T}\ lhat's your

knowledge?

1 Discuss the questions in this quizand find out how much 3 Make statements about the issues in 2 using words from
you know about the world we live in. Check vour answers list A and list B and any prepositions you rnay need. There
on page 163. are a number of possible answers.
2 < ) 7.A7 Listen to two students taking part in a discussion Example: 77re rnosslye increase rn fhe emlsslo r-L of greenhouse
about the environment. Tick the problems they mention. goses ls bowul to increase global v,arntfitg.
greenhouse gases A: reprehensible ma.s.siye real gross incr-eosing
the exploitation offood sources irreversible detrimental btLrgeoning
the depletion of r-ratural resources irtdiscrirninatc (.yccssryr'
throwaway society
B: exploitation recluction intpact threat rl.epletion
preventlon eJfect consumptiort [ncreose ernr.sslon
the impact of global warming
the threat of species becoming extlnct
4 < | 7.A7 Now listen again. Make notes about what the
students say.
climate change
the excessive consumption of energy
5 Discuss these questions.
a How do the str_rdents differ in their points of view?
b Who do yor-r think pr_rt forward the most cont incing
arguments? Why?

21
 Reading & Part 2
Use of English

Discuss these questions.

a What do you think is the purpose of the building shown below?
b What kinds of buildings do you think we might live in in the future?
Read the text below, ignoring the missing words. Find out whether your prediction
in 1 above was correct.

Can the Earth keep up with human consumption?

The long-term consequences of rising consumption have already
been demonstrated empirically. ln an experiment in sustainability,
four intrepid'bioneers'were sealed in Biosphere 2, a massive
airtight structure covering 1.25 hectares of the Arizona desert.
After two years, the occupants quit (0) . ....dpe . to the
inability of the ecosystems to sustain human life, and returned to
o*
ob Biosphere 1: Earth.
O$ The experiment clearly shows that 1.25 hectares provide
Gg
ctf (1) from enough resources for four people.
odf
ot
EF
ov
The average Briton requires about five hectares to support
their lifestyle, a North American twice that, whereas the average
Kffi; E& ]'il
s;&
1-

OL Mexican gets (2) on less than half the UK level.

o= (3)
The problem is that we only have so land

+, $t to share out. The planett 10 billion hectares sound a lot

c= (4) one considers the size of the population and
the fact that it is going to rise. By 2050, space per global citizen
will have reduced to one hectare.
More nations will be approaching US consumption levels in
years to (5) .. and previous data suggests that at least
four additional Earths will be needed to sustain (6)
a level. (7) the inhabitants of Biosphere 2, when
Biosphere 't fails, we will have (8) else to go.

Hxasm pr&etice
Tip "'= 3 Look at these suggestions for words to complete gaps 1-8 in the text. Which ones
The words beJore and after each space
are correct? Correct the ones that are wrong.
give valuable clues about the type 0l 1 more
word missing. Try saying each gapped
2 away
sentence in your head to help you
decide what type ol word is missing. 3 little
4it
5 come
6 many
7 like
B nowhere

