Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Shekha Rai

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Rourkela
India

August 13, 2020

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Basic signals (Continued)

Impulse signal

Ramp signal

Exponential signal

Periodic and aperiodic signal

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Impulse signal

Properties:
Multiplication

x(n)δ(n − k) = x(k)δ(n − k) (1)

Proof:
By definition,
(
1 n=0
δ(n) =
6 0
0 n=

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Impulse signal

Multiplication
Proof

(
1 n−k =0→n=k
δ(n − k) =
0 n − k 6= 0 → n 6= k
∴ x(n)δ(n − k) = x(n)|n=k δ(n − k)

= x(k)δ(n − k)

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Impulse signal

Properties:

Sum property

∞
X
δ(n) = 1 (2)
n=−∞

Proof:
P∞ P−1 P∞
n=−∞ δ(n) = n=−∞ δ(n) + δ(0) + n=1 δ(n)

=0+1+0

=1

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Impulse signal

Properties:

Shifting property

∞
X
x(n)δ(n − k) = x(k) (3)
n=−∞

Proof:
P∞ P∞
n=−∞ x(n)δ(n − k) = n=−∞ x(k)δ(n − k)
P∞
= x(k) n=−∞ δ(n − k)

= x(k)

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Impulse signal

Properties:

Signal decomposition-A signal x(n) is represented as summation

of signal values with shifted unit impulses

∞
X
x(n) = x(k)δ(n − k) (4)
k=−∞

Proof:

x(n) = {...., x(−2), x(−1), x(0), x(1), x(2), ......}

= ....+x(−2)δ(n+2)+x(−1)δ(n+1)+x(0)δ(n)+x(1)δ(n−1)+.....

= ∞
P
k=−∞ x(k)δ(n − k)

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Ramp signal

Denoted as r(n)

(
n n≥0
r(n) = nu(n) =
0 n<0
Also:
P∞
r(n) = k=0 kδ(n − k)

Proof:
P∞ P∞
k=0 kδ(n − k) = k=0 nδ(n − k) (using equation 1)
P∞
=n k=0 δ(n − k)

= nu(n)

= r(n)
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Discrete-time Real Exponential Signal

x(n) = Aαn , −∞ < n < ∞ (5)

where A and α are real numbers

Exponentially growing signal if α > 1

Exponentially decaying signal if 0 < α < 1

Exponentially growing signal with alternate sign if α < −1

Exponentially decaying signal with alternate sign if −1 < α < 0

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Discrete-time Real Exponential Signals

Figure: Discrete-time Real Exponential Signals

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Discrete-time Sinusoidal Signal

x(n) = Acos(ω0 n) (6)

where A and ω are amplitude and angular frequency

f → analog frequency

f
fd = fs → digital frequency

fs → sampling frequency

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Discrete-time Complex Exponential Signal

x(n) = Aαn , −∞ < n < ∞ (7)

where A and α are complex numbers

α = eσ0 +jω0 , A = |A|ejφ (8)

x(n) = |A|ejφ e(σ0 +jω0 )n = |A|eσ0 n ej(ω0 n+φ)

x(n) = |A|eσ0 n cos(ω0 n + φ) + j|A|eσ0 n sin(ω0 n + φ) (9)
x(n) = xr (n) + jxi (n)

Constant-amplitude sinusoidal signal (σ0 = 0)

Decaying-amplitude sinusoidal signal (σ0 < 0)
Growing-amplitude sinusoidal signal (σ0 > 0)

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Periodic and Aperiodic signal

Periodic- x(n) is periodic iff

x(n) = x(n + N), ∀n (10)

where N is positive integer

Fundamental period - smallest value of N for which equation(10)

holds

Aperiodic- If there is no value of N that satisfies equation(10)

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Periodic and Aperiodic signal

Properties of Periodic signal

Exist from −∞ to ∞

The sum of samples of x(n) over any interval N is same

The sum of M periodic discrete time signals is always periodic

with period N= LCM of individual period

N = LCM(N1 , N2 , .....NM ) (11)

where Ni , 1 ≤ i ≤ M, period of the ith signal

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Periodic and Aperiodic signal

Example
Compute the period of the signal z(n) = z1 (n) + z2 (n), where
z1 (n) and z2 (n) are periodic signals with periods N1 = 90 and
N2 = 54
Solution:
z(n) is periodic since z1 (n) and z2 (n) are also periodic,i.e
N1 90 5
N2 = 54 = 3 →rational number
Period of z(n) is given by
N =LCM(N1 , N2 ) =LCM(90, 54) = 270

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Periodicity

Periodicity of discrete time sinusoidal signal

Not always periodic in time

Always periodic in frequency
k
fd = N must be rational

Periodicity of discrete time complex exponential signal

fd must be rational

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Periodicity

Example

Determine whether the signal is periodic or not. If yes, find

periodicity?

(a) x(n) = ej7πn

(b) x(n) = ej8n

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Periodicity

Solution:

(a) x(n) = ej7πn = ejωn

ω = 7π
ω
fd = 2π

7π 7
= 2π = 2 →rational number

x(n) is periodic

Fundamental period N = 2

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Periodicity

Example
(b) x(n) = ej8n
Solution:
(a) x(n) = ej8n = ejωn
ω=8
ω
fd = 2π
8
= 2π →irrational number
x(n) is non-periodic

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Periodicity

Example

Is x(n) = sin(2πfd n) periodic if

(a) fd = 0.32

√
(b) fd = 2

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Periodicity

Example

(a) fd = 0.32
32
fd = 100

8
= 25 →rational number

x(n) is periodic with N = 25

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Periodicity

Example
√
(b) fd = 2

fd →irrational number

x(n) is non-periodic

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Thank You

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