832.9 0.09831

99 14.420 19.77
94.48 642.5 0.09752

448 14.530 19.34

94.25 659.7 0.08388

431 12.400 17.68

81.47 467.8 0.10540

115 11.930 21.53

76.53 438.6 0.09768

72 17.200 24.52
114.20 929.4 0.10710

537 11.690 24.44

76.37 406.4 0.12360

174 10.660 15.15

67.49 349.6 0.08792

87 19.020 24.59
122.00 1076.0 0.09029

551 11.130 22.44

71.49 378.4 0.09566

486 14.640 16.85

94.21 666.0 0.08641

314 8.597 18.60

54.09 221.2 0.10740

396 13.510 18.89

88.10 558.1 0.10590

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472 14.920 14.93
96.45 686.9 0.08098

70 18.940 21.31
123.60 1130.0 0.09009

277 18.810 19.98

120.90 1102.0 0.08923

9 12.460 24.04
83.97 475.9 0.11860

359 9.436 18.32

59.82 278.6 0.10090

192 9.720 18.22

60.73 288.1 0.06950

559 11.510 23.93

74.52 403.5 0.09261

mean compactness mean concavity m

ean concave points mean symmetry \

293 0.05642 0.026880

0.022800 0.1875

332 0.06779 0.005006

0.007583 0.1940

565 0.10340 0.144000

0.097910 0.1752

278 0.04052 0.019970

0.012380 0.1573

489 0.07112 0.036490

0.023070 0.1846

346 0.05794 0.007510

0.008488 0.1555

357 0.05492 0.015020

0.020880 0.1424

355 0.10380 0.103000

0.043910 0.1533

112 0.22330 0.300300

0.077980 0.1704

68 0.14130 0.313000
0.043750 0.2111

526 0.11380 0.042010

0.031520 0.1723

206 0.07232 0.017560

0.019520 0.1934

65 0.14790 0.126700
0.090290 0.1953

437 0.05895 0.035340

0.029440 0.1714

126 0.07862 0.052850

0.030850 0.1761

429 0.04522 0.014020

0.018350 0.1459

392 0.15620 0.189100

0.091130 0.1929

343 0.13390 0.186300

0.110300 0.2082

334 0.04202 0.007756

0.008535 0.1539

440 0.11130 0.094570

0.036130 0.1489

441 0.11090 0.120400

0.057360 0.1467

137 0.06889 0.035030

0.028750 0.1734

230 0.15720 0.191000

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230 0.15720 0.191000
0.109000 0.2131

7 0.16450 0.093660
0.059850 0.2196

408 0.13040 0.120100

0.088240 0.1992

523 0.10700 0.053850

0.037830 0.1714

361 0.06373 0.033440

0.024240 0.1815

553 0.05605 0.039960

0.012820 0.1692

478 0.08228 0.053080

0.019690 0.1779

303 0.06678 0.022970

0.017800 0.1482

.. ... ...
... ...

459 0.04626 0.015410

0.010430 0.1621

510 0.09661 0.067260

0.026390 0.1499

151 0.13050 0.132100

0.021680 0.2222

244 0.15580 0.204900

0.088860 0.1978

543 0.06877 0.029870

0.032750 0.1628

544 0.10180 0.036880

0.023690 0.1620

265 0.11430 0.136700

0.086460 0.1769

288 0.11810 0.092740

0.055880 0.2595

423 0.11470 0.096570

0.048120 0.1848

147 0.11670 0.090500

0.035620 0.1744

177 0.15560 0.179300

0.088660 0.1794

99 0.11410 0.093880
0.058390 0.1879

448 0.07800 0.088170

0.029250 0.1473

431 0.13160 0.077410

0.027990 0.1811

115 0.07849 0.033280

0.020080 0.1688

72 0.18300 0.169200
0.079440 0.1927

537 0.15520 0.045150

0.045310 0.2131

174 0.04302 0.000000

0.000000 0.1928

87 0.12060 0.146800
0.082710 0.1953

551 0.08194 0.048240

0.022570 0.2030

486 0.06698 0.051920

0.027910 0.1409

314 0.05847 0.000000

0.000000 0.2163

396 0 11470 0 085800

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396 0.11470 0.085800
0.053810 0.1806