22
 Gfafnfmaf seenotes page 750
Future forms 4 Find five examples of future forms in the text on page 22. Match them to a-d.
a predictions or statements offact about the future based on past experience
or knowledge
b a process that we think will have begun at a particular time in the future
c a process that we think will be completed by a particular time in the future
d a prediction based on current evidence
5 Choose the correct structure inita.lics to complete a_f.
a Excuse me. could you te1l me what time the wildtife centre opens / shall open?
b Nuclear waste will continue / is continuing to damage the environment for many years.
c We'd better cancel our end-of-term picnic. They say it rains / 's going fo raln tomorrow.
d I'm afraid I'm busy this afternoo n - I will go / ,m going to an exhibition of wildlife
photography with my colleagues.
e I've sold my car because r'm going to start / 'll start cycling to work from now on.
f There are so many empty botties that I think I 'lI take / 'm taking them to be recycled.
6 Complete sentences a-f with a suitable future form, using the words in brackets.
a A hundred years from now, we to fix the damage to our environment
that we're causing today. (try)
bI of flying to Spain, but l,ve decided to go by train. (think)
c The government has announced that the nuclear power plant . (close)
d By 2050, space per global citizen to one hectare. (fall)
e By the time we realize the damage we're causing, we the world for too
long. (already/pollute)
f I'm solar panels on the roof next year. (install)
Tenses in future time clauses 7 which present tense is used in a-c? Explain the effect of each form.
a Once Biosphere Tfails,wewon't have any"where to go.
b When you've read the report, please tell me what you think.
c we will only recognize the problems when resources are running out.
Future phrases 8 what is the difference in usage between the phrases inits.Iics in the TV news
item below?
The Prime Minister's plane ls cLbout to land in Zurich. He ls due to address the conference
on Environmental Protection tomorrow where he is to deliver a warning that much more
needs to be done to protect the environment.

Complete the missing words in the future phrases in a-g.

a Tediss fo succeed in his aims if he works hard enough.
b Aren't you ready yet? Everyone is all s fo depart.
c The Green Party is b to win some seats in the next election. It has quite a
following in this country.
d I think we're u to achieve our aim of cutting emissions by SOo/o.
e Wind farms are c to be a controversial issue over the next few years.
f There's I to be a storm tonight. Look at those dark clouds!
g We'd better hurry i, we're to get to the lecture in time.
10 Now use the future phrases from 9 in sentences ofyour own.
11 write a short TV news item like the one in g about something you expect to happen
in your country.

23
 Ileading & Part 6
Use of English

1 Look at a-d, which are periods of geological time. Which refers to:
590 million years ago? 144 million years ago?
248 million years ago? 0.01 million years ago?

a Cretaceous (first flowering plants; the extinction ofdinosaurs; deposits ofchalk)

b Cambrian (the explosion of many forms of invertebrate life)
c Jurassic (evidence of many large dinosaurs and the first birds)
d Holoscene (evidence of human deveiopment; extinction of large mammals)
2 Read the text below, ignoring gaps L-7 for the missing paragraphs and the words
in irqlics. What is the text about?

Geologists press for recognition of Earth-changing'human epoch'

These are epoch-making times, literally. There is now "compelling The Anthropocene Working Croup of the lnternational
th "- evidence", according to an inffuential group of geologists, that Commission on Stratigraphy, which is the body charged with
oE
oil formally designating geological time periods, met in London last
humans have had such an impact on the planet thalwe are
o;
oE entering a dramatic new phase oJ geological time. month to discuss evidence for the planet having crossed into a new
06E geological epoch.
o';
CLL
94) Now the scientists are pushing for the new epoch to be officially
OL
o.5 recognised as what they call the Anthropocene.'We don't know Putting humans at the centre of our planet's activity represents
what is going to happen in the Anthropocene,' says geographer a paradigm shift in the way geologists usually think of our species

Professor Erle Ellis of the University of Maryland. 'But we need to - as a mere blip on the long timescale of Earth. But there have been
'=#
think differently and globally, to take ownership of the planetl seven epochs since the dinosaurs died out around 65 million years
ago.

Ceologists predict that our geological footprint will be

visible, for example, in radioactive material from the atomic Now however, the efiect on the climate and our fellow species is
bomb tests, plastic pollution, increased carbon dioxide levels and having a global impact. 'The fossil record will reveal a massive loss
human-induced mass extinction.'Ceologists and ecologists are of plant and animal species, and also the scale of invasive species
already using the term 'Anthropocene", so it makes sense to have - how we've distributed animals and plants across the globe,'says
an accepted definitionisays geologist Dr Jan Zalasiewicz of the Zalasiewicz. The working group still has some more evidence to

