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Geometry: B. Solid/Space Geometry 1. Position of Lines in Space

This document defines and explains various 3D shapes. It describes lines and planes in 3D space, including skew lines. It also defines polyhedra and their components like faces, edges, and vertices. Specific polyhedra are explained like prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres. Formulas for volume and surface area are provided for each shape.

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Bagas Fajriansyah
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106 views

Geometry: B. Solid/Space Geometry 1. Position of Lines in Space

This document defines and explains various 3D shapes. It describes lines and planes in 3D space, including skew lines. It also defines polyhedra and their components like faces, edges, and vertices. Specific polyhedra are explained like prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres. Formulas for volume and surface area are provided for each shape.

Uploaded by

Bagas Fajriansyah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometry

B. Solid/Space Geometry
1. Position of Lines in Space
In plane geometry, two lines can be parallel or intersect. But in
space, there is another choice. Two lines can be skew. Skew Lines are
nonintersecting lines that are not parallel.

2. Position of Planes in a Space


In three dimensions, planes are similar to lines in two
dimensions. They can be parallel, or intersect.

3. Polyhedra (Bidang Banyak)


 A polyhedron is the union of polygonal regions such that a finite
region of space is enclosed without any holes in the interior.

Page 1
Geometry

3-D, but not polyhedral


Not
Has a polygonal
Not
hole closed

Parts of a Polyhedra

 The polygonal shapes that


form the polyhedron are vertex
called its faces/sides.
face
 The line segments where two
faces meet are its edges.
edge
A point where three or more
edges meet is a vertex

Types of a Polyhedra
A. Prisms
 If a polyhedron has identical  A n-sided prism has n side-edges
polygonal faces that are opposite and 2n base-edges
each other, then it is a prism
 The segments that connect base
side and top side is called side-
edges. The others is called
based-edges.

Page 2
Geometry

 The opposite, identical side prism. If not, it is called an

of a prism are called its oblique prism.

bases. The other sides are


parallelograms and are
called the lateral sides.

 If the lateral sides of a prism


right prism oblique prism
are rectangles, it is a right

Naming Prism
When naming a prism we use two main descriptors. First, we say
whether it is right or oblique, then we say what type of polygon form
the prism’s bases or the number of its lateral sides.

right pentagonal prism oblique rectangular prism


right 5-sided prism oblique 4-sided prism

Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Prism


Generally, the formula for volume of prism is
V = Area of its base × its height
The height in this formula is the real height not the slant height.

Page 3
Geometry

General formula for its surface area is


A = sum of all its sides area
Special Kinds of (Rectangular) Prism
1. Cube
Parts of a Cube

 6 flat sides of equal squares


H
(ex: side ABCD) G
 12 edges of equal lengths
(ex: edge AB)
E
F
 8 vertices (ex: point A)
 12 face-diagonals
(ex: segment line AF) D C
 4 space-diagonals
(ex: segment line AG) A B
 6 diagonal planes
(ex: side ABGH)
Net of a Cube

Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Cube


The formula for volume of cube is
V = (length of edge)3
And for surface area is
A = 6×(length of edge)2

2. Cuboid (Rectangular Prism)

Page 4
Geometry

 A rectangular prism has 8


rectangular solid angles, 12
edges, equal and parallel in
fours.
 It is bounded by three pairs of
congruent rectangles lying in
parallel planes.

Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Cuboid


Suppose that we can name the three different edges of cuboid as
length, width, and height. Then, the formula for volume of cuboid is
V = length × width × height
And for surface area is
A = 2×[(length × width) + (length × height) + (width × height)]

Pyramid

A pyramid is a three-
dimensional solid with one
polygonal base and with line
segments connecting the
vertices of the base to a
single point somewhere
above the base.

Naming Pyramid

 The lateral sides of a pyramid are triangles. If they are isosceles


triangles, then it is a right pyramid, otherwise it is an oblique
pyramid.

Page 5
Geometry

Oblique square pyramid Right pentagonal pyramid

Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Pyramid


Generally, the formula for volume of prism is
V = (1/3) × Area of its base × its height
The height in this formula also means the real height not the slant
height.
General formula for its surface area also like prism which is
A = sum of all its sides area

Cylinder

A cylinder is a prism in h = height of cylinder

which the bases are circles


or ellips.

 The volume of a cylinder is


the area of its base times its
height V  r 2h

 The surface area of a


cylinder is A  2r 2  2rh
r = length of base’s radius

Types of Cylinder

 A cylinder can be right or oblique, and cylinders are named in the


same way as prisms and pyramids

Page 6
Geometry

A Right Circular Cylinder An Oblique Elliptical Cylinder

The base is a circle The base is an ellips

Cone
 A cone is like a pyramid but A  r2  r r2  h2
with a circular base instead of
a polygonal base.
 The volume of a cone is one-
third the area of its base
times its height:
1 2
V r h
3
 The surface area of a cone is
base surface area + curved
surface area:
A  r 2  rs
or

r = length of base’s radius


h = heigth of cone
s = slant height of cone

Page 7
Geometry

Sphere

Page 8
 Sphere is the mathematical word for “ball.” It is the set of all points in
space a fixed distance from a given point called the center of the sphere.
4 3
 The volume of a sphere is: V  r
3

 The surface area of a sphere is: A  4r


2

Page 9

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