Grammar Clause Gr2

A.
Relative clauses
1. Definition
Relative clauses (also called adjective clauses) are subordinate clauses
that identifies someone, something or provides information about them,
always begin with relative pronouns like “who, whom, which, that, whose”
or relative adverbs like “when, where, why”.
Ex:
a. I just bought a book which I admire most
b. That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.
2. Functions
a. Modifies a noun
Can I have the book that I gave you last week?
b. As subject
The book which on the table is mine
c. As object
- Direct object
I read the book that your professor wrote
- Indirect object
I met the person that Charlie gave flowers to
d. As possessive
I know someone whose sister is a nurse
e. Object of preposition
Is that the man with whom she arrived
B. Averbial clauses
1. Definition
An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverbial
(saying when, where or how) in the main clause.
Ex:
a. I will come after I have been to the shops.
b. Leave the books wherever you like.
2. Functions
a. Modify a sentence
As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live.
b. Modify a verb
He acts like it is a joke.
c. Modify a adverb
He talked carefully in order to appear fair.
d. Modify a adjective
The little boy preferred fierce dinosaurs, as was T-rex.
e. Function as a adverb
Put it wherever you like
f. Funtion as a adjective
He is as smart as he is tall
g. Funtion as a object-complement
There is no peace where there are too many soldiers
C. Noun clause
1. Definition
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that can have the same function or
fill the same slot in a sentence as a noun or pronoun
Noun clauses may begin with
a. Subordinating conjunction: that, if, whether, how, when, where, why
Ex: I wondered where he was.
b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which
Ex: I don't know who won the prize.
c. Interrogative determiners: what, which, whose
Ex: She wants to know whose that is.
d. Noun clauses also include the nominal relative, which are formed with
the pronouns and determiners what, whatever, whichever and whoever
Ex: She can do whatever she likes.
2. Function
A noun clause can have any of the same functions in a sentence as a noun
or pronoun.
a. As a subject
Why my pet turtle stares at me all dayis beyond me.
b. As a direct object
I didn't realize what I had done
c. As an Indirect object
She chose to photograph whomever was willing to pose for her
d. Complement
- Complement of Subject
The worry is that no-one might turn up at all.
- Complement of Adjective
I’m sad that you didn’t go to my party.
- Complement of a preposition
I like to keep a schedule of when I have upcoming appointments
The money will go to whichever charity you choose.
Ví dụ để phân biệt giữa pronoun, nounvà noun clause nếu cô hỏi

1. It was quite unforgivable. (pronoun)
What you did was quite unforgivable. (noun clause)
2. I didn't realize that. (pronoun)
I didn't realize that you were coming with us (noun clause)
3. The problem is money. (noun)
The problem is that no-one came to the party (noun clause)
4. The prize will go to Raymond. (noun)
The prize will go to whoever answers the question correctly (noun
clause)
D. NON-FINITE AND VERBLESS CLAUSE
1. Definition
A non-finite clause is a subordinate clause that has only a non-finite
verb and no finite verb in it.
Ex:
a. To buy a new car, my friend has to work hard (to buy là non-finite
verb)
b. What he's trying to do is forget his past
A verbless clause is a subordinate clause that has no verb in it at all
Ex:
a. Though still in our shirt sleeves, we set to work.
b. Come next week if possible.
c. When in Rome, do as the Romans do..
d. Always helpful, Fiona was in the kitchen peeling potatoes.
e. Now much weaker, Maria could hardly raise herself from her
bed.
Phân biệt non-finite verb và finite-verb
2. Functions
Many non-finite and verbless clauses function as noun clauses or
adverbial clauses and have the same functions in sentences as other
subordinate clauses
a. Painting the kitchen will take ages. (non - finite clause as subject)
b. I want to be a doctor. (non-finite clause as direct object)
c. I gave writing this book a lot of thought. (non - finite clause as indirect
object)
d. Her ambition is to be a doctor. (non-finite clause as subject-
complement)
e. While in town, I met your mother. (verbless clause as adjunct, saying
when)
f. I went into town in order to buy some shoes. (non - finite clause as
adjunct, saying why)
g. To be frank with you, I don't much like that dress. (non-finite clause as
disjunct)
h. From being totally unknown, she rose to the top of her profession.
(non-finite clause as complement of preposition)
i. I'm glad to be of help. (non-finite clause as complement of adjective)
j. Mother is busy working in the garden (non-finite clause as
complement of adjective)
E. ELLIPSIS
1. Definition
- Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words necessary to the
grammatical completeness of a clause or sentence.
- Ellipsis occurs when one or more elements of a sentence
are left unexpressed because they can be deduced from
the context or situation in which the sentence is being
spoken.
Ex:
- Who broke my vase?
Sue. (= Sue broke yaur vase.)
- Where is she now?
Hiding. (= She is hiding)
2. Functions
In speech, people often leave out unnecessary information and speak in
shorthand. It's a way to be brief—and not repetitive—and still
communicate clearly with others.
Ex:
a. I 'II go if you will. (= I’ll go if you will go)
b. If you wash the dishes today, I will tomorrow (= I will wash
the dishes tomorrow)
c. I can hear her more clearly than you (= I can hear her more clearly
than you can hear her )
It is also the name of the punctuation mark ("...") used to show the
location of missing words in a direct quote. This mark can also be used
to indicate a long pause or a speech trailing off
Ex:
"I don't know how to say this" (she said, looking down)
"You mean he's...."
"Yes, he's gone. I'm sorry"

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A.

Ví dụ để phân biệt giữa pronoun, nounvà noun clause nếu cô hỏi

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