PYTHAGORAS SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS

Pythagoras was a Greek mathematician and philosopher was a Greek mathematician and
philosopher who is best known for his theorems. through the theorem. Known to be known as
the "Father of Numbers", Numbers", he made an important contribution to philosophy and
religious teachings in the late 6th century BC Life His life and teachings are not very clear
due to the many legends and stories artificial stories about himself. Pythagoras Pythagoras
had a great role in the world of Mathematics. One of the relics of Pythagoras' famous legacy
is the famous Pythagorean theorem is the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagoras, which states that
the square of the hypotenuse of a triangle the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of
the legs (the sides of the right angles). Although the facts in this theorem were well known
before the birth of Pythagoras, this theorem is credited to Pythagoras because he was the first
to prove this observation mathematically.

1. Pythagoras School
1.1 Pythagoras and Theano
Pythagoras (570 – 500 B.C.) was born in Samos, the coast of the Greek island
that we know today as Turkey. According to Iamblicus, Porphyry and Diogenes
Laertus, Pythagoras learned from the Babylonians, and he may have met the prophet
Daniel in Babylon. From the clay tablet Plimpton 322, we know that the
Babylonians actually worked on the theory of the 'Pythagorean triangle' and
Pythagoras learned it from them. Pythagoras may have been the first to discover
proof of the Pythagorean theorem, but of course he wasn't the one who discovered
the theorem himself.
According to Iamblicus, Porphyry and Diogenes Laertus, Pythagoras also
learned from 'Magi' or Zoroastrian schools. Of course, it was impossible for
Pythagoras to speak directly to Zoroaster himself. It is also unlikely that Pythagoras
studied in India. He believes in reincarnation which of course belongs to the native
Indians. Perhaps Pythagoras had met Buddha, who lived at the same time. About
525 B.C.E. Pythagoras moved to Corton, a city in southern Italy, and founded the
Pythagorean brotherhood. He married a Pythagorean woman named Theano. Theano
was probably the first mathematician.
1.2 Number Mysticism
While Thales stated that "all is water" Pythagoras taught that "all is a number".
For Pythagoras, this meant that everything could be understood in terms of whole
 numbers and their ratios. Specifically, each line segment is a whole number or whole
number ratio. Despite the discovery of the irrationality of the length of the diagonal
of a square with side length 1 made by the followers of Pythagoras, Pythagoras
himself was not aware of this.
Pythagoras gave a special place to the number 10. He called this number "the
exalted number". He was interested in the number for the following reasons. This
figure was used by the ancient Greeks as a basis for calculation. As the sum of the
first four positive integers, it represents three dimensions – with 1 for points, 2 for
lines, 3 for planes, and 4 for spaces. Finally, there are ten points in the five-point star
Pythagoras.
1.3 Pythagoras School of Mathematics
The Pythagorean school derives from all their mathematical discoveries for
Pythagoras, but not, in fact, we know of only a single dominant theorem. Pythagoras'
achievements include the following:
1. Proof of the Pythagorean theorem.
The Pythagorean school is responsible for the proof of this theorem discovered by
Euclid. They also found proof of the opposite of this theorem.
2. Average
The Pythagorean school examines the arithmetic mean (a+b)/2, the geometric mean
ab, the harmonic mean 2ab/(a+b), and the relationships between them.
3. Perfect Numbers and Amicable Numbers.
A perfect number is a positive integer, for example 6, which is equal to the sum of its
true factors (factors other than the number itself), that is: 6 = 1+2+3. The
Pythagorean school discovered a formula that gives an even perfect number. An
amicable pair is two positive integers, each of which is the sum of the true factors of
the other. Iamblichus (300 AD), credited Pythagoras with a knowledge of the
amicable number pairs 220 and 284.
4. Regular Solids.
The Pythagorean school discovered the regular 12-plane, and proved that there are 5
regular polyhedra. This feat could not be beaten until J Kepler (1571 – 1630)
discovered that there were more or less regular planes and larger planes of 12 stars.

5. Irrationality √2
 The Pythagoras school found that√2 it's not a ratio of whole numbers. They
use the integer solution of the equation x2 – 2y2 =1 to find a good approach.
6. Figurative numbers.
If m is a positive integer and t is a nonnegative integer, then a (m+2)-gonal number is
a natural number of the form (m (t2-t)/2) + t
The first few 3-gonal numbers, or triangular numbers, are:
0, 1, 3, 6, 10,…
The first few 4-gonal numbers, or square numbers, are:
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, …
Some of the first 5-gonal numbers, or pentagons, are:
0, 1, 5. 12, 22, …
The number is called 'figurative', because it can be represented by a figure made of
pebbles. For example, the triangular number 10 can be shown in the form of a
triangle like the one in the picture above.
Look at the rows of squares, shown by the pebbles diagram. The Pythagorean school
shows that
n2 + (2n+1) = (n+1)2 and
1+ 3 + 5 + …+ (2n-1) = n2
Combining two equal triangular numbers together to form a quadrilateral, the
Pythagorean school shows that the nth positive triangular numbers are base x height =
n ( n + 1 ). Since the nth positive triangular number is 1 + 2 + … + n, it follows that
1 + 2 + … + n = ½ ( n ( n+1 ) )

The study of "figurative" numbers recalls a major part of number theory. One
of the highlights of the career of C.F Gauss (1777 – 1855 ) was his proof that every
positive number is the sum of 3 triangular numbers. As another example, in a 1989
 paper entitled Journal of Number theory by N Tzahakis and B de Weger showed that
there are exactly 6 triangular numbers that are the product of three consecutive
integers. (The largest of these triangular numbers is 258,474,216).
2. Pythagorean School and Irrationality
The lengths of a and b are said to be equal if there are positive integers p and g such
that 𝑎
= 𝑝. When the Pythagorean school stated that everything was a number, the
𝑏 g

Pythagorean school meant to imply that all pairs of lengths were equal. In the
Pythagorean school, the "number" in question is "rational number".
Unfortunately, they soon discovered that the diagonals of a square did not
match the sides. The proof of all this is found in Aristotle's Prior Analytic 41 a 23 –
30. Suppose ABCD is a square whose sides have length 1. By the Pythagorean
theorem, the diagonal AC is of length √2 . So that
𝐴𝐶 𝑝
= 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑞

where p and q are positive integers. We can assume that p and q are relatively prime
(have no common factors). In particular, we can assume that p and q are not even
numbers.
Now p2 = 2q2, So that p2 is an even number. In the Pythagorean school it is well
known, that the square of an odd number is odd, where the square of an even number
is even. So, from the statement that p2 is even, it means that p is even. So that p = 2r.
So (2r)2 = 2g2 and that's why g2 = 2r2 , but this means that g is an even number.
Contradictory. The assumption that AC and AB are said to be equivalent is
impossible.
At first, the Pythagorean school tried to keep this discovery secret, it reduced
its philosophy. Some say it was Hippasus (470 B.C.) who leaked this secret and he
was drowned as punishment for what he had done.
The Greeks did not know how to handle 2 in an arithmetic or algebraic way.
However, they knew that 2 was the length (of the diagonal), and the Greeks turned
to geometry to explain it. The problem of inequalities is one reason why the ancient
Greeks thought of the distributive law a ( b + c) = ab + ac as the rule of addition for
rectangles of equal width a.