University of Leicester. gather before it presents its findings to the stratigraphy committee,
'and then the real battle will commencei he says.'These are slow
nic-picky debates, fraught with acrimony and issues of nationalism.'
ln the past, geological changes on a scale big enough to merit a
new epoch have been the result oJ events such as the eruption of a
supervolcano or a catastrophic meteor strike - things a lawyer might But others feel that the new epoch is upon us and we should

describe as acts of Cod. come to terms with its implications for the planet. 'We broke it, we
bought it, we own it,' Ellis says.'Now we've got to take responsibility
for itl

Fromlhe Cuardian

24
 Tip':'-''="":: &xarm pra€tiee
The paragraph may link with words :
3 Now read the missing paragraphs and, using the words in irarics to help you, try
to
- decide where the paragraphs belong in the text. choose from the paragraphs
or information thal come before or
A-H
after the paragraph in the text.
a,
the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not
need to use.

Missing paragraphs
And the last time we passed a geologicalboundary, entering F. But this is not just a question of everyone agreeing
the Holocene around 12,000 years ago at the end ofthe last unanimously on an epithet Formal recognition of the
ice age, we were an insignificant specles, just one of a couple epoch couid have wider significance beyond the geology
of hominids struggling to survive in a world where so many community. By officially stating that human actions are
of our cousins, like Homo erectus, had faited to make it. having an effect on the make-up of the Earth, it may
And there is plenty of geological proof to consider, for have an impact on, say, the law of the sea or on people's
example, industrial-scale mining, damming, deforestation behaviour.
and agriculture, as well as the concentration ofcarbon F However, the end of the Jurassic period did not witness any
in the atmosphere and nitrates in the oceans. Even the major extinction event. The start and end of the period
presence of the first human-produced chemicals like pCBs, are defined by carefully selected locations. rather than
radioactive fallout and the humble plastic bag could be specific dates.
measured millions of years hence.
G The term for the new epoch was conceived in 2002 by
There is some friction because some members are very coutious Nobellaureate Paul Crutzen It means ,the Age of Man,,
and think it's premature to define the Anthropocene, recognizing the ascent of our species to a geophysical
because the Holocene has only been around for a short force on a par with Earth-shattering asteroids and planet_
period in geological terms. Other epochs have lasted cloaking volcanoes.
millions of years.
H But nowadays, [t is humans, not ecological disasters, that
Millions of yeors from now, these experts say, alien geologists hqve become the determining factor . We are the guiding,
would be able to make out a human-inJTuenced stripe in the controlling species - and many of our changes will leave a
accumulatedlayers of rock in the same way that we can see permanent mark in the rocks.
the imprint of dinosaurs in the Jurassic, or the explosion of
life that marks the Cambrian.

Text analysis 4 work through a-j, referring to the text (i-viii) and missing paragraphs (A-H).
a Why is the term compelling evidence in quotation marks? (i)
b What does the expression chargedwirh mean? (v)
c Explain in your own words the expressio ns a paradigmshrlr and a mere btip. (vi)
d Find expressions which mean: in a petty manner; full of bitterness. (vii)
e Why do you think the writer refers to hominids as an insignificant species? (A)
f What does the wrirer mean by the word epithet? (E)
g what does the writer mean by the expression on a par with? (G)
h Find two idiomatic compound adjectives the writer uses to make his point. (G)
i Why does the writer refer to the plastic bag ashumble? (B)
j Find a word which means: from this time on. (B)

25
 Vslcabaa!aryr
5 Complete a-j with an adjective from the list. More than one answer maybe possible.
influential compelling occepted catastrophic global
geological determining permanent accurnulqted mojor
a Geologists study layers of rock to find out about previous civilizations.
b Climate change played a(n) part in the ultimate demise of the dinosaurs.
c A(n) meteor strike could have a huge impact on the Earth as we know it.
d There is evidence to suggest that global warming is responsible for the
melting of the Earth's glaciers.
e TheAnthropocene is now a(n) term for the new geological epoch.
f Thanks to modern technology, we are living in a(n) society nowadays
g The overuse of plastic can do damage to the world around us'
h The scientist is extremely well known and a(n) expert in his field.
i Humans are now the factor in deciding the fate of the Earth.
j A(n) survey revealed the importance of the site in Roman times'

