Classification of Organic Compounds

2.1. Based on the Functional group found in the molecule

Type of General Functional Name of the

Compound Formula Group Functional
Group
Alkane CnH2n+2 single bond

Alkene CnH2n double bond

Alkyne CnH2n-2 triple bond

Alkyl Halide R-X -X halo grp.

(Cl, Br, I, F) (Chloro....
Alcohols R-OH -OH hydroxyl

Thiols R-SH -SH sulfhydryl

Aldehydes R-CHO -C=O carbonyl

Ketone R-COR -C=O carbonyl

Carboxylic R-COOH O
Acid -C=O carboxyl
Ester R-COOR O
-C=O carboxyl
Ether R-O-R -O- alkoxy

Amine R-NH2 -NH2 amino

Amide R-CONH2 -CONH2 amido

2.2 Based on the skeletal C structure of the compound

a. Aliphatic

– non aromatic organic compound of hydrogen and carbon characterized by a

straight and branched chain of the carbon atoms
- made up of open chain structure

or CH3
H3C

Line-angle formula

Straight chain

CH3
H3C
C---- C------C-----C-------C------C-- or
CH3
C Line-angle formula
Branched chain

b. Alicyclic
- organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms joined to form
one or more rings
- close chain structure; ring.

c. Aromatic
 - close chain characterized by the presence of at least one benzene ring

d. Heterocyclic
- close chain compound in which the ring structure is a combination of more
than one kind of atom

2.3. Based on the kind of bond

a. Saturated hydrocarbon = long chain hydrocarbon with single bonds.
Ex.
C-C-C-C-C-C

b. Unsaturated hydrocarbon =with double or triple bond (multiple bond)

Ex.C-C-C=C-C-C or C-C-C-C-C≡C

BONDING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARBON ATOM

Carbon atoms have the unique ability to bond to each other in a wide variety of ways that involve
long chains of carbon atoms or cyclic arrangements (rings) of carbon atoms. Carbon is a
member of Group IVA of the periodic table, so carbon atoms possess four valence electrons
and in compound formation, four additional valence electrons are needed to give carbon atoms
an octet of valence electrons ( the octet rule).

Carbon can meet this four-bond requirement in three different ways:

a. By bonding to 4 other atoms.(This situation requires the presence of 4 single bonds).

b. By bonding to 3 other atoms.(This requires the presence of two single bonds and one double
bond).

C=

c. By bonding to 2 other atoms. (This situation requires the presence of either 2 double bonds or
a triple bond and a single bond.

=C= , -C≡

Kinds of Organic Formulas

A. General Formula – shows the entire series of compound.

B. Molecular Formula – represents the actual number of each kind of atom that is present in
a compound.

C. Structural Formula – shows how the various atoms in a molecule are bonded to each
other..
1. Skeletal Structural Formula – shows only the carbon chain in the molecule
2. Expanded Structural Formula – shows all atoms in a molecule and all bonds
connecting the atoms.
3. Condensed Structural Formula – shorthand convention of writing formula.

4. Line Angle Structural Formula – uses lines to show the structure of the compound
 where;
a. C atoms are present at the intersection of two or more lines and
wherever a line begins or ends.

b. H atoms bonded to C are not shown

c. All atoms other than C and H are shown.

HYDROCARBONS

- as the name implies, are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

o. Saturated Hydrocarbons- that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds.(Alkane)

-that contains carbon atoms bonded to form a ring(Cycloalkanes)
-
o. Unsaturated hydrocarbons- that contains a carbon-carbon double bond (Alkenes)
- that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond (Alkynes)

A. ALKANES

1. Introduction

• are saturated (single bonded) hydrocarbons with a general formula of CnH₂n+2, where n
is the number of carbon atoms present. The number of hydrogen atoms present in an
alkane is always twice the number of carbon atom atoms plus two more.

• 109.5⁰ bond angle, with tetrahedral type of hybridization

• It is also known as the “paraffin series”

2. Physical Properties, Sources and Uses of Alkanes

a. Methane, ethane, propane and butane are gases at room temperature. They are used for
fuels, n-pentane is liquid; the higher alkanes are solid at room temperature.

b. Boiling point and melting point increases with increasing number of C atoms.

c. They are insoluble in water and in cold H2SO4 but very soluble in organic solvents.

d. They are inert with many reagents, they do not undergo addition reactions.
 e. Their principal source is petroleum.

f. Halogenated hydrocarbon are useful in the dry cleaning industry due to their ability to
dissolve dirt and grease.

g. Haloalkanes known as freons are used as refrigerants but thay can damage the ozone
layer.

3. Nomenclature of Alkanes
Name (Prefix + Molecular Expanded Structural Condensed Structural
ane ) Formula
Meth + ane= CH4 H
methane l
H---- C-----H CH4
l
H
Eth + ane = ethane C2H6
H H
l l
H---- C----C----H CH3-CH3 or CH3CH3
l l
H H

Propane C3H8 CH3- CH2- CH3 or

CH3CH2CH3

Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 or

CH3 (CH2)2CH3
Pentane C5H12
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3or
CH3(CH2)3CH3
Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3
Heptane C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3
Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3
Nonane C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3
Decane C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3
Undecane C11H24 CH3(CH2)9CH3
Dodecane C12H26 CH3(CH2)10CH3

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