472 0.08549 0.055390

0.032210 0.1687

70 0.10290 0.108000
0.079510 0.1582

277 0.05884 0.080200

0.058430 0.1550

9 0.23960 0.227300
0.085430 0.2030

359 0.05956 0.027100

0.014060 0.1506

192 0.02344 0.000000

0.000000 0.1653

559 0.10210 0.111200

0.041050 0.1388

mean fractal dimension

... worst radius \

293 0.05715
... 13.060

332 0.06028
... 11.980

565 0.05533
... 23.690

278 0.05520
... 15.500

489 0.05325
... 19.180

346 0.06048
... 13.640

357 0.05883
... 15.110

355 0.06184
... 13.370

112 0.07769
... 15.300

68 0.08046
... 10.310

526 0.06317
... 15.350

206 0.06285
... 10.420

65 0.06654
... 17.310

437 0.05898
... 15.660

126 0.06130
... 16.890

429 0.05544
... 13.820

392 0.06744
... 21.200

343 0.05715
... 22.750

334 0.05945
... 13.350

440 0.06640
... 12.360

441 0.05407
... 20.380

137 0.05865
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... 12.320

230 0.06325
... 19.590

7 0.07451
... 17.060

408 0.06069
... 21.080

523 0.06843
... 15.110

361 0.05696
... 14.200

553 0.06576
... 9.845

478 0.06574
... 12.400

303 0.06600
... 11.060

.. ...
... ...

459 0.05952
... 10.670

510 0.06758
... 12.450

151 0.08261
... 9.092

244 0.06000
... 21.650

543 0.05781
... 14.370

544 0.06688
... 15.050

265 0.05674
... 32.490

288 0.06233
... 11.860

423 0.06181
... 15.140

147 0.06493
... 16.250

177 0.06323
... 17.790

99 0.06390
... 16.330

448 0.05746
... 16.300

431 0.07102
... 12.880

115 0.06194
... 13.670

72 0.06487
... 23.320

537 0.07405
... 12.980

174 0.05975
... 11.540

87 0.05629
... 24.560

551 0.06552
... 12.020

486 0.05355
... 16.460

314 0.07359
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314 0.07359
... 8.952

396 0.06079
... 14.800

472 0.05669
... 17.180

70 0.05461
... 24.860

277 0.04996
... 19.960

9 0.08243
... 15.090

359 0.06959
... 12.020

192 0.06447
... 9.968

559 0.06570
... 12.480

worst texture worst perimeter wor

st area worst smoothness \

293 25.75 84.35

517.8 0.13690

332 25.78 76.91

436.1 0.14240

565 38.25 155.00

1731.0 0.11660

278 26.10 98.91

739.1 0.10500

489 26.56 127.30

1084.0 0.10090

346 27.06 86.54

562.6 0.12890

357 25.58 96.74

694.4 0.11530

355 22.43 89.02

547.4 0.10960

112 23.73 107.00

709.0 0.08949

68 22.65 65.50
324.7 0.14820

526 25.16 101.90

719.8 0.16240

206 23.22 67.08

331.6 0.14150

65 33.39 114.60
925.1 0.16480

437 21.58 101.20

750.0 0.11950

126 35.64 113.20

848.7 0.14710

429 20.96 88.87

586.8 0.10680

392 29.41 142.10

1359.0 0.16810

343 34.66 157.60

1540.0 0.12180

334 28.46 84.53

544.3 0.12220

440 26.87 90.14

476.4 0.13910

441 35.46 132.80

1284 0 0 14360
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1284.0 0.14360

137 22.02 79.93

462.0 0.11900

230 24.89 133.50

1189.0 0.17030

7 28.14 110.60
897.0 0.16540

408 25.41 138.10

1349.0 0.14820

523 25.63 99.43

701.9 0.14250

361 29.20 92.94

621.2 0.11400

553 25.05 62.86

295.8 0.11030

478 21.90 82.04

467.6 0.13520

303 24.54 70.76

375.4 0.14130

.. ... ...
... ...