Prepositions 6 Here is a list of words and phrases taken from the text on pages 24 and 25' What
prepositions were used with each one?
according impact push opor charged fraught
term(s) implications responsibility defined shift
o*
OE
7 Complete sentences a-e with appropriate prepositions.
o;'
(E; a The judge pronounced that the landfili company had demonstrated a cavalier
ofi disregard regulations and that the damage inflicted the
5g environment was substantial.
o'E b The government needs to commit imposing tougher sanctions
ok
os corPorations who are breach local and
OE-
o5 national green policies.
c Congress has approved the establishment a revamped wildlife law
accordance its international commitments.
d As the government embarks its plans, environmentalists are asking if
economic growth really is compatible environmental preservation.
e Many of us are resigned the fact that we are completely subservient
fossil fuels despite the fact that this impinges the
natural world.
Look back at the text on pages 24 and.25. What is the most common preposition?
Can you see any patterns in how it is used?

Use the words below to make Sentences of your own. How many can you use
together to make one, long coherent sentence?
the amount of
the emergence of aII manner of the centre of (at) the end of
in terms of
the importonce of areas of chqnce of phase of pattern(s) of details of

Compound adjectives 10 Decide what compound adjectives could be used for these paraphrases.
a inhabited by many people e having a huge effect on
b not modern f forgetful
c not having a closed pind g extremely impressive
d attractive / visually appealing h appealing to the taste buds
11 Use the words below to form compound adjectives'
eye awe kind mouth mind long far loud reody money

your views 12 Who do you think should take responsibility for what happens to our planet? Why?

26
 Listemfrng Part2

Which of these statements about wolves are true?

a They are carnivorous but will eat berries and insects.
b Wolves live in packs of more than twenty.
c They have thick coats consisting of three layers.
d They howl more in the twilight hours.
You are going to hear wolf expert Shaun Ellis talking about his experience of living
with wolves. First, read through questions 1-9 and decide what parts of speech or
type of information might be needed.

As a young child, Shaun s knowledge of wolves came from

ln his twenties, Shaun became a in the USA,
Shaun's colleagues considered his method of studying wolves extremely
After his initial encounter with wolves, Shaun developed for them.
Shaun and the wolves lived mainly on a diet of
Shaun felt no desire for during his time with the wolves.
One day an incident involvlng food made Shaun aware that he was in a very posrtron.
On one occasion, a wolf protected Shaun and the pack from a
After leaving the wolves, Shaun experienced a massive

rip:' Exanr praeti*e

: fn, missing words you
3 < l.0B For questions 1-9, listen and complete the sentences with a word or
i o,niirtlttjr']lt,
answers mav be in . - short phrase'
,)

from the wording in the questions.

:

: : 4 with a partner, discuss your reactions to shaun Ellis's experiences.

D0 not paraphrase the information'

Vocabnlaryr
Collocations 5 Match the adjectives in list A with the nouns in list B to form collocations. More
than one answer may be correct. All the adjectives appear in the listening.
Example: innate: innate fear, innate behaviour
A: innate rugged remote gaunt strict savoge ruthless balanced trustworthy
B: appearance fear beast behaviour londscctpe nature spot hierarchy diet
Animal expressions 6 Complete a-e with a word from the list below in its correct form. There are two
words you do not need. Then explain what the expressions mean.
fish chicken lion snail rat fly wolf
a Colin's salary isn't great but it's enough to keep the from the door.
b I felt a bit like a out of water when I went on the protest march to ban
traffic from the city cgntre. Everyone else seemed so intense and committed.
c Although this project's beginning to get off the ground, things are still moving at a
's pace.

d I'd decided to do some volunteer work on a conservation project in the jungle but at
the last minute I out and decided to do something nearer to home.
e I'd love to be a on the wall when governments have those conferences
about the environment.

