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Lecture 3. Circuit Analysis Techniques: EE 131 Electric Circuit Theory I

This document discusses different circuit analysis techniques for solving electric circuits. It defines key terms like nodes, branches, loops, and introduces branch current analysis, nodal analysis, and mesh analysis. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use each technique to find branch currents and node voltages. The document also discusses more advanced concepts like supernodes, supermeshes, and how to apply KCL and KVL to analyze circuits containing dependent sources.

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Niza Yataza
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68 views27 pages

Lecture 3. Circuit Analysis Techniques: EE 131 Electric Circuit Theory I

This document discusses different circuit analysis techniques for solving electric circuits. It defines key terms like nodes, branches, loops, and introduces branch current analysis, nodal analysis, and mesh analysis. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use each technique to find branch currents and node voltages. The document also discusses more advanced concepts like supernodes, supermeshes, and how to apply KCL and KVL to analyze circuits containing dependent sources.

Uploaded by

Niza Yataza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 131 Electric Circuit Theory I

Lecture 3. Circuit Analysis Techniques


• Branch Circuit Analysis
• Nodal Analysis
• Mesh Analysis
Circuit Analysis: Definitions

• Node. A point where two or more circuit


elements join
• Essential Node. A point where three or more
circuit elements join
• Branch. A path that connects two nodes
• Essential Branch. A path which connects two
essential nodes without passing through an
essential node
• Loop. A path whose last node is the same as
the starting node
Circuit Analysis: Definitions

R1 R2

+
vs R3 R4 i
-

• How many nodes? 4


• How many essential nodes? 3
• What are the branches? vs, R1, R2, R3, R4, i
• What are the essential branches? vs-R1, R2, R3, R4, i
Circuit Analysis: Definitions
• The number of unknowns in the circuit is the same as
the number of branches, b, where the current is not
known
• We must have b independent equations to solve a
circuit with b unknowns
• For n nodes, we can derive n-1 independent equations
by applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law (the other node is
not independent)
• We can apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law to b – (n-1) loops to
get b independent equations
• To reduce the analysis, we can apply the same strategy
only using essential nodes and essential branches
Circuit Analysis: Branch Current Method

Let vs = 10 V & i = 2 A. Using essential nodes:


Essential nodes: n=3 Essential branches: b=5
R1 R2 i2

+
vs i1
R3 R4 i
- i3 i4

KCL to 2 of the 3 essential nodes Need two more equations


i1  i2  i3  0 KVL to a loop
vs  i1 R1  i3 R3  0
i2  i4  i  0
i3 R3  i2 R2  i4 R4  0
Four equations and four unknowns!
Example 1. Branch Current Method

• Find all the branch currents.

Ans.
I1 = 2A
I2 = 1A
I3 = 1A
Node Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)

• Can simplify the analysis by introducing new


variables
• For n essential nodes, we actually only need n-1
node voltage equations to describe the circuit.

R1 R2
1 2
+
vs R3 R4 i
-

3
Node Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)

1 Select a reference node. Selection is arbitrary, but


the practical choice is usually obvious and the node with
the most branches.
• Treat as virtual ground and label, .
• Which node should we choose?
R1 R2
1 2
+
vs R3 R4 i
-

3
Node Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)

2 Define node voltages, v1 and v2, with reference to .


R1 v1 R2 v2
+
Vs=10 V i1 i2
R3 i= 2A
- i3 R4 i3

v3
3 Generate equations by applying KCL at the non-
reference nodes. v1  10V v1  v2 v1
   0 node 1
R1 R2 R3
v2  v1 v2
  2A  0 node 2
R2 R4
Node Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)

• Now let R1  1, R2  2, R3  5, R4  10


v1  10V v1  v2 v1 v1  10V v1  v2 v1
  0   0 17 v1  5v2  100
R1 R2 R3 1 2 5
v2  v1 v2 v2  v1 v2
  2A  0   2A  0
R2 R4 2 10  5v1  6v2  20

• Two equations with two unknowns – can solve with


matrix theory or linear algebra (works well in this
case)
v1  9.09V
v2  10.91V
Example 2. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find all the branch currents.


Example 2. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find all the branch currents.

V1  20 V1 V1  8
  0 V1  10V
5 10 2

I1 
10  20 
 2 A | I2 
10  8
 1A |
10
I 3   1A
5 2 10
Exercise1. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find the node voltages.

v1  13.33V
v2  20V
Exercise2. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find the node voltages.

v1  4.8V
v2  2.4V
v3  2.4V
Exercise3. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find the node voltages.

v1  80V
v2  64V
v3  156V
Supernodes

• If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is


connected between two non-reference nodes,
the two non-reference nodes form a generalized
node or supernode.
• Apply both KCL & KVL.

A supernode is formed by
enclosing a (dependent/independent)
voltage source connected
between two non-reference
nodes and any elements
parallel with it.
Example 3. Supernode

• Find the node voltages.


Example 3. Supernode

Applying KCL on the supernode:

2  i1  i2  7

Expressing i1 & i2 in terms of v1 & v2 : i1 i2


v1  0 v2  0
2  7
2 4
8  2v1  v2  28 v2  2v1  20 1
v2  2v1  20 1 v2  v1  2  2
Applying KVL:  v1  7.333V
 v2  5.333V
v1  2  v2  0  v2  v1  2  2
Exercise 4. Nodal Analysis Method

• Find the node voltages.

v1  3.043V
v2  6.956V
v3  0.6522V
Mesh Current Method (Mesh Analysis)

• A mesh current is the current within a loop


that contains no loops inside it.

1 Define the mesh currents in a circuit.


2 When a branch has two of the mesh currents, the
actual current is given by their algebraic sum.
3 Sum voltage around each of the loops using KVL.
– Have to pay attention to the current direction
through each element
Example 4. Mesh Analysis Method

• Find all the branch currents.

20  5 I1  10  I1  I 2   0

8  10  I 2  I1   2 I 2  0
Example 4. Mesh Analysis Method
20  5I1  10  I1  I 2   0
8  10  I 2  I1   2 I 2  0
Rearranging terms,

15I1  10 I 2  20
10 I1  12 I 2  8
Solving simultaneously,

I1  2 A
I 2  1A
I1  I 2  1A.
Exercise5. Mesh Analysis Method
Exercise6. Mesh Analysis Method
Supermesh

A supermesh results when two meshes have a


(dependent or independent) current source in common.

1 When a current source exists only in one mesh


Example:

i2  5 A 1 i2  5 A
10  4i1  6  i1  i2   0  2 i1  2 A
Supermesh
2 When a current source exists between two
meshes: create supermesh by excluding current source
and any elements connected in series with it

Applying KCL to node 0:


Applying KVL on the supermesh:
i2  i1  6
20  6i1  10i2  4i2  0
6i1  14i2  20  i1  3.2 A, i2  2.8 A
Exercise7. Supermesh

• Find all the mesh currents using mesh analysis.

 i1  3.474 A, i2  0.4737 A, i3  1.1052 A

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