459 36.92 68.03

349.9 0.11100

510 17.60 81.25

473.8 0.10730

151 29.72 58.08

249.8 0.16300

244 30.53 144.90

1417.0 0.14630

543 37.17 92.48

629.6 0.10720

544 24.75 99.17

688.6 0.12640

265 47.16 214.00

3432.0 0.14010

288 22.33 78.27

437.6 0.10280

423 25.50 101.40

708.8 0.11470

147 25.47 107.10

809.7 0.09970

177 28.45 123.50

981.2 0.14150

99 30.86 109.50
826.4 0.14310

448 28.39 108.10

830.5 0.10890

431 22.91 89.61

515.8 0.14500

115 26.15 87.54

583.0 0.15000

72 33.82 151.60
1681.0 0.15850

537 32.19 86.12

487.7 0.17680

174 19.20 73.20

408.3 0.10760

87 30.41 152.90
1623.0 0.12490

551 28.26 77.80

436.6 0.10870

486 25.44 106.00

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831.0 0.11420

314 22.44 56.65

240.1 0.13470

396 27.20 97.33

675.2 0.14280

472 18.22 112.00

906.6 0.10650

70 26.58 165.90
1866.0 0.11930

277 24.30 129.00

1236.0 0.12430

9 40.68 97.65
711.4 0.18530

359 25.02 75.79

439.6 0.13330

192 20.83 62.25

303.8 0.07117

559 37.16 82.28

474.2 0.12980

worst compactness worst concavity

worst concave points worst symmetry \

293 0.17580 0.13160

0.09140 0.3101

332 0.09669 0.01335

0.02022 0.3292

565 0.19220 0.32150

0.16280 0.2572

278 0.07622 0.10600

0.05185 0.2335

489 0.29200 0.24770

0.08737 0.4677

346 0.13520 0.04506

0.05093 0.2880

357 0.10080 0.05285

0.05556 0.2362

355 0.20020 0.23880

0.09265 0.2121

112 0.41930 0.67830

0.15050 0.2398

68 0.43650 1.25200
0.17500 0.4228

526 0.31240 0.26540

0.14270 0.3518

206 0.12470 0.06213

0.05588 0.2989

65 0.34160 0.30240
0.16140 0.3321

437 0.12520 0.11170

0.07453 0.2725

126 0.28840 0.37960

0.13290 0.3470

429 0.09605 0.03469

0.03612 0.2165

392 0.39130 0.55530

0.21210 0.3187

343 0.34580 0.47340

0.22550 0.4045

334 0.09052 0.03619

0.03983 0.2554

440 0.40820 0.47790

0.15550 0.2540
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0.15550 0.2540

441 0.41220 0.50360

0.17390 0.2500

137 0.16480 0.13990

0.08476 0.2676

230 0.39340 0.50180

0.25430 0.3109

7 0.36820 0.26780
0.15560 0.3196

408 0.37350 0.33010

0.19740 0.3060

523 0.25660 0.19350

0.12840 0.2849

361 0.16670 0.12120

0.05614 0.2637

553 0.08298 0.07993

0.02564 0.2435

478 0.20100 0.25960

0.07431 0.2941

303 0.10440 0.08423

0.06528 0.2213

.. ... ...
... ...

459 0.11090 0.07190

0.04866 0.2321

510 0.27930 0.26900

0.10560 0.2604

151 0.43100 0.53810

0.07879 0.3322

244 0.29680 0.34580

0.15640 0.2920

543 0.13810 0.10620

0.07958 0.2473

544 0.20370 0.13770

0.06845 0.2249

265 0.26440 0.34420

0.16590 0.2868

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