27
 &*€
sgF*ffiE6Es3g Part 2

LD
Campa gn improving the environrnent

Your local council is conducting a survey on the local environment. Complete the
survey for the area where you live, then discuss your answers with a partner.
HeIp us to help you! TeLl us what you think of your area.
'ne
!? poor not bad OK good excellent
,r*
r2
Ek litter
r€
d.b air quality
rF
p"uii" irr"rp"ri
D* road safety
rS noise levels
' {r* green spaces

Analysing the task 2 <) 1.09 In the first phase of Part2,you and your partner will have one minute
to answer a question about some of the photos that you are shown. Listen to two
students doing the first phase of this part of the test using some of the photos.
Answer questions a-c.
a Which photos are the students asked to talk about?
b What does the examlner ask the students to do?
c Do you think the students do the task well? Why?/Why not?

3 Listen again and note the expressions the speakers use to make generalizations
and exceptions.

ffixmeaa ptresg&**
rip 4 Now look again at the two photos that the speakers in 2 talked about. With a
Take up the opportunity to show what
partner, discuss how common these situations are in your country. Try to use some
you can do but don't forget to give your ofthe expressions from 3.
paftner an opportunity to speak, too.
5 <D1.10 In the second phase of Part 2, you will be asked to do a task using all the
photos. Listen and make a note of what you have to do in this phase of the task.
6 Now work with a partner and do the task. You have about three minutes to do this
phase ofPart 2.

Suggesting alternatives 7 In the second phase of Part 2, yol might be asked to suggest alternatives. With
a partner, suggest two other aspects ofyour local environment that could be
improved. Suggest two images for the leaflet to illustrate your ideas.

2A

i
 Wgr&x&ffiW Part 1

Understanding the task 1 Read the exam question and answer questions a_f.

Read the two texts below.

write an essay summarizing and evaiuating the key points from
both texts. use your
own words throughout as far as possible, and include yollr
own ideas in your answer.
Write your answer in240-2g0 words.

a Is it okay to take ideas from the two texts?

b What rwo things should you do with the ideas from the texts?
c Is it okay tojust use one text?
d Should you give a personal opinion on poinrs in the texts?
e Is it okay to use the exact wording of the texts?
f Should you include all the details from the texts ?

Text analysis 2 Read the texts. There are two main points in each. What are they?
Live long and prosper
Out-living the world
The announcement by Aubrey de Grey that the first person
to In an overpopulated and under-resourced world, who in **
reach the age of 1,000 is certainly alive today was instantly
their right mind would choose to rhrow immortality into
shot down by numerous scholars. Undoubtedly,, peopie the
in mix? Whilst anti-aging crusaders strive to pursue longevity,
the developed world are living longer, but are the dreams
of there are growing numbers of people seeking to ban research G
living forever that have been a mainstay of popular culture x
into unnaturally prolonging life. In the face of the strain
and science fiction now becomin g fact? Only a couple our
of society is already placed under from a growing population, #
decades ago, postponing aging would have t""r u""r,
u, u there is a vast array of ethical, moral and ecotogicat grounds
wacky idea. Yet some now argue that, far from being a mere
on which to oppose such research. The finite nature
fantasy, the notion that humanity could one day hoid the of
kev humanity should be seen as a blessing not a challenge to 5
to eterniry is actually a distinct possibility.
overcome, lest we risk playing god in our own worid. fg

Read the sample essay and answer questions a_c.

a Has the writer dealt with all the main ideas in the texts?
b which views from the text does the writer agree or disagree
with?
c underline parts in each paragraph that paraphrase ideas in the
text.

Some people believe that the ability to fulfil rhe long_held human then -
ethically, morally or ecologically _ thar while so many
desire to live forever; or at least for a lot longer than we currently people around the world srruggle to live from day
ro day, others
do, is now very likely within our reach. But should we even be are pouring resources into their quest to prolong cheir lives
considering trying to extend our life expectancy in a world
whose indefinirely? All creatures, whether man or beast, face
the certainty
resources are already overstretched?
of death, and this is nora battle mankind should choose
to fight.
It is said that there are people in existence today whose lives
lnstead, we should be focusing our energies on tackling
existing
could potentially span a thousand years, or even be prolonged
problems like global poverry and global warming,
and be trying to
for eternity. Personally, I do not subscribe to this claim and I impfove the standard of living for everyone, rather than
rrying to
think rhat the idea should remain where it belongs _ firmly in
the change the course of nature.
realms of fantasy. Otherwise, I fear that we will suffer
damaging ln conclusion, whilst dearh is a fact that some people
are loathe
consequences.
to accept, it is nevertheless an inevitable consequence of
life. ln
It is blatantly obvious rhar our planet is already struggling
short, we are born to die, and we should be looking ro preserve
our
to bear rhe current burden of human exisrence. So, is it right
fragile planet- nor pressurizing it to breaking point.
r
Paraphrasing 4 Tick the elements which can be changed when paraphrasing.
word order spelling punctuation
vocabulary meaning grammar

i Read the sentence below and the three paraphrases a-c. Which one do you think is
the best paraphrase? Why?
Every country must make a commitment to population stabilization andresource
conservation, allowing us to meet the challenges of sustainoble development.
a It is of paramount importance that we address the issue of rising population and the
exploitation ofnatural resources to enable us to take sustainable development by
the horns.
b For sustainable development to work, it is imperative that nations control population
numbers and safeguard their natural resources.
c Every country should make a commitment to population stabilization and resource
conservation, allowing us to meet the problems of sustainable development.
6 Paraphrase sentences a-e.
a As we exploit nature to meet present needs, we are destroying resources for the future.
b Climate change can largely be put down to changes in the Sun's activity.
c For the first time since the dinosaurs disappeared, humans are driving animals and
plants to extinction faster than new species can evolve.
d If we have unabated man-made climate change, we will go through an absolutely
awful period of conflict and migration, until the world's population starts diminishing
o
oe
o€;
,rc
very rapidly.
e Generating electricity by nuclear reactors does not produce carbon dioxide, the
principal greenhouse gas causing giobal warming and climate change.
dg
o'F 7 Use your paraphrases from 6, saying whether you agree or disagree with each
oft view a-e.
ok
o*
EXAfm pf&*ti*e seewriting guidepage 138
Fra
rb:
# Tip 8 Follow these stages to write your essay: read, think, plan, write and then check.
J
Remember that there are always
a.
Read the two texts below.
"a

a:
two main ideas in each text. Read
: each text through quickly before Write an essay summarizing and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your
::
l you identify these. own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer.
::
Write your answer in240-280 words.

Ban the zoo The necessity of zoos

There is always the risk that those visiting zoos will get the idea Zoos exist to protect species that are struggling in the
that it is acceptable to use these places for their own educational wild and on the verge of becoming extinct. Increasingly,
gain without considering how this might impinge on the animals' animals are taken into captiviry as they are under threat
freedom and quality of 1ife. Whatever the good intentions of zoo- if they stay in their natural habitat. If human factors have
keepers, animals in zoos do suffer, being confined to unnaturally made a species'own habitat a threatening environment,
sma1l spaces behind bars where psychoiogical distress and we are morally obliged to intervene. Added to this is the
physical pain is the norm. This cruelty exists under the guise need for zoos to benefit the scientific community: they
ofeducation, despite there being not a scrap ofevidence for provide us with an opportunity to study these animals at
any educational benefit. How can it be that a visitor can learn first hand in a way that is virtually impossible in the wild.
anything about animals in such an artificial environment